@article{feng_deng_lau_cauffman_johnson_cunningham_kaber_2023, title={Age differences in driver visual behavior and vehicle control when driving with in-vehicle and on-road deliveries of service logo signs}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2022.103386}, abstractNote={With the advances in vehicle technologies, more information is communicated in real-time to the driver via an in-vehicle interface. In-vehicle messaging may deliver safety-related information such as warnings as well as non-safety-related information such as an upcoming lodging place. While much research has focused on the design of messaging safety-related information, little is known about the best practice in in-vehicle messaging of non-safety-related information. This study investigated the effects of information source and load on driver signage logo identification, glance behavior, and vehicle control among younger, middle-aged and older drivers. The logos were presented on: (1) an on-road sign panel, (2) an in-vehicle display, or (3) a combination of both, with half of the drives showing logo only, and the other half of the drives showing logo plus additional text. The general findings support the use of in-vehicle displays, especially when it is presented simultaneously with on-road signs. In-vehicle displays did not lead to a higher workload or more visual distraction, and simultaneous presentations resulted in slightly better speed control. The findings also showed minimal negative impacts on logo identification from increased information load. Older drivers performed less well in signage identification and vehicle control, and they made longer glances to logo information suggesting design considerations should be made to accommodate specific driver characteristics.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Feng, Jing and Deng, Yulin and Lau, Mei Y. and Cauffman, Stephen J. and Johnson, Ebony and Cunningham, Christopher and Kaber, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{park_berman_dodson_liu_armstrong_huang_kaber_ruiz_zahabi_2023, title={Assessing workload in using electromyography (EMG)-based prostheses}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2023.2221413}, abstractNote={Using prosthetic devices requires substantial cognitive workload. This study investigated classification models for assessing cognitive workload in electromyography (EMG)-based prosthetic devices with various types of input features including eye-tracking measures, task performance, and cognitive performance model (CPM) outcomes. Features selection algorithm, hyperparameter tuning with grid search, and k-fold cross validation were applied to select the most important features and find the optimal models. Classification accuracy, area under the receiver operation characteristic curve (AUC), precision, recall, and F1 scores were calculated to compare models' performance. The findings suggested that task performance measures, pupillometry data, and CPM outcomes, combined with the naïve bayes (NB) and random forest (RF) algorithms, are most promising for classifying cognitive workload. The proposed algorithms can help manufacturers/clinicians predict cognitive workload of future EMG-based prosthetic devices in early design phases.}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Park, Junho and Berman, Joseph and Dodson, Albert and Liu, Yunmei and Armstrong, Matthew and Huang, He and Kaber, David and Ruiz, Jaime and Zahabi, Maryam}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lau_liu_kaber_2023, title={Consequence severity-probability importance measure for fault tree analysis}, ISSN={["0976-4348"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13198-023-02162-1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Lau, Mei Y. and Liu, Yunmei and Kaber, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{cauffman_lau_deng_cunningham_kaber_feng_2022, title={Research and Design Considerations for Presentation of Non-Safety Related Information via In-Vehicle Displays during Automated Driving}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, DOI={10.3390/app122010538}, abstractNote={As automated vehicles become more prevalent on roadways, it is necessary to study driver behaviors in interacting with such systems. With higher levels of vehicle automation, drivers may become less engaged with the roadway environment. As a result, how to effectively bring non-safety related information (e.g., guide and service sign content) to a driver’s attention is an open research question. In this review, we summarize current literature on three domains of research, including: (1) the design and effectiveness of traditional road signage, (2) human factors considerations in vehicle automation design, and (3) current design guidelines for in-vehicle information presentation. Based on the review, including empirical studies, we identify knowledge relevant to communicating road signage information in automated vehicles. We propose a framework highlighting various factors that could determine the effectiveness of in-vehicle messaging. The framework is intended to motivate future research on development of in-vehicle interfaces for highly automated driving.}, number={20}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Cauffman, Stephen J. and Lau, Mei and Deng, Yulin and Cunningham, Christopher and Kaber, David B. and Feng, Jing}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{wadeson_white_zhang_lau_kaber_2020, title={Effects of stretching on muscle activation in gas cylinder handling}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1875-9270"]}, DOI={10.3233/WOR-203159}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Previously, a stretching regimen was designed for manual material handling (MMH) of gas cylinders as a potential ergonomic solution for reducing occupational injury. No studies have made use of objective process measures, such as muscle activation levels, for evaluation of effects of stretching programs.


OBJECTIVE
Examine acute effects of stretching on muscle activation levels and driver perceived level of exertion in gas cylinder handling during simulated delivery operations.


METHODS
A within-subject experiment was conducted with eight male participants being subjected randomly to two conditions over a two-day period: stretching before delivery trials and no stretching. Surface electromyography and the Borg CR-10 scale for perceived exertion were used.


RESULTS
Generally, results were variable among muscle responses. The extensor muscle bundle in the forearm was found to show a significant decrease (p = 0.0464) in activation level because of stretching. The anterior deltoid and trapezius significantly increased (p < .0001) the EMG activation level with stretching. Also counter to expectations, participants rated perceived exertion significantly higher (p = 0.0423) for trials preceded by stretching.


CONCLUSIONS
This research indicates a muscle stretching regimen in advance of MMH activities has mixed effects on activation levels across muscles. It is possible that effects are attributable to body posture positions, or manner of muscle use, during actual work activities. Findings indicate that stretching prior to work activity does have an impact on specific muscle activation.}, number={1}, journal={WORK-A JOURNAL OF PREVENTION ASSESSMENT & REHABILITATION}, author={Wadeson, Amy and White, Melissa M. and Zhang, Wenjuan and Lau, Mei Y. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2020}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{deng_shirley_zhang_kim_kaber_2020, title={Influence of Dynamic Automation Function Allocations on Operator Situation Awareness and Workload in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Control}, volume={959}, ISBN={["978-3-030-20039-8"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-030-20040-4_31}, abstractNote={The functional capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have dramatically expanded, placing substantial attentional and information processing demands on UAV operators. This study utilized a high-fidelity UAV flight simulation to explore the potential for DFAs in UAV control to reduce operator workload and support overall situation awareness. Three levels of UAV automation (LoAs) were compared, including DFA and static high and low level of automation. This research extended a preliminary investigation by Zhang et al. (2018). The present research addressed the limitations of the preliminary study by increasing the sample size and comparing effects of LoAs during ‘easy to hard’ and ‘hard to easy’ task difficulty transitions. Results of this study demonstrated the presence of “out-of-the-loop performance” issues under high LoA. Results also showed some support for use of DFAs to address out-of-the-loop problems in UAV operations. Findings of this study provide some guidance for design of DFAs in UAV control.}, journal={ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS AND SYSTEMS INTERACTION}, author={Deng, Yulin and Shirley, James and Zhang, Wenjuan and Kim, Na Young and Kaber, David}, year={2020}, pages={337–348} }
 @article{deng_shirley_rose_geary_feltner_chen_hoyle_dutt_kaber_2019, title={A usability assessment of riding lawn-mowing equipment with varying levels of design standards compliance}, volume={78}, ISBN={1872-9126}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.02.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2019.02.003}, abstractNote={The use of riding lawn equipment (RLE) is related to a significant number of accidents every year. To provide basis for product design and enhance user performance and safety, a usability and performance assessment of modern riding lawn-mowing tractor designs and features was conducted in a real-world test environment. Five current commercially available RLEs were tested with response measures including task performance time and accuracy, physiological workload, system usability scores (SUS), and subjective rankings of RLE models. This data was used to identify sensitivity of responses to variations in RLE design features and functionality. The data was also used to assess the validity of new tractor design standard conformance tool, the RLEval methodology. This tool made comprehensive evaluation of RLE models compliance with over 70 specific design standards and was applied by human factors experts. Experiment results revealed sensitivity of all response measures to design differences among the five RLE models, except the objective workload measures. Response measures including task performance, SUSs and subjective rankings showed partial agreement with the RLEval scores. In general, the study results demonstrated a comprehensive experimental methodology for usability and performance evaluations of RLEs as well as merit of using the RLEval as preliminary method to compare design features. Some aspects of the usability experimentation and the RLEval method appear to be complementary.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Deng, Yulin and Shirley, James and Rose, Tyler and Geary, Laura and Feltner, David and Chen, Karen and Hoyle, Jeffery and Dutt, Mohini and Kaber, David B.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={76–85} }
 @article{zahabi_white_zhang_winslow_zhang_huang_kaber_2019, title={Application of Cognitive Task Performance Modeling for Assessing Usability of Transradial Prostheses}, volume={49}, ISSN={["2168-2305"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85063397939&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/THMS.2019.2903188}, abstractNote={The goal of this study was to investigate the use of cognitive modeling to assess the usability of an upper-limb prosthesis with a focus on mental workload responses. Prior studies have investigated usability of upper-limb prostheses with subjective surveys and physiological measures. However, these approaches have limitations, including subject recall of conditions and physiological response contamination by head and body movements and user speech during task performance as well as sensitivity to physical fatigue and room lighting conditions. Cognitive modeling was used to assess mental workload in use of transradial upper-limb prosthesis. A case study was conducted with a participant with upper-limb amputation using two different types of electromyography-based control schemes, including conventional direct control (DC) and pattern recognition (PR) control in order to compare cognitive model outcomes with mental workload assessment using eye-tracking measures. Cognitive models time estimates were also compared with actual task completion time results from the case study to further assess the validity of cognitive modeling as an analytical tool for evaluating upper limb prosthesis usability. Findings of both the cognitive models and case study revealed the PR mode to be more intuitive, reduce cognitive load, and increase efficiency in prosthetic control as compared to the DC mode. Results of the present study revealed that cognitive modeling can be used as an analytical approach for assessing upper-limb prosthetic device usability in terms of workload outcomes. Future studies should validate the present findings with more precise time estimations and a larger user sample size.}, number={4}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and White, Melissa Mae and Zhang, Wenjuan and Winslow, Anna T. and Zhang, Fan and Huang, He and Kaber, David B.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={381–387} }
 @article{white_kaber_deng_xu_2019, title={Design Process for an Ergonomic Solution to the Police Duty Belt}, volume={789}, ISBN={["978-3-319-94483-8"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-94484-5_1}, abstractNote={Police officers carry various devices on their duty belts for use during patrols. The weight of a loaded belt can range from ~25–35 lbs. Such loading can lead to overexertion and associated injuries (e.g., low back pain) as well as reduced officer performance leading to injuries from violence. In addition, the distribution of the load can compromise officer balance, leading to slips and falls. The objective of this research was to identify design issues with current duty belts and to develop a design framework for police department use in creating custom ergonomic configurations of equipment on a belt. The study was divided into three phases: a literature review, a field study, and design of the ergonomic belt configuration. The resulting design framework for duty belt equipment configuration may serve as a design guideline for police departments and may reduce the incidence of officer musculoskeletal injuries.}, journal={ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS & HUMAN FACTORS}, author={White, Melissa Mae and Kaber, David B. and Deng, Yulin and Xu, Xu}, year={2019}, pages={3–15} }
 @article{moral-munoz_zhang_cobo_herrera-viedma_kaber_2019, title={Smartphone-based systems for physical rehabilitation applications: A systematic review}, ISSN={["1949-3614"]}, DOI={10.1080/10400435.2019.1611676}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Tele-(remote) rehabilitation is attracting increased attention from society, including the research community and commercial marketplace with an estimated global market value of $160 billion. Meanwhile, mobile device-based healthcare (“mHealth”) has appeared as a revolutionary approach to tele-rehabilitation practice. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on smartphone-based systems designed for remote facilitation of physical rehabilitation. A total of 74 documents from Web of Science search results were reviewed. Systems were classified based on target medical conditions, and a taxonomy of technology was created along with identification of monitored activities. Beyond monitoring, some systems also provide patient-caregiver communication and progress management functions. The review identifies major research interests in stroke, cardiac disease, balance impairment and joint/limb rehabilitation; however, there is a lack of attention to other diseases. There are also few systems that have computerized existing clinical tests. On the basis of the review, design recommendations are formulated to encourage implementation of advanced functionalities, usability considerations, and system validation based on clinical evidence. Results of this study may help researchers and companies to design functions and interactions of smartphone-based rehabilitation systems or to select technology.}, journal={ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Moral-Munoz, Jose A. and Zhang, Wenjuan and Cobo, Manuel J. and Herrera-Viedma, Enrique and Kaber, David B.}, year={2019}, month={May} }
 @article{ma_kaber_gil_clamann_jeon_zhu_currie_2018, title={A Comparison of Virtual Reality-Based Psychomotor Task Training with Visual and Haptic Aiding}, volume={596}, ISBN={["978-3-319-60017-8"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-60018-5_26}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to compare learning effects of motor and cognitive skill training with three types of virtual reality (VR) simulation. The VR simulations included haptic (guidance forces), visual (attentional cues) and a combination of haptic and visual assistance designed to accelerate training. The results of the experiment revealed that conditions providing haptic assistance (alone and in combination with visual aids) provided more cognitive skill training than the visual-only aiding condition. Similarly, the visual condition resulted in better training of fine motor skill than the haptic condition. The combination condition led to some of the smallest training effects. The present investigation incorporating healthy participants was designed as part of an ongoing research effort to provide insight for the design of VR simulations to support rehabilitation of motor skills among disabled populations or training of new skills for occupational tasks.}, journal={ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND LEARNING SCIENCES, AHFE 2017}, author={Ma, Wenqi and Kaber, David and Gil, Guk-Ho and Clamann, Michael and Jeon, Wooram and Zhu, Biwen and Currie, Nancy}, year={2018}, pages={265–277} }
 @article{kaber_2018, title={A conceptual framework of autonomous and automated agents}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1464-536X"]}, DOI={10.1080/1463922x.2017.1363314}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Recent human-automation interaction research has confused concepts of automation and autonomy and has critiqued theories of automation in human-systems in terms of aspects of autonomy. This situation has led to inappropriate expectation for design and misdirected criticism of design methods. The situation is not new and has origins in historical human factors research. I differentiate the concepts of automation and autonomy with a new framework of agents. The framework is complemented by observations on characteristics of automated vs. autonomous systems, identification of error and failure modes, and formulation of a matrix of design constraints dictating possible applications of each type of agent. Discussion is provided on levels of automation, which have also been criticized in the literature, along with coverage of types of autonomy. A definition of autonomy is mutated throughout the paper to a form with utility for engineering. In general, demands of automated agents on the human-task-environment system should be absent from design of autonomous agents and design of automated systems is always automation-centric despite best efforts at human-centred approaches. Key requirements of design for autonomy include: agent viability in a target context, agent self-governance in goal formulation and fulfilment of roles, and independence in defined tasks performance.}, number={4}, journal={THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE}, author={Kaber, David B.}, year={2018}, pages={406–430} }
 @article{kaber_green_swangnetr_2018, title={An Integration of Cognitive Task Analysis Results for Situation Awareness-Focused Training Program Development}, volume={595}, ISBN={["978-3-319-60383-4"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_16}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to develop an approach for translation of cognitive task analysis (CTA) results to training program content for operators of high throughput screening (HTS) systems. Currently, no standardized methods exist for translating outcomes of multiple CTA methods to support training program design and promote situation awareness (SA). We combined information requirements from a goal-directed task analysis (GDTA) and system resource requirements from abstraction hierarchy (AH) models to establish content on HTS processes and to address three levels of operator SA. The two electronic forms of training were compared with on-the-job (OTJ) training. Results provided preliminary evidence that CTA-based training increased operator knowledge beyond OTJ training and increased SA-related knowledge beyond operator initial system knowledge. A set of general guidelines was developed for design of CTA-based training programs, including methods for structuring components of the training program to support SA.}, journal={ADVANCES IN HUMAN FACTORS IN ROBOTS AND UNMANNED SYSTEMS}, author={Kaber, David B. and Green, Rebecca S. and Swangnetr, Manida}, year={2018}, pages={161–172} }
 @article{lau_kaber_2018, title={Driving Performance, Adaptation, and Cognitive Workload Costs of Logo Panel Detection as Mediated by Driver Age}, volume={597}, ISBN={["978-3-319-60440-4"]}, ISSN={["2194-5365"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_74}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effect of on-road visual sign usage on young (≤22 years), middle-aged (23–64 years), and elderly (65+ years) driver performance, adaptive vehicle control behavior and mental workload. Eight simulated highway driving scenarios (the primary task) were presented along with an embedded secondary task of familiar business logo sign identification. Driver workload was manipulated by varying logo panel counts on service signs, including 6- and 9-panels. Results revealed comparable driving performance among the 9- and 6-logo conditions but significant differences in sign identification among age groups. Elderly drivers produced significantly lower sign identification accuracy than other age groups (at 54–57%). Both elderly and young drivers demonstrated significantly higher cognitive workload (reduced blink duration) in response to secondary task demands as compared to middle-aged drivers. The workload during sign identification led to significantly greater elderly adaptation behaviors (higher speed reductions) and performance degradations (greater lane deviations).}, journal={ADVANCES IN HUMAN ASPECTS OF TRANSPORTATION}, author={Lau, Mei Ying and Kaber, David}, year={2018}, pages={775–786} }
 @article{zahabi_kaber_2018, title={Effect of police mobile computer terminal interface design on officer driving distraction}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.09.006}, abstractNote={Several crash reports have identified in-vehicle distraction to be a primary cause of emergency vehicle crashes especially in law enforcement. Furthermore, studies have found that mobile computer terminals (MCTs) are the most frequently used in-vehicle technology for police officers. Twenty police officers participated in a driving simulator-based assessment of visual behavior, performance, workload and situation awareness with current and enhanced MCT interface designs. In general, results revealed MCT use while driving to decrease officer visual attention to the roadway, but usability improvements can reduce the level of visual distraction and secondary-task completion time. Results also suggest that use of MCTs while driving significantly reduces perceived level of driving environment awareness for police officers and increases cognitive workload. These findings may be useful for MCT manufacturers in improving interface designs to increase police officer and civilian safety.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Kaber, David}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={26–38} }
 @article{zahabi_kaber_2018, title={Identification of task demands and usability issues in police use of mobile computing terminals}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.08.013}, abstractNote={Crash reports from various states in the U.S. have shown high numbers of emergency vehicle crashes, especially in law enforcement situations. This study identified the perceived importance and frequency of police mobile computing terminal (MCT) tasks, quantified the demands of different tasks using a cognitive performance modeling methodology, identified usability violations of current MCT interface designs, and formulated design recommendations for an enhanced interface. Results revealed that “access call notes”, “plate number check” and “find location on map” are the most important and frequently performed tasks for officers. “Reading plate information” was also found to be the most visually and cognitively demanding task-method. Usability principles of “using simple and natural dialog” and “minimizing user memory load” were violated by the current MCT interface design. The enhanced design showed potential for reducing cognitive demands and task completion time. Findings should be further validated using a driving simulation study.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Kaber, David}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={161–171} }
 @article{kaber_2018, title={Issues in Human-Automation Interaction Modeling: Presumptive Aspects of Frameworks of Types and Levels of Automation}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2169-5032"]}, DOI={10.1177/1555343417737203}, abstractNote={ The current cognitive engineering literature includes a broad range of models of human–automation interaction (HAI) in complex systems. Some of these models characterize types and levels of automation (LOAs) and relate different LOAs to implications for human performance, workload, and situation awareness as bases for systems design. However, some have suggested that the LOAs approach has overlooked key issues that need to be considered during the design process. Others are simply unsatisfied with the current state of the art in modeling HAI. In this paper, I argue that abandoning an existing framework with some utility for design makes little sense unless the cognitive engineering community can provide the broader design community with other sound alternatives. On this basis, I summarize issues with existing definitions of LOAs, including (a) presumptions of human behavior with automation and (b) imprecision in defining behavioral constructs for assessment of automation. I propose steps for advances in LOA frameworks. I provide evidence of the need for precision in defining behavior in use of automation as well as a need for descriptive models of human performance with LOAs. I also provide a survey of other classes of HAI models, offering insights into ways to achieve descriptive formulations of taxonomies of LOAs to support conceptual and detailed systems design. The ultimate objective of this line of research is reliable models for predicting human and system performance to serve as a basis for design. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENGINEERING AND DECISION MAKING}, author={Kaber, David B.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={7–24} }
 @article{kaber_2018, title={Reflections on Commentaries on "Issues in Human-Automation Interaction Modeling"}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2169-5032"]}, DOI={10.1177/1555343417749376}, abstractNote={ This “reflections” piece identifies major themes emerging from the commentaries in the issue. I discuss how some existing issues with the levels of automation (LOAs) approach may be further resolved as well as how different perspectives can lead to richer human-automation interaction (HAI) model development. The overarching objective here is to offer some reflections and last thoughts on the overall discussion of LOA issues, but of course, there may be some concerns on which some researchers may need to “agree to disagree.” Related to this, there are a few observations in the commentaries that I respond to with points of fact. Lastly, I suggest a set of future research directions based on several methodological recommendations by commentators as well as my own perspective on what is needed in HAI modeling to move forward. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENGINEERING AND DECISION MAKING}, author={Kaber, David B.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={86–93} }
 @misc{hooey_kaber_adams_fong_gore_2018, title={The Underpinnings of Workload in Unmanned Vehicle Systems}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2168-2305"]}, DOI={10.1109/THMS.2017.2759758}, abstractNote={This paper identifies and characterizes factors that contribute to operator workload in unmanned vehicle systems. Our objective is to provide a basis for developing models of workload for use in design and operation of complex human–machine systems. In 1986, Hart developed a foundational conceptual model of workload, which formed the basis for arguably the most widely used workload measurement technique—the NASA Task Load Index. Since that time, however, there have been many advances in models and factor identification as well as workload control measures. Additionally, there is a need to further inventory and describe factors that contribute to human workload in light of technological advances, including automation and autonomy. Thus, we propose a conceptual framework for the workload construct and present a taxonomy of factors that can contribute to operator workload. These factors, referred to as workload drivers, are associated with a variety of system elements including the environment, task, equipment, and operator. In addition, we discuss how workload moderators, such as automation and interface design, can be manipulated in order to influence operator workload. We contend that workload drivers, workload moderators, and the interactions among drivers and moderators all need to be accounted for when building complex human–machine systems.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS}, author={Hooey, Becky L. and Kaber, David B. and Adams, Julie A. and Fong, Terrence W. and Gore, Brian F.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={452–467} }
 @article{pankok_kaber_2018, title={The effect of navigation display clutter on performance and attention allocation in presentation- and simulator-based driving experiments}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2018.01.008}, abstractNote={Display clutter can have differential effects based on environmental factors, such as workload, stress, and experiment paradigm. The objectives of the current study were to assess the effects of display clutter on driver performance and attention allocation and compare results across two experimental paradigms. Forty-two participants searched high- and low-clutter in-car navigation displays for routine information either during a static, presentation-based experiment or in a dynamic, driving simulator experiment. Results revealed display clutter to significantly alter attention allocation and degrade performance in the presentation experiment, but had little to no effect on driver performance or attention allocation in the driving simulator experiment. Results suggest that display clutter may have its greatest effect on performance and attention allocation in domains requiring extended attention to the cluttered display compared to tasks in which the cluttered display acts as a support tool for secondary tasks.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={136–145} }
 @article{pankok_kaber_2017, title={An integrated measure of display clutter based on feature content, user knowledge and attention allocation factors}, volume={61}, ISSN={0014-0139 1366-5847}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2017.1401669}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2017.1401669}, abstractNote={Abstract Existing measures of display clutter in the literature generally exhibit weak correlations with task performance, which limits their utility in safety-critical domains. A literature review led to formulation of an integrated display data- and user knowledge-driven measure of display clutter. A driving simulation experiment was conducted in which participants were asked to search ‘high’ and ‘low’ clutter displays for navigation information. Data-driven measures and subjective perceptions of clutter were collected along with patterns of visual attention allocation and driving performance responses during time periods in which participants searched the navigation display for information. The new integrated measure was more strongly correlated with driving performance than other, previously developed measures of clutter, particularly in the case of low-clutter displays. Integrating display data and user knowledge factors with patterns of visual attention allocation shows promise for measuring display clutter and correlation with task performance, particularly for low-clutter displays. Practitioner Summary: A novel measure of display clutter was formulated, accounting for display data content, user knowledge states and patterns of visual attention allocation. The measure was evaluated in terms of correlations with driver performance in a safety-critical driving simulation study. The measure exhibited stronger correlations with task performance than previously defined measures.}, number={5}, journal={Ergonomics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={682–696} }
 @article{zahabi_machado_lau_deng_pankok_hummer_rasdorf_kaber_2017, title={Driver performance and attention allocation in use of logo signs on freeway exit ramps}, volume={65}, ISSN={0003-6870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.06.001}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of driver age, ramp signage configuration, including number of panels, logo format and sign familiarity, on driver performance and attention allocation when exiting freeways. Sixty drivers participated in a simulator study and analysis of variance models were used to assess response effects of the controlled manipulations. Results revealed elderly drivers to demonstrate worse performance and conservative control strategies as compared to middle-aged and young drivers. Elderly drivers also exhibited lower off-road fixation frequency and shorter off-road glance durations compared to middle-aged and young drivers. In general, drivers adopted a more conservative strategy when exposed to nine-panel signs as compared to six-panel signs and were more accurate in target detection when searching six-panels vs. nine and with familiar vs. unfamiliar logos. These findings provide an applicable guide for agency design of freeway ramp signage accounting for driver demographics.}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Machado, Patricia and Lau, Mei Ying and Deng, Yulin and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={70–80} }
 @inproceedings{zhu_kaber_zahabi_ma_2017, title={Effect of feedback type and modality on human motivation}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2017.8123057}, abstractNote={Task outcome feedback is often used to sustain human work motivation and ensure overall productivity. Feedback can also be useful for reducing learning periods for new tasks. Two types of feedback, including knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP), are commonly delivered as part of motor training by using various sensory modalities (e.g., visual, auditory or kinesthetic). Unfortunately, there is a lack of a design basis for such sensory feedback systems to optimize human motivation. Twenty-four right-handed participants were recruited for computer-based psychomotor task training using a contemporary haptic interface. During task performance, KP, KR or combo feedback was presented to participants through one of three sensory modalities, including visual, auditory or haptic. An Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) questionnaire was used to evaluate participant motivation under each specific condition. Results revealed task outcome related feedback (KR or combo) to be superior to process-based feedback (KP) in terms of sustaining human intrinsic motivation during the training period. The haptic modality was also found to have a stronger motivating effect than the visual or auditory modalities. Findings of this study are beneficial for future feedback designs to sustain human motivation during occupational skill training, such as assembly operations.}, booktitle={Ieee international conference on systems man and cybernetics conference}, author={Zhu, B. W. and Kaber, D. B. and Zahabi, M. and Ma, J.}, year={2017}, pages={2838–2843} }
 @article{zahabi_zhang_pankok_lau_shirley_kaber_2017, title={Effect of physical workload and modality of information presentation on pattern recognition and navigation task performance by high-fit young males}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2017.1324115}, abstractNote={Abstract Many occupations require both physical exertion and cognitive task performance. Knowledge of any interaction between physical demands and modalities of cognitive task information presentation can provide a basis for optimising performance. This study examined the effect of physical exertion and modality of information presentation on pattern recognition and navigation-related information processing. Results indicated males of equivalent high fitness, between the ages of 18 and 34, rely more on visual cues vs auditory or haptic for pattern recognition when exertion level is high. We found that navigation response time was shorter under low and medium exertion levels as compared to high intensity. Navigation accuracy was lower under high level exertion compared to medium and low levels. In general, findings indicated that use of the haptic modality for cognitive task cueing decreased accuracy in pattern recognition responses. Practitioner Summary: An examination was conducted on the effect of physical exertion and information presentation modality in pattern recognition and navigation. In occupations requiring information presentation to workers, who are simultaneously performing a physical task, the visual modality appears most effective under high level exertion while haptic cueing degrades performance.}, number={11}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Zhang, Wenjuan and Pankok, Carl and Lau, Mei Ying and Shirley, James and Kaber, David}, year={2017}, pages={1516–1527} }
 @article{kaber_zahabi_2017, title={Enhanced Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment for Human-in-the-Loop Systems}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720817693357}, abstractNote={Objective: The objective of this study was to enhance the existing system hazard analysis (SHA) technique by introducing the concepts of human and automation reliability quantification as well as fuzzy classification of system risks. These enhancements led to formulation of a new overall system risk-reliability score. Background: Many system safety analysis methods focus on individual physical component failure. Some human reliability analyses (HRA) consider human-automation interaction in determining system failure rates. There is no system safety analysis technique that quantifies the impact of human and automation reliability on the risk of hazard exposure. Method: Classification of the probability and severity of hazard exposure is typically made in terms of linguistic rather than numerical variables. Fuzzy sets are applicable for transforming linguistic classifications to numerical quantities. We focused on using fuzzy sets to define overlapping bands of system risk exposure with reference to the hazard risk categories defined in MIL-STD 882B. Fuzzy sets were also used for human-automated system reliability classification. Results: Introduction of human and automation reliability assessment in the SHA allows for definition of a system risk-reliability modeling space. The enhanced SHA (E-SHA) technique yields a mishap risk index, which is projected based on a composite assessment of human-automated system reliability at the time of operation. The E-SHA was compared with one of the most advanced HRA techniques. Conclusion: The E-SHA technique supports broader safety control recommendations and provides comparable, if not more detailed, results than prior systems safety and HRA techniques.}, number={5}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Kaber, David and Zahabi, Maryam}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={861–873} }
 @article{white_morejon_liu_lau_nam_kaber_2017, title={Muscle loading in exoskeletal orthotic use in an activity of daily living}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.010}, abstractNote={Strokes are the leading cause of major adult disability with up to 85% of U.S. survivors experiencing hemiparesis. Physical characteristics of upper-extremity exoskeletal orthotics, used in stroke rehabilitation, were evaluated in terms of performance of activities of daily living (ADL), perceived exertion, and muscle load. Simulated orthotic weight distributions, with total extremity loads of 0.81 kg, 1.25 kg and 2.27 kg, were evaluated along with a 0 kg control condition. Response measures included average shoulder/elbow muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) signal amplitude, quality of task completion and total rest time during performance, and Borg CR-10 scale ratings. Device weight distribution, or imposed shoulder moment, was found to have a significant effect on biceps brachii and anterior deltoid activation levels, percent task completion, total rest time, and perceived exertion ratings. Results suggest that heavier upper-extremity orthotics could cause undesirable effects in terms of muscle loading, performance and exertion; such adverse effects could potentially lead to lack of use during patient’s rehabilitation.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={White, Melissa M. and Morejon, Olivia N. and Liu, Shijing and Lau, Mei Y. and Nam, Chang S. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={190–197} }
 @article{zahabi_pankok_kaber_machado_lau_hummer_rasdorf_2017, title={On-Road Visual Sign Salience, Driver Attention Allocation, and Target Detection Accuracy}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2663-06}, abstractNote={Previous studies have empirically assessed the effect of on-road signage on driver distraction and attention allocation through eye-tracking measures and driving simulations. However, state and federal agencies might be able to make use of simpler approaches to determining the potential visual load of on-road signs. This study compared different on-road signage (food, gas and attraction, and distance guide signs) with respect to visual salience, assessed the effect of the number of panels and logo format on signage salience, and analyzed associations between salience values for different sign types with target detection accuracy and off-road glance duration. Visual salience of signs was measured with the salience using the natural statistics (SUNs) method. For correlation analyses between sign salience, attention allocation, and detection accuracy, a sample of 120 drivers participated in two driving simulation studies. Results revealed food business signs, containing all pictorial logos, to be more salient than gas and attraction and distance guide signs. In addition, results revealed that increasing the number of sign panels from six to nine significantly increased visual salience. It was also found that attraction signs including all pictorial logos were more salient than signs with text-based logos. Results did not reveal statistically significant relationships between visual salience and attention allocation. In addition, there was no significant correlation between target detection accuracy and visual salience for various sign types. Future work with a higher sign-sampling rate is needed to assess whether the SUNs method is a useful measure for determining if roadway sign salience is a driving factor in distraction.}, number={2663}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David B. and Machado, Patricia and Lau, Mei Ying and Hummer, Joseph E. and Rasdorf, William}, year={2017}, pages={40–47} }
 @article{pankok_zahabi_zhang_choi_liao_nam_kaber_2017, title={The effects of interruption similarity and complexity on performance in a simulated visual-manual assembly operation}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.022}, abstractNote={The objective of the study was to assess the effects of interruption task similarity and complexity on performance of a simulated industrial assembly operation. Eighteen participants performed a simulated industrial assembly operation, including one trial with no interruption and eight others presenting an interruption task. Interruption conditions comprised a full crossing of task similarity to the primary assembly operation (similar, dissimilar) and complexity (simple, complex) with replication for each participant. Order of condition presentation was randomized. Findings revealed greater time to return to primary visual-manual assembly performance after a similar task interruption. Results also indicated complex interruptions may promote cognitive arousal that increases productivity following assembly interruptions. The majority of results are explained in terms of the Activation-Based Memory for Goals model. Findings provide some guidance for interruption management protocol design for workers engaged in procedural visual-manual assembly operations.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Zahabi, Maryam and Zhang, Wenjuan and Choi, Inchul and Liao, Yi-Fan and Nam, Chang S. and Kaber, David}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={94–103} }
 @article{zahabi_machado_pankok_lau_liao_hummer_rasdorf_kaber_2017, title={The role of driver age in performance and attention allocation effects of roadway sign count, format and familiarity}, volume={63}, ISSN={0003-6870}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.APERGO.2017.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2017.04.001}, abstractNote={White-on-blue logo signs are used to inform drivers of food, gas, lodging, and attraction businesses at highway interchanges. In this study, 60 drivers were asked to look for food and attraction targets on logo signs while driving in a realistic freeway simulation. The objective of the study was to quantify effects of the number of sign panels (six vs. nine), logo familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar), logo format (text vs. pictorial), and driver age (young, middle, and elderly) on performance, attention allocation and target identification accuracy. Results revealed elderly drivers to exhibit worse performance in comparison to middle-age and young groups even though they adopted a more conservative driving strategy. There was no significant effect of the number of panels, logo familiarity, and logo format on driver performance or attention allocation. In target identification, drivers were more accurate with familiar or text-based panels appearing in six-panel signs.}, journal={Applied Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Machado, Patricia and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Lau, Mei Ying and Liao, Yi-Fan and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={17–30} }
 @article{white_zhang_winslow_zahabi_zhang_huang_kaber_2017, title={Usability Comparison of Conventional Direct Control Versus Pattern Recognition Control of Transradial Prostheses}, volume={47}, ISSN={["2168-2305"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85032257100&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/thms.2017.2759762}, abstractNote={The goal of this study was to compare the usability of two control schemes for a transradial myoelectric prosthesis, including conventional direct control (DC) and pattern recognition (PR) control, when used by able-bodied individuals. Three types of response measures were captured to assess the control schemes, including learnability, performance, and cognitive workload. Prior research has applied performance and cognitive workload metrics for evaluation of prosthetics; however, workload measures applied in these studies (e.g., heart rate, electroencephalography, and respiration rate) have many limitations. This study used eye tracking to compare cognitive load implications of the different control schemes for a two degrees-of-freedom myoelectric prosthesis. In total, 12 participants were assigned to either control condition (six persons each) or perform a clothespin relocation task. Results revealed the PR scheme to be more intuitive for users and superior to DC across all response measures. We observed a lower learning percentage (i.e., greater learning potential), lower cognitive load, and greater productivity in task performance. This preliminary study illustrates efficacy of using eye-tracking-based measures of cognitive load and standardize test paradigms for assessment of upper limb prosthetic usability and supports PR prosthetic device control as an intuitive alternative to DC.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS}, author={White, Melissa Mae and Zhang, Wenjuan and Winslow, Anna T. and Zahabi, Maryam and Zhang, Fan and Huang, He and Kaber, David B.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1146–1157} }
 @inproceedings{ma_kaber_2016, title={An application of statistical modeling for classification of human motor skill level}, DOI={10.1109/icimsa.2016.7503990}, abstractNote={Automation technology has expanded dramatically in the recent years; however human manual work is still required in many domains. To facilitate appropriate design of manual skill training and to reduce individual differences in manual performance, there is a need to assess individual skill level in advance of training exercises. Unfortunately, current motor skill assessment approaches do not provide direct indicators of human operator skill levels (e.g., high, medium, or low). Therefore, there is also a need to identify appropriate methods by which to classify novice operators based on their initial motor performance. In the present study, a statistical model was developed to classify participant motor ability level using a set of features based on kinematic parameters generated through a computerized motor test. The final model achieved a classification accuracy of ~98% using a 75/25 cross validation approach. Results verified the reliability of the motor-control test and validated the quantitative motor skill classification algorithm. Based on this work, it is expected that the algorithm and the test could be applied for design of novel manual skill training approaches to compensate for performance gaps among novice operators.}, booktitle={2016 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Management Science and Applications (ICIMSA)}, author={Ma, W. Q. and Kaber, D. B.}, year={2016} }
 @article{zhang_ma_brandao_kaber_bloomfield_swangnetr_2016, title={Biometric validation of a virtual reality-based psychomotor test for motor skill training}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1949-3614"]}, DOI={10.1080/10400435.2016.1165758}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Psychomotor tests have been applied in clinical therapy and laboratory research as tools for evaluating motor and cognitive skills. Some studies have developed computerized versions of such tests using virtual reality (VR) systems with haptic interface controls. These systems allow for increased flexibility in test delivery and accuracy in performance assessment. In this study, a VR-based computer simulation of the block design (BD) test (a standardized psychomotor task as part of an adult IQ test) was developed and compared with the physical version of the test. Performance was evaluated based on four types of muscle activation collected using electromyography (EMG), time spent in completing the task, and subjective ratings of workload. Results verified the VR-based task as physically comparable to the conventional BD test. The validated computerized psychomotor task may be applied for both experimental and clinical use in future studies.}, number={4}, journal={ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Zhang, Wenjuan and Ma, Wenqi and Brandao, Maicom and Kaber, David B. and Bloomfield, Peter and Swangnetr, Manida}, year={2016}, pages={233–241} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_white_zahabi_winslow_zhang_huang_kaber_2016, title={Cognitive workload in conventional direct control vs. pattern recognition control of an upper-limb prosthesis}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85015802131&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2016.7844587}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive workload of able-bodied individuals when using a myoelectric prosthetic under direct control (DC) or electromyography pattern recognition (PR) control. Different from existing clinical evaluations involving dual-task performance, pupillography measured with an eye-tracking system was used to quantitatively assess user cognitive workload in using a 2 degree-of-freedom prosthesis for a clothespin task. Test results revealed the PR control to produce superior task performance and to require lower cognitive load than demanded of participants under the DC condition. This study provided evidence of both performance and workload advantages of PR control over DC control. PR control was more intuitive to the prosthesis user and, therefore, required less cognitive effort. Furthermore, the study identified a new effective measure of cognitive workload in upper limb prosthesis use via pupillography.}, booktitle={Ieee international conference on systems man and cybernetics conference}, author={Zhang, W. J. and White, M. and Zahabi, M. and Winslow, A. T. and Zhang, F. and Huang, He and Kaber, D.}, year={2016}, pages={2335–2340} }
 @inproceedings{zahabi_zhang_pankok_lau_shirley_kaber_2016, title={Effect of physical workload on navigation task performance by high-fit young males}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2016.7844265}, abstractNote={Many occupations require both physical exertion and the ability to navigate in an environment, simultaneously. This study investigated how intensity of physical activity influences direction determination and distance estimation. Thirty high fit young males participated in a lab study. Results showed that while high fit young males were accurate in determining direction across levels of physical exertion, they were significantly less accurate in distance estimation under high exertion intensity. Although physical activity level did not influence direction determination accuracy, response time was significantly shorter when participants were subject to low physical loading in comparison to medium and high loading. In addition, we found that distance estimation response time increased as physical workload increased. Findings of this study can be used to enhance presentation of navigation information in occupations that require concurrent physical activity and navigation.}, booktitle={Ieee international conference on systems man and cybernetics conference}, author={Zahabi, M. and Zhang, W. J. and Pankok, C. and Lau, M. Y. and Shirley, J. and Kaber, D. B.}, year={2016}, pages={350–354} }
 @inbook{zhang_swangnetr_bloomfield_kaber_2016, title={Electromyography (EMG) as a Tool for Computerized Psychomotor Test Validation}, ISBN={9783319416939 9783319416946}, ISSN={2194-5357 2194-5365}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41694-6_92}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-41694-6_92}, abstractNote={Standardized psychomotor tests are commonly used to evaluate human motor and cognitive skills. Computerization of these tests can promote ease of administration and data collection. However, computerized versions of tests are typically validated via performance measures. In this study, a virtual reality (VR) based simulation of the Block Design (BD) test (a standardized psychomotor task as part of the adult IQ test) with a haptically-enabled control was developed and compared with a physical version of the test. Electromyography (EMG) measures of forearm and thumb muscle activation levels were used to assess the validity of the simulation from a muscle use perspective. Results revealed comparable muscle activation levels between the VR-based task and the conventional BD test. Validation of such of a simulation of psychomotor testing promotes application of computerized psychomotor tests in experimental and clinical studies.}, booktitle={Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Zhang, Wenjuan and Swangnetr, Manida and Bloomfield, Peter and Kaber, David}, year={2016}, pages={967–978} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_swangnetr_bloomfield_kaber_2016, title={Electromyography (EMG) as a tool for computerized psychomotor test validation}, volume={489}, booktitle={Advances in physical ergonomics and human factors}, author={Zhang, W. J. and Swangnetr, M. and Bloomfield, P. and Kaber, D.}, year={2016}, pages={967–978} }
 @article{zhang_kaber_2016, title={Evaluation of Strategies for Integrated Classification of Visual-Manual and Cognitive Distractions in Driving}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720816647607}, abstractNote={Background: Prior studies have demonstrated unique driver behavior outcomes when visual and cognitive distraction occurs simultaneously as compared to the occurrence of one form of distraction alone. This situation implies additional complexity for the design of robust distraction detection systems and vehicle automation for hazard mitigation. }, number={6}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Kaber, David}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={944–958} }
 @inbook{swangnetr_karukunchit_juntaracena_puntumetakul_gross_kaber_2016, title={Relating Musculoskeletal and Disability Conditions of Occupation-Induced Musculoskeletal Disorders to Non-occupational Congenital Disabilities}, ISBN={9783319416939 9783319416946}, ISSN={2194-5357 2194-5365}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41694-6_7}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-41694-6_7}, abstractNote={Previous research indicates congenital disabilities may have similar physical outcomes to circumstantial disabilities encountered by occupational workers. This study attempted a preliminary mapping of musculoskeletal conditions of rice farmers to cerebral palsy (CP) patients. The farmers and CP patients were examined for lower extremity (LE) malalignment, perceived pain, and origin of structural damage. In agreement with farmers, CP participants exhibited foot pronation and knee valgus and perceived more hip and knee pain. In partial agreement with farmers, CP participant’s pain origins included knee and ankle joints, and hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles, but not quadriceps muscle. The comparison showed that occupational and congenital disorder populations can be associated in terms of knee valgus prevalence, pain perception, and musculoskeletal impairments. Therefore, knee impairments and disorders should be emphasized for developing dual-use assistive technology to prevent further risk of LE injury for both farmers in work and CP populations in daily living tasks.}, booktitle={Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Swangnetr, Manida and Karukunchit, Usa and Juntaracena, Komkrit and Puntumetakul, Rungthip and Gross, Michael T. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2016}, pages={65–73} }
 @article{kaber_jin_zahabi_pankok_2016, title={The effect of driver cognitive abilities and distractions on situation awareness and performance under hazard conditions}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1873-5517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2016.07.014}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive abilities in driver situation awareness (SA) and performance. Sixteen participants drove a high-fidelity driving simulator and experienced a hazard condition (a vehicle turning into their lane). In general, exposure to the hazard resulted in a subsequent increase in driver SA in follow-on driving. Working memory and visual-cognitive skills appeared to be critical to supporting driver SA after hazard exposure. Findings indicated that tactical driving tasks place greater demands on cognitive abilities and levels of SA for successful performance, as compared to operational and strategic tasks. Correlations among measures of driver cognitive ability, SA and performance provide a basis for future development of a relational model of the roles of cognition and SA in driving.}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR}, author={Kaber, David and Jin, Sangeun and Zahabi, Maryam and Pankok, Carl, Jr.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={177–194} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_feltner_shirley_swangnetr_kaber_2016, title={Unmanned aerial vehicle control interface design and cognitive workload: A constrained review and research framework}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2016.7844502}, abstractNote={Unprincipled design of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control interfaces can increase operator cognitive workload and degrade performance. It is important to identify optimal interface design features that can serve to prevent cognitive overload under demanding task scenarios and environmental conditions. The present research summarized literature on critical issues in supervisory control interface design, current UAV interface design approaches and existing evaluation methods. A research framework was also proposed for a project to systematically and quantitatively relate UAV control interface features to cognitive workload outcomes. The framework also supports development an effective and efficient interface evaluation tool to predict cognitive workload based on specific design features.}, booktitle={Ieee international conference on systems man and cybernetics conference}, author={Zhang, W. J. and Feltner, D. and Shirley, J. and Swangnetr, M. and Kaber, D.}, year={2016}, pages={1821–1826} }
 @article{kaber_pankok_corbett_ma_hummer_rasdorf_2015, title={Driver behavior in use of guide and logo signs under distraction and complex roadway conditions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2014.09.005}, abstractNote={White-on-blue logo signs on the sides of highways are typically used to notify drivers of food, gas, and lodging at an upcoming interchange. The current research assessed driver performance and attention allocation in a simulated freeway driving task when exposed to six-panel logo signs, nine-panel logo signs, mileage guide signs, and roadway work zones both with and without an in-car navigation device. The objective was to identify the impact of signage types on driver behavior under realistic driving conditions. Results revealed glance durations and fixation frequencies to guide signs to be significantly lower than with six-panel and nine-panel logo signs, but no differences were found between six-panel and nine-panel logo signs. There were also statistical differences among the independent variables for speed deviation and lane deviation, but magnitudes were not large enough to be considered practically significant in terms of driving safety. Overall, there were minor differences in sign processing time between logo signs and mileage guide signs, but such differences did not translate to degradations in vehicle control.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Kaber, David and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Corbett, Brendan and Ma, Wenqi and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{pankok_kaber_rasdorf_hummer_2015, title={Effects of Guide and Logo Signs on Freeway Driving Behavior}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2518-10}, abstractNote={ In the United States, white-on-blue highway logo signs are typically used to notify drivers of food, gas, and lodging at an upcoming interchange, whereas green guide signs are used to notify drivers of the distance to upcoming cities and roadways. This study assessed driver performance and attention allocation during simulated interstate freeway driving when drivers were exposed to six-panel logo signs, nine-panel logo signs, and green guide signs. The results revealed that glance durations and fixation frequencies to green guide signs were significantly lower than they were for six-panel and nine-panel logo signs; however, no differences were found between six-panel and nine-panel logo signs. There were statistical differences between the independent variables for speed deviation and lane deviation, but the magnitudes of difference were not considered practically significant for driving safety. Overall, minor differences in sign processing time between logo signs and green guide signs did not translate into degradations in vehicle control. }, number={2518}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph}, year={2015}, pages={73–78} }
 @article{sheik-nainar_kaber_hsiang_pankok_zahabi_2015, title={Influence of cognitive and perceptual processing on multitask performance with locomotion}, volume={16}, ISSN={1463-922X 1464-536X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2014.1001005}, DOI={10.1080/1463922X.2014.1001005}, abstractNote={Prior research has shown contradictory results regarding the relationship between physical performance and cognitive load, and a lack of task environment models to compromise stability recovery. The objectives of this study were to assess influence of multitasking involving locomotion and concurrent cognitive demands as well as locomotor internal situation model formulation on proactive gait control for hazards. Twenty-four participants navigated a virtual walking environment including locomotion hazards (puddles, potholes). Three variables were manipulated, including a-priori knowledge (three levels of training fidelity), navigation aid type (instruction-based, map-based), and physical cueing (visual only, visual and physical). Significant differences in weight acceptance force and centre of pressure slope suggest that higher environment knowledge and lower cognitive load lead to greater proactive control. Participants adopted a three-stride advance preparation strategy to accommodate hazards. The experiment demonstrated accurate task environment knowledge and situation processing to dictate gait control for hazards when performing concurrent cognitive tasks.}, number={3}, journal={Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Sheik-Nainar, Mohamed and Kaber, David and Hsiang, Simon and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Zahabi, Maryam}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={273–298} }
 @article{pankok_zahabi_zhang_kaber_2015, title={The Effect of Physical Workload and Modality of Information Presentation on Cognitive Inhibition in Highly Fit Young Males}, volume={4}, ISSN={2157-7323 2157-7331}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21577323.2015.1066278}, DOI={10.1080/21577323.2015.1066278}, abstractNote={OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This study presents an experiment assessing the interaction between physical task load and modality of information presentation on cognitive task performance. Results indicated that males of equivalent high fitness, between the ages of 18 and 25, can perform complex cognitive tasks reliably well while performing a concurrent physical task requiring up to 70% of aerobic capacity. Furthermore, results revealed that participants respond slightly more quickly to visual stimuli than auditory stimuli but are equally adept at inhibiting responses presented via either modality. These results are applicable to the design of information displays for information processing tasks as part of occupations requiring simultaneous worker physical performance, such as soldiers in combat situations, firefighters in emergency rescue, police officers in security patrols on foot, etc.TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Many occupations require workers to perform cognitive tasks while concurrently performing a physical task, such as a soldier taking orders while running to a helicopter evacuation point or a firefighter navigating through a burning building. Diverse personal factors have been identified to influence the effect of physical workload on cognitive performance; however, the literature presents some contradictions, and findings appear heavily dependent on participant sample characteristics, physical task type, and cognitive task type. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the interaction between physical workload and modality of information presentation on performance of a concurrent cognitive task by highly fit young males. Methods: Twenty-four highly fit males between the ages of 18 and 25 completed the experiment. Participants ran on a treadmill at one of three physical exertion levels (0%, 50%, and 70% of maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]). Levels were selected based on a previously-defined “optimal range” of 40%–55% VO2max for facilitating concurrent cognitive performance. Participants were exposed to exertion below, within, or above the optimal range for 8 minutes in each trial while concurrently performing a stop-signal task with stimuli presented either visually or aurally. Accuracy, response time, stop-signal reaction time, and perceived cognitive workload were recorded. Results: Physical exertion level did not appear to have a significant effect on responses with the exception of a decrease in accuracy that approached significance (p < 0.10). Stimulus modality had a significant effect, with higher accuracy, lower response time, and lower stop-signal reaction time occurring with visual stimuli compared to auditory. The modality of the stop signal (an indicator that participants should inhibit a reaction) had no effect on any response. No significant interaction was found between physical exertion level and modality of information presentation on cognitive inhibition. Conclusions: Highly fit young males, when subjected to an acute bout of exercise requiring 70% VO2max or less and lasting 8 minutes or less, exhibit no negative effects on cognitive inhibition performance, but response time appears faster with visual versus auditory stimuli.}, number={2-3}, journal={IIE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Zahabi, Maryam and Zhang, Wenjuan and Kaber, David}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={88–103} }
 @article{zahabi_kaber_swangnetr_2015, title={Usability and Safety in Electronic Medical Records Interface Design: A Review of Recent Literature and Guideline Formulation}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720815576827}, abstractNote={Objective The objectives of this study were to (a) review electronic medical record (EMR) and related electronic health record (EHR) interface usability issues, (b) review how EMRs have been evaluated with safety analysis techniques along with any hazard recognition, and (c) formulate design guidelines and a concept for enhanced EMR interfaces with a focus on diagnosis and documentation processes. }, number={5}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Zahabi, Maryam and Kaber, David B. and Swangnetr, Manida}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={805–834} }
 @article{pankok_kaber_2014, title={Cockpit Displays of Traffic Information and Pilot Bias in Time-to-Contact Judgments}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-4448"]}, DOI={10.3357/asem.3810.2014}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
Pilots are susceptible to over-reliance on distance when making relative time-to-contact (TTC) judgments of surrounding intruders, referred to as "the distance bias." We tested the effect of adding perceptual cues and an information feature to cockpit displays of traffic information to mitigate this bias.


METHOD
There were 14 general aviation pilots who participated in a simulated flight scenario and were asked to make relative TTC judgments. Three levels of perceptual cue (blinking, color-change, and no-cue) were crossed with two levels of velocity data tag (present and absent) with identification of the highest risk intruder as a response.


RESULTS
Perceptual cues were associated with more accurate high-risk intruder selection (color = 95.95% correct, blinking = 95.98%, no-cue = 87.89%), decreased response time (color = 3.68 s, blinking = 3.19 s, no-cue = 6.08 s), reduced visual attention demand (color = 57% of attention, blinking = 58%, no-cue = 62%), lower workload ratings (color = 28.38/100, blinking = 29.66/100, no-cue = 48.91/100), and higher performance confidence ratings (color = 83.92/100, blinking = 82.71/100, no-cue = 58.85/100) than the no-cue displays. There was no difference between blinking and color cue displays. The data tag was associated with lower response times (present = 4.13 s, absent = 4.50 s) and higher confidence ratings (present = 78.69/100, absent = 71.63/100) than displays without. Displays including the blinking cue, color-change cue, and data tag were preferred over displays that did not include these features (color = 8 pilots, blinking = 6, no-cue = 0).


DISCUSSION
The added display features were effective in mitigating the effect of the distance bias on pilot performance measures and received favorable subjective ratings.}, number={6}, journal={AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={597–604} }
 @article{suresh_kaber_clamann_2014, title={Effects of Laptop Touchpad Texturing on User Performance}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1532-7590"]}, DOI={10.1080/10447318.2014.888502}, abstractNote={This research assessed user performance with different laptop touchpad textures. In specific, the study measured discrete movement task time and accuracy. It was hypothesized that texturing would increase task times but improve accuracy by providing users with tactile references. A variable representing the frictional potential of pads was introduced into an established model of discrete movement performance (Fitts’ Law) in an attempt to accurately model user performance under experimental task conditions. Results revealed touchpad texturing to degrade task performance. However, accuracy in pointing tasks was not significantly affected. Results also revealed that the expanded form of Fitts’ Law, including a parameter for representing the frictional potential of pad texturing, was more predictive of actual movement times than the original form of the Law. Results from the study increase understanding of the effects of touchpad texture on human motor control behavior and provide some guidance for future pad design.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION}, author={Suresh, Sameerajan and Kaber, David and Clamann, Michael}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={470–479} }
 @article{kaber_tupler_clamann_gil_zhu_swangnetr_jeon_zhang_qin_ma_et al._2014, title={Evaluation of an Augmented Virtual Reality and Haptic Control Interface for Psychomotor Training}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1949-3614"]}, DOI={10.1080/10400435.2013.800923}, abstractNote={This study investigated the design of a virtual reality (VR) simulation integrating a haptic control interface for motor skill training. Twenty-four healthy participants were tested and trained in standardized psychomotor control tasks using native and VR forms with their nondominant hands in order to identify VR design features that might serve to accelerate motor learning. The study was also intended to make preliminary observations on the degree of specific motor skill development that can be achieved with a VR-based haptic simulation. Results revealed significant improvements in test performance following training for the VR with augmented haptic features with insignificant findings for the native task and VR with basic haptic features. Although performance during training was consistently better with the native task, a correspondence between the VR training and test task interfaces led to greater improvement in test performance as reported by a difference between baseline and post-test scores. These findings support use of VR-based haptic simulations of standardized psychomotor tests for motor skill training, including visual and haptic enhancements for effective pattern recognition and discrete movement of objects. The results may serve as an applicable guide for design of future haptic VR features.}, number={1}, journal={ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kaber, David and Tupler, Larry A. and Clamann, Michael and Gil, Guk-Ho and Zhu, Biwen and Swangnetr, Manida and Jeon, Wooram and Zhang, Yu and Qin, Xiaofeng and Ma, Wenqi and et al.}, year={2014}, pages={51–60} }
 @article{kim_kaber_2014, title={Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head-Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1520-6564"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20501}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES}, author={Kim, Sang-Hwan and Kaber, David B.}, year={2014}, pages={386–402} }
 @article{zhang_kaber_rogers_liang_gangakhedkar_2014, title={The Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distractions on Operational and Tactical Driving Behaviors}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720813495279}, abstractNote={Objective: This study tested the effects of two fundamental forms of distraction, including visual-manual and cognitive-audio distraction, with comparison under both operational and tactical driving. Strategic control remains for future study. }, number={3}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Kaber, David B. and Rogers, Meghan and Liang, Yulan and Gangakhedkar, Shruti}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={592–604} }
 @article{swangnetr_kaber_phimphasak_namkorn_saenlee_zhu_puntumetakul_2014, title={The influence of rice plow handle design and whole-body posture on grip force and upper-extremity muscle activation}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2014.934301}, abstractNote={A previous job screening study revealed ergonomics risk factors in rice field plowing. This work motivated the present experimental investigation of the influence of plow handle design and farmer whole-body posture on grip force and arm muscle activity. A total of 24 experienced farmers performed a simulated plowing task, including walking on even and uneven ground while rolling a tiller equipped with conventional horizontal and proposed vertical handles. Results revealed the proposed handles, designed to promote neutral wrist posture, to increase upper-arm muscle use between 47% and 70% across ground types, as compared with conventional handles. The ratio of grip force to forearm muscle activity (or efficiency in muscle use) increased from 1.85 when using conventional handles on uneven ground to 2.16 when using the proposed handles with symmetrical body posture on even ground. However, participants perceived higher discomfort when using the proposed handles, as they were accustomed to the conventional design. Practitioner Summary: The findings of this work may be used to educate farmers on the potential for hand and arm injury in rice cultivation activities. Results may also provide a basis for redesign of existing tiller handles to promote neutral wrist posture, greater efficiency in muscle use and machine control.}, number={10}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Swangnetr, M. and Kaber, D. and Phimphasak, C. and Namkorn, P. and Saenlee, K. and Zhu, B. and Puntumetakul, R.}, year={2014}, pages={1526–1535} }
 @article{segall_kaber_taekman_wright_2013, title={A Cognitive Modeling Approach to Decision Support Tool Design for Anesthesia Provider Crisis Management}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1532-7590"]}, DOI={10.1080/10447318.2012.681220}, abstractNote={Prior research has revealed existing operating room (OR) patient monitors to provide limited support for prompt and accurate decision making by anesthesia providers during crises. Decision support tools (DSTs) developed for this purpose typically alert the anesthesia provider to existence of a problem but do not recommend a treatment plan. There is a need for a human-centered approach to the design and development of a crisis management DST. A hierarchical task analysis was conducted to identify anesthesia provider procedures in detecting, diagnosing, and treating a critical incident and a cognitive task analysis to elicit goals, decisions, and information requirements. This information was coded in a computational cognitive model using GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection rules) Language. An OR monitor interface was prototyped to present output from the cognitive model following ecological interface design principles. A preliminary assessment of the DST was performed with anesthesiology and usability experts. The anesthesiologists indicated they would use the tool in the perioperative environment and would recommend its use by junior anesthesia providers. Future research will focus on formal validation of the DST design approach and comparison of tool output to actual anesthesia provider decisions in real or simulated crises.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION}, author={Segall, Noa and Kaber, David B. and Taekman, Jeffrey M. and Wright, Melanie C.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={55–66} }
 @article{zhang_kaber_2013, title={An empirical assessment of driver motivation and emotional states in perceived safety margins under varied driving conditions}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2012.739208}, abstractNote={Motivation models in driving behaviour postulate that driver motives and emotional states dictate risk tolerance under various traffic conditions. The present study used time and driver performance-based payment systems to manipulate motivation and risk-taking behaviour. Ten participants drove to a predefined location in a simulated driving environment. Traffic patterns (density and velocity) were manipulated to cause driver behaviour adjustments due to the need to conform with the social norms of the roadway. The driving environment complexity was investigated as a mediating factor in risk tolerance. Results revealed the performance-based payment system to closely relate to risk-taking behaviour as compared with the time-based payment system. Drivers conformed with social norms associated with specific traffic patterns. Higher roadway complexity led to a more conservative safety margins and speeds. This research contributes to the further development of motivational models of driver behaviour. Practitioner Summary: This study provides empirical justification for two motivation factors in driver risk-taking decisions, including compliance with social norm and emotions triggered by incentives. Environment complexity was identified as a mediating factor in motivational behaviour model. This study also recommended safety margin measures sensitive to changes in driver risk tolerance.}, number={2}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={256–267} }
 @article{jeon_clamann_kaber_currie_2013, title={Assessing Goal-Directed Three-Dimensional Movements in a Virtual Reality Block Design Task}, ISSN={["1062-922X"]}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2013.637}, abstractNote={This study investigated three-dimensional (3D) goal-directed movements in a virtual reality (VR) simulation of a standardized psychomotor control task. Movement trajectories were collected from 22 subjects and parsed based on an existing two-phase model of motor control including ballistic and correction phases. Kinematic measures were also acquired to provide further insight into motor skill learning. Results revealed kinematic measures of total numbers of sub movements and numbers of sub movements in the correction phase to be significantly correlated with psychomotor task scores. A predictive model applied to the 3D movements revealed the correction phase movements to be more predictive of psychomotor performance than the ballistic phase. Findings indicate a greater degree of fine motor skill was required for performance of the psychomotor control task. This research supports the use of high resolution kinematic measures as reliable predictors of psychomotor task performance.}, journal={2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2013)}, author={Jeon, Wooram and Clamann, Michael and Kaber, David B. and Currie, Nancy J.}, year={2013}, pages={3739–3744} }
 @inbook{clamann_ma_kaber_2013, title={Comparison of Enhanced Visual and Haptic Features in a Virtual Reality-Based Haptic Simulation}, ISBN={9783642393297 9783642393303}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39330-3_59}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-39330-3_59}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to compare the learning effects following motor skill training using three types of virtual reality simulations. Training and testing were presented using virtual reality (VR) and standardized forms of existing psychomotor tests, respectively. The VR training simulations included haptic, visual and a combination of haptic and visual assistance designed to accelerate training. A comparison of performance test results prior to and following training revealed conditions providing haptic assistance to yield lower scores related to fine motor skill training than the visual-only aiding condition. Similarly, training in the visual condition resulted in comparatively lower cognitive skill scores. The present investigation incorporating healthy subjects was designed as part of an ongoing research effort to provide insight on the design of VR simulations for rehabilitation of motor skills in patients with a history of mTBI.}, booktitle={Human-Computer Interaction. Interaction Modalities and Techniques}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Clamann, Michael and Ma, Wenqi and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, pages={551–560} }
 @article{zhang_harris_rogers_kaber_hummer_rasdorf_hu_2013, title={Driver distraction and performance effects of highway logo sign design}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.009}, abstractNote={Driver distraction and safety concerns have been identified for new highway logo sign configurations. This study assessed driver perception of logo signs and distraction under nine-panel, overflow-combination, or standard six-panel formats. A nine-panel sign has nine business panels within a single sign; a six-panel sign has six panels within a sign; an overflow-combination consists of a standard six-panel sign and a six-panel sign displaying two different services (e.g., food and gas). In this study, twenty-four participants searched for target food business logos while driving in a high-fidelity driving simulation under each signage condition. Gas and lodging signs were also displayed along the road in conventional six-panel formats. Dependent variables included signal detection, visual attention allocation, and vehicle control measures. Experiment results showed nine-panel signs drew greater visual attention and produced lower average speed than overflow-combination signs, and produced a lower speeding percentage compared to six-panel signs. However, there was no evidence the new configurations (nine-panel and overflow) caused substantive performance changes with safety implications. This study suggested the use of nine-panel and overflow-combination logo signs may be suitable for interchanges where there are more than six qualifying businesses in a category in terms of driver performance and safety.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Harris, Elizabeth and Rogers, Meghan and Kaber, David and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Hu, Jia}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={472–479} }
 @article{eungpinichpong_buttagat_areeudomwong_pramodhyakul_swangnetr_kaber_puntumetakul_2013, title={Effects of restrictive clothing on lumbar range of motion and trunk muscle activity in young adult worker manual material handling}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.002}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to examine the effect of wearing restrictive trousers on lumbar spine movement, trunk muscle activity and low back discomfort (LBD) in simulations of manual material handling (MMH) tasks. Twenty-eight young adults participated in the study performing box lifting, liquid container handling while squatting, and forward reaching while sitting on a task chair when wearing tight pants (sizes too small for the wearer) vs. fit pants (correct size according to anthropometry). Each task was repeated three times and video recordings were used as a basis for measuring lumbar range of motion (LRoM). The response was normalized in terms on baseline hip mobility. Trunk muscle activity of rectus abdominis (RA) and erector spinae (ES) muscles were also measured in each trial and normalized. At the close of each trial, participants rated LBD using a visual analog scale. Results revealed significant effects of both pants and task types on the normalized LRoM, trunk muscle activity and subjective ratings of LBD. The LRoM was higher and trunk muscle (ES) activity was lower for participants when wearing tight pants, as compared to fit pants. Discomfort ratings were significantly higher for tight pants than fit. These results provide guidance for recommendations on work clothing fit in specific types of MMH activities in order to reduce the potential of low-back pain among younger workers in industrial companies.}, number={6}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Eungpinichpong, Wichai and Buttagat, Vitsarut and Areeudomwong, Pattanasin and Pramodhyakul, Noppol and Swangnetr, Manida and Kaber, David and Puntumetakul, Rungthip}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={1024–1032} }
 @article{swangnetr_kaber_2013, title={Emotional State Classification in Patient-Robot Interaction Using Wavelet Analysis and Statistics-Based Feature Selection}, volume={43}, ISSN={["2168-2305"]}, DOI={10.1109/tsmca.2012.2210408}, abstractNote={Due to a major shortage of nurses in the U.S., future healthcare service robots are expected to be used in tasks involving direct interaction with patients. Consequently, there is a need to design nursing robots with the capability to detect and respond to patient emotional states and to facilitate positive experiences in healthcare. The objective of this study was to develop a new computational algorithm for accurate patient emotional state classification in interaction with nursing robots during medical service. A simulated medicine delivery experiment was conducted at two nursing homes using a robot with different human-like features. Physiological signals, including heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR), as well as subjective ratings of valence (happy-unhappy) and arousal (excited-bored) were collected on elderly residents. A three-stage emotional state classification algorithm was applied to these data, including: (1) physiological feature extraction; (2) statistical-based feature selection; and (3) a machine-learning model of emotional states. A pre-processed HR signal was used. GSR signals were nonstationary and noisy and were further processed using wavelet analysis. A set of wavelet coefficients, representing GSR features, was used as a basis for current emotional state classification. Arousal and valence were significantly explained by statistical features of the HR signal and GSR wavelet features. Wavelet-based de-noising of GSR signals led to an increase in the percentage of correct classifications of emotional states and clearer relationships among the physiological response and arousal and valence. The new algorithm may serve as an effective method for future service robot real-time detection of patient emotional states and behavior adaptation to promote positive healthcare experiences.}, number={1}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS}, author={Swangnetr, Manida and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={63–75} }
 @article{clamann_ma_kaber_2013, title={Evaluation of a Virtual Reality and Haptic Simulation of a Block Design Test}, ISSN={["1062-922X"]}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2013.155}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to develop a computer-based system for psychomotor skill assessment and training. The focus was on virtual reality (VR) simulation of an established pattern assembly task incorporating a haptic interface. A prototype VR and haptic-based system was developed to replicate established testing protocols, facilitate automated test scoring, and produce quantitative test output. The prototype was also compared to a native version of the test. Participants completed multiple training trials of the VR or native tests. Training effects were measured by comparing performance on objective baseline and post-tests administered before and after training, respectively. Results revealed training in either the VR or the native versions of the task to produce significant (p<;0.0001) performance increases from baseline, but neither version resulted in significant improvements over the other. The VR-haptic simulation was found to represent a viable psychomotor test and training method.}, journal={2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2013)}, author={Clamann, Michael and Ma, Wenqi and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, pages={882–887} }
 @article{kaber_naylor_gil_pankok_kim_2013, title={Influence of Flight Domain and Cockpit Display Dynamics on Pilot Perceived Clutter}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2327-3097"]}, DOI={10.2514/1.i010036}, abstractNote={Two analyses were conducted on three datasets from a series of aviation human factors experiments focused on the development and testing of measures of flight display clutter as well as the relation with flight task performance. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of cockpit display dynamics and aircraft type on pilot perceptions of display clutter in simulated flight tasks through statistical analyses of the data gathered across the experimental studies. Comparisons were made on observations of pilots with comparable experience under similar headup or headdown display conditions. In general, this research demonstrated the clutter measures to be highly sensitive to aviation display and domain conditions. The findings also indicated that human information processing considerations in aviation display design coupled with attention to the visual characteristics of display features may provide an effective basis for mitigating potential effects of clutter on pilot performance.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS}, author={Kaber, David B. and Naylor, James T. and Gil, Guk-Ho and Pankok, Carl and Kim, Sang-Hwan}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={550–559} }
 @article{kaber_riley_endsley_sheik-nainar_zhang_lampton_2013, title={Measuring Situation Awareness in Virtual Environment-Based Training}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1532-7876"]}, DOI={10.1037/h0095998}, abstractNote={We evaluated the efficacy of a computer-based situation awareness (SA) measurement system for training dismounted infantry SA in an urban terrain virtual reality (VR) simulation. Based on past research, we hypothesized that the SA measures would be sensitive to individual (squad leader) differences, and that the frequency of specific probes would reveal differences in critical SA requirements among scenarios. Three infantry squads performed multiple trials across two different scenarios. A confederate platoon leader posed probes to squad leaders during trials and experts made ratings afterward. Results revealed squad leaders had similar responses to probes, despite differences in combat experience. Analysis of probe frequency revealed different high priority SA elements and decisions for each scenario. The SA behavior and communication ratings revealed differences among squads, which trended with experience. Measures of SA were also consistent across the test scenario as a result of similar mission types and task difficulties. We discuss the implication of our findings for future research and theory within this area.}, number={4}, journal={MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Kaber, David B. and Riley, Jennifer M. and Endsley, Mica R. and Sheik-Nainar, Mohamed and Zhang, Tao and Lampton, Donald R.}, year={2013}, pages={330–344} }
 @article{pankok_kaber_2013, title={Mitigating Biases in Time-to-Contact Judgments with Cockpit Displays of Traffic Information}, ISSN={["1062-922X"]}, DOI={10.1109/smc.2013.721}, abstractNote={A flight simulation experiment was conducted to assess cockpit automation for mitigating the effects of a distance bias in time-to-contact judgments on converging intruders. Six formats of a prototype cockpit display of traffic information were tested, including all combinations of intruder icon (perceptual cue) format (baseline/conventional, colored, blinking) and a data tag with velocity information (present, absent). Results revealed displays with colored or blinking cues produced greater accuracy in pilot selection of intruders posing the greatest risk and lower response times than for conventional displays not presenting such cues. The addition of the velocity data tag to icons had no effect on intruder selection accuracy but was associated with lower response times. It was concluded that both the perceptual cue format and velocity data tags support superior performance in time-to-contact judgments as compared with conventional displays.}, journal={2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS (SMC 2013)}, author={Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, pages={4231–4236} }
 @article{kaber_kaufmann_alexander_kim_naylor_prinzel_pankok_gil_2013, title={Testing and Validation of a Psychophysically Defined Metric of Display Clutter}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2327-3097"]}, DOI={10.2514/1.i010048}, abstractNote={Combinations of cockpit display features may lead to increased pilot perceptions of clutter. This research sought to capture pilot perceptions of display clutter associated with primary flight display features during a vertical takeoff and landing scenario and to validate a multidimensional measure of clutter previously developed for a fixed-wing environment. Sixteen active fixed-wing pilots were recruited for the study that used a simulator configured as a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. A factor analysis was used to reduce the number of subdimensions of the clutter measure based on previous ratings data. The simplified measure revealed an increase in the number of active display features to cause an increase in perceived clutter. Displays including synthetic vision system features were perceived as significantly more cluttered than those without. Although a tunnel (highway in the sky) feature also contributed to clutter, pilots achieved higher navigation system failure detection rates when the fe...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS}, author={Kaber, David and Kaufmann, Karl and Alexander, Amy L. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Naylor, James T. and Prinzel, Lawrence J., III and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Gil, Guk-Ho}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={359–368} }
 @article{suvarnnato_puntumetakul_kaber_boucaut_boonphakob_arayawichanon_chatchawan_2013, title={The Effects of Thoracic Manipulation Versus Mobilization for Chronic Neck Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial Pilot Study}, volume={25}, ISSN={["2187-5626"]}, DOI={10.1589/jpts.25.865}, abstractNote={[Purpose] To investigate effects of thoracic manipulation versus mobilization on chronic neck pain. [Methods] Thirty-nine chronic neck pain subjects were randomly assigned to single level thoracic manipulation, single level thoracic mobilization, or a control group. The cervical range of motion (CROM) and pain ratings (using a visual analog scale: VAS) were measured before, immediately after and at a 24-hour follow-up. [Results] Thoracic manipulation significantly decreased VAS pain ratings and increased CROM in all directions in immediate and 24-hour follow-ups. The thoracic mobilization group significantly increased in CROM in most directions at immediate follow-up and right and left rotational directions at the 24-hour follow-up. Comparisons between groups revealed the CROM for the manipulation group to increase significantly more than for control subjects in most directions at immediate follow-up and flexion, left lateral flexion and left rotation at the 24-hour follow-up. The CROM for the thoracic mobilization group significantly increased in comparison to the control group in flexion at immediate follow-up and in flexion and left rotation at the 24-hour follow-up. [Conclusion] The study demonstrated reductions in VAS pain ratings and increases in CROM at immediate and 24-hour follow-ups from both single level thoracic spine manipulation and thoracic mobilization in chronic neck pain.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY SCIENCE}, author={Suvarnnato, Thavatchai and Puntumetakul, Rungthip and Kaber, David and Boucaut, Rose and Boonphakob, Yodchai and Arayawichanon, Preeda and Chatchawan, Uraiwan}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={865–871} }
 @article{li_clamann_kaber_2013, title={Validation of a Haptic-Based Simulation to Test Complex Figure Reproduction Capability}, volume={43}, ISSN={["2168-2305"]}, DOI={10.1109/tsmc.2013.2287341}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to develop a new computer-based system for psychomotor skill assessment. The focus was on the simulation of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) reproduction test incorporating a haptic interface. Various system functions were created to support customized testing protocols that are based on specific user requirements, facilitate semiautomated scoring of tests, and produce quantitative test output. Advanced technologies of pattern recognition were reviewed and adapted for the system development. This approach yielded an application for recording freehand drawings and recognizing and normalizing drawing strokes for semiautomated scoring according to a standard. The new simulator system was validated by comparison with traditional paper-based tests in which participants were asked to use their nondominant hand to simulate a minor motor impairment. Results demonstrated the simulator to be sensitive to functional differences between dominant and nondominant hand use. The computerized scoring software also appeared to be valid for generating ROCF scores, which were consistent with manual scores determined by a trained rater for the same drawing stimuli.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS}, author={Li, Yingjie and Clamann, Michael and Kaber, David B.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={547–557} }
 @article{buttagat_eungpinichpong_kaber_chatchawan_arayawichanon_2012, title={Acute effects of traditional Thai massage on electroencephalogram in patients with scapulocostal syndrome}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1873-6963"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ctim.2012.02.002}, abstractNote={To investigate acute effects of traditional Thai massage (TTM) on brain electrical activity (electroencephalogram (EEG) signals), anxiety and pain in patients with scapulocostal syndrome (SCS). A single-blind, randomized clinical trial. The School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Forty patients, who were diagnosed with SCS, were randomly allocated to receive a 30-min session of either TTM or physical therapy (PT) using ultrasound therapy and hot packs. Electroencephalogram (EEG), State Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and pain intensity rating. Results showed that both TTM and PT were associated with significant decreases in anxiety and pain intensity (p < 0.01). However, there was a significantly greater reduction in anxiety and pain intensity for the TTM group when compared with the PT group. Analysis of EEG in the TTM group showed a significant increase in relaxation, manifested as an increase in delta activity (p < 0.05) and a decrease in theta, alpha and beta activity (p < 0.01). Similar changes were not found in the PT group. The EEG measures were also significantly different when compared between the groups (p < 0.01), except for delta activity (p = 0.051), indicating lower states of arousal with the TTM treatment. It is suggested that TTM provides acute neural effects that increase relaxation and decrease anxiety and pain intensity in patients with SCS.}, number={4}, journal={COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN MEDICINE}, author={Buttagat, Vitsarut and Eungpinichpong, Wichai and Kaber, David and Chatchawan, Uraiwon and Arayawichanon, Preeda}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={167–174} }
 @article{gil_kaber_2012, title={An Accessible Cognitive Modeling Tool for Evaluation of Pilot-Automation Interaction}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1532-7108"]}, DOI={10.1080/10508414.2012.718236}, abstractNote={Various cognitive modeling techniques and tools have been developed to support description and prediction of human behavior in complex systems. GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection rules) modeling methods have been used in human–computer interaction (HCI) analysis for many years and are considered easy to learn. GOMS has several limitations, including representing only expert behavior in tasks and not supporting detailed modeling of visual and motor operations or parallel processing. Another limitation is that operation time estimates are deterministic. This research developed an enhanced GOMS language and computational cognitive modeling tool to address the existing GOMS limitations to aid cockpit automation designers in assessing the potential for automation-induced pilot performance problems. Output of the tool for a specific flight and automation use scenario was compared with experiment data for validation purposes. Results demonstrated significant correlations of model-based pilot performance and cognitive workload predictions with observations on pilots using a flight simulator. The new enhanced cognitive modeling approach is expected to provide accurate explanations and predictions of user behaviors during the design of complex systems and interfaces in various domains involving interactive task performance.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Gil, Guk-Ho and Kaber, David B.}, year={2012}, pages={319–342} }
 @article{clamann_zhu_beaver_taylor_kaber_2012, title={Comparison of infant car seat grip orientations and lift strategies}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0003-6870"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2011.10.003}, abstractNote={The rear-facing Infant Car Seat (ICS) is designed to meet federal requirements for transporting children less than 1 year old. Typical use includes transfer in and out of a vehicle, which is shown to be a difficult lift. Despite the frequency of this lift, manufacturers provide little guidance for users. Review of relevant literature suggested an ICS featuring an angled handle, promoting a neutral wrist posture, would increase grip stability and decrease lifting effort. Popular press suggested a foot-in-car stance for the ICS lift would do the same. An experiment was conducted in which wrist deviations from neutral posture were recorded along with lifting muscle activation levels (multiple flexor muscles and biceps brachii) and overall perceived exertion for straight versus a new bent handle design and conventional stance versus foot-in-car. Foot position was examined to test the recommendations in the popular press. Surprisingly, wrist deviation was not significantly affected by the new bent handle design (due to compensatory behavior with the straight handle) but was related to foot placement (p=0.04). Results revealed the bent handle to significantly reduce flexor activation compared with the straight handle (p=0.0003); however, the level of biceps activation increased. Biceps activation also significantly increased for foot-in-car stance (p=0.035) but not flexor activation. In general, the bent handle enabled the user to lift the ICS with a steadier grip and less effort.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Clamann, Michael and Zhu, Biwen and Beaver, Leah and Taylor, Kinley and Kaber, David}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={650–657} }
 @article{kaber_liang_zhang_rogers_gangakhedkar_2012, title={Driver performance effects of simultaneous visual and cognitive distraction and adaptation behavior}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1369-8478"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2012.05.004}, abstractNote={Driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety due to increasing use of infotainment systems in vehicles. To reduce safety risks, it is crucial to understand how fundamental aspects of distracting activities affect driver behavior at different levels of vehicle control. This study used a simulator-based experiment to assess the effects of visual, cognitive and simultaneous distraction on operational (braking, accelerating) and tactical (maneuvering) control of vehicles. Twenty drivers participated in the study and drove in lead-car following or passing scenarios under four distraction conditions: without distraction, with visual distraction, with cognitive distraction, and with simultaneous distraction. Results revealed higher perceived workload for passing than following. Simultaneous distraction was most demanding and also resulted in the greatest steering errors among distraction conditions during both driving tasks. During passing, drivers also appeared to slow down their responses to secondary distraction tasks as workload increased. Visual distraction was associated with more off-road glances (to an in-vehicle device) and resulted in high workload. Longer headway times were also observed under visual distraction, suggesting driver adaptation to the workload. Similarly, cognitive distraction also increased driver workload but this demand did not translate into steering errors as high as for visual distraction. In general, findings indicate that tactical control of a vehicle demands more workload than operational control. Visual and cognitive distractions both increase driver workload, but they influence vehicle control and gaze behavior in different ways.}, number={5}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR}, author={Kaber, David B. and Liang, Yulan and Zhang, Yu and Rogers, Meghan L. and Gangakhedkar, Shruti}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={491–501} }
 @article{rogers_heath_uy_suresh_kaber_2012, title={Effect of visual displays and locations on laparoscopic surgical training task}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0003-6870"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.010}, abstractNote={The number of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures has substantially increased since its introduction due to health and recovery benefits for patients. However, there are potential performance issues in MIS for surgeons due to perceptual processing demands associated with supporting technologies. Monitor location has been identified as a major factor influencing performance in these types of procedures. This study examined the effect of multiple monitors on performance during a laparoscopic surgical training task (peg transfer among instruments). Twenty-four novice subjects were exposed to different monitor conditions including a default position, a biomechanically compatible position, and a position collocated with the operating surface as well as the combination of the latter two. Subjective rankings and cognitive workload were also assessed. Results revealed a significant effect of monitor position on task time when compared to subjects' baseline training task time using the default monitor setup. Collocating the monitor with the operating surface was shown to be superior in terms of task time. There were no significant differences among monitor positions in terms of perceived workload. The results of this study provide an applicable guide for the design of MIS setups in the operating room to promote surgeon performance.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Rogers, Meghan L. and Heath, Will B. and Uy, Chad C. and Suresh, Sameerajan and Kaber, David B.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={762–767} }
 @article{zhu_kaber_2012, title={Effects of etiquette strategy on human–robot interaction in a simulated medicine delivery task}, volume={5}, ISSN={1861-2776 1861-2784}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11370-012-0113-3}, DOI={10.1007/S11370-012-0113-3}, number={3}, journal={Intelligent Service Robotics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Zhu, Biwen and Kaber, David}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={199–210} }
 @article{areeudomwong_puntumetakul_kaber_wanpen_leelayuwat_chatchawan_2012, title={Effects of handicraft sitting postures on lower trunk muscle fatigue}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140139.2012.658086}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to assess trunk muscle fatigue in seated handicraft tasks using surface electromyography (sEMG) and visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings for trunk discomfort, and to assess the relationship of these responses. Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to assumed crossed-leg and heel sitting postures for 30 min. Normalised median frequency (NMF) slopes for lumbar multifidus (LM) and internal oblique (IO) muscles and VAS ratings were recorded. Results revealed that the crossed-leg posture produced significantly steeper NMF slopes for both sides of the LM and IO muscles than heel sitting. Greater VAS ratings were found in crossed-leg sitting posture than the heel sitting posture. The NMF slopes and the VAS ratings had significant negative correlations for both postures. Findings support heel sitting in handicraft tasks over crossed-leg sitting due to greater trunk muscle fatigue and discomfort during the latter posture. Results support VAS ratings as a complementary method to sEMG for identifying trunk muscle fatigue. Practitioner Summary: Trunk muscle fatigue in handicraft work is a potential risk for low back pain. Based on EMG and discomfort analyses, heel sitting is preferred to crossed-leg posture. Discomfort ratings are consistent with EMG measures in identifying trunk muscle fatigue in such postures.}, number={6}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Areeudomwong, Pattanasin and Puntumetakul, Rungthip and Kaber, David B. and Wanpen, Sawitri and Leelayuwat, Naruemon and Chatchawan, Uraiwan}, year={2012}, pages={693–703} }
 @article{kaber_zhang_jin_mosaly_garner_2012, title={Effects of hazard exposure and roadway complexity on young and older driver situation awareness and performance}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1873-5517"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2012.06.002}, abstractNote={Few previous studies of driver situation awareness (SA) have focused on behavior in hazard negotiation. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of hazard exposure on driver SA and interactions with age and roadway complexity. Ten young (18–25 yrs) and ten older (65–81 yrs) participants drove in a simulator under two levels of environment complexity (simple – rural vs. complex – city) with two types of hazard exposure (static vs. dynamic). Situation awareness was measured using real-time probes posed by a confederate passenger. Driving performance was assessed in terms of lane maintenance and speed control. Results revealed hazards to cause degradations in high level of driver SA and speed control or to trigger adaptation, and vulnerability to hazard type was dependent on driver age. Older drivers exhibited greater speed reduction in response to dynamic hazards; whereas, young driver maintained higher speed, as compared to normal driving, when confronted with static hazards. In addition, increased roadway environment complexity compounded decrements in performance caused by hazard exposure. These findings are applicable to modeling driver behavior and SA under hazardous conditions and may support the design of new in-vehicle assistive technologies for hazard avoidance.}, number={5}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR}, author={Kaber, David and Zhang, Yu and Jin, Sangeun and Mosaly, Prithima and Garner, Megan}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={600–611} }
 @article{gil_kaber_kaufmann_kim_2012, title={Effects of modes of cockpit automation on pilot performance and workload in a next generation flight concept of operation}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20377}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing}, author={Gil, G. H. and Kaber, D. and Kaufmann, K. and Kim, S. H.}, year={2012}, pages={395–406} }
 @article{kaber_li_clamann_lee_2012, title={Investigating Human Performance in a Virtual Reality Haptic Simulator as Influenced by Fidelity and System Latency}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1558-2426"]}, DOI={10.1109/tsmca.2012.2201466}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to demonstrate the utility of an established model of human motor behavior for assessing the fidelity of a virtual reality (VR) and haptic-based simulation for fine motor task performance. This study was also to serve as a basis for formulating general performance-based simulator-design guidelines toward balancing perceived realism with simulator limitations, such as latency resulting from graphic and haptic renderings. A low-fidelity surgical simulator was developed as an example VR for study, and user performance was tested in a simplified tissue-cutting task using a virtual scalpel. The observed aspect of the simulation included a discrete-movement task under different system-lag conditions and settings of task difficulty. Results revealed user performance in the VR to conform with Fitts' law of motor behavior and for performance to degrade with increasing task difficulty and system time lag. In general, the findings of this work support predictions on human performance under various simulator-design conditions using an established model of motor-control behavior and formulation of human-performance-based simulator-design principles.}, number={6}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN AND CYBERNETICS PART A-SYSTEMS AND HUMANS}, author={Kaber, David B. and Li, Yingjie and Clamann, Michael and Lee, Yuan-Shin}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={1562–1566} }
 @article{alexander_kaber_kim_stelzer_kaufmann_prinzel_2012, title={Measurement and Modeling of Display Clutter in Advanced Flight Deck Technologies}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1050-8414"]}, DOI={10.1080/10508414.2012.718233}, abstractNote={Clutter is a key concern in the design of complex displays, particularly in safety-critical domains such as aviation. The objective of this research was to investigate techniques for measuring subjective perceptions of clutter and to model the predicted impacts of clutter on pilot performance within the context of advanced flight deck technologies. Six commercial pilots flew simulated approaches under varied workload conditions with low-, medium-, and high-clutter head-up displays, rating the perceived clutter and subjective mental workload associated with each display configuration. Results revealed that high-clutter displays produced elevated reports of perceived clutter and workload due to information density or redundancy, whereas low-clutter displays were perceived as less cluttered but challenging to use due to lack of relevant information typically used during flight. A multidimensional measure of clutter was found to be more sensitive to display differences than an overall perceived rating of clutter, and low-level visual display properties were successful in predicting clutter perceptions and pilot performance. Finalized products of this research could support optimized display design through the identification of clutter thresholds and the implementation of clutter alerts, decluttering mechanisms, or both, and could be used to support display certification and acquisitions processes.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Alexander, Amy L. and Kaber, David B. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Stelzer, Emily M. and Kaufmann, Karl and Prinzel, Lawrence J., III}, year={2012}, pages={299–318} }
 @article{kaber_2012, title={Preface: Cognitive engineering for next generation transportation systems}, volume={22}, ISSN={1090-8471}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/HFM.20505}, DOI={10.1002/HFM.20505}, number={5}, journal={Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kaber, David B.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={375–377} }
 @article{keawduangdee_puntumetakul_chatchawan_kaber_siritaratiwat_2012, title={Prevalence and associated risk factors of low-back pain in textile fishing net manufacturing}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1520-6564"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20375}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING & SERVICE INDUSTRIES}, author={Keawduangdee, Petcharat and Puntumetakul, Rungthip and Chatchawan, Uraiwon and Kaber, David and Siritaratiwat, Wantana}, year={2012}, pages={562–570} }
 @article{salamati_schroeder_rouphail_cunningham_zhang_kaber_2012, title={Simulator study of driver responses to pedestrian treatments at multilane roundabouts}, number={2312}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Salamati, K. and Schroeder, B. and Rouphail, N. M. and Cunningham, C. and Zhang, Y. and Kaber, D.}, year={2012}, pages={67–75} }
 @article{kaber_green_kim_segall_2011, title={Assessing Usability of Human-Machine Interfaces for Life Science Automation Using Computational Cognitive Models}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1044-7318"]}, DOI={10.1080/10447318.2011.555295}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to assess the plausibility of using computational cognitive models for evaluating the usability of human–machine interfaces in supervisory control of high-throughput (biological) screening (HTS) operations. Usability evaluations of new interface prototypes were conducted by comparisons with existing technologies. Model assessment occurred through comparison with human test results. Task completion times and the number of errors were recorded during human performance trials, and task time was predicted in cognitive model trials in tests with two HTS interfaces. Computational GOMSL (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules Language) models were constructed based on a combination of cognitive task analyses (abstraction hierarchy modeling and goal-directed task analysis). The usability tests revealed improvements in task performance with the new prototypes. The cognitive model outputs were correlated with actual human performance, and the approach was considered useful for evaluating the usability of new interfaces in life sciences automation in the future.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION}, author={Kaber, David B. and Green, Rebecca S. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Segall, Noa}, year={2011}, pages={481–504} }
 @article{kim_prinzel_kaber_alexander_stelzer_kaufmann_veil_2011, title={Multidimensional Measure of Display Clutter and Pilot Performance for Advanced Head-up Display}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1943-4448"]}, DOI={10.3357/asem.3017.2011}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
This study was conducted to: develop a multidimensional measure of display clutter for advanced head-up displays (HUDs) incorporating enhanced and synthetic vision; assess the influence of HUD configuration on perceptions of display clutter, workload, and flight performance; model clutter scores in terms of visual display properties; and model flight performance in terms of subjective and objective clutter indices.


METHODS
In a flight simulator, 18 pilots with different levels of flight experience flew approaches divided into three segments. Three HUD configuration sets were presented under two levels of flight workload. Pilot ratings of overall display clutter, its underlying dimensions, and mental workload were recorded along with flight performance measures. Display image analysis software was used to measure visual properties of the HUDs.


RESULTS
The multidimensional measure of clutter showed internal consistency with overall perceived clutter. Calculated clutter scores were sensitive to HUD configurations and in agreement with a priori display classifications. There was a trend for the extremes of display clutter to cause higher workload and less stable performance due to cognitive complexity and a lack of information for high and low clutter displays, respectively. Multiple linear regression models of perceived clutter were developed based on HUD visual properties with predictive utility. Models of flight performance based on the clutter score and workload ratings were also developed, but with less predictive power.


DISCUSSION
Measures and models of display clutter are expected to be applicable to the evaluation of a range of display concepts.}, number={11}, journal={AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Kim, Sang-Hwan and Prinzel, Lawrence J. and Kaber, David B. and Alexander, Amy L. and Stelzer, Emily M. and Kaufmann, Karl and Veil, Theo}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1013–1022} }
 @inbook{rogers_zhang_kaber_liang_gangakhedkar_2011, title={The Effects of Visual and Cognitive Distraction on Driver Situation Awareness}, ISBN={9783642217401 9783642217418}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21741-8_21}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-21741-8_21}, abstractNote={Driver distraction has become a major concern for transportation safety due to the increasing use of in–vehicle devices. To reduce safety risk, it is crucial to understand how fundamental aspects of distracting activities affect driver cognition in terms of roadway situation awareness. This study used a simulator-based experiment to investigate the effects of visual, cognitive and simultaneous distraction on operational and tactical control of vehicles. Twenty drivers participated in the study and drove in following or passing driving scenarios under four distraction conditions (without, with visual, with cognitive, and with simultaneous distraction). Results revealed visual distraction to affect all aspects of driver situation awareness. Cognitive distraction affected comprehension and projection of roadway and vehicle states. Correlation analyses revealed decrements in driver SA due to distraction to be associated with decreases in performance.}, booktitle={Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Rogers, Meghan and Zhang, Yu and Kaber, David and Liang, Yulan and Gangakhedkar, Shruti}, year={2011}, pages={186–195} }
 @article{zhang_kaber_hsiang_2010, title={Characterisation of mental models in a virtual reality-based multitasking scenario using measures of situation awareness}, volume={11}, ISSN={1463-922X 1464-536X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639220903010027}, DOI={10.1080/14639220903010027}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to assess an empirical approach to the characterisation of mental models in a multitasking scenario. A virtual reality task was used, in which participants were required to attend to and detect multiple types of perceptual events occurring randomly in time while carrying on steady physical activity (walking on a treadmill). Based on a cognitive task analysis, different forms of mental models for performing the task were hypothesised. Responses to situation awareness (SA) probes delivered during experiment trials, mental workload ratings and task performance measures were collected and compared with response patterns expected for specific mental model types. Results demonstrated utility of categorical SA responses for identifying different mental model types. However, in the multitasking scenario, the process of developing ‘good’ SA was significantly influenced by the physical and cognitive task demands and the progressive development of accurate isomorphic mental models of event distributions appeared to be restricted by this. Possible applications of the results of this study include the development of training programmes for mobile, visual inspection tasks, such as airport roving security patrols, towards accurate mental model development and promoting detection of critical events.}, number={1-2}, journal={Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Zhang, Tao and Kaber, David and Hsiang, Simon}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={99–118} }
 @article{zhang_kaber_zhu_swangnetr_mosaly_hodge_2010, title={Service robot feature design effects on user perceptions and emotional responses}, volume={3}, ISSN={1861-2776 1861-2784}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S11370-010-0060-9}, DOI={10.1007/S11370-010-0060-9}, abstractNote={Service robots have been developed to assist nurses in routine patient services. Prior research has recognized that patient emotional experiences with robots may be as important as robot task performance in terms of user acceptance and assessments of effectiveness. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of different service robot interface features on elderly perceptions and emotional responses in a simulated medicine delivery task. Twenty-four participants sat in a simulated patient room and a service robot delivered a bag of "medicine" to them. Repeated trials were used to present variations on three robot features, including facial configuration, voice messaging and interactivity. Participant heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were collected. Participant ratings of robot humanness [perceived anthropomorphism (PA)] were collected post-trial along with subjective ratings of arousal (bored–excited) and valence (unhappy–happy) using the self-assessment manikin (SAM) questionnaire. Results indicated the presence of all three types of robot features promoted higher PA, arousal and valence, compared to a control condition (a robot without any of the features). Participant physiological responses varied with events in their interaction with the robot. The three types of features also had different utility for stimulating participant arousal and valence, as well as physiological responses. In general, results indicated that adding anthropomorphic and interactive features to service robots promoted positive emotional responses [increased excitement (GSR) and happiness (HR)] in elderly users. It is expected that results from this study could be used as a basis for developing affective robot interface design guidelines to promote user emotional experiences.}, number={2}, journal={Intelligent Service Robotics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Zhang, Tao and Kaber, David B. and Zhu, Biwen and Swangnetr, Manida and Mosaly, Prithima and Hodge, Lashanda}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={73–88} }
 @article{anderson_mirka_joines_kaber_2009, title={Analysis of Alternative Keyboards Using Learning Curves}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720808329844}, abstractNote={Objective : To quantify learning percentages for alternative keyboards (chord, contoured split, Dvorak, and split fixed angle) and understand how physical, cognitive, and perceptual demand affect learning. Background: Alternative keyboards have been shown to offer ergonomic benefits over the conventional, single-plane QWERTY keyboard design, but productivity-related challenges may hinder their widespread acceptance. Method: Sixteen participants repeatedly typed a standard text passage using each alternative keyboard. Completion times were collected and subsequent learning percentages were calculated. Participants were asked to subjectively rate the physical, cognitive, and perceptual demands of each keyboard, and these values were then related to the calculated learning percentages. Results: Learning percentage calculations revealed the percentage for the split fixed-angle keyboard (90.4%) to be significantly different ( p < .05) from the learning percentages for the other three keyboards (chord, 77.3%; contour split, 76.9%; Dvorak, 79.1%). The average task completion time for the conventional QWERTY keyboard was 40 s, and the average times for the fifth trial on the chord, contoured split, Dvorak, and split fixed-angle keyboards were 346, 69, 181, and 42 s, respectively. Conclusions: Productivity decrements can be quickly regained for the split fixed-angle and contour split keyboard but will take considerably longer for Dvorak and chord keyboards. The split fixed-angle keyboard involved physical learning, whereas the others involved some combination of physical and cognitive learning, a result supported by the subjective responses. Application: Understanding the changes in task performance time that come with learning can provide additional information for a cost-benefit analysis when considering the implementation of ergonomic interventions.}, number={1}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Anderson, Allison M. and Mirka, Gary A. and Joines, Sharon M. B. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={35–45} }
 @article{kim_kaber_2009, title={Design and evaluation of dynamic text-editing methods using foot pedals}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2008.07.010}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to design and evaluate new dynamic text-editing methods (chatting, instant messenger) using a foot pedal control. A first experiment was to assess whether the foot-based method enhanced editing performance compared to conventional mouse use and to identify which type of foot control is most convenient for users. Five prototype methods including four new methods (two pedals or one pedal, 0 order or 1st order control), and one mouse method were developed and tested by performing a task requiring changing text sizes, dynamically. Results revealed methods involving 1st order pedal control to be comparable to the conventional method in task completion time, accuracy and subjective workload. Among the four foot control prototypes, two pedals with 1st order control was superior to in performance. A second experiment was conducted to test another prototype foot-based method for controlling font face, size, and color through feature selection with the left pedal and level selection with the right pedal. Text-editing performance was compared to conventional mouse-based editing. Results showed the foot pedals to degrade performance in terms of task completion time. However, the prototype interface has the advantage of making certain system functionality accessible to special populations that might not otherwise be able to use dynamic text-editing applications. Subjective comments demonstrated the foot pedal methods to be considered useful, time efficient and to reduce workload. It was observed that skilled users might perceive some relief from cumbersome mouse handling behaviors during typing. Although the foot pedal control was not revealed to significantly increase text-editing performance over conventional mousing, the use of foot pedals may be considered in computing operations, including dynamic text-editing tasks, as an alternative or additional input method, particularly for special populations. The development and evaluation of foot control interaction methods for text editing may provide useful insight for human-computer system designers considering the use of additional input devices or ways to support user expressions of emotion in text. The foot control approach may also be useful in interaction design for special populations (with functional limitations of the upper limbs) in terms of accessibility.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Kim, Sang-Hwan and Kaber, David B.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={358–365} }
 @article{kaber_stoll_thurow_green_kim_mosaly_2009, title={Human-Automation Interaction Strategies and Models for Life Science Applications}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20156}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Kaber, David B. and Stoll, Norbert and Thurow, Kerstin and Green, Rebecca S. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Mosaly, Prithima}, year={2009}, pages={601–621} }
 @article{kaber_2008, title={Book review}, volume={9}, ISSN={1463-922X 1464-536X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639220600956464}, DOI={10.1080/14639220600956464}, abstractNote={This is the second edition of the popular undergraduate human factors text. The update includes 19 chapters covering the breadth of human factors topics. The text is organized in a manner similar to some graduate-level human factors books. The overall focus is on acquainting undergraduates with mental and physical capabilities and limitations of the human and how they relate to systems design. The authors use examples in each chapter to motivate their writing and they provide structured presentations of design principles. Chapter 1 offers a brief introduction to human factors, the objectives of the field and approaches to design for existing and new systems. The Chapter introduces the approach of the authors to providing real-world examples at the beginning of the text and making reference to the examples throughout. In general, by the close of the text, I found some examples to be more meaningful than others for demonstrating certain human factors principles. Chapter 2 covers human factors research methods and is similar to other introductory human factors texts in its scope. There is an initial discussion of basic and applied research and a nice summary of steps for experimental work. There is a clear discussion of statistical significance and brief coverage of descriptive methods, but no examples of surveys are included. Finally, there is discussion of modelling and its uses and ethical treatment of human subjects. Chapter 3 is concerned with human factors design and evaluation methods. There is a nice presentation of cost benefit analysis, which is followed by lengthy coverage of front-end analysis. The chapter addresses system specification, iterative design testing, function allocation, developing support materials, prototyping, conducting usability evaluations and final product testing. The chapter gives a nice overview of methods covered in detail in later chapters. Chapter 4 covers visual sensory systems and is helpful in terms of understanding the concepts of perception. One nice feature is a model of ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ information processing, which I think is important for undergraduate study. Coverage of various aspects of depth perception and visual search performance was superior to graduate-level human factors references. Signal detection theory is also covered in a useful and informative way. Chapter 5 provides information on auditory, tactile and vestibular systems. The coverage of audition includes anatomy and functions of the ear, the parameters of signals and how to design alarms. There is a lengthy discussion on speech signals and measurement. There is brief discussion of the other senses, including tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular. Chapter 6 focuses on information processing and cognition. The authors begin with a basic model and cover different stages, including perception and memory.}, number={3}, journal={Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kaber, David B.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={269–271} }
 @article{kaber_alexander_stelzer_kim_kaufmann_hsiang_2008, title={Perceived Clutter in Advanced Cockpit Displays: Measurement and Modeling with Experienced Pilots}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1943-4448"]}, DOI={10.3357/ASEM.2319.2008}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
Synthetic and enhanced vision systems (SVS and EVS) are being introduced into the cockpit to promote safety under workload conditions. Integration of existing iconic imagery with SVS and EVS displays may lead to perceptions of clutter. This research evaluated head-up display (HUD) features, including SVS, EVS, traffic collision avoidance system symbology, flight pathway (TUNNEL) guidance, and different primary flight display symbol sets, on pilot perceptions of clutter. A perceptual decomposition of the construct of clutter was also conducted.


METHOD
During a simulated landing, 4 expert pilots viewed images of 16 HUD configurations. Pilots rated clutter for each image and the utility of pairs of terms for describing clutter.


RESULTS
Results revealed all HUD features and two-way interactions to be significant in perceived clutter. Ratings increased with additional features. The presence of EVS, TUNNEL, and an expanded symbol set contributed the most. Regression models were developed to predict the likelihood of clutter ratings based on pilot perceptions of display characteristics. Pairs of terms found to have the greatest use for describing clutter included "redundant/orthogonal," "monochromatic/colorful," "salient/not salient," "safe/unsafe," and "dense/sparse" (in that order). A factor analysis revealed underlying display qualities explaining approximately 78% of variability in perceived clutter, including global density, feature similarity, feature clarity, and the dynamic nature of displays. These qualities corresponded with the display descriptor terms plus the terms "static/dynamic."


DISCUSSION
The study provided information on the relationship of display features and pilot perceptions of clutter. We identified terminology pilots use to describe clutter and latent display variables that drive perceived clutter.}, number={11}, journal={AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Kaber, David B. and Alexander, Amy L. and Stelzer, Emily M. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Kaufmann, Karl and Hsiang, Simon}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={1007–1018} }
 @article{zhang_zhu_lee_kaber_2008, title={Service Robot Anthropomorphism and Interface Design for Emotion in Human-Robot Interaction}, ISBN={["978-1-4244-2022-3"]}, ISSN={["2161-8070"]}, DOI={10.1109/coase.2008.4626532}, abstractNote={There has been growing interest in both developing and implementing service robots for health care and home environments. In addition to a variety of functions supported by robotic technology, the interaction between a human and robot, including human emotional experiences, can affect perceived service quality and satisfaction. Based on a survey of existing service robot applications and associated interface requirements, we consider anthropomorphism as a critical characteristic of the robot interface. We propose a preliminary research framework to support identification of the exact relationship between robot interface features and user (emotional) responses in service contexts. Future experimental investigations based on the framework are to be conducted.}, journal={2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, VOLS 1 AND 2}, author={Zhang, Tao and Zhu, Biwen and Lee, Lashanda and Kaber, David}, year={2008}, pages={674–679} }
 @article{ma_kaber_2007, title={Effects of in-vehicle navigation assistance and performance on driver trust and vehicle control}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2007.04.005}, abstractNote={Driver trust in in-vehicle navigation systems may be an important factor influencing use of such automation. This research investigated the trust effect of in-vehicle navigation aiding performance that degraded over time and assessed differences in trust among automated versus human aids in a simulated driving task. Twenty participants drove through a suburb area following traffic signs and directions from one of the navigation aids, the human aid via a cell phone or the in-vehicle automation aid presented on a separate simulator display, with different levels of aid information accuracy in each trial (100%, 80% and 60%). A control condition was also investigated to assess any benefit of aiding in which participants were presented with a telemarketing survey instead of navigation information. A 2×4 mixed experimental design was used with the two levels of aid type (manipulated between-subjects) and the four levels of information accuracy (manipulated within-subjects). Driver trust was measured using a subjective survey of initial trust expectations, as well as subjective ratings of trust at the close of each trial. Driving speed control deviations and the number of errors in driver conformance with posted signs and navigation instructions were recorded. In agreement with prior work in other domains, results demonstrated drivers had a higher initial trust expectation for the automated aid than the human aid. However, once the automated aid was used, trust declined dramatically across degrading aid performance conditions. In general, there was a trend for trust to decrease more sharply with the automated aid than the human aid, but there was no statistical difference among the aids. Trust declined as both aids degraded in performance. Driving errors also increased as the navigation aid performance decreased, and the control condition produced the highest number of errors. This study demonstrated the role of driver trust in in-vehicle navigation aid use and has implications for designing navigation systems that support trust and performance.}, number={8}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Ma, Ruiqi and Kaber, David B.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={665–673} }
 @article{perry_sheik-nainar_segall_ma_kaber_2007, title={Effects of physical workload on cognitive task performance and situation awareness}, volume={9}, ISSN={1463-922X 1464-536X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14639220600959237}, DOI={10.1080/14639220600959237}, abstractNote={Sixteen participants performed a military operations simulation directing loading of helicopters to weight capacity within an allotted timeframe and subject to a set of decision rules. The participants stood, walked or jogged on a treadmill while performing the simulated cognitive task. Task performance was measured in terms of helicopter loading rate and accuracy. Situation awareness (SA) was measured using a simulation freeze technique and SA queries. Subjective workload was measured using the NASA-TLX. Results indicated a general trend of decreasing SA with increasing physical workload for perceptual knowledge, comprehension and overall SA. Results also revealed higher subjective workload during jogging than during the walking and standing conditions. However, the physical workload manipulations did not appear to affect cognitive task performance. This study has practical implications for defining physical and cognitive workloads in specific dynamic, complex work environments to support operator SA and performance.}, number={2}, journal={Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Perry, Carlene M. and Sheik-Nainar, Mohamed A. and Segall, Noa and Ma, Ruiqi and Kaber, David B.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={95–113} }
 @article{ma_kaber_2007, title={Situation awareness and driving performance in a simulated navigation task}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140130701318913}, abstractNote={This study investigated the effect of varying reliability of in-vehicle navigation aids on driver situation awareness (SA) and performance. Twenty participants drove a virtual car and navigated a large virtual suburb. Participants were required to follow traffic signs and navigation directions from one of two sources: a human aid via a cell phone or an automated aid presented on a laptop display. The aids operated under three different levels of reliability (100%, 80% and 60%). A control condition was also used in which each aid presented a telemarketing survey and participants navigated using a map. Results revealed perfect navigation information to improve driving performance and SA for strategic behaviors, as compared to unreliable information and the control condition. This work demonstrates in-vehicle automation may mediate linkages of levels of SA to specific driving behaviors and associated actions. This is represented through a transactional model of driver SA.}, number={8}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Ma, R. and Kaber, D. B.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={1351–1364} }
 @article{sheik-nainar_kaber_2007, title={The utility of a virtual reality locomotion interface for studying gait behavior}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0018-7208"]}, DOI={10.1518/001872007X215773}, abstractNote={ Objective: To investigate the effect of optic flow on gait behavior during treadmill walking using an immersive virtual reality (VR) setup and compare it with conventional treadmill walking (TW) and overground walking (OW). Background: Previous research comparing TW with OW speculated that a lack of optic flow (relative visual movement between a walker and the environment) during TW may have led to perceptual cue conflicts, resulting in differences in gait behavior, as compared with OW. Method: Participants walked under three locomotion conditions (OW, TW, and TW with VR [TWVR]) under three walking constraint conditions (no constraint, a temporal/pacing constraint, and a spatial/path-following constraint). Presence questionnaires (PQs) were administered at the close of the TWVR trials. Trials were subjected to video analysis to determine spatiotemporal and kinematics variables used for comparison of locomotion conditions. Results: ANOVA revealed gait behavior during TWVR to be between that of OW and TW. Speed and cadence during TWVR were significantly different from those of TW, whereas knee angle was comparable to that of OW. Correlation analysis of PQ scores with gait measures revealed a positive linear association of the distraction subfactor of the PQ with walking speed during TWVR, suggesting an increase in the sense of presence in the virtual environment led to increases in walking speed. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that providing optic flow during TW through VR has an impact on gait behavior. Application: This study provides a basis for developing simple VR locomotion interface setups for gait research. }, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Sheik-Nainar, Mohamed A. and Kaber, David B.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={696–709} }
 @article{kaber_perry_segall_sheik-nainar_2007, title={Workload state classification with automation during simulated air traffic control}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1532-7108"]}, DOI={10.1080/10508410701527860}, abstractNote={Real-time operator workload assessment and state classification may be useful for decisions about when and how to dynamically apply automation to information processing functions in aviation systems. This research examined multiple cognitive workload measures, including secondary task performance and physiological (cardiac) measures, as inputs to a neural network for operator functional state classification during a simulated air traffic control (ATC) task. Twenty-five participants performed a low-fidelity simulation under manual control or 1 of 4 different forms of automation. Traffic volume was either low (3 aircraft) or high (7 aircraft). Participants also performed a secondary (gauge) monitoring task. Results demonstrated significant effects of traffic volume (workload) on aircraft clearances (p < .01) and trajectory conflicts (p < .01), secondary task performance (p < .01), and subjective ratings of task workload (p < .01). The form of ATC automation affected the number of aircraft collisions (p < .05), secondary task performance (p < .01), and heart rate (HR; p < .01). However, heart rate and heart rate variability measures were not sensitive to the traffic manipulation. Neural network models of controller workload (defined in terms of traffic volume) were developed using the secondary task performance and simple heart rate measure as inputs. The best workload classification accuracy using a genetic algorithm (across all forms of ATC automation) was 64%, comparable to prior work. Additional neural network models of workload for each mode of ATC automation revealed substantial variability in predictive accuracy, based on the characteristics of the automation. Secondary task performance was a highly sensitive indicator of ATC workload, whereas the heart rate measure appeared to operate as a more global indicator of workload. A limited range of cardiac response might be sufficient for the demands of the brain in ATC. The results have applicability to design of future adaptive systems integrating neural-network-based workload state classifiers for multiple forms of automation.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Kaber, David B. and Perry, Carlene M. and Segall, Noa and Sheik-Nainar, Mohamed A.}, year={2007}, pages={371–390} }
 @article{kaber_wright_sheik-nainar_2006, title={Investigation of multi-modal interface features for adaptive automation of a human–robot system}, volume={64}, ISSN={1071-5819}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.11.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.11.003}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of using a multi-modal interface for adaptive automation (AA) of human control of a simulated telerobotic (remote-control, semi-autonomous robotic) system. We investigated the use of one or more sensory channels to cue dynamic control allocations to a human operator or computer, as part of AA, and to support operator system/situation awareness (SA) and performance. It was expected that complex auditory and visual cueing through system interfaces might address previously observed SA decrements due to unannounced or unexpected automation-state changes as part of adaptive system control. AA of the telerobot was based on a predetermined schedule of manual- and supervisory-control allocations occurring when operator workload changes were expected due to the stages of a teleoperation task. The task involved simulated underwater mine disposal and 32 participants were exposed to four types of cueing of task-phase and automation-state changes including icons, earcons, bi-modal (combined) cues and no cues at all. Fully automated control of the telerobot combined with human monitoring produced superior performance compared to completely manual system control and AA. Cueing, in general, led to better performance than none, but did not appear to completely eliminate temporary SA deficits due to changes in control and associated operator reorienting. Bi-modal cueing of dynamic automation-state changes was more supportive of SA than modal (single sensory channel) cueing. The use of icons and earcons appeared to produce no additional perceived workload in comparison no cueing. The results of this research may serve as an applicable guide for the design of human–computer interfaces for real telerobotic systems, including those used for military tactical operations, which support operator achievement and maintenance of SA and promote performance in using AA.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kaber, David B. and Wright, Melanie C. and Sheik-Nainar, Mohamed A.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={527–540} }
 @article{ma_kaber_2006, title={Presence, workload and performance effects of synthetic environment design factors}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1095-9300"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.12.003}, abstractNote={There remains a limited understanding of factors in presence and its relation to performance. This research examined a range of synthetic environment (SE) design features (viewpoint, auditory cue type and visual background) suspected to influence presence, and evaluated differences in presence, workload and task performance caused by manipulations of the factors and task difficulty in a virtual-reality-based basketball free-throw task. Thirty-two research participants were also required to perform secondary-monitoring tasks to assess attention allocation to the virtual and (surrounding) real environments, as an indicator of presence. Analysis of variance results demonstrated immersiveness (viewpoint) and auditory cue type to significantly influence the sense of subjective presence and perceptions of workload. Virtual task performance was significantly affected by task difficultly. This study also provided further evidence of significant positive relations between presence and workload, but no evidence of a correlation of objective presence and performance. These results have general applicability for the design of multimodal SE-based interfaces for real-world tasks, such as telerobot control.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER STUDIES}, author={Ma, RQ and Kaber, DB}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={541–552} }
 @article{kaber_perry_segall_mcclernon_prinzel_2006, title={Situation awareness implications of adaptive automation for information processing in an air traffic control-related task}, volume={36}, ISSN={0169-8141}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2006.01.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2006.01.008}, abstractNote={The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of adaptive automation (AA) for supporting information processing (IP) in a complex, dynamic control task by defining a measure of situation awareness (SA) sensitive to differences in the forms of automation. The task was an air traffic control (ATC)-related simulation and was developed to present four different modes of automation of IP functions, including information acquisition, information analysis, decision making and action implementation automation, as well as a completely manual control mode. A total of 16 participants were recruited for a pilot study and primary experiment. The pilot assessed the sensitivity and reliability of the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) for describing AA support of the IP functions. Half of the participants were used in the primary experiment, which refined the SA measure and described the implications of AA for IP on SA using the ATC-like simulation. Participants were exposed to all forms of automation and manual control. AA conditions matched operator workload states to dynamic control allocations in the primary task. The pilot did not reveal significant differences in SA among the various AA conditions. In the primary experiment, participant recall of aircraft was cued and relevance weights were assigned to aircraft at the time of simulation freezes. The modified measure of SA revealed operator perception and Total SA to improve when automation was applied to the information acquisition function. In both experiments, performance in the ATC-related task simulation was significantly superior when automation was applied to information acquisition and action implementation (sensory and motor processing), as compared to automation of cognitive functions, specifically information analysis. The primary experiment revealed information analysis and decision-making automation to cause higher workload, attributable to visual demands of displays. The results of this research may serve as a general guide for the design of adaptive automation functionality in the aviation industry, particularly for information processing support in air traffic control tasks.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kaber, David B. and Perry, Carlene M. and Segall, Noa and McClernon, Christopher K. and Prinzel, Lawrence J., III}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={447–462} }
 @article{kaber_segall_green_entzian_junginger_2006, title={Using multiple cognitive task analysis methods for supervisory control interface design in high-throughput biological screening processes}, volume={8}, ISSN={1435-5558 1435-5566}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-006-0029-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10111-006-0029-9}, number={4}, journal={Cognition, Technology & Work}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kaber, D.B. and Segall, N. and Green, R. S. and Entzian, K. and Junginger, S.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={237–252} }
 @article{kaber_wright_prinzel_clamann_2005, title={Adaptive automation of human-machine system information-processing functions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0018-7208"]}, DOI={10.1518/001872005775570989}, abstractNote={ The goal of this research was to describe the ability of human operators to interact with adaptive automation (AA) applied to various stages of complex systems information processing, defined in a model of human-automation interaction. Forty participants operated a simulation of an air traffic control task. Automated assistance was adaptively applied to information acquisition, information analysis, decision making, and action implementation aspects of the task based on operator workload states, which were measured using a secondary task. The differential effects of the forms of automation were determined and compared with a manual control condition. Results of two 20-min trials of AA or manual control revealed a significant effect of the type of automation on performance, particularly during manual control periods as part of the adaptive conditions. Humans appear to better adapt to AA applied to sensory and psychomotor information-processing functions (action implementation) than to AA applied to cognitive functions (information analysis and decision making), and AA is superior to completely manual control. Potential applications of this research include the design of automation to support air traffic controller information processing. }, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Kaber, DB and Wright, MC and Prinzel, LJ and Clamann, MP}, year={2005}, pages={730–741} }
 @article{sheik-nainar_kaber_chow_2005, title={Control gain adaptation in virtual reality mediated human-telerobot interaction}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.20025}, abstractNote={The Internet connects millions of computers worldwide, and provides a new potential working environment for remote-controlled telerobotic systems. The main limitation of using the Internet in this application is random delays between communicating nodes, which can cause disturbances in human–machine interaction and affect telepresence experiences. This is particularly important in systems integrating virtual reality technology to present interfaces. Telepresence, or the sense of presence in a remote environment, hypothetically is positively related to teleoperation task performance. This research evaluated the effect of constant and random network (communication) delays on remote-controlled telerover performance, operator workload, and telepresence experiences. The research also assessed the effect of using a system gain adaptation algorithm to offset the negative impact of communication delays on the various response measures. It was expected that with gain adaptation, system stability, performance, and user telepresence experiences would improve with a corresponding decrease in workload. Results indicated that gain adaptation had a significant effect on the performance measures. The study demonstrated that gain adaptation could reduce deterioration in telepresence experiences and improve user performance in teleoperated and telerobotic control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 259–274, 2005.}, number={3}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Sheik-Nainar, MA and Kaber, DB and Chow, MY}, year={2005}, pages={259–274} }
 @article{ma_kaber_2005, title={Situation awareness and workload in driving while using adaptive cruise control and a cell phone}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2005.04.002}, abstractNote={Little work has empirically examined the cognitive construct of situation awareness (SA) in driving tasks involving the use of advanced in-vehicle automated technologies and personal communication devices. This research investigated the effects of an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system, and cell phone use in driving, on a direct and objective measure of SA, and assessed the competition of multiple driving and communication tasks for limited mental resources in terms of driving performance. Eighteen participants drove a virtual car in a driving simulation and performed a following task involving changes in speed and lateral position. Half of the participants were required to respond to cell phone calls and all completed trials with and without use of the ACC system. Task performance was measured in terms of lane deviations and speed control in tracking a lead vehicle, as well as headway distance in the following task. SA was measured using a simulation freeze technique and SA queries on the driving situation. Subjective workload was measured using a uni-dimensional mental workload rating. Results indicated use of the ACC system to improve driving task SA under typical driving conditions, and to reduce driver mental workload. However, the cell phone conversation caused deleterious effects on driving SA and increased driver mental load. The cell phone conversation (secondary task) competed for limited mental resources of drivers, leading to less attention to, and accurate knowledge of, the driving situation. Results also revealed the ACC system to improve driving performance along multiple dimensions; however, the cell phone did not have an effect. The latter result may be attributed to a short duration of the cell phone conversations during the experiment. This study has implications for the implementation of in-vehicle automation to support driver SA under normal driving conditions and regulations on the use of cell phones while driving. The results of this study have relevance to the introduction of advanced automation in commercial vehicles for supporting driver SA and regulation of cell phone use in driving. The study brings to light the critical role of attention-demanding distracter tasks, such as cell phone conversation while driving and using in-vehicle automation.}, number={10}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Ma, RQ and Kaber, DB}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={939–953} }
 @article{clamann_kaber_2004, title={Applicability of usability evaluation techniques to aviation systems}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1532-7108"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15327108ijap1404_4}, abstractNote={Research in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) has shown that early usability evaluation of human interfaces can reduce operator errors by optimizing functions for a specific population. HCI research has produced many methods for evaluating usability, which have proven effective in developing highly complex computer systems. Given the importance of the human in the loop in aviation systems, it is possible that advanced commercial cockpit and air traffic control systems may benefit from systematic application of usability research. This article identifies the special requirements of the aviation domain that will affect a usability evaluation and the characteristics of evaluation methods that may make them effective in this context. Recommendations are made of usability evaluation techniques, or combinations of techniques, most appropriate for evaluating complex systems in aviation technology.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Clamann, M and Kaber, DB}, year={2004}, pages={395–420} }
 @article{leyman_mirka_kaber_sommerich_2004, title={Cervicobrachial muscle response to cognitive load in a dual-task scenario}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1366-5847"]}, DOI={10.1080/00140130310001629766}, abstractNote={People working in an office environment often have to deal with significant cognitive workload due to the coordination of multiple, simultaneous tasks. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of cognitive load in office-type tasks on physical-stress response, using a dual-task paradigm involving a primary cognitive task and secondary typing task. The central hypothesis of this research was that altering the demands of the cognitive task would lead to a difference in physical stress-level and performance. Cognitive load was manipulated by presenting participants with three different types of cognitive tasks described in Rasmussen's (1983) taxonomy, including skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based tasks. Dependent variables examined in the study included: (1) electromyographic activity of the upper trapezius (pars descendens) and cervical erector spinae muscles, (2) performance in a secondary typing task, and (3) subjective measures of stress and cognitive workload. The results of this study revealed that the primary task causing the highest level of perceived workload also produced 61% higher muscle activity in the right trapezius, and 6 and 11% higher activity in the left and right cervical erector spinae, respectively, in comparison to muscle activity associated with the cognitive task causing the lowest perceived workload. With respect to performance, a 23% decrease was observed in typing productivity when the rule-based task was completed simultaneously vs. typing in the absence of any additional cognitive task (the baseline condition). This information may be used to better organize work activities in office environments to increase performance and reduce stress.}, number={6}, journal={ERGONOMICS}, author={Leyman, ELC and Mirka, GA and Kaber, DB and Sommerich, CM}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={625–645} }
 @article{riley_kaber_draper_2004, title={Situation awareness and attention allocation measures for quantifying telepresence experiences in teleoperation}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.10050}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Riley, JM and Kaber, DB and Draper, JV}, year={2004}, pages={51–67} }
 @article{kaber_endsley_2004, title={The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task}, volume={5}, ISSN={1463-922X 1464-536X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463922021000054335}, DOI={10.1080/1463922021000054335}, abstractNote={This paper extends previous research on two approaches to human-centred automation: (1) intermediate levels of automation (LOAs) for maintaining operator involvement in complex systems control and facilitating situation awareness; and (2) adaptive automation (AA) for managing operator workload through dynamic control allocations between the human and machine over time. Some empirical research has been conducted to examine LOA and AA independently, with the objective of detailing a theory of human-centred automation. Unfortunately, no previous work has studied the interaction of these two approaches, nor has any research attempted to systematically determine which LOAs should be used in adaptive systems and how certain types of dynamic function allocations should be scheduled over time. The present research briefly reviews the theory of human-centred automation and LOA and AA approaches. Building on this background, an initial study was presented that attempts to address the conjuncture of these two approaches to human-centred automation. An experiment was conducted in which a dual-task scenario was used to assess the performance, SA and workload effects of low, intermediate and high LOAs, which were dynamically allocated (as part of an AA strategy) during manual system control for various cycle times comprising 20, 40 and 60% of task time. The LOA and automation allocation cycle time (AACT) combinations were compared to completely manual control and fully automated control of a dynamic control task performed in conjunction with an embedded secondary monitoring task. Results revealed LOA to be the driving factor in determining primary task performance and SA. Low-level automation produced superior performance and intermediate LOAs facilitated higher SA, but this was not associated with improved performance or reduced workload. The AACT was the driving factor in perceptions of primary task workload and secondary task performance. When a greater percentage of primary task time was automated, operator perceptual resources were freed-up and monitoring performance on the secondary task improved. Longer automation cycle times than have previously been studied may have benefits for overall human–machine system performance. The combined effect of LOA and AA on all measures did not appear to be ‘additive’ in nature. That is, the LOA producing the best performance (low level automation) did not do so at the AACT, which produced superior performance (maximum cycle time). In general, the results are supportive of intermediate LOAs and AA as approaches to human-centred automation, but each appears to provide different benefits to human–machine system performance. This work provides additional information for a developing theory of human-centred automation.}, number={2}, journal={Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kaber, David B. and Endsley, Mica R.}, year={2004}, month={Mar}, pages={113–153} }
 @article{chen_kaber_dempsey_2004, title={Using feedforward neural networks and forward selection of input variables for an ergonomics data classification problem}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/hfm.10052}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Chen, CL and Kaber, DB and Dempsey, PG}, year={2004}, pages={31–49} }
 @article{shivers_mirka_kaber_2002, title={Effect of grip span on lateral pinch grip strength}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1518/0018720024496999}, abstractNote={ Repetitive, high-force pinch grip exertions are common in many occupational activities. The goal of the current study was to quantify the relationship between lateral pinch grip span (distance between thumb and index finger) and lateral pinch grip strength. An experiment was conducted in which 40 participants performed maximal lateral pinch grip exertions at 11 levels of grip span distances (0, 10%, ... 100% of maximum functional lateral pinch grip span distance). The results show a significant effect of lateral pinch grip span, with strength at the maximum functional lateral pinch grip span 40% higher than that found at the smallest lateral pinch grip span considered. Between these two endpoints, strength increased monotonically with increasing pinch grip span. The application of these results in pinch grip design criteria for both high-force and long-duration exertions is discussed. Potential applications of this research include the design of hand tools and controls for which significant force is applied by the user. }, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Shivers, CL and Mirka, GA and Kaber, DB}, year={2002}, pages={569–577} }
 @article{kaber_riley_tan_2002, title={Improved usability of aviation automation through direct manipulation and graphical user interface design}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1050-8414"]}, DOI={10.1207/S15327108IJAP1202_4}, abstractNote={Problems in advanced commercial aircraft pilot-flight management system (FMS) interaction through multifunction control display units (MCDUs) have been widely reported. Because this interaction plays an important role in ensuring aircraft safety, the MCDU should be designed to provide intuitive interfaces for ease of learning and use and to support pilot task performance in every aspect possible. Because of the increased complexity of computer-based systems, direct manipulation (DM) and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have been proposed as vehicles to facilitate user-friendly interface design for improved usability of computer-based systems. This article takes a systematic approach toward the usability analysis of MCDU design; specifically it considers the application of foundational usability principles to aviation automation. The properties and advantages of DM and GUI design are reviewed from the perspective of MCDU design. In addition, discussion is provided on a usability inspection conducted on the MCDU interface design by human factors professionals. After this, general human-computer interaction design guidelines and recommendations on aspects of DM and GUIs relevant to the interface of the MCDU are formulated on the basis of previous empirical or analytical studies. The implications of specific usability design principles on the MCDU design, as suggested in the literature and by the usability judges, are also discussed in the constrained context of FMS operations with specific examples detailing how principles could be achieved and used to address aviation automation issues.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Kaber, DB and Riley, JM and Tan, KW}, year={2002}, pages={153–178} }
 @article{kaber_onal_endsley_2000, title={Design of automation for telerobots and the effect on performance, operator situation awareness, and subjective workload}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/1520-6564(200023)10:4<409::AID-HFM4>3.0.CO;2-V}, abstractNote={In this article we review and assess human-centered level of automation (LOA), an alternate approach to traditional, technology-centered design of automation in dynamic-control systems. The objective of human-controlled LOA is to improve human-machine performance by taking into account both operator and technological capabilities. Automation literature has shown that traditional automation can lead to problems in operator situation awareness (SA) due to the out-of-the (control) loop performance problem, which may lead to a negative impact on overall systems performance. Herein we address a standing paucity of research into LOA to deal with these problems. Various schemes of generic control system function allocations were developed to establish a LOA taxonomy. The functions allocated to a human operator, a computer, or both, included monitoring system variables, generating process plans, selecting an “optimal” plan and implementing the plan. Five different function allocation schemes, or LOAs, were empirically investigated as to their usefulness for enhancing telerobot system performance and operator SA, as well as reducing workload. Human participants participated in experimental trials involving a high fidelity, interactive simulation of a telerobot performing nuclear materials handling at the various LOAs. Automation failures were attributed to various simulated system deficiencies necessitating operator detection and correction to return to functioning at an automated mode. Operator performance at each LOA, and during the failure periods, was evaluated. Operator SA was measured using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique, and perceived workload was measured using the NASA-Task Load Index. Results demonstrated improvements in human-machine system performance at higher LOAs (levels involving greater computer control of system functions) along with lower operator subjective workload. However, under the same conditions, operator SA was reduced for certain types of system problems and reaction time to, and performance during, automation failures was substantially lower. Performance during automation failure was best when participants had been functioning at lower, intermediate LOAs (levels involving greater human control of system functions). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Kaber, DB and Onal, E and Endsley, MR}, year={2000}, pages={409–430} }
 @article{kaber_usher_2000, title={Preface: Cognitive engineering in automated systems design}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1090-8471"]}, DOI={10.1002/1520-6564(200023)10:4<363::AID-HFM1>3.0.CO;2-I}, abstractNote={This special issue was motivated by an apparent paucity of research on applications of cognitive engineering principles in the design of complex systems including maintenance, manufacturing, and transportation systems. Cognitive engineering, in simple terms, is the discipline of considering human thinking (or cognition) in designing humanmachine systems. It has been formally defined as the intersection of human factors engineering and experimental psychology (Wickens, 1992). It involves developing a knowledge base on human information processing capabilities and formulating humancentered system design alternatives. Cognitive engineering applies a human behavior and performance perspective to system design. Aspects of human cognition found to be critical in designing human interfaces for complex systems include perception, attention, memory, situation awareness, and decision making or response selection. Ancillary factors include cognitive workload, stress, and personality factors. Substantial empirical research has been conducted to describe human cognitive performance capabilities in laboratory experiments involving low-fidelity simulations of, for example, flexible manufacturing system (FMS) control, aircraft flight tasks, air traffic control, and so forth. Unfortunately, little fieldwork has been done to describe the impact of real-world system design on human performance. Applied cognitive engineering research is important because prior to the 1990s the majority of errors and failures of complex human-machine systems, such as catastrophic airliner crashes, were attributed primarily to operator error (Heinrich, Petersen, & Ross, 1980). A new paradigm has developed within the recent past, however, identifying poor system design as the root cause of human errors and malfunctions, which are merely a symptom of greater design flaws. With this in mind, there is a need to describe methods for improving real, complex system design based on human information processing capacity and to document successes and failures in the application of cognitive engineering principles to automated systems. The purpose of this special issue is to provide a sample of current methods and empirical studies related to the application of cognitive engineering to the design and operation of complex systems. Our goal for the special issue is that it will provide researchers and practitioners working in the field of manufacturing with insight into the need for, and potential effectiveness of, considering human cognition in designing advanced manufacturing technologies. We also hope that the special issue will promote cross-fertilization of the two broad research areas of manufacturing engineering and cognitive engineering. Recent research (Kaber & Usher, 1998) has demonstrated that many methods developed through manufacturing science with the objective of reflecting human information processing in, for example, supervisory control workstation design for a FMS have previHuman Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, Vol. 10 (4) 363–367 (2000) © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.}, number={4}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING}, author={Kaber, DB and Usher, JM}, year={2000}, pages={363–367} }
 @article{swangnetr_kaber_puntumetakul_gross, title={Ergonomics-related risk identification and pain analysis for farmers involved in rice field preparation}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={Work-A Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation}, author={Swangnetr, M. and Kaber, D. B. and Puntumetakul, R. and Gross, M. T.}, pages={63–71} }
 @inproceedings{swangnetr_karukunchit_juntaracena_puntumetakul_gross_kaber, title={Relating musculoskeletal and disability conditions of occupation-induced musculoskeletal disorders to non-occupational congenital disabilities}, volume={489}, booktitle={Advances in physical ergonomics and human factors}, author={Swangnetr, M. and Karukunchit, U. and Juntaracena, K. and Puntumetakul, R. and Gross, M. T. and Kaber, D. B.}, pages={65–73} }