@article{peroff_morais_sills_2022, title={The Role of Agritourism Microentrepreneurship and Collective Action in Shaping Stewardship of Farmlands}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138116}, DOI={10.3390/su14138116}, abstractNote={Agritourism has been promoted primarily as a way to mitigate economic challenges faced by small-scale family farmers, but it may also foster land stewardship and promote agricultural literacy. There has been very little research on these relationships. We employed a primarily qualitative approach to assess how farmers’ involvement in agritourism microentrepreneurship shapes their stewardship of small-scale farmlands in southeastern North Carolina. Furthermore, we examined how farmers’ involvement in social structures, summarized in measures of collective action, supported or hindered this relationship. We find that reasons for participation in agritourism differed greatly between conventional farmers and alternative farmers. While both groups expressed a desire to reduce agricultural illiteracy among the public through agritourism, conventional farmers were motivated primarily by sociocultural reasons (e.g., community and youth development) while alternative farmers wanted to educate visitors about land stewardship and environmentally sustainable food production. Involvement in agritourism microentrepreneurship did not directly influence land stewardship by either group of farmers. Alternative farmers expressed that collective action was important in helping them promote land stewardship, but they felt restricted by sociocultural and geographic barriers preventing them from developing trust within their community. Conversely, conventional farmers reported deeper cultural roots in the community. Thus, participation in agritourism does not have a generalizable impact on farmers’ land stewardship; instead, agritourism becomes a stage through which farmers try to demonstrate their pre-existing land ethics.}, number={13}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Peroff, Deidre M. and Morais, Duarte B. and Sills, Erin}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{lapan_morais_wallace_barbieri_floyd_2021, title={Gender, work, and tourism in the Guatemalan Highlands}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1747-7646"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1952418}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2021.1952418}, abstractNote={Abstract While much of modern tourism research centers on the tourist as a leisure consumer, workers are frequently overlooked. Despite a recent uptick in attention to tourism work, the primary focus remains on employee’s skills and qualifications. In contrast, the key contextual factors of race, ethnicity, and gender that surround tourism work are seldom examined. This comparative study addresses the theme of traditional gender roles, particularly in patriarchal societies, and how they affect tourism work. Specifically, it investigates how the presence of tourism influences cultural norms determining appropriate jobs for men and women. Utilizing an ethnographic field research approach, data were collected from participants in two indigenous Maya communities in Guatemala, each with differing models and lengths of tourism development. Free-listing exercises were used to elicit residents’ perceptions of employment as it relates to gender in their community and cultural consensus analysis was used to analyze the data. Results show that neither community shares consensus on jobs for women and only one community shares consensus on men’s jobs. Results suggest that tourism disrupts cultural norms related to gender roles; yet this may not always benefit women.}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={LaPan, Chantell and Morais, Duarte B. and Wallace, Tim and Barbieri, Carla and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{okayasu_oh_morais_2021, title={RECREATION SPECIALIZATION FOR RUNNERS AND EVENT ATTACHMENT}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-4308"]}, DOI={10.3727/152599519X15831893693620}, abstractNote={Running is one of the most popular activities in the world. Runners' attitudes and behaviors vary depending on their running style. This study aims to construct different measures of running specialization based on the theory of specialization. This study also tests a runner's stage
 of specialization segmentation based on recreation specialization and examines the predictive relationship between a runner's specialization and event attachment. Three groups of sampling data assess the performance of diverse specialization measures for running in three marathon events. First,
 two surveys were conducted with marathon participants to assess the performance of diverse specialization measures for runners. Second, the third dataset was used to examine the relationship between a runner's recreation specialization and event attachment.<br/> The study results showed
 that the 15 measures of specialization showed a good fit to the data. Our research showed how runners' recreation specialization is connected to their event attachment. In addition, this study suggested event management for subdivisions of runners. Its practical implication is that recreation
 specialization for running can help us understand event attachment.}, number={4}, journal={EVENT MANAGEMENT}, author={Okayasu, Isao and Oh, Chi-Ok and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2021}, pages={347–361} }
 @article{peroff_morais_wallace_sills_2021, title={TOURISM MICROENTREPRENEURSHIP AND LAND STEWARDSHIP IN A TZ'UTUJIL MAYAN COFFEE COMMUNITY}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-4421"]}, DOI={10.3727/154427221X16098837280055}, abstractNote={This study examines how livelihood diversification through tourism microentrepreneurship may shape land stewardship among Mayan coffee farmers in Guatemala. Through a primarily qualitative approach assessing ecoliteracy and motivations towards environmental behaviors, data were collected
 among participants self-identifying as small-scale shade-grown coffee farmers involved in tourism microentrepreneurship in the community of San Juan la Laguna in Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. We found that, when facilitated through cooperatives, tourism microentrepreneurship and coffee farming
 jointly contributed to land stewardship and provided an opportunity for indigenous farmers to foster traditional relationships with the land.}, number={4}, journal={TOURISM REVIEW INTERNATIONAL}, author={Peroff, Deidre M. and Morais, Duarte B. and Wallace, Tim and Sills, Erin}, year={2021}, pages={293–310} }
 @article{birendra_lapan_ferreira_morais_2021, title={TOURISM MICROENTREPRENEURSHIP: STATE OF THE ART AND RESEARCH AGENDA}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-4421"]}, DOI={10.3727/154427221X16245632411953}, abstractNote={Microentrepreneurship has always been an important driving force of the tourism industry. However, until recently, this sector was mostly invisible and understudied. Microentrepreneurs are now becoming influential stakeholders due to new information technologies that make their offerings
 easily accessible to a broader clientele and render their economic activity more transparent and taxable. There is a growing consensus that tourism microentrepreneurs can make destinations more competitive and equitable. Accordingly, there has been a surge of scholarship on tourism microentrepreneurship
 to inform strategies and policies to fuel microentrepreneurial development and its integration with the formal tourism sector. The purpose of this conceptual article is threefold: first, to discuss the definition of tourism microentrepreneurship and commonly used theoretical conceptualizations,
 as well as the evolution of research on tourism microentrepreneurship; second, to identify research gaps in the existing literature and propose avenues for future research; third, to serve as an introduction to a Special Section on Tourism Microentrepreneurship. In addition, we offer a set
 of practical recommendations for destination managers and supporting organizations to develop and nurture networks of microentrepreneurs, and to identify suitable and rewarding microentrepreneurial opportunities in the tourism business ecosystem.}, number={4}, journal={TOURISM REVIEW INTERNATIONAL}, author={Birendra, K. C. and Lapan, Chantell and Ferreira, Bruno and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2021}, pages={279–292} }
 @book{morais_2021, place={United Kingdom}, series={Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice}, title={Tourism Microentrepreneurship}, ISBN={9781838674649}, ISSN={2042-1443}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s2042-1443202112}, DOI={10.1108/s2042-1443202112}, publisher={Emerald Publishing Limited}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, collection={Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice} }
 @article{ferreira_morais_szabo_bowen_jakes_2020, title={A gap analysis of farm tourism microentrepreneurial mentoring needs in North Carolina, USA}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2152-0801"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2020.101.025}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2020.101.025}, abstractNote={Tourism is frequently proposed as a strategy to revitalize rural economies. The current mushroom¬ing of web platforms for the tourism sharing eco¬nomy affords rural microentrepreneurs opportu¬nities to capitalize on the growing demand for authentic experiences. However, these platforms may actually be widening the socio-economic gap between individuals across the digital and urban/ rural divides. In addition, the well-established urban culture of entrepreneurial mentorship is not taking hold in the rural areas, which direly need to attract and support nascent entrepreneurs. Farms are increasingly adopting tourism to diversify their business models, and Extension agents are trusted mentors par excellence of agribusiness entrepreneurs; therefore, this study explores the extent to which Extension agents feel able to address the mentoring needs of farm tourism microentrepre-neurs. We measured both tourism e-microentrepre¬neurial self-efficacy (TeMSE) among farmers and tourism e-microentrepreneurial mentoring self-efficacy (TeMMSE) of Extension agents. Results show that farmers have relatively low self-efficacy in the dimensions of e-marketing and marshalling resources, and that agents may be efficacious men¬tors in these dimensions. Farmers also show low self-efficacy in adapting to externalities; however, agents do not perceive themselves as efficacious mentors in this dimension. We conclude with a discussion of practical implications for train-the-trainer strategies to enable farm tourism micro¬entrepreneurship success.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Ferreira, Bruno and Morais, Duarte B. and Szabo, Adriana and Bowen, Becky and Jakes, Susan}, year={2020}, pages={83–99} }
 @article{peroff_morais_seekamp_sills_wallace_2019, title={Assessing Residents’ Place Attachment to the Guatemalan Maya Landscape Through Mixed Methods Photo Elicitation}, volume={5}, ISSN={1558-6898 1558-6901}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558689819845800}, DOI={10.1177/1558689819845800}, abstractNote={ We developed mixed methods photo elicitation to mitigate cultural and language barriers and to acquire deeper understandings of indigenous participants’ place attachment. We define mixed methods photo elicitation to integrate quantitative rankings of photos with qualitative induction of the meanings ascribed to the photos. Multidimensional scaling is used to thematically analyze the resulting photo clusters in relation to qualitative investigation of photo meanings. We also introduce a novel approach to a mixed methods joint display, which was used to visualize emerging themes and reveal how quantitative and qualitative findings are integrated. Reacting to a collection of landscape photographs endemic to rural Guatemala, indigenous farmers expressed place dependence to landscapes for economic and noneconomic reasons, and place identity for sociocultural reasons. }, journal={Journal of Mixed Methods Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Peroff, Deidre M. and Morais, Duarte B. and Seekamp, Erin and Sills, Erin and Wallace, Tim}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={155868981984580} }
 @article{ferreira_morais_brothers_2019, title={Enhancing self-efficacy to enable tourism microentrepreneurship: a quasi-experiment}, volume={19}, ISSN={1531-3220 1531-3239}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2019.1598920}, DOI={10.1080/15313220.2019.1598920}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study evaluates the impact of a microentrepreneurship-focused pedagogical intervention in a college level tourism course aimed at increasing students’ tourism e-microentrepreneurial self-efficacy (TeMSE). Given that high entrepreneurial self-efficacy is associated with enterprise success, enhancing levels of TeMSE is warranted to grow a more just tourism economy in a sector largely controlled by profit-oriented large corporations. However, tourism and hospitality departments have largely neglected the importance of developing entrepreneurial potential, instead striving to service the corporate sector with a plug-and-play workforce. Conversely, we believe that the focus should be on equipping students with microentrepreneurial skills and abilities necessary to tap into the opportunities afforded by the burgeoning peer-to-peer economy. Accordingly, we developed a battery of hands-on learning tools to enhance students’ efficacy beliefs in their tourism entrepreneurial skills. Analysis of pre-post data suggests improvements only in the students’ efficacy to pursue innovation.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ferreira, Bruno and Morais, Duarte B. and Brothers, Gene L.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={341–359} }
 @article{nazariadli_morais_bunds_baran_supak_2019, title={Rural tourism microentrepreneurs’ self-representation through photography: a counter-hegemonic approach}, volume={28}, ISSN={1037-1656 2204-0536}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2019.1576294}, DOI={10.1080/10371656.2019.1576294}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT American rural social geography has been subjected to simplified and standardised projections and stereotyping by hegemonic tourism media. Urban-centred advertising of rural tourism destinations is a powerful medium in creating hegemony and hierarchy between urban and rural communities. The act of representing rural social geographies through tourism creates discourse which dialectically creates and reinforces the modified social status quo of rural societies. Hence, aiming for social change and to magnify the rural subaltern voice, this article adopted auto-photography as an ethnographic participatory method. Fourteen rural tourism microentrepreneurs from the Piedmont region of North Carolina, United States, participated in self-representational photography of the aspects of life they wished to share with urbanites. Interviews were conducted using participants’ favourite photos as prompts. Critical discourse analysis was employed to identify rural tourism microentrepreneurs’ self-representations that counter urban-normativity. Findings show microentrepreneurs resisted and complied with an urban-normative tourism-based ideological hegemony.}, number={1}, journal={Rural Society}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Nazariadli, Shahab and Morais, Duarte B. and Bunds, Kyle and Baran, Perver and Supak, Stacy}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={29–51} }
 @article{birendra_morais_peterson_seekamp_smith_2019, title={Social network analysis of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurial network}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1742-9692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85054790856&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1467358417715679}, abstractNote={Social networks are an important element of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs rely on social networks to access ideas, information, and resources to facilitate their entrepreneurial process. Strong and weak ties influence the entrepreneurial process in unique ways. This study utilized social network analysis approach to examine wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship through in-person structured interviews with 37 microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region. Specifically, this study examined the extent of network ties, the type of support received from those network ties, and the process of creating and maintaining the business network ties. Weak ties were more prevalent than strong ties. Support was received in terms of marketing and advertising, information sharing, and product sponsorship. Weak ties were established through professional workshops and seminars or while working in the same territory, whereas reciprocity, togetherness, communication, and trust were identified as major factors to maintain weak ties. This study suggests that cognitive social capital factors (e.g. reciprocity, togetherness, and trust) can be highly important toward effective use of social networks, as well as to ensure entrepreneurial success.}, number={2}, journal={TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH}, author={Birendra, K. C. and Morais, Duarte B. and Peterson, M. Nils and Seekamp, Erin and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={158–169} }
 @article{kc_morais_smith_peterson_seekamp_2019, title={Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Trust, Reciprocity, and Togetherness in Wildlife Tourism Microentrepreneurship}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1557-7554"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85064658907&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1096348019840794}, abstractNote={ High levels of trust, reciprocity, and togetherness embedded within entrepreneurial networks are believed to facilitate cooperation that enables success among individual business owners. This study examines the effects of social influence, network characteristics, and entrepreneurial motivations on trust, reciprocity, and togetherness in a network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs. Thirty-seven wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region were recruited for in-person structured interviews. Data were analyzed using social network analysis, specifically a series of linear network autocorrelation models in conjunction with supportive qualitative assessment. Microentrepreneurs expressing a high level of trust were connected with microentrepreneurs expressing a low level of trust in their peers. Conversely, microentrepreneurs with strong feelings of reciprocity were connected with microentrepreneurs having similar feelings. These findings illustrate that the presence of equally reciprocal relationships is not an indication of equally trusting relationships. The findings also suggest that higher numbers of business ties tend to diminish the levels of trust, reciprocity, and togetherness toward connected peers. }, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM RESEARCH}, author={Kc, Birendra and Morais, Duarte B. and Smith, Jordan W. and Peterson, M. N. and Seekamp, Erin}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1176–1198} }
 @article{kc_morais_seekamp_smith_peterson_2018, title={Bonding and Bridging Forms of Social Capital in Wildlife Tourism Microentrepreneurship: An Application of Social Network Analysis}, volume={10}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10020315}, DOI={10.3390/su10020315}, abstractNote={Tourism has been recognized as an important economic sector, requiring a high degree of involvement from the entrepreneurial sector to diversify tourism products and services to meet increasing demand. Tourism is often considered a tool for economic development and a strategy to improve the livelihoods of rural citizens. Specifically, nature-based tourism, such as wildlife tourism, is growing faster than tourism in general, providing a myriad of opportunities for small-scale entrepreneurial engagement. However, several obstacles exist for these small-scale tourism enterprises, such as a lack of social capital. This study examined a network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs for bonding and bridging forms of social capital using a social network analysis approach, where bonding and bridging social capital have their own interpretation. Thirty-seven in-person interviews were conducted with wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region. The study revealed that microentrepreneurs interacted with each other in a bridging network structure. The ability to reciprocate with other members of the network was essential for business success. The results identified four key bridging ties connecting potential sub-groups in the network, connected to each other in a redundant fashion. We concluded that the formation of a bridging network structure was a function of entrepreneurial phenomena that may not promote a highly trusted, well-connected network. The findings and implications are further discussed in the paper.}, number={2}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kc, Birendra and Morais, Duarte and Seekamp, Erin and Smith, Jordan and Peterson, M.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={315} }
 @article{ferreira_morais_pollack_bunds_2018, title={DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE TOURISM E-MICROENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY SCALE}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1943-3999"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048099384&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/108354218x15210313504616}, abstractNote={With the emergence of tourism sharing economy platforms like People-First Tourism, Vayable, Airbnb, and Uber, there are now a much greater number of microentrepreneurs engaged in selling products and services directly to tourists. The limited existing literature examining these individuals
 suggests that they are often inspired by noneconomic motives such as freedom, passion, or lifestyle, rather than the desire to rapidly grow a venture and maximize revenue. Accordingly, given that tourism microentrepreneurs have different goals and business models relative to typical entrepreneurs,
 this study adapted extant entrepreneurial self-efficacy measures to the context of tourism e-microentrepreneurship to develop the tourism e-microentrepreneurial self-efficacy (TeMSE) scale. Our new 13-item scale provides insights into a unique and burgeoning group of tourism actors, namely
 measuring their beliefs in their ability to successfully perform the various roles and tasks of microentrepreneurship in the tourism sharing economy.}, number={2}, journal={TOURISM ANALYSIS}, author={Ferreira, Bruno S. and Morais, Duarte B. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Bunds, Kyle S.}, year={2018}, pages={275–282} }
 @article{nazariadli_morais_barbieri_smith_2018, title={Does perception of authenticity attract visitors to agricultural settings?}, volume={43}, ISSN={["2320-0308"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85031503268&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/02508281.2017.1380144}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT In the context of social and cultural relativity, there has been ample discussion about the fluidity and complexity of authenticity. This debate, termed ‘dilemma of authenticity’, centres around conflicting stances among tourism theorists, practitioners, marketers, and host communities with regards to how authenticity is perceived and how it influences tourists’ decision-making. This uncertainty has hindered agritourism entrepreneurs who remain unsure of how they may rely on authenticity to attract tourists. This paper examines perceptions of authenticity in working agricultural landscapes through two between-subject experiments to investigate how appealing the self-expressed authentic agricultural elements appear to potential tourists. One experiment was carried out in a controlled laboratory experiment employing Immersive Virtual Environment technology, and the second via a web-based survey using two-dimensional photos. Participants were undergraduate students and Amazon Mechanical Turk Master Workers, respectively. The results suggest that participants identify productive elements of agricultural landscapes as both authentic and appealing, though significantly differing in regards to socio-cultural elements. The triangulation of methods and samples reveal discrepant findings for wooded and riparian areas. This paper brings about novel findings about the perception of authenticity and appeal in agricultural settings.}, number={1}, journal={TOURISM RECREATION RESEARCH}, author={Nazariadli, Shahab and Morais, Duarte B. and Barbieri, Carla and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2018}, pages={91–104} }
 @article{morais_bunn_hoogendoorn_birendra_2018, title={The potential role of tourism microentrepreneurship in the prevention of rhino poaching}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1478-3401"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85050533343&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3828/idpr.2018.21}, abstractNote={Conservation in South Africa’s Kruger National Park has evolved from protection of select wildlife species for hunting, to their subsequent protection for the viewing consumption by the wealthy. Gr...}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING REVIEW}, author={Morais, Duarte B. and Bunn, David and Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert and Birendra, K. C.}, year={2018}, pages={443–461} }
 @article{morais_jakes_bowen_lelekacs_2017, title={Fork2farmer: Enabling success of small farms through partnerships with well-known chefs and the tourism sector}, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85018812508&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extension}, author={Morais, D. and Jakes, S. and Bowen, B. and Lelekacs, J.M.}, year={2017} }
 @inbook{morais_ferreira_nazariadli_ghahramani_2017, title={Tourism microentrepreneurship knowledge cogeneration}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85023200315&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1108/S2042-144320170000008006}, abstractNote={Abstract 
Rural subaltern people are generally relegated to the role of passive tourees, allowed to informally glean bits of income not worthwhile to the formal tourism industry. However, under some circumstances, microentrepreneurs find ways to take advantage of opportunities afforded by tourism to improve their livelihoods and gain human agency. The People-First Tourism Lab employs a participatory action research methodology to investigate tourism microentrepreneurship and its effect on participating individuals and communities. In this chapter, the authors provide a background of the project implemented in the State of North Carolina, USA, explain the research methodology, and outline current and forthcoming efforts.}, booktitle={Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice}, author={Morais, D.B. and Ferreira, B.S. and Nazariadli, S. and Ghahramani, L.}, year={2017}, pages={73–95} }
 @article{lapan_morais_barbieri_wallace_2016, title={Power, altruism and communitarian tourism: A comparative study}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1695-7121"]}, DOI={10.25145/j.pasos.2016.14.058}, abstractNote={espanolLos residentes de San Juan La Laguna y San Pedro La Laguna, dos pueblos vecinos en la cuenca del Lago de Atitlan (Guatemala), han seguido trayectorias de desarrollo turistico muy diferentes a pesar de su proximidad. En este estudio se explora las percepciones de los residentes de comunidades bajo diferentes modelos economicos y aborda las debilidades de los enfoques teoricos actuales. Se realiza un estudio comparativo de casos etnografico, a fin de explorar las percepciones de las residentes respecto a las ventajas e inconvenientes derivadas del desarrollo turistico de sus pueblos. Los hallazgos indican que los prevaleciente constructos teoricos no explican plenamente esta dinamica en contextos no occidentales y que son no practican laissez faire capitalismo. Los resultados tambien sugieren que la fuerte colaboracion comunitaria guiada por organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales puede ayudar a mantener los beneficios del turismo en las comunidades de destino, mientras que previene algunos de sus costos. EnglishResidents of San Juan La Laguna and San Pedro La Laguna, neighboring towns on the shores of Lake Atitlan, Guatemala, have followed very different trajectories of tourism development despite their close proximity. This study explores residents’ perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of tourism development under two differing economic models and addresses weaknesses in current theoretical approaches. Findings from this ethnographic comparative case study indicate that prevailing theoretical constructs do not fully explain dynamics in non-western non- laissez faire capitalist contexts. Findings also suggest that strong community collaboration guided by governmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can help to maintain tourism benefits locally, while at the same time preventing some of the costs of tourism development in destination communities.}, number={4}, journal={PASOS-REVISTA DE TURISMO Y PATRIMONIO CULTURAL}, author={LaPan, Chantell and Morais, Duarte B. and Barbieri, Carla and Wallace, Tim}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={889–906} }
 @article{okayasu_nogawa_casper_morais_2016, title={Recreational sports event participants' attitudes and satisfaction: cross-cultural comparisons between runners in Japan and the USA}, volume={21}, ISSN={["2375-0480"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013018751&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/23750472.2016.1220812}, abstractNote={Over the past two decades, sports tourism has become significantly popular worldwide. Marathons, an especially popular type of athletic event, have both influenced and been influenced by tourist activity. In this regard, profitable and sustainable marathons may necessitate that event planning practitioners understand event participants’ attitudes and needs, contributing to repeat attendance. Furthermore, cross-cultural research may help marathon organizers understand how cultural and other similarities and differences might relate to increased fulfilment of participants’ needs and wants. The purpose of this study is to make a preliminary assessment of the expected relationship between event participation and loyalty in a marathon event in two countries. A total of 420 participants, of whom 200 participants were from the United States of America's event and 220 participants from the Japan event, were included in this study. In the result, marathon participants’ attitudes towards and loyalty concerning the events indicated no significant differences stemming from gender, age, or full-versus-half marathon participation.}, number={3}, journal={MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE}, author={Okayasu, Isao and Nogawa, Haruo and Casper, Jonathan M. and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2016}, pages={164–180} }
 @inbook{okayasu_morais_2016, title={Sport entrepreneurship and community development in Japan}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85022004466&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315393384}, abstractNote={Management research on the relationship between sport and technology remains surprisingly limited given that the production and consumption of sporting events is increasingly interwoven with the use of new digital and network technologies (Kruse, 2010). For example, the increasing use of data analytics to track and evaluate on-field performance (Anderson and Sally, 2013), the use of mobile and other technologies to enhance the spectator experience (Kruse, 2010) and the globalisation of sporting markets and identities enabled by the network society (Hutchins and Rowe, 2013) are all transforming sport as a business and consumer experience. In this chapter we focus on the manner in which digital technologies are being deployed as aids to match officials – umpires, referees, etc. – in making on-field decisions during match play. The first and probably most well-known example of this type of innovation was the deployment of the “Hawk-eye” system in some “Grand Slam” tennis tournaments (Collins and Evans, 2008). This system used ball tracking technology to provide a means of determining the trajectory of the ball through computer generated images. In this way a ball could be deemed to be “in” or “out” or “over the line”, etc. Our focus is on the “Decision Review System” (DRS) introduced into international test cricket over the past few years. As we will see, although intended to provide an on-field aid to umpires and eliminate human error in match adjudications, the deployment of this system has proved highly controversial.}, booktitle={Sport Entrepreneurship and Innovation}, author={Okayasu, I. and Morais, D.B.}, year={2016}, pages={141–152} }
 @article{lapan_morais_wallace_barbieri_2016, title={WOMEN'S SELF-DETERMINATION IN COOPERATIVE TOURISM MICROENTERPRISES}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1943-4421"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048140618&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/154427216x14581596799022}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study is to better understand how cooperative forms of microentrepreneurship influence women's self-determination. Utilizing the framework of self-determination theory, this study employed a multiple case study approach that involved in-depth interviews, content
 analysis, field notes, and direct observations. Findings indicate that livelihood opportunities afforded under cooperative tourism microentrepreneurship offer women increased levels of self-determination, but that economic improvements alone are not sufficient in enhancing overall well-being.
 This study provides a detailed account of the strategies indigenous women employ to enhance their self-determination under cooperative tourism microentrepreneurship models. The results of this study suggest that programs by governments and NGOs should consider non-individual benefits when
 they engage with communities in tourism planning initiatives. Additionally, interventions aimed at women must also engage men or women may suffer from tensions at home. Finally, this study indicates that simply offering access to credit does not foster self-reliant development. The structures
 of cooperative models determine outcomes. Therefore, whenever possible, microentrepreneurship models should be designed to enhance strong cooperative social structures.}, number={1}, journal={TOURISM REVIEW INTERNATIONAL}, author={LaPan, Chantell and Morais, Duarte B. and Wallace, Tim and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2016}, pages={41–55} }
 @article{morais_birendra_mao_mosimane_2015, title={WILDLIFE CONSERVATION THROUGH TOURISM MICROENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG NAMIBIAN COMMUNITIES}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1943-4421"]}, DOI={10.3727/154427215x14338796190477}, abstractNote={Wildlife conservation has often focused on protecting charismatic wildlife from native communities and allowing multinational companies to profit from showing those resources to foreign tourists. This has contributed to local poverty and fueled poaching and concomitant policing of resources
 by governments, foreign conservationists, and private industry. An alternative receiving increasing scholarly attention consists on enabling eco-dependent tourism microentrepreneurship as a way to foster local conservation behaviors. In the case of wildlife tourism in Namibia, this might entail
 the provision of wildlife tours and camping services by indigenous communities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship leads to intrinsically motivated wildlife conservation. A controlled comparison case study design
 was used to test this research question. The findings reveal that males in conservancy communities have internalized proconservation behaviors and both males and females in those communities report richer and more complex wildlife value orientations.}, number={1-2}, journal={TOURISM REVIEW INTERNATIONAL}, author={Morais, Duarte B. and Birendra, K. C. and Mao, Yuchen and Mosimane, Alfons}, year={2015}, pages={43–61} }
 @article{wang_morais_2014, title={An examination of tourists’ identity in tourist weblogs}, volume={14}, ISSN={1098-3058 1943-4294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S40558-014-0016-6}, DOI={10.1007/s40558-014-0016-6}, number={3}, journal={Information Technology & Tourism}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wang, Yasong and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={239–260} }
 @article{wang_morais_2014, title={Self-representations of the matriarchal Other}, volume={44}, ISSN={0160-7383}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.ANNALS.2013.09.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2013.09.002}, abstractNote={Research examining how local people construct meanings about tourism destinations in their self-representation discourse is rare. This study aims at exposing local people’s understanding about their community and touristic practices by analyzing the self-ethnographic texts written by a Mosuo man in a weblog and autobiographic texts written by a Mosuo woman in two non-fiction books. In particular, the heterogeneous gender characteristics in local people’s self-representation discourse are considered. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is utilized to examine the complexity of self-representations among members of an allegedly matriarchal Chinese destination community. Most significantly, this study reinforces post-colonial feminist interpretations of the gendered meanings in inherent to self-representation discourses.}, number={1}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wang, Yasong (Alex) and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={74–87} }
 @article{dong_wang_morais_brooks_2013, title={Segmenting the rural tourism market: The case of Potter County, Pennsylvania, USA}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876067744&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1356766712471231}, abstractNote={ Because of its importance in the sustainable development of rural communities, rural tourism has been frequently studied as an alternative form of economic development in rural areas. In the United States, many rural communities rely on tourism for economic growth to compensate for declines in manufacturing, agriculture, extraction of natural resources, and population. Although there is an increased interest in developing rural tourism in many countries, there is little information regarding the motivations of rural tourists in the United States. Therefore, this study aims to understand travel motivations and characteristics of tourists visiting a rural destination to provide a better understanding of rural tourism in the United States. Our study site, Potter County, Pennsylvania, represents a typical American rural area with a population of 18,080, which is currently struggling to pursue economic revitalization by attracting tourists. The findings of this study indicated that visitors to Potter County do not fit a homogenous rural tourist profile due to their broad travel preferences. The findings also suggest that “tourism in rural areas” may be a better descriptor than “rural tourism” in the context of Potter County, Pennsylvania. }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Vacation Marketing}, author={Dong, E. and Wang, Y. and Morais, D. and Brooks, D.}, year={2013}, pages={181–193} }
 @article{xie jimmy_kerstetter_mattila_buzinde_morais_2012, title={Information usefulness versus ease of use: Which makes a destination website more persuasive}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865556958&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/108354212X13330406123972}, abstractNote={It is important that destination marketing organizations (DMOs) understand how website design influences consumers' interest in visiting a destination. Grounded in psychological theories of emotions, this study proposes a model to predict interest in visiting the destination. Results
 of structural equation modeling indicate that perceived information usefulness and perceived ease of use have a positive effect on perceived enjoyment, which in turn has a positive impact on interest in visiting the destination. In addition, perceived ease of use has a much stronger effect
 on interest in visiting than perceived information usefulness. Implications for marketing practice and future research are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Tourism Analysis}, author={Xie Jimmy, H. and Kerstetter, D. and Mattila, S.A. and Buzinde, C. and Morais, B.D.}, year={2012}, pages={15–26} }
 @book{morais_heath_tlhagale_payton_martin_mehta_bass_2012, title={People-first tourism: Concept test in South Africa}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84886692901&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1108/S2042-1443(2012)0000004009}, abstractNote={Many tourists are interested in locally beneficial experiences, which should afford opportunities for vulnerable individuals to earn their way out of poverty. However, host communities remain largely relegated to the role of passive tourees receiving only scraps from the tourism industry. This chapter introduces “People-First Tourism,” a project that attempts to leverage information technology innovations and ubiquitous cell phones to provide micro-entrepreneurs with access to markets and to support peer networks, with two factors accounting for much of tourism's unfulfilled potential to enable dignified and sustainable rural livelihoods. The chapter reports the findings from fieldwork conducted in South Africa in January–February 2010, testing project validity with individuals from rural communities and with high-level tourism and telecom stakeholders.}, journal={Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice}, author={Morais, D.B. and Heath, E. and Tlhagale, M. and Payton, F.C. and Martin, K. and Mehta, K. and Bass, J.}, year={2012}, pages={115–128} }
 @article{morais_ogden_2011, title={Initial Development and Validation of the Global Citizenship Scale}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1552-7808"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80053987594&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1028315310375308}, abstractNote={The purpose of this article is to report on the initial development of a theoretically grounded and empirically validated scale to measure global citizenship. The methodology employed is multi-faceted, including two expert face validity trials, extensive exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with multiple datasets, and a series of three small-group interviews utilizing nominal group technique to verify the scope of the global citizenship construct. The findings provide support for a three-dimensional Global Citizenship Scale that encompasses social responsibility, global competence, and global civic engagement. Global competence and global civic engagement are both strong dimensions of global citizenship, and each has three reliable subdimensions that add further refinement to the construct. Social responsibility proves to be a dimension of global citizenship with a less clearly defined structure. The Global Citizenship Scale and its conceptual framework have important implications for education abroad outcomes research and practice.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION}, author={Morais, Duarte B. and Ogden, Anthony C.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={445–466} }
 @inproceedings{mehta_morais_zhao_brannon_zappe_2011, title={Milking the Rhino - Innovative Solutions Showcase: Promoting ethics education, user-centered design and social entrepreneurship in the global context}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85029117836&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings}, author={Mehta, K. and Morais, D.B. and Zhao, Y. and Brannon, M.L. and Zappe, S.E.}, year={2011} }
 @article{okayasu_nogawa_morais_2010, title={RESOURCE INVESTMENTS AND LOYALTY TO RECREATIONAL SPORT TOURISM EVENT}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1540-7306"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77956822338&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10548408.2010.507141}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Sport tourism events have a marketing possibility in the Japanese tourism industry. The ultramarathon is a very popular recreational sport event in the world. This type of sport tourism event has shared with completive and enjoyment factors in relation to participant's motivation. Loyalty is a very important factor with attendance to recreational sport events. Generally, as many researchers indicated, that participants' loyalty will lead to repeat attendance or purchase. However, there is no consensus as to how loyalty develops. In the files of recreational sport tourism event research, the process leading to participants' loyalty with a specific event is not evident. The purpose of this article is to test a conceptual framework of the development of loyalty (Morais et al., 2004) that is grounded in resource theory. According to the proposed model, when participants and organizers invest specific profiles of resources in each other, the participants tend to develop a bond with the customer and become dedicated to maintaining a stable relationship. The model is used to discuss the mixed results of current loyalty from recreational sport event tourists to organizers and to outline future research efforts.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRAVEL & TOURISM MARKETING}, author={Okayasu, Isao and Nogawa, Haruo and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2010}, pages={565–578} }
 @article{buzinde_manuel-navarrete_yoo_morais_2010, title={TOURISTS’ PERCEPTIONS IN A CLIMATE OF CHANGE}, volume={37}, ISSN={0160-7383}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.006}, abstractNote={This research examines tourists’ perceptions of a coastal destination that has suffered severe beach erosion and is undergoing beach replenishment. Officials assume that tourist will inevitably react negatively to the transformed landscape; however, the findings indicate that tourists decode the site in polysemous ways. This study engages Lefebvre’s triadic model of social space to inform the discussion of the symbolic landscapes meanings constructed by producers and consumers. The key argument is that in the advent of global climate change, both the material and social elements have to be considered to devise long-term adaptation measures. The findings shed light on complexities involved in tourism destination’s adaptation to geomorphologic/climatic changes as well as contested meanings that emerge from the human-environment relationship.}, number={2}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Buzinde, Christine N. and Manuel-Navarrete, David and Yoo, Eunice Eunjung and Morais, Duarte}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={333–354} }
 @article{morais_lin_2010, title={Why Do First-Time and Repeat Visitors Patronize a Destination?}, volume={27}, ISSN={1054-8408 1540-7306}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548401003590443}, DOI={10.1080/10548401003590443}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Most studies of tourists' destination choices have either focused on how to attract more tourists or on developing stable relationships with existing ones. Therefore, the fit of a conceptual model incorporating relational (destination attachment) and transactional (destination image) antecedents to patronizing intentions (revisit, recommend, and resist change) was tested on a sample of first-time visitors and on a sample of repeat visitors to a hot spring destination in Taiwan. The findings indicated that first-time visitors' intentions to patronize the destination were mainly affected by destination image and that repeat visitors' intentions to patronize the destination were primarily affected by destination attachment. These findings highlight the importance of destination attachment and destination image in predicting tourists' patronizing intentions and future behavior, and reveal that researchers have overlooked that the antecedents of tourists' patronizing intentions differ depending on the type of relationship they have with the destination. As a result, this study provides compelling evidence for the need to clearly situate studies of destination choice in the transactional-relational continuum and questions the generalizability of previously published work that neglects to do so.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Morais, Duarte B. and Lin, Chung-Hsien}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={193–210} }
 @article{wang_morais_buzinde_2009, title={American media representations of China's traditions and modernity}, volume={9}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77953142116&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/109830409X12596186103798}, abstractNote={Most research on the touristic representations of peripheral countries has focused on former colonies of past imperial Western powers. This study attempts to extend colonialism and tourism studies by examining the American tourist gaze upon China, a country with a history of resistance
 to Western colonialism and dominance. A total of 60 travel articles published between 2000 and 2005 in six major American newspapers were analyzed. The emergent themes were interpreted within the framework of their colonial ideological underpinnings. The analysis revealed that China was represented
 in three major themes. While many descriptions were similar to other markedly colonial representations of oriental destinations, some were derogatory and imbued with ideological bias. These findings extend the study of colonialism in tourism as they show that conflicting political ideologies
 may overshadow the tourism media's tendency to praise destinations. Moreover, this study reinforces previous assertions that tourism reflects the dynamic power relations between nations as the complex representation reported here may arguably reflect the nature of contemporary US–China
 relations.}, number={3}, journal={Tourism, Culture and Communication}, author={Wang, Y.A. and Morais, D.B. and Buzinde, C.}, year={2009}, pages={125–135} }
 @article{okayasu_nogawa_morais_2009, title={Operationalization of the resource investments construct of recreational sport event}, volume={12}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77954101366&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/152599509789659722}, abstractNote={Research models should be grounded in sound theory. This applies to models attempting to elucidate why individuals participate in recreational sport event. Social phenomena have often been understood in terms of interpersonal behavior between individuals. Therefore, this article proposes
 that resource theory, which has been used widely to explain interpersonal relationships, can help us understand participation in recreational sport events. This study develops an instrument to assess the resources that participants and organizers deploy as they participate in recreational
 sport events. We detail a two-staged process of analysis. Initially, a pool of items is developed using six widely cited dimensions in resource theory: love, status, information, services, goods, and money. Second, each subscale is examined and modified so that it is appropriate for understanding
 participation in recreational sport events. Results show that these items in particular and resource theory in general are useful in understanding participant–organizer relationships within recreational sport events.}, number={3-4}, journal={Event Management}, author={Okayasu, I. and Nogawa, H. and Morais, D.B.}, year={2009}, pages={209–223} }
 @article{lin_morais_2009, title={TRANSACTIONAL VERSUS RELATIONAL PATRONIZING INTENTIONS}, volume={36}, ISSN={0160-7383}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2009.06.004}, number={4}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lin, Chung-Hsien and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={726–730} }
 @article{xie_costa_morais_2008, title={Gender Differences in Rural Tourists' Motivation and Activity Participation}, volume={16}, ISSN={1050-7051 1541-0897}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10507050801951452}, DOI={10.1080/10507050801951452}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study explored gender differences in motivation and activity participation among rural tourists to Potter County, Pennsylvania. Mail survey data from a sample of 343 visitors to the region revealed that females were more motivated by family bonding and natural and rural exploration. Female tourists were also more inclined to shop, eat in local restaurants and attend festivals and events, while male tourists were more inclined to fish and hunt. Social role theory was used to explain the observed gender differences. Contrasts between these and previously reported findings reinforce the importance of considering that gender roles and gendered tourist behavior are relative and ever-evolving.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Xie, Hui (Jimmy) and Costa, Carla A. and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={368–384} }
 @article{bandyopadhyay_morais_chick_2008, title={Religion and identity in India’s heritage tourism}, volume={35}, ISSN={0160-7383}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.004}, abstractNote={The growing worth of heritage in the renegotiation and dissemination of identities has intensified conflicts over whose voice dominates heritage tourism representations. Therefore, this study compares the way India's heritage is represented by the Indian government, by the domestic tourism trade media and by the popular tourism media. The findings reveal that India is consistently represented as an ethnically diverse nation in which Hinduism preceded and prevailed over all other ethnicities/religions; a portrayal that consolidates the state's secular nationalist narrative. Furthermore, the trade and popular media emphasize nostalgic experiences of a sanitized colonial history while the government emphasizes accounts of resistance against colonial powers and of suffering due to Muslim atrocities.}, number={3}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bandyopadhyay, Ranjan and Morais, Duarte B. and Chick, Garry}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={790–808} }
 @article{lin_morais_2008, title={The Spatial Clustering Effect of Destination Distribution on Cognitive Distance Estimates and Its Impact on Tourists' Destination Choices}, volume={25}, ISSN={1054-8408 1540-7306}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548400802508481}, DOI={10.1080/10548400802508481}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT. This study examines the role of cognitive distance measures in predicting tourists' destination visiting intentions. In addition, the study examines the stability of those roles across three distance ranges. A total of 1,020 Taichung residents in Taiwan were administered an on‐site questionnaire. The results indicated that, when considering all destinations, cognitive distance estimates did not directly predict tourists' visiting intentions; instead, cognitive distance estimates influenced the inaccuracy of cognitive distance which then predicted visiting intentions. Point pattern analysis revealed that respondents preferred destinations were spatially clustered; therefore, the stability of the proposed model was then tested across psychological, hybrid, and physical distance ranges. The complexity of the findings was then interpreted in the context of Taiwan's spatially clustered destinations; and theoretical, research, and practical implications are proposed.}, number={3-4}, journal={Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lin, Chung‐Hsien and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={382–397} }
 @article{lin_morais_kerstetter_hou_2007, title={Examining the role of cognitive and affective image in predicting choice across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations}, volume={46}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348824180&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0047287506304049}, abstractNote={This study examines the role of cognitive and affective destination-image components in the formation of destination preferences from a multialternative/multiattribute perspective. In addition, the study examines the stability of those roles across three types of destinations. A total of 1,020 Taichung residents in Taiwan were administered an on-site questionnaire. The results indicated that cognitive and affective components of overall destination image influence tourists' destination preferences and that cognitive image impacts affective image. However, the importance of the two image components varied across natural, developed, and theme-park destinations. In addition, the findings confirmed that while some image attributes are universally important, other attributes are only important for specific types of destinations. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are provided.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Lin, C.-H. and Morais, D.B. and Kerstetter, D.L. and Hou, J.-S.}, year={2007}, pages={183–194} }
 @article{morais_kerstetter_lin_mowen_2006, title={Resource investments made between customers and provider: A study of teenagers' loyalty to a summer camp}, volume={21}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34447276710&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J073v21n01_01}, abstractNote={Abstract Generating long-term relationships is important to tourism businesses because such action often results in loyal customers. Although most authors agree that loyalty is a composite construct including behavior and affect, there is less agreement regarding how loyalty develops. Therefore, this study employed the Resource Investment Model (RIM) to examine how different types of loyal customers related to a tourism service provider. Data were collected from teenagers attending a resident camp in Taiwan during June, July and August 2003. Cluster analysis revealed that there were four distinct types of loyal customers according to the frequency of purchases and affect. Comparisons among the groups revealed that they differed with respect to some of the resources received from the provider but did not differ with respect to their investments in the provider. These findings provide partial support to the RIM and indicate that the study population did not conform to theorized rules of reciprocity in customer relationships.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing}, author={Morais, D. and Kerstetter, D. and Lin, Y.S. and Mowen, A.J.}, year={2006}, pages={1–12} }
 @article{morais_dong_yang_2006, title={The ethnic tourism expansion cycle: The case of Yunnan province, China}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33745076769&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10941660600727616}, abstractNote={There is an ever-growing body of literature suggesting that the Butler's Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) model may be a very useful conceptual tool for understanding the development patterns of mass tourism destinations. However, some authors have reported that the TALC model shows limitations in regions like the Asia Pacific and when applied to the development of alternative forms of tourism, such as ethnic tourism. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to examine whether selected ethnic tourism destinations in Yunnan province in the People's Republic of China exhibited characteristics consistent with the stages of Butler's TALC model. The findings revealed that Butler's TALC model might be useful in understanding the development of individual ethnic tourism destinations in Yunnan province. However, the findings also revealed that the characteristics of the host culture might influence the way the destination develops and that each destination's cycle of development is influenced significantly by the development of neighboring destinations.}, number={2}, journal={Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research}, author={Morais, D.B. and Dong, E. and Yang, G.}, year={2006}, pages={189–204} }
 @article{cranage_lambert_morais_lane_2006, title={The influence of learning style on hospitality and tourism students’ preference for web assignments}, volume={18}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70450165540&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10963758.2006.10696871}, abstractNote={Investigation of students' learning styles has increased dramatically over the past decade, concurrent with the increased use of Web-based teaching. This research project was designed to explore whether hospitality management and tourism management students with different learning styles had different preferences for Active or Reflective Web-based assignments. Results indicated that Active, Sensing, Visual and Sequential learning styles were all positively correlated and these learning styles were negatively correlated to Reflective, Intuitive, Verbal and Global, which were positively correlated to each other. Hospitality management and tourism management students preferred the Active-Sequential assignment over the Reflective-Global assignment. Instructors should be aware of students' learning styles in order to plan effective assignments that enable students to utilize different learning styles.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education}, author={Cranage, D. and Lambert, C.U. and Morais, D. and Lane, J.L.}, year={2006}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{morais_kerstetter_yarnal_2006, title={The love triangle: Loyal relationships among providers, customers, and their friends}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645751926&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0047287505282955}, abstractNote={ With the increasing maturity of many sectors of the tourism industry, providers have enhanced their efforts to develop loyal relationships with selected customers—a strategy that theoretically results in higher profits and a more stable competitive advantage. There is mounting evidence, however, that most loyalty programs are ineffective in generating psychological attachment to the provider. Therefore, the primary purpose of this article was to document the factors associated with the formation of ongoing, stable, and intimate (i.e., loyal) relationships between individuals and a provider of a cruise package. Data from 20 in-depth interviews with purposefully selected cruisers suggested that loyal relationships between customers and a cruise provider depended on the treatment customers received from the provider, the opportunities customers had to help the provider, and the bond they had with a larger community of cruisers. Implications for the integration and extension of loyalty theory are discussed, and suggestions for the development of effective loyalty programs are offered. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Morais, D.B. and Kerstetter, D.L. and Yarnal, C.M.}, year={2006}, pages={379–386} }
 @article{nyaupane_morais_dowler_2006, title={The role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts: A controlled comparison of Annapurna, Nepal and Northwest Yunnan, China}, volume={27}, ISSN={0261-5177}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.013}, abstractNote={Tourism development in mountain regions is reported to bring economic growth to host communities. However, the literature reveals that the economic, environmental and cultural impacts of tourism development in these regions vary greatly and that a number of critical factors may explain that variability. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to explore the role of community involvement and number/type of visitors on tourism impacts in mountain destinations. The study followed a controlled comparison method [Eggan, F. (1954). Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison. American Anthropologist, 56(5), 743–763] including field observations and individual and group interviews in two popular mountain destinations in Asia: Annapurna, Nepal, and Northwest Yunnan, China. The findings suggested that level of host involvement in management and number/type of tourists helped explain these destinations' varying degrees of economic leakage, local control, and socio-economic inequity. Moreover, both destinations appeared to cope with their challenges through cooperative community efforts supported by non-governmental agencies.}, number={6}, journal={Tourism Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nyaupane, Gyan P. and Morais, Duarte B. and Dowler, Lorraine}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={1373–1385} }
 @article{hou_lin_morais_2005, title={Antecedents of attachment to a cultural tourism destination: The case of Hakka and non-Hakka Taiwanese visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan}, volume={44}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27344457716&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0047287505278988}, abstractNote={ This article explores the antecedents of place attachment within the context of cultural tourism destinations. The proposed model is examined on two samples of cultural tourists with different cultural backgrounds. One sample consists of Hakka tourists, the same ethnic group as the hosts, and the other consists of tourists from a variety of non-Hakka ethnic backgrounds. The results indicate that both enduring involvement and destination attractiveness have a direct effect on place attachment, and that there is also an indirect effect of enduring involvement on place attachment mediated by destination attractiveness. Cross-group validation of the proposed model revealed that the structure fit both ethnic categories. A subsequent detailed examination, however, showed meaningful differences in the strengths of path coefficients between the two groups. These findings suggest that the meaning and formation of attachment may differ depending on the ethnic background of the tourists. Implications for theory and practice are provided. }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Hou, J.-S. and Lin, C.-H. and Morais, D.B.}, year={2005}, pages={221–233} }
 @article{morais_dorsch_backman_2005, title={Building loyal relationships between customers and providers: A focus on resource investments}, volume={18}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-46749104464&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J073v18n01_05}, abstractNote={Abstract The increasingly competitive tourism industry has led to a paradigm shift in marketing philosophy from a focus on discrete transactions to one of long-term relationships. This paper proposes a conceptual model of the antecedents of customer loyalty; a construct central to relationship marketing. The model proposed draws from Resource Theory, and the notions of reciprocity and customer equity. According to the proposed model, when customers and providers invest specific profiles of resources in each other, the customers tend to develop a bond with the customer and become dedicated to maintaining a stable relationship. The model is used to discuss the mixed results of current loyalty programs and to outline future research efforts.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing}, author={Morais, D.B. and Dorsch, M.J. and Backman, S.J.}, year={2005}, pages={49–57} }
 @article{morais_lin_hou_2005, title={Center/periphery imbalance in tourism development: The case of Taiwan}, volume={9}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-67650369077&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/108354205789807292}, abstractNote={Many authors have examined the spatial distribution of tourism sites in an attempt to inform tourism planning and policy. Most of their work, however, has focused on physical planning issues and has overlooked the role of those tourism sites in transforming land into desirable or undesirable
 places to live for the host communities. This study attempts to address this concern from an environmental justice perspective by examining whether tourism development is evenly distributed across geographic regions and fairly distributed across sociodemographic groups in Taiwan. The results
 indicated that there is spatial inequality in the distribution of tourist sites. As predicted in literature examining tourism flows, tourist numbers were concentrated in peripheral areas with lower household incomes—the pleasure periphery. For example, Chomalai farm in Tainan County
 is a very popular destination but is located in one of the poorest regions in Taiwan. In addition, size of the local population and the average amount of money local people received from tourism appeared to be unrelated to numbers of tourists visiting the area. Due to the geographic clustering
 of most of the variables examined, it is recommended that subsequent studies consider using spatial regression instead of the traditional OLS regression, which is more frequently found in the literature. In conclusion, the findings support the current emphasis in sustainable tourism, suggesting
 that planners should consider whether tourism results in local undesirable or desirable land use because the tourism industry tends to disproportionably affect less-developed peripheral regions.}, number={4}, journal={Tourism Analysis}, author={Morais, D.B. and Lin, C.-H. and Hou, J.-S.}, year={2005}, pages={285–298} }
 @article{bailey_morais_2005, title={Exploring the use of blended learning in tourism education}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-48249113537&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J172v04n04_02}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The last few years have registered a dramatic increase in Internet use in education and a continued investment by educational institutions to increase the integration of technology components into their course offerings. While many have embraced the introduction of online components on the academic experience, some fear that online courses lack the interaction component so critical to the traditional academic experience. In response, there is a growing belief that rather than advocating online or face-to-face learning methods, one should capitalize on the strengths of both methods and examine the effectiveness of blended methods. Therefore, the purpose was to explore the influence of perceptions of online and face-to-face interaction on student satisfaction and performance on a blended learning tourism marketing assignment. The results revealed that students' satisfaction was influenced by their online interactions with other students, the instructor and specific content but that they had no effect on assignment grade. The findings suggest that instructors should consider the use of online tools to improve student satisfaction and that more research is needed to examine the link of online materials and student performance.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Teaching in Travel and Tourism}, author={Bailey, K.D. and Morais, D.B.}, year={2005}, pages={23–36} }
 @article{bandyopadhyay_morais_2005, title={Representative dissonance. India's self and western image}, volume={32}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-27744467052&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2005.02.002}, abstractNote={Western media have often been criticized for portraying Third World destinations through a colonial prism via images of primitiveness and exoticism. Contrastingly, some destinations have begun to resist those representations with media campaigns of their own. The purpose of this study was to critically construe the differences between ways that India is represented in American tourism media and how it is represented by the Indian government itself. The findings revealed that these two representations are different in ways that reflect the colonial nature of international tourism and the postcolonial stage of India’s nationalism. Moreover, the study of representative dissonance is proposed as a tool for understanding the conflicting ideological forces that shape destination images. Dissonance reprsentative: L’image de soi-měme et l’image occidentale de l’Inde. On a souvent critiqué les médias occidentaux de présenter les destinations du Tiers Monde á travers un prisme colonial au moyen d’images de la primitivité et de l’exotisme. Par contraste, quelques destinations ont commencé á résister ces représentations avec leurs propres campagnes médiatiques. L’objet de cette étude était d’interpréter d’un œil critique les différences entre les façons dont l’Inde est représentée dans les médias américains du tourisme et comment elle est présentée par le gouvernement de l’Inde elle-měme. Les résultats révélent que ces deux représentations sont différentes dans ces maniéres qui reflétent la nature coloniale du tourisme international et la phase postcoloniale du nationalisme de l’Inde. En plus, l’étude de la dissonance représentative est proposée comme étant utile pour comprendre les forces idéologiques contradictoires qui façonnent les images des destinations.}, number={4}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, author={Bandyopadhyay, R. and Morais, D.}, year={2005}, pages={1006–1021} }
 @article{morais_yarnal_dong_dowler_2005, title={The impact of ethnic tourism on gender roles: A comparison between the Bai and the Mosuo of Yunnan province, PRC}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-31144434363&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/10941660500363678}, abstractNote={The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine how ethnic tourism is impacting host women in two destinations in Yunnan. To accomplish this, the paper compares the perceived impacts of ethnic tourism on women from a matriarchal and a patriarchal host community. The findings reveal that tourism income had a greater effect on women from a patriarchal community and that both groups of women reported several other non-economic impacts. Implications for future research are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research}, author={Morais, D.B. and Yarnal, C. and Dong, E. and Dowler, L.}, year={2005}, pages={361–367} }
 @article{zillifro_morais_2004, title={Building customer trust and relationship commitment to a nature-based tourism provider: The role of information investments}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84892392672&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J150v11n02_11}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT With the increased competitiveness of the travel and tourism industry, many providers have become interested in securing long-term committed relationships with their most profitable customers. The customers, however, perceive that travel and tourism products carry a significant degree of uncertainty and risk and are therefore unwilling to commit to providers whom they do not trust. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine the role of information investments made between a nature-based tourism provider and its customers in the development of customer trust and the role of trust in making customers resistant to switching providers. The findings support Agency Theory and Commitment-Trust Theory and suggest that if providers establish good communication with their customers, they tend to develop trust and commitment towards the providers.}, number={2-3}, journal={Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing}, author={Zillifro, T. and Morais, D.B.}, year={2004}, pages={159–172} }
 @article{morais_dorsch_backman_2004, title={Can tourism providers buy their customer's loyalty? Examining the influence of customer-provider investments on loyalty}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1042278470&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0047287503258832}, abstractNote={ As many segments of the tourism industry reach the maturation stage, marketers have turned their attention to building long-term relationships with their best customers. Despite the importance of customer loyalty for understanding these relationships, there is no consensus as to how loyalty develops. Most loyalty programs currently being used promote repeated purchases but are ineffective in enhancing customers’ psychological attachment. The purpose was to test a conceptual framework of the development of loyalty that is grounded in resource theory, reciprocity, and customer equity. The results indicated that if customers perceived that a provider was making an investment in them, they in turn made a similar investment in the provider, and those investments led to loyalty. The findings revealed that investments of love, status, and information were more closely associated with loyalty than investments of money. These findings support the proposed theoretical model and help explain how well-designed loyalty programs may lead to increased psychological attachment. Recommendations for effective relationship marketing strategies are provided. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Morais, D.B. and Dorsch, M.J. and Backman, S.J.}, year={2004}, pages={235–243} }
 @article{davis_morais_2004, title={Factions and enclaves: Small towns and socially unsustainable tourism development}, volume={43}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3843063591&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0047287504265501}, abstractNote={ Pressured by the decline of extractive industries and agriculture, many small towns are trying to acquire a share of the tourism industry. While some communities decide to develop tourism from within their towns, often rural places turn to large-scale privately owned tourism enterprises to act as engines of economic development. While many studies have examined how tourism can have negative social impacts in rural communities, few studies detail how rural communities’ attitudes toward tourism can suffer when locals feel alienated from planning/development decisions. In this study, the authors examined data from participant observation and semistructured interviews in Williams, Arizona, to determine whether changes in community attitudes toward tourism followed patterns suggested by the established theoretical models of social carrying capacity and community adaptation to a social disruption. We found that Williams is a case where the fast pace of tourism development causes community attitudes toward tourism to decline over time. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Davis, J.S. and Morais, D.B.}, year={2004}, pages={3–10} }
 @article{nyaupane_morais_graefe_2004, title={Nature tourism constraints: A cross-activity comparison}, volume={31}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-3142656661&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.006}, abstractNote={The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons that keep individuals from participating in three nature-based tourism activities registering limited growth in contrast with the increasing popularity of tourism in general. The three-dimensional leisure constraints model was used as the theoretical framework for the study. The sample consisted of nature enthusiasts from several US states who showed an interest in nature tourism but did not participate in the selected activities during the last two years. Confirmatory factor analysis partially supported the three-dimensional model across the activities. Repeated measures comparisons showed that the importance of leisure constraints varied across them within the same group of individuals. Les contraintes au tourisme de la nature : une comparaison d’activités multiples. Le but de cet article est d’examiner les raisons qui empêchent des individus de participer à trois activités du tourisme basé sur la nature, qui montre une croissance limitée par rapport à la popularité croissante du tourisme en général. Le modèle de Crawford et Godbey des contraintes à trois dimensions pour les loisirs a été utilisé comme cadre théorique de l’étude. L’échantillon représentatif consistait d’enthousiastes de la nature venus de plusieurs états des Etats-Unis et qui manifestaient un intérêt pour le tourisme de la nature mais qui n’ont pas participé aux activités choisies dans les deux dernières années. Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire a appuyé le modèle à trois dimensions pour toutes les activités. Des comparaisons de mesurage répété ont montré que l’importance des contraintes des loisirs a varié pour les activités avec le même groupe d’individus.}, number={3}, journal={Annals of Tourism Research}, author={Nyaupane, G.P. and Morais, D.B. and Graefe, A.R.}, year={2004}, pages={540–555} }
 @article{morais_zillifro_2003, title={An examination of the relationships established between a whitewater rafting provider and its male and female customers}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-10144238815&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J150v10n01_09}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study investigated the differences between females and males with respect to the way they developed relationships with a provider of nature-based tourism. The participants were 279 individuals who took a group on a whitewater rafting trip in the Southeastern United States. The findings indicated that looking at the resources exchanged between customers and provider can provide a theoretical basis for understanding customer relationships. In this study Resource Theory was used to conceptualize customer/provider exchanges. Results suggested that women and men tend to invest in their relationships with providers differently. Female customers received less status than males and also invested less love. Based on the findings it is suggested that using theoretical frameworks borrowed from the study of interpersonal relationships may prove useful in understanding customer/provider relationships. It is also suggested that marketers should develop differentiated relationship strategies when targeting females and males.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing}, author={Morais, D.B. and Zillifro, T.}, year={2003}, pages={137–150} }
 @article{morais_backman_dorsch_2003, title={Toward the operationalization of resource investments made between customers and providers of a tourism service}, volume={41}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037984267&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0047287503041004005}, abstractNote={ The purpose of this article is to describe the process of developing an instrument to assess the types of resources invested by customers and providers of tourism services. Previous literature suggested that the type of resources invested between individuals was associated with the length and intimacy of their relationship. This phenomenon was explained by some authors using Resource Theory. As a consequence, there was an opportunity of using this theoretical framework to help explain the stability and intimacy of customer-provider relationships. Thus, two scales were developed using traditional procedures and confirmatory factor analysis: Providers' Perceived Resource Investments (PPRI) and Customers' Reported Resource Investments (CRRI). Both measurement models had good fit with the data. Each model consisted of 14 items distributed in four dimensions and a second-order factor. These findings suggested that Resource Theory can be used to gain insight into customer-provider relationships. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Morais, D.B. and Backman, S.J. and Dorsch, M.J.}, year={2003}, pages={362–374} }
 @article{petrick_morais_norman_2001, title={An examination of the determinants of entertainment vacationers' intentions to revisit}, volume={40}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035711562&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/004728750104000106}, abstractNote={ This study investigated the relationship of entertainment travelers’ past vacation behavior, vacation satisfaction, perceived vacation value, and intentions to revisit and repurchase. Subjects were inquirers for the purchase of an entertainment package that visited the destination and were systematically selected over a 12-month period. Results suggest that past behavior, satisfaction, and perceived value are good predictors of entertainment vacationers’ intentions to revisit the destination. It was further found that the variables of past behavior, satisfaction, and perceived value are poor predictors of intentions to visit and attend live theater entertainment or book an entertainment package during a visit. Given the relationships between past behavior, satisfaction, perceived value, and intentions to revisit, results of the present study provide important theoretical implications and direction for entertainment destination management. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Travel Research}, author={Petrick, J.F. and Morais, D.D. and Norman, W.C.}, year={2001}, pages={41–48} }
 @article{walker_backman_backman_morais_2001, title={Using performance measurements to explore the influence of service quality dimensions on customer's perception of overall value of a nature based tourism outfitter}, volume={2}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84992991885&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1300/J162v02n01_04}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Customers of leisure services have increased their expectations of experience providers in recentyears. As the competition among service providers has increased for customers, service providers have begun to focus efforts on assessing the quality of the experiences they provide for their guests. Using the findings from their investigations, leisure service providers seek to modify current program offerings, add new experiences that enhance the perceived quality of their experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore the usefulness of using service performance measurements to determine if customer's perception's of service performance significantly predicts their perception of trip value, likeliness to recommend, and likeliness to repurchase from the same outfitter, and overall quality in the context of white water rafting. A total of 309 guests of an outfitter were surveyed for this study. Service performance was measured within the context of four company-specific dimensions (Reservation, Transportation. Facilities, and Guides). MANOVA and discriminant analyses were used to test each of the four hypotheses. Results of the MANOVA revealed that reservations, facilities, transportation and guides do significantly predict, overall perceived value, the likelihood to recommend the experience next year, and overall quality. However, only transportation and facilities were significant when asked about repurchasing the trip from the same outfitter next year. The strongest predictor resulting from the discriminant analyses for three variables (overall perceived value, the likelihood to recommend these outfitters and overall quality) was reservations. In contrast the strongest predictor of repurchasing the experience from the same outfitter was transportation.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism}, author={Walker, J.T. and Backman, K. and Backman, S.J. and Morais, D.}, year={2001}, pages={49–68} }