@article{reynolds_gruhn_2023, title={Does time heal all wounds? An investigation of time, grief, and attitudes toward death}, ISSN={["1091-7683"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2023.2297065}, DOI={10.1080/07481187.2023.2297065}, abstractNote={When experiencing the loss of a loved one, individuals adapt and change how they understand death, how they interpret the meaning of the loss, and how they remember the deceased. In the present study (N = 164), we investigated whether the time since the loss - recent or distant - was associated with individuals' bereavement, attitudes toward death, and their meaning of death. We found that individuals who experienced a recent loss reported more grief and more negative death attitudes compared to individuals who experienced a loss more than 5 years ago. Moreover, the bereavement appeared to completely mediate the time since the loss and the individuals' attitudes about death. The findings suggest that time-dependent adaptations after a loss shifts individuals' death attitudes, grief symptoms, and thoughts about death.}, journal={DEATH STUDIES}, author={Reynolds, Caitlin M. and Gruhn, Daniel}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{yuan_gruhn_2022, title={Preference and Motivations for Solitude in Established Adulthood: Antecedents, Consequences, and Adulthood Phase Differences}, ISSN={["1573-3440"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09415-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10804-022-09415-6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT}, author={Yuan, Jing and Gruhn, Daniel}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{chu_gruhn_holland_2018, title={Before I Die The Impact of Time Horizon and Age on Bucket-List Goals}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1662-971X"]}, DOI={10.1024/1662-9647/a000190}, abstractNote={Abstract. We investigated the effects of time horizon and age on the socioemotional motives underlying individual’s bucket-list goals. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three time-horizon conditions to make a bucket list: (1) an open-ended time horizon (Study 1 & 2), (2) a 6-month horizon (i.e., “Imagine you have 6 months to live”; Study 1 & 2), and (3) a 1-week horizon (Study 2). Goal motives were coded based on socioemotional selectivity theory and psychosocial development theory. Results indicated that time horizon and age produced unique effects on bucket-list goal motives. Extending past findings on people’s motives considering the end of life, the findings suggest that different time horizons and life stages trigger different motives.}, number={3}, journal={GEROPSYCH-THE JOURNAL OF GERONTOPSYCHOLOGY AND GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY}, author={Chu, Qiao and Gruhn, Daniel and Holland, Ashley M.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={151–162} }
 @article{grühn_sharifian_chu_2016, title={The limits of a limited future time perspective in explaining age differences in emotional functioning.}, volume={31}, ISSN={1939-1498 0882-7974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/PAG0000060}, DOI={10.1037/PAG0000060}, abstractNote={Although a limited future time perspective (FTP) has been theorized to be the underlying mechanism of positive emotional functioning later in life, there is scant empirical evidence for this position. Using an integrative data-analytic approach, we investigated the predictive value of FTP, age, and subjective health in explaining emotional functioning in a sample of 2,504 adults (17 to 87 years, M = 35.5, SD = 14.2). Although older adults reported a more limited FTP than younger adults, age and a limited FTP had opposite effects in predicting subjective well-being, affect, positive emotions, empathy, and attitudes toward emotions. That is, old age was linked to a more adaptive emotional profile, whereas a limited FTP was linked to a more maladaptive emotional profile. This was the case even after controlling for health-related aspects. The findings question the usage of FTP as an explanatory variable for observed age differences in emotional functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record}, number={6}, journal={Psychology and Aging}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Grühn, Daniel and Sharifian, Neika and Chu, Qiao}, year={2016}, pages={583–593} }
 @article{cheng_gruehn_2015, title={Age Differences in Reactions to Social Rejection: The Role of Cognitive Resources and Appraisals}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbu054}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
Social rejection is a negative social experience individuals of all ages may encounter in everyday life. It is unclear whether social rejection affects older adults more or less than younger adults. This study investigated age differences in reactions following a direct rejection and the moderating effects of cognitive resources and appraisals.


METHOD
Eighty-three younger (18-26 years) and 53 older (60-86 years) adults engaged in an online interview during which they were either accepted or rejected seemingly by another participant. We examined participants' self-reported mood before and after the interview as well as verbal self-complexity.


RESULTS
Older adults reported greater increases in hurt feelings following rejection than younger adults. The age difference was further moderated by cognitive resources and appraisals. Among older rejected adults, those who were poorer in processing speed and those who appraised the rejection more negatively felt more hurt feelings. Older rejected adults were also rated lower in self-complexity than older accepted adults, whereas younger rejected adults and accepted adults did not differ.


DISCUSSION
The findings are largely consistent with life-span developmental theories and highlight the importance of cognitive processes when examining age differences in experiencing social rejection.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Cheng, Yanhua and Gruehn, Daniel}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={830–839} }
 @article{gruehn_cheng_2014, title={A Self-Correcting Approach to Multiple-Choice Exams Improves Students' Learning}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1532-8023"]}, DOI={10.1177/0098628314549706}, abstractNote={ Montepare suggested the use of a self-correcting approach to multiple-choice tests: Students first take the exam as usual, but are allowed to hand in a self-corrected version afterwards. The idea of this approach is that the additional interaction with the material may foster further learning. To examine whether such an approach actually improves learning, we compared two large sections in psychology: one section used traditional exams and the other section used self-correcting midterm exams. Indeed, compared to the traditional approach, students using the self-correcting approach performed better on the final exam. Moreover, students who self-corrected more items performed better on the final exam above and beyond students’ original performance. As a tool to foster students’ engagement and learning, the self-correcting approach might be especially useful in large classroom settings. }, number={4}, journal={TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Gruehn, Daniel and Cheng, Yanhua}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={335–339} }
 @article{diehl_chui_hay_lumley_gruehn_labouvie-vief_2014, title={Change in Coping and Defense Mechanisms Across Adulthood: Longitudinal Findings in a European American Sample}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1939-0599"]}, DOI={10.1037/a0033619}, abstractNote={This study examined longitudinal changes in coping and defense mechanisms in an age- and gender-stratified sample of 392 European American adults. Nonlinear age-related changes were found for the coping mechanisms of sublimation and suppression and the defense mechanisms of intellectualization, doubt, displacement, and regression. The change trajectories for sublimation and suppression showed that their use increased from adolescence to late middle age and early old age and remained mostly stable into late old age. The change trajectory for intellectualization showed that the use of this defense mechanism increased from adolescence to middle age, remained stable until late midlife, and started to decline thereafter. The defense mechanisms of doubt, displacement, and regression showed decreases from adolescence until early old age, with increases occurring again after the age of 65. Linear age-related decreases were found for the coping mechanism of ego regression and the defense mechanisms of isolation and rationalization. Gender and socioeconomic status were associated with the mean levels of several coping and defense mechanisms but did not moderate age-related changes. Increases in ego level were associated with increased use of the defense mechanism intellectualization and decreased use of the defense mechanisms of doubt and displacement. Overall, these findings in a European American sample suggest that most individuals showed development in the direction of more adaptive and less maladaptive coping and defense strategies from adolescence until late middle age or early old age. However, in late old age this development was reversed, presenting potential challenges to the adaptive capacity of older adults.}, number={2}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Diehl, Manfred and Chui, Helena and Hay, Elizabeth L. and Lumley, Mark A. and Gruehn, Daniel and Labouvie-Vief, Gisela}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={634–648} }
 @article{gilet_mella_studer_gruehn_labouvie-vief_2013, title={Assessing Dispositional Empathy in Adults: A French Validation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1879-2669"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030425}, DOI={10.1037/a0030425}, abstractNote={The goal of this study was to validate a French version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), a self-report questionnaire comprised of four subscales assessing affective (empathic concern and personal distress) and cognitive (fantasy and perspective taking) components of empathy. To accomplish this, 322 adults (18 to 89 years) completed the French version of the IRI (F-IRI). A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the four-factor structure of the original IRI. The F-IRI showed good scale score reliability, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity, tested with the French version of the Empathy Quotient. These findings confirmed the reliability and validity of the F-IRI and suggest that the F-IRI is a useful instrument to measure self-reported empathy. In addition, we observed sex and age differences consistent with findings in the literature. Women reported higher scores in empathic concern and fantasy than men. Older adults reported less personal distress and less fantasy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract)}, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE-REVUE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES DU COMPORTEMENT}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Gilet, Anne-Laure and Mella, Nathalie and Studer, Joseph and Gruehn, Daniel and Labouvie-Vief, Gisela}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={42–48} }
 @article{o'brien_konrath_gruehn_hagen_2013, title={Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking: Linear and Quadratic Effects of Age Across the Adult Life Span}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbs055}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
We investigated linear and quadratic effects of age on self-reported empathy in three large cross-sectional samples of American adults aged 18-90 years.


METHOD
Participants completed subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983), allowing us to independently assess an emotional component of empathy ("empathic concern") and a cognitive component of empathy ("perspective taking") across the adult life span.


RESULTS
For both measures and in all three samples, we found evidence for an inverse-U-shaped pattern across age: Middle-aged adults reported higher empathy than both young adults and older adults. We also found a consistent gender difference: Women reported more empathy than men. We did not find systematic differences by ethnicity. However, neither gender nor ethnicity interacted with age effects.


DISCUSSION
We discuss the inverse-U-shaped age pattern, in terms of aging versus cohort influences, and how it complements and extends the existing literature on empathy and age.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={O'Brien, Ed and Konrath, Sara H. and Gruehn, Daniel and Hagen, Anna Linda}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={168–175} }
 @article{gruehn_lumley_diehl_labouvie-vief_2013, title={Time-Based Indicators of Emotional Complexity: Interrelations and Correlates}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1528-3542"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030363}, DOI={10.1037/a0030363}, abstractNote={Emotional complexity has been regarded as one correlate of adaptive emotion regulation in adulthood. One novel and potentially valuable approach to operationalizing emotional complexity is to use reports of emotions obtained repeatedly in real time, which can generate a number of potential time-based indicators of emotional complexity. It is not known, however, how these indicators relate to each other, to other measures of affective complexity, such as those derived from a cognitive-developmental view of emotional complexity, or to measures of adaptive functioning, such as well-being. A sample of 109 adults, aged 23 to 90 years, participated in an experience-sampling study and reported their negative and positive affect five times a day for one week. Based on these reports, we calculated nine different time-based indicators potentially reflecting emotional complexity. Analyses showed three major findings: First, the indicators showed a diverse pattern of interrelations suggestive of four distinct components of emotional complexity. Second, age was generally not related to time-based indicators of emotional complexity; however, older adults showed overall low variability in negative affect. Third, time-based indicators of emotional complexity were either unrelated or inversely related to measures of adaptive functioning; that is, these measures tended to predict a less adaptive profile, such as lower subjective and psychological well-being. In sum, time-based indicators of emotional complexity displayed a more complex and less beneficial picture than originally thought. In particular, variability in negative affect seems to indicate suboptimal adjustments. Future research would benefit from collecting empirical data for the interrelations and correlates of time-based indicators of emotional complexity in different contexts.}, number={2}, journal={EMOTION}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Gruehn, Daniel and Lumley, Mark A. and Diehl, Manfred and Labouvie-Vief, Gisela}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={226–237} }
 @article{cheng_gruehn_2012, title={AGE DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO SOCIAL REJECTION}, volume={52}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Cheng, Y. and Gruehn, D.}, year={2012}, pages={411} }
 @article{gruehn_cheng_2012, title={EMOTIONAL COMPLEXITY IN VERBAL RESPONSES: THE IMPACT OF REJECTION}, volume={52}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Gruehn, D. and Cheng, Y.}, year={2012}, pages={652} }
 @article{gruehn_diehl_2012, title={HOW COMPLEX IS EMOTIONAL COMPLEXITY?}, volume={52}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Gruehn, D. and Diehl, M. K.}, year={2012}, pages={1} }
 @article{queen_hess_ennis_dowd_gruehn_2012, title={Information Search and Decision Making: Effects of Age and Complexity on Strategy Use}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0882-7974"]}, DOI={10.1037/a0028744}, abstractNote={The impact of task complexity on information search strategy and decision quality was examined in a sample of 135 young, middle-aged, and older adults. We were particularly interested in the competing roles of fluid cognitive ability and domain knowledge and experience, with the former being a negative influence and the latter being a positive influence on older adults' performance. Participants utilized 2 decision matrices, which varied in complexity, regarding a consumer purchase. Using process tracing software and an algorithm developed to assess decision strategy, we recorded search behavior, strategy selection, and final decision. Contrary to expectations, older adults were not more likely than the younger age groups to engage in information-minimizing search behaviors in response to increases in task complexity. Similarly, adults of all ages used comparable decision strategies and adapted their strategies to the demands of the task. We also examined decision outcomes in relation to participants' preferences. Overall, it seems that older adults utilize simpler sets of information primarily reflecting the most valued attributes in making their choice. The results of this study suggest that older adults are adaptive in their approach to decision making and that this ability may benefit from accrued knowledge and experience.}, number={4}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Queen, Tara L. and Hess, Thomas M. and Ennis, Gilda E. and Dowd, Keith and Gruehn, Daniel}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={817–824} }
 @article{cheng_gruehn_2012, title={LIFE SATISFACTION, EMOTIONAL SUPPORT, AND HEALTH: THE IMPACT OF RACE-BASED REJECTION}, volume={52}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Cheng, Y. and Gruehn, D.}, year={2012}, pages={524} }
 @article{gilet_gruehn_studer_labouvie-vief_2012, title={Valence, arousal, and imagery ratings for 835 French attributes by young, middle-aged, and older adults: The French Emotional Evaluation List (FEEL)}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1162-9088"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.erap.2012.03.003}, abstractNote={Attributes are used by young, middle-aged, and older adults to describe persons in everyday life. The current study asks whether attributes are perceived similarly by different age groups: for example, some attributes could be perceived as more positive or more negative in old age than in young adulthood. To address this question, we investigated age-related differences in emotional evaluations of French adjectives. Young, middle-aged, and older adults judged 835 French adjectives on valence, arousal, and imagery. Age groups agreed highly on the relative rank order but showed mean differences for a substantial number of attributes, especially for arousal and imagery ratings. Associations between dimensions differed as well between age groups: valence and arousal were negatively correlated and this correlation was stronger in older than in younger age groups. The present study provided new evidence that the perception of emotionally toned material is affected by age. Several explanations to these age-related differences are discussed. Les attributs sont utilisés par les adultes jeunes ou âgés pour décrire les personnes rencontrées dans la vie quotidienne. La question est alors de savoir si ces attributs sont perçus de façon similaire par ces différents groupes d’âge : par exemple, certains attributs peuvent être perçus comme plus positifs ou plus négatifs chez les personnes âgées que chez les jeunes adultes. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié les différences liées à l’âge dans les évaluations émotionnelles d’adjectifs français. De jeunes adultes, des adultes d’âge moyen et des adultes âgés ont évalué la valence, le niveau d’excitation et la valeur d’imagerie de 835 adjectifs français. Les résultats indiquent que les groupes d’âge s’accordent sur le classement relatif, mais mettent aussi en évidence des différences pour un grand nombre d’attributs, en particulier pour les évaluations du niveau d’excitation et de la valeur d’imagerie. Les associations entre les dimensions diffèrent aussi entre les groupes d’âge : valence et niveau d’excitation sont négativement corrélés et cette corrélation est plus forte chez les âgés que chez les groupes d’âge plus jeunes. Les résultats de cette étude apportent donc de nouvelles preuves empiriques des différences liées à l’âge dans la perception de matériel émotionnel qui sont ensuite discutées.}, number={3}, journal={EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE}, author={Gilet, A. -L. and Gruehn, D. and Studer, J. and Labouvie-Vief, G.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={173–181} }
 @article{gruehn_gilet_studer_labouvie-vief_2011, title={Age-Relevance of Person Characteristics: Persons' Beliefs About Developmental Change Across the Lifespan}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0012-1649"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021315}, DOI={10.1037/a0021315}, abstractNote={The authors investigated normative beliefs about personality development. Young, middle-aged, and older adults indicated the age-relevance of 835 French adjectives by specifying person characteristics as typical for any age decade from 0 to 99 years. With this paradigm, the authors determined age-relevance (How typical is a characteristic for a given age decade?). Most characteristics were ascribed to young adulthood. The pattern differed across the lifespan, however, for positive and negative person characteristics as well as for physical, cognitive, and personal/expressive characteristics. Whereas the total number of ascribed positive characteristics peaked in young adulthood and declined thereafter, the number of ascribed negative person characteristics peaked during adolescence, remained fairly low during middle adulthood, and increased slightly in old age (70+ years). As a consequence, the most positive profile was ascribed to young olds (60 to 69 years), whereas the most negative personality profiles were ascribed to the oldest age groups (70+ years) and to adolescence (10 to 19 years). The negative profiles are primarily due to more negative physical characteristics ascribed to older adults and more negative cognitive characteristics ascribed to adolescence.}, number={2}, journal={DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Gruehn, Daniel and Gilet, Anne-Laure and Studer, Joseph and Labouvie-Vief, Gisela}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={376–387} }
 @article{gilet_studer_iglesias_gruehn_labouvie-vief_2010, title={AGE DIFFERENCES IN ATTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES TO SELF AND OTHERS}, volume={50}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Gilet, A. and Studer, J. and Iglesias, K. and Gruehn, D. and Labouvie-Vief, G.}, year={2010}, pages={190–191} }
 @article{gruehn_kotter-gruehn_roecke_2010, title={Discrete affects across the adult lifespan: Evidence for multidimensionality and multidirectionality of affective experiences in young, middle-aged and older adults}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1095-7251"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955171092&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.003}, abstractNote={Research on emotional functioning in adulthood has focused primarily on positive and negative affect rather than on discrete emotions. To close this gap, 948 adults aged 18–78 years reported their affect on a German version of the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule – Extended (PANAS-X). Besides positive and negative affect, the scale assessed discrete negative affects (fear, hostility, guilt, sadness), discrete positive affects (joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness), and other affective states (shyness, fatigue, serenity, surprise). Findings showed divergent shapes across the adult lifespan documenting multidimensionality and multidirectionality. Personality factors explained a large portion of interindividual differences in discrete affects; however, after controlling for sociodemographic and personality factors, age showed still significant associations to some but not all discrete affects.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY}, author={Gruehn, Daniel and Kotter-Gruehn, Dana and Roecke, Christina}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={492–500} }
 @article{gruehn_2010, title={EMOTION SWITCHING AS A PARADIGM FOR EMOTION RESEARCH}, volume={50}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Gruehn, D.}, year={2010}, pages={150} }
 @article{gruehn_2010, title={EMOTIONAL BIASES IN MEMORY: THE IMPACT OF MATERIAL AND INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES}, volume={50}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Gruehn, D.}, year={2010}, pages={114} }
 @article{gruehn_cheng_2010, title={PERSON'S BELIEFS ABOUT DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE}, volume={50}, journal={Gerontologist}, author={Gruehn, D. and Cheng, Y.}, year={2010}, pages={464} }
 @article{kotter-gruehn_gruehn_smith_2010, title={Predicting one's own death: the relationship between subjective and objective nearness to death in very old age}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1613-9380"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78649919205&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10433-010-0165-1}, abstractNote={Previous research found that the perception of a limited remaining lifetime is related to goal setting, social network composition, attitudes, and behavior. However, to better understand those findings, it is important to know if this subjective perception of being close to death corresponds with the time a person actually survives. The aim of the present study was to examine the predictive and time-dynamic relationship between subjective and objective nearness to death using 16-year longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study (Baltes and Mayer 1999; N = 516 older adults between 70 and 104 years). Older adults who felt close to death at the first measurement occasion were more likely to die over the following 16 years than persons who did not report feeling close to dying. Results of multilevel analyses revealed that there was a time-dynamic relationship such that subjective nearness to death increased as a function of objective nearness to death. Our results indicate that very old adults seem to have quite accurate perceptions of their nearness to death.}, number={4}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGEING}, author={Kotter-Gruehn, Dana and Gruehn, Daniel and Smith, Jacqui}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={293–300} }
 @article{gruhn_scheibe_2008, title={Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Do ratings become more extreme with age?}, volume={40}, DOI={10.3758/BRM.40.2.512}, abstractNote={The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) has been widely used in aging-oriented research on emotion. However, no ratings for older adults are available. The aim of the present study was to close this gap by providing ratings of valence and arousal for 504 IAPS pictures by 53 young and 53 older adults. Both age groups rated positive pictures as less arousing, resulting in a stronger linear association between valence and arousal, than has been found in previous studies. This association was even stronger in older than in young adults. Older adults perceived negative pictures as more negative and more arousing and positive pictures as more positive and less arousing than young adults did. This might indicate a dedifferentiation of emotional processing in old age. On the basis of a picture recognition task, we also report memorability scores for individual pictures and how they relate to valence and arousal ratings. Data for all the pictures are archived at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.}, number={2}, journal={BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS}, author={GRUHN, D and SCHEIBE, S}, year={2008}, pages={512–521} }
 @article{gruhn_smith_2008, title={Characteristics for 200 words rated by young and older adults: Age-dependent evaluations of German adjectives (AGE)}, volume={40}, DOI={10.3758/BRM.40.4.1088}, abstractNote={We describe the Age-Dependent Evaluations of German Adjectives (AGE). This database contains ratings for 200 German adjectives by young and older adults (general word-rating study) and graduate students (self-other relevance study). Words were rated on emotion-relevant (valence, arousal, and control) and memory-relevant (imagery) characteristics. In addition, adjectives were evaluated for self-relevance (Does this attribute describe you?), age relevance (Is this attribute typical for young or for older adults?), and self-other relevance (Is this attribute more relevant for the possessor or for other persons?). These ratings are included in the AGE database as a resource tool for experiments on word material. Our comparisons of young and older adults' evaluations revealed similarities but also significant mean-level differences for a large number of adjectives, especially on the valence dimension. This highlights the importance of age in the perception of emotional words. Data for all the words are archived at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.}, number={4}, journal={BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS}, author={GRUHN, D and SMITH, J}, year={2008}, pages={1088–1097} }
 @article{gruhn_diehl_lumley_labouvie-vief_2008, title={Developmental trajectories for ego-development across the adult lifespan: Evidence from a 12-year longitudinal study}, volume={43}, number={3-4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY}, author={GRUHN, D and DIEHL, M and LUMLEY, M and LABOUVIE-VIEF, G}, year={2008}, pages={392} }
 @article{gruehn_rebucal_diehl_lumley_labouvie-vief_2008, title={Empathy Across the Adult Lifespan: Longitudinal and Experience-Sampling Findings}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1931-1516"]}, DOI={10.1037/a0014123}, abstractNote={This study examined change in self-reported empathy in a four-wave longitudinal study spanning 12 years (1992-2004) and the association between empathy and other measures, including daily reports of relationship experiences. Participants initially ranged in age from 10 years to 87 years. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of age with empathy revealed divergent patterns. Whereas cross-sectional analyses suggested that older adults scored lower in empathy than younger adults, longitudinal analyses showed no age-related decline in empathy. This combined pattern suggests that the cross-sectional age-differences reflect a cohort rather than an age effect, with older cohorts reporting lower levels of empathy than younger ones. Independent of age, empathy was associated with a positive well-being (e.g., life satisfaction) and interaction profile (e.g., positive relations with others). In addition, a subsample of participants (n = 114) conducted experience-sampling about social interactions for a week. People with high self-reported empathy perceived their interactions as more meaningful, felt more positive in these interactions, and thought that their interaction partner felt also more positive. Thus, self-reported empathy was meaningfully associated with adults' actual social interactions.}, number={6}, journal={EMOTION}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Gruehn, Daniel and Rebucal, Kristine and Diehl, Manfred and Lumley, Mark and Labouvie-Vief, Gisela}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={753–765} }
 @article{grühn_scheibe_baltes_2007, title={Reduced negativity effect in older adults' memory for emotional pictures: The heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm.}, volume={22}, ISSN={1939-1498 0882-7974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.644}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.644}, abstractNote={Using the heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm, the authors investigated 48 young adults' (20-30 years) and 48 older adults' (65-75 years) recognition memory for emotional pictures. The authors obtained no evidence for a positivity bias in older adults' memory: Age differences were primarily driven by older adults' diminished ability to remember negative pictures. The authors further found a strong effect of list types: Pictures, particularly neutral ones, were better recognized in homogeneous (blocked) lists than in heterogeneous (mixed) ones. Results confirm those of a previous study by D. Grühn, J. Smith, and P. B. Baltes (2005) that used a different type of to-be-remembered material, that is, pictures instead of words.}, number={3}, journal={Psychology and Aging}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Grühn, Daniel and Scheibe, Susanne and Baltes, Paul B.}, year={2007}, pages={644–649} }
 @article{gruhn_rocke_2005, title={Affective dispersion in young and older adults: Correlates with personality, well-being, and cognition}, volume={45}, journal={GERONTOLOGIST}, author={GRUHN, D and ROCKE, C}, year={2005}, pages={461} }
 @article{kunzmann_grühn_2005, title={Age Differences in Emotional Reactivity: The Sample Case of Sadness.}, volume={20}, ISSN={1939-1498 0882-7974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.47}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.47}, abstractNote={Past studies have suggested that the intensity of subjective reactions to emotion-arousing stimuli remains stable, whereas the magnitude of autonomic reactions declines with age. The goal of the present studies was to investigate whether this evidence will generalize to newly edited films dealing with age-relevant themes such as the loss of loved ones. In Study 1, greater self-reported sadness was found in older than in younger adults in response to all films. Findings of Study 2, which were based on an independent sample, replicated those of Study 1. In addition, 6 indicators of autonomic nervous system activity were assessed. Young and old adults did not differ in their autonomic reactions to the films. This evidence suggests that when older people are exposed to stimuli featuring themes that are relevant to their age group, they show greater subjective and physiological reactions than would be expected on the basis of past research.}, number={1}, journal={Psychology and Aging}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Kunzmann, Ute and Grühn, Daniel}, year={2005}, pages={47–59} }
 @article{grühn_smith_baltes_2005, title={No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words.}, volume={20}, ISSN={1939-1498 0882-7974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.579}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.579}, abstractNote={Some authors argue for a memory advantage of older adults for positively toned material. To investigate the contribution of selective processing to a positivity effect, the authors investigated young (n = 72, aged 18 to 31) and older (n = 72, aged 64 to 75) adults' memory for emotionally toned words using a multitrial paradigm that compares performance for heterogeneous (mixed valence) and homogeneous (single valence) lists. Regarding the age comparison, there was no evidence for an aging bias favoring positive material. Moreover, older adults' memory was less affected by emotion-based processing prioritization. Although there was no support for age-specific processing biases in memory for emotionally toned words, the findings are consistent with proposals that negative information receives processing priority in some contexts. Possible limits to the generalizability of the present findings (e.g., to nonverbal material) are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Psychology and Aging}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Grühn, Daniel and Smith, Jacqui and Baltes, Paul B.}, year={2005}, pages={579–588} }