@article{williams_pickworth_weaver_poole_2024, title={136 Evaluation of internal parasite burden in grazing beef cattle in North Carolina over a production lifecycle}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.079}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Williams, Katherine G. and Pickworth, Carrie L. and Weaver, Andrew R. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={67–68} } @article{giurgis_mccann-deshazer_gadsby_poole_2024, title={Impact of progesterone signaling on tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis by luteal macrophages}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skae019.066}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Giurgis, Mariam and McCann-Deshazer, Madison and Gadsby, John E. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={55–56} } @article{mullenix_gadberry_rhinehart_dillard_tucker_stewart_vendramini_poole_sanchez_mercadante_et al._2023, title={Awardee Talk: Foraging for Collaboration: Beef-Forage System Strengths Unite Research and Extension Efforts in the Asas Southern Section}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad281.187}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Mullenix, Kimberly and Gadberry, Shane and Rhinehart, Justin D. and Dillard, S. Leanne and Tucker, Jennifer J. J. and Stewart, Robert Lawton and Vendramini, Joao and Poole, Daniel H. and Sanchez, Nicole C. Burdick and Mercadante, Vitor R. G. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={152–153} } @article{rajo_williams_pickworth_foster_poole_2023, title={Exposure to Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Negatively Impacts Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Beef Cattle}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.077}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rajo, Edwin Benjamin and Williams, Katherine and Pickworth, Carrie L. and Foster, Derek and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2023}, month={May} } @article{williams_rajo_weaver_poole_pickworth_2023, title={Impact of Fescue Variety on Fecal Egg Counts in Mature Beef Cattle}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.093}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Williams, Katherine and Rajo, Edwin Benjamin and Weaver, Andrew R. and Poole, Daniel H. and Pickworth, Carrie L.}, year={2023}, month={May} } @article{koester_poole_serao_schmitz-esser_2020, title={Beef cattle that respond differently to fescue toxicosis have distinct gastrointestinal tract microbiota}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0229192}, abstractNote={Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) is a widely used forage grass which shares a symbiosis with the endophytic fungus Epichloë coenophiala. The endophyte produces an alkaloid toxin that provides herbivory, heat and drought resistance to the grass, but can cause fescue toxicosis in grazing livestock. Fescue toxicosis can lead to reduced weight gain and milk yields resulting in significant losses to the livestock industry. In this trial, 149 Angus cows across two farms were continuously exposed to toxic, endophyte-infected, fescue for a total of 13 weeks. Of those 149 cows, 40 were classified into either high (HT) or low (LT) tolerance groups according to their growth performance (weight gain). 20 HT and 20 LT cattle balanced by farm were selected for 16S rRNA gene and ITS1 region Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing to compare the fecal microbiota of the two tolerance groups. This study reveals significantly (P<0.05) different bacterial and fungal microbiota between HT and LT cattle, and indicates that fungal phylotypes may be important for an animal’s response to fescue toxicosis: We found that fungal phylotypes affiliating to the Neocallimastigaceae, which are known to be important fiber-degrading fungi, were consistently more abundant in the HT cattle. Whereas fungal phylotypes related to the genus Thelebolus were more abundant in the LT cattle. This study also found more pronounced shifts in the microbiota in animals receiving higher amounts of the toxin. We identified fungal phylotypes which were consistently more abundant either in HT or LT cattle and may thus be associated with the respective animal’s response to fescue toxicosis. Our results thus suggest that some fungal phylotypes might be involved in mitigating fescue toxicosis. The results of our study provide a basis for investigating the functional role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in fescue toxicosis in more detail in the future.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Koester, Lucas R. and Poole, Daniel H. and Serao, Nick V. L. and Schmitz-Esser, Stephan}, year={2020}, month={Jul} } @article{brown_haimon_poole_poore_poole_2020, title={Changes in Cytokine Profiles in Response to Ergovaline Exposure in Slick vs. Normal Hair Coat in Beef Heifers.}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz397.091}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Brown, Alecia R. and Haimon, McKenzie L. and Poole, Rebecca and Poore, Matt H. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={40–40} } @article{anderson_holt_heugten_poole_2020, title={Changes in growth performance, feeding behaviors, and posture behaviors of growing pigs subjected to low-intensity heat stress}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa278.006}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, Lauren E. and Holt, Jonathan P. and Heugten, Eric and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={3–3} } @article{anderson_holt_heugten_poole_2020, title={Changes in serum cortisol concentrations and cytokine profiles of growing pigs subjected to low-intensity heat stress}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa278.480}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Anderson, Lauren E. and Holt, Jonathan P. and Heugten, Eric and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={266–266} } @article{poole_mayberry_newsome_poole_galliou_khanal_poore_serao_2020, title={Evaluation of Resistance to Fescue Toxicosis in Purebred Angus Cattle Utilizing Animal Performance and Cytokine Response}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2072-6651"]}, DOI={10.3390/toxins12120796}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue; however, varying symptomatic responses potentially imply genetic tolerance to the syndrome. It was hypothesized that a subpopulation of animals within a herd would develop tolerance to ergot alkaloid toxicity. Therefore, the goals of this study were to develop selection criteria to identify tolerant and susceptible animals within a herd based on animal performance, and then examine responsive phenotypic and cytokine profiles to fescue toxicosis. Angus cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue at two locations for 13 weeks starting in mid-April 2016. Forage measurements were collected to evaluate ergot alkaloid exposure during the study. A post hoc analysis of animal performance was utilized to designate cattle into either tolerant or susceptible groups, and weekly physiological measurements and blood samples were collected to evaluate responses to chronic exposure to endophyte-infected tall fescue. Findings from this study support the proposed fescue toxicosis selection method formulated herein, could accurately distinguish between tolerant and susceptible animals based on the performance parameters in cattle chronically exposed to ergot alkaloids, and provides evidence to warrant additional analysis to examine the impact of ergot alkaloids on immune responsiveness in cattle experiencing fescue toxicosis.}, number={12}, journal={TOXINS}, author={Poole, Daniel H. and Mayberry, Kyle J. and Newsome, McKayla and Poole, Rebecca K. and Galliou, Justine M. and Khanal, Piush and Poore, Matthew H. and Serao, Nick V. L.}, year={2020}, month={Dec} } @article{galliou_khanal_mayberry_poore_poole_serao_2020, title={Evaluation of a commercial genetic test for fescue toxicosis in pregnant Angus beef cattle}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txaa181}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Galliou, Justine M. and Khanal, Piush and Mayberry, Kyle and Poore, Matt H. and Poole, Daniel H. and Serao, Nick V. L.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} } @article{haimon_brown_poore_poole_2020, title={In Utero Exposure of Ergot Alkaloids does not Impact Heifer Growth and Reproductive Performance.}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz397.101}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Haimon, McKenzie L. and Brown, Alecia R. and Poore, Matt H. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={44–44} } @article{eisemann_ashwell_devine_poole_poore_linder_2020, title={Physiological response, function of sweat glands, and hair follicle cycling in cattle in response to fescue toxicosis and hair genotype}, volume={98}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa013}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skaa013}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Eisemann, J.H. and Ashwell, M.S. and Devine, T.L. and Poole, D.H. and Poore, M.H. and Linder, K.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} } @article{brown_poole_jackson_poore_pickworth_poole_2019, title={111 Changes in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in beef steers chronically exposed to endophyte-infected tall fescue seed}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.095}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.095}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Brown, Alecia R and Poole, Rebecca K and Jackson, McKenzie Lane and Poore, Matthew H and Pickworth, Carrie L and Poole, Daniel H}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={42–43} } @article{davis_poole_poore_poole_pickworth_2019, title={47 Interaction of dietary protein and endophyte- infected Tall Fescue seed in stocker steers on finishing phase performance and carcass traits}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.189}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.189}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={Supplement_1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Davis, Matthew E and Poole, Rebecca K and Poore, Matthew H and Poole, Daniel H and Pickworth, Carrie L}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={83–83} } @article{monn_poole_mackey_mayberry_dudley_alley_poole_2019, title={A two-injection prostaglandin F-2 alpha presynchronization treatment decreases pregnancy rates of cycling replacement beef heifers}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2573-2102"]}, DOI={10.1093/tas/txy136}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={TRANSLATIONAL ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Monn, Ruby E. and Poole, Rebecca K. and Mackey, J. Christopher and Mayberry, Kyle J. and Dudley, Harrison B. and Alley, Mark and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={456–463} } @article{poole_womble_poore_poole_pickworth_2019, title={Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and protein supplementation on stocker steers: I. Growth performance and hemodynamic responses}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz249}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz249}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Poole, Rebecca K and Womble, Carrisa M and Poore, Matthew H and Poole, Daniel H and Pickworth, Carrie L}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={3776–3785} } @article{poole_brown_poore_pickworth_poole_2019, title={Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed and protein supplementation on stocker steers: II. Adaptive and innate immune function}, volume={97}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz250}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz250}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Poole, Rebecca K and Brown, Alecia R and Poore, Matthew H and Pickworth, Carrie L and Poole, Daniel H}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={4160–4170} } @article{mayberry_poole_newsome_khanal_poore_serao_poole_2019, title={Evaluation of cytokine response as an indicator of genetic resistance to fescue toxicosis in purebred Angus cattle.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.102}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Mayberry, Kyle and Poole, Rebecca K. and Newsome, McKayla A. and Khanal, Piush and Poore, Matthew H. and Serao, Nick V. L. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={45–46} } @article{khanal_sanglard_mayberry_sommer_poore_poole_serao_2019, title={Genes and functions associated with tolerance to fescue toxicosis in Angus cows}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.295}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Khanal, Piush and Sanglard, Leticia Pereira and Mayberry, Kyle and Sommer, Jeffrey and Poore, Matthew H. and Poole, Daniel H. and Serao, Nick V. L.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={167–167} } @misc{poole_poole_2019, title={Impact of Ergot Alkaloids on Female Reproduction in Domestic Livestock Species}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2072-6651"]}, DOI={10.3390/toxins11060364}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome that elicits many negative effects on livestock consuming ergot alkaloids produced by endophyte-infected tall fescue. The economic losses associated with fescue toxicosis are primarily due to reproductive failure including altered cyclicity, suppressed hormone secretion, reduced pregnancy rates, agalactia, and reduced offspring birth weights. For decades, a multitude of research has investigated the physiological and cellular mechanisms of these reproductive failures associated with fescue toxicosis. This review will summarize the various effects of ergot alkaloids on female reproduction in grazing livestock species.}, number={6}, journal={TOXINS}, author={Poole, Rebecca K. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} } @article{poole_devine_mayberry_eisemann_poore_long_poole_2019, title={Impact of slick hair trait on physiological and reproductive performance in beef heifers consuming ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz024}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted syndrome common in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the slick hair trait on physiological and reproductive parameters in heifers experiencing fescue toxicosis. Angus × Senepol heifers (n = 31) were blocked by weight (393.5 ± 17.3 kg) and phenotype relative to hair coat at birth, and randomly fed novel endophyte fescue (EN) or endophyte-infected fescue (EI) haylage in a total mixed ration for 91 d. Weekly measurements were collected to monitor heifer growth and response during ergot alkaloids exposure. Following 28 d of treatment, estrus was synchronized and heifers were inseminated. Ovary mapping and AI pregnancy rate were examined via transrectal ultrasonography. Blood samples were taken for genotyping: slick (S) or wildtype (W). Data were analyzed using repeated measures in PROC MIXED of SAS including fescue treatment (EN vs. EI), genotype (S vs. W), and sample collection time as main effects. Body condition scores were decreased for W heifers compared with S heifers (5.48 vs. 5.66, respectively; P < 0.0001). Surface temperature was greater for EI-W heifers (37.2 °C) compared with other groups (36.4, 36.6, 36.7 °C for EN-S, EN-W, EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Serum PRL concentrations were reduced for EI heifers compared with EN heifers (133.5 vs. 163.1 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). The average number of 2 to 4 mm follicles were greater in EI-W heifers (13.8 follicles) compared with other groups (12.2, 10.6, and 11.1 for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.0001). However, the average number of preovulatory follicles (≥9 mm) were reduced in EI-W heifers (0.52 follicles) compared with other heifer groups (0.94, 0.88, and 0.85 ± 0.04 for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Ovulatory follicle size was smaller in EI-W heifers compared with EN-W heifers (9.14 vs. 11.57 mm, respectively; P = 0.05). Corpus luteum area was reduced in EI-W heifers (235.1 mm2) compared with other heifer groups (297.2, 272.7, and 276.8 mm2 for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Concentrations of P4 were greater for EN heifers compared with EI heifers (2.7 vs. 1.8 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). Pregnancy was not established in EI-W heifers (0%) compared with other heifer groups (37.5%, 57.1%, and 62.5% for EN-S, EN-W, and EI-S, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, the slick hair mutation appears to aid in offsetting the physiological symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis and helps to improve reproductive performance.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Poole, Rebecca K. and Devine, Thomas L. and Mayberry, Kyle J. and Eisemann, Joan H. and Poore, Matt H. and Long, Nathan M. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1456–1467} } @article{davis_poole_poore_poole_pickworth_2019, title={Interaction of dietary protein and endophyte-infected Tall Fescue seed in stocker steers on finishing phase performance and carcass traits.}, volume={97}, ISBN={1525-3163}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.086}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Davis, Matthew E. and Poole, Rebecca K. and Poore, Matthew H. and Poole, Daniel H. and Pickworth, Carrie L.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={38–38} } @article{jackson_newsome_brown_poole_dudley_poore_poole_2019, title={Long term impact of ergot alkaloids on fetal heifer development and subsequent growth and reproductive performance.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.103}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Jackson, McKenzie Lane and Newsome, McKayla A. and Brown, Alecia R. and Poole, Rebecca K. and Dudley, Harrison B. and Poore, Matthew H. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={46–46} } @article{ingram_poore_poole_2019, title={Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.084}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Ingram, Sam and Poore, Matthew H. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={37–38} } @article{ingram_poore_poole_2019, title={Renovating toxic-infected tall fescue pastures for profitability, animal performance, and soil health.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.044}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Ingram, Sam and Poore, Matthew H. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={20–20} } @article{smith_poole_mayberry_newsome_dudley_poole_2019, title={Timing of progesterone exposure effects pregnancy rates following fixed time artificial insemination in postpartum beef cows.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.098}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Smith, Anna L. and Poole, Rebecca K. and Mayberry, Kyle and Newsome, McKayla A. and Dudley, Harrison B. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={43–44} } @article{smith_poole_mayberry_newsome_dudley_poole_2019, title={Timing of progesterone exposure effects pregnancy rates following fixed timed artificial insemination in postpartum beef cows.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz053.195}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Smith, Anna L. and Poole, Rebecca K. and Mayberry, Kyle and Newsome, McKayla A. and Dudley, Harrison B. and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={85–85} } @article{womble_poole_poole_pickworth_2018, title={142 Impact of Protein Supplementation on Physiological Response of Steers Consuming Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed.}, volume={96}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky027.142}, DOI={10.1093/jas/sky027.142}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis in beef cattle is caused by consumption of ergot alkaloids produced by endophyte-infected tall fescue and results in chronic decreases in productivity and growth performance. It was hypothesized that protein supplementation may have a positive effect on the physiological responses of growing steers consuming ergot alkaloids. In this study, 36 weaned steers (196.1 ± 3.6 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate physiological responses to chronic exposure to ergot alkaloids via fescue seed and dietary protein. Steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups for 56 d: endophyte-free seed diet (0 ppm ergovaline) with 14% CP (EF-14), endophyte-free seed diet with 18% CP (EF-18), endophyte-infected seed diet (500 ppm ergovaline) with 14% CP (EI-14), and endophyte-infected seed diet with 18% CP (EI-18). Steers were fed at a calculated rate of 2.35% BW to achieve similar intake among treatment groups. Weekly physiological measurements were collected to evaluate the steers’ responses to the diets. On d 14, iButton temperature data loggers were subcutaneously inserted in the lateral neck region to record hourly body temperature. Steers received the bovine viral diarrhea types 1 and 2 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines on d 28, then were administered booster vaccines on d 42. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05 < P < 0.10. The DMI expressed as % BW and kg per day was uniform across treatments. No differences were observed in BCS, BW, and ADG among treatment groups. However, the EI-14 steers had a less efficient F:G ratio compared to other treatment groups (6.18, 5.6, 5.7, 5.5 for EI-14, EI-18, EF-14, EF-18, respectively; P < 0.05). In contrast to previous studies, hair coat score and hair coat shedding score were not different among treatment groups (P > 0.05). The EI-18 steers had a lower heart rate compared to other groups (88.0, 98.0, 93.2, 94.8 beats per minute for EI-18, EI-14, EF-14, EF-18, respectively; P < 0.05). Meanwhile, EI steers had higher rectal temperatures and respiratory rates starting on d 35 of the feeding period compared to EF steers (P < 0.05). Diurnal rhythms in subcutaneous body temperatures varied among treatment groups throughout the feeding period (P < 0.05). Overall, physiological responses to fescue toxicosis were minimal in the growing steers.}, number={suppl_1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Womble, C M and Poole, R K and Poole, D H and Pickworth, C L}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={75–76} } @article{poole_womble_pickworth_poole_2018, title={41 “Effect of Protein Supplementation on Immune Response of Weaned Steers Consuming Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seed”.}, volume={96}, ISSN={0021-8812 1525-3163}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky027.041}, DOI={10.1093/jas/sky027.041}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis is a multifaceted disease that negatively impacts growth and performance. Cattle grazing endophyte-infected fescue have a depressed immune response to vaccinations. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of protein supplementation on weaned calves’ physiological and immune responses while consuming an ergot alkaloid toxin (i.e. ergovaline) commonly produced by endophyte-infected tall fescue. Thirty-six naïve beef steers (196.1 ± 3.6 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments in a total mixed ration (TMR): endophyte-free seed (0 ppm ergovaline) and 18% protein supplementation (EF-18; n=9), endophyte-free seed and 14% supplementation (EF-14; n=9), endophyte-infected seed (500 ppm ergovaline) and 18% supplementation (EI-18; n=9), and endophyte-infected seed and 14% supplementation (EI-14; n=9). Diameter of caudal artery and vein were recorded weekly by ultrasound. On d14 of the feeding trial, iButton® temperature data loggers were inserted in the lateral neck region to hourly record the subcutaneous body temperature. On d28, steers were vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) types 1 and 2 viruses. Steers received a booster two weeks later (d42). Blood samples were collected at d0, 42, and 56 to evaluate titers to IBR and BVDV1b. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. A treatment interaction was observed with EI-14 steers experiencing vasodilation of the caudal artery (27.4 mm2) in comparison to other steer groups (P<0.05; 26.8, 26.1, 25.8 ± 0.5 mm2 for EF-18, EF-14, and EI-18, respectively). A similar effect of greater caudal vein diameters was observed in EI-14 steers (35.0 mm2) when compared to other steer groups (P<0.05; 33.6, 32.8, 32.0 ± 0.6 mm2 for EF-18, EF-14, and EI-18, respectively). Subcutaneous body temperature was higher in EI-14 steers compared to EF-14 steers after the vaccination (P<0.05; 38.0 and 37.7 ± 0.1 °C, respectively) and booster (P<0.05; 37.9 and 37.6 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). A tendency was observed in the seroconversion of IBR and BVDV1b antibody titers with a greater seroconversion in EI-18 steers compared to EF-18 steers (P=0.09; 66.7 and 44.4 ± 9.2% for IBR and P=0.08, 66.7 and 48.2 ± 7.5% for BVDV1b, respectively), no differences were observed when compared to other steer groups. Overall, a unique response was observed in steers consuming ergovaline as a result of protein supplementation, with 14% protein effecting blood flow and 18% protein having a potential impact on the animal’s immune response.}, number={suppl_1}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Poole, R K and Womble, C M and Pickworth, C L and Poole, D H}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={21–22} } @article{poole_lyons_poole_poore_2018, title={Ergot alkaloids induce vasoconstriction of bovine uterine and ovarian blood vessels}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/sky328}, abstractNote={Fescue toxicosis is a syndrome that impairs growth and reproduction in cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum [(Schreb.].) Darbysh)] in the United States, resulting in approximately $1 billion in annual economic loss in species that utilize this forage resource. Approximately 90% of tall fescue contains an endophytic fungus (Epichloë coenophiala) that produces ergot alkaloids. Ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction and reduced blood flow to the extremities; however, it remains unknown how blood flow to the reproductive organs is affected in cattle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected tall fescue reduce blood flow to the reproductive organs, thus hindering reproductive function. Angus heifers (n = 36) naïve to ergot alkaloids were placed in Calan gates and randomly assigned to receive either endophyte-infected fescue seed (E+) or noninfected fescue seed (E-; control) in a total mixed ration for 63 d. Weekly measurements were taken to monitor heifer growth and response to ergot alkaloid exposure. Reproductive measurements, including ovarian structures, uterine and ovarian vessel diameter, and hormone concentrations were determined after heifers were synchronized using the standard CO-Synch + 7 d CIDR protocol to ensure all measurements were collected at the same stages of the estrous cycle (0, 4, 10, and 17 d). Data were analyzed using repeated measures in PROC MIXED of SAS. Average daily gain was decreased for the E+ group (0.8 kg/d) compared to control heifers (1.0 kg/d). Body condition scores tended to be greater in control heifers compared to the E+ group (P = 0.053). Additionally, hair coat and hair shedding scores were greater in E+ heifers compared to controls (P < 0.05). Heart rate, rectal temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Vasoconstriction was observed in the caudal artery, but not the caudal vein, in heifers consuming the E+ fescue seed (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in antral follicle counts, corpus luteum area or circulating progesterone concentrations in E+ heifers compared to controls (P > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the diameter of arteries and veins servicing the ovary and uterus on day 10 and 17 of the estrous cycle. Reduction in blood flow to the reproductive organs during critical times in the estrous cycle may contribute to the reduced ovarian function and pregnancy rates associated with fescue toxicosis.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Poole, Daniel H. and Lyons, Sarah E. and Poole, Rebecca K. and Poore, Matt H.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={4812–4822} } @article{mayberry_khanal_poore_serao_poole_2018, title={Evaluation of Angus Calf Performance Based on Dams Tolerance or Susceptibility to Fescue Toxicosis.}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/sky027.103}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Mayberry, K. and Khanal, P. and Poore, M. H. and Serao, N. V. L. and Poole, D. H.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={55–55} } @article{newsome_monn_mayberry_poole_young_poore_poole_2018, title={Grazing Novel or Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue during Mid-Gestation Impacts Cow Performance.}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/sky027.025}, abstractNote={Consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue results in poor reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to examine physiological changes in pregnant cows grazing tall fescue to develop a better understanding of the factors that contribute to the poor reproductive performance attributed to fescue toxicosis. Pregnant Angus and Simmental-Angus cows were blocked by age (2–3, 4–7, and >7 y), BW, and breed; and then randomly assigned to graze either novel (E-; <5% infection rate; n=27) or endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+; 79.5% infection rate; n=27). Weekly BW, BCS, hair coat scores (HCS), and hair shedding scores (HSS) were collected from mid-April through July when ergot alkaloid concentrations are greatest in the forage. Blood samples were collected to measure progesterone concentrations. Forage samples were taken every 2 wks to determine forage quality and composition. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures examined for effects of age, treatment (E- or E+) and time. Statistical significance was determined at P<0.05 and a tendency at 0.057 y) cows having higher scores when compared to younger cows (6.0, 6.1, and 5.7, respectively; P<0.05). The HCS and HSS were greater in cows on E+ pastures compared to cows on E- pastures (P<0.05). The HSS were greater in the >7 y cows (2.69) compared to other age groups (2.40, 2.51, for 2–3 and 4–7 y, respectively, P<0.05) on E+ pastures, whereas no age differences in HCS were observed in cows on E- pastures. By d21 of the grazing period, cows on E- pastures displayed a greater ability to shed hair compared to cattle on E+ pastures (P<0.0001), which continued throughout the remainder of the grazing period. Progesterone concentrations in E+ cows (3.75 ng/ml) were decreased throughout the grazing period compared to E- cows (6.53 ng/mL, P<0.05). The impact of reduced progesterone concentrations, greater HCS and HSS and tendency for decreased ADG in cows grazing E+ during mid-gestation, compared to cows grazing E-, on calf development remains unknown.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Newsome, M. A. and Monn, R. E. and Mayberry, K. and Poole, R. K. and Young, Z. and Poore, M. H. and Poole, D. H.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={13–13} } @article{monn_shea_mayberry_freeman_poole_poore_2018, title={Implementing Shade and Slick Hair Phenotypes Improves Heifer Performance}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/sky027.150}, abstractNote={Studies have shown that proper regulation of body temperature is essential for optimum productivity in cattle. The objective of this pilot study was to determine if the shade provided by silvopasture or incorporation of the slick hair phenotype improves beef heifer performance. Senepol cross beef heifers (n=12) were blocked by hair coat phenotype, either slick or normal, and randomly assigned to graze shaded or non-shaded pastures from May through October. During this grazing period, BCS, hair coat scores (HCS), hair shedding scores (HSS) and fly counts were recorded every 2 wk. Additionally, heifers were weighed at the beginning and end of the grazing period to determine ADG. On d 112 of the grazing period, iButton® temperature data loggers were attached to CIDR-blanks to record vaginal body temperature every 15 min for 14 d. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with repeated measures examined for effects of hair coat phenotype, pasture (shaded or non-shaded) and time on ADG, HSS, HCS, fly count, and body temperature. Statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. HCS, but not HSS, were greater in the normal hair phenotype heifers compared to heifers with the slick phenotype. Incorporation of shade lowered HCS of normal hair coat heifers, but not heifers with the slick hair phenotype (P < 0.05). Heifers with the slick hair phenotype in non-shaded pastures had decreased HSS compared to heifers with the normal hair phenotype (P < 0.05). A greater ADG was observed in heifers with the slick phenotype compared to normal hair phenotype (0.46 and 0.36 Kg/d, respectively; P < 0.05) as well as those cattle that were permitted shade compared to those without shade (0.48 and 0.33 Kg/d, respectively; P < 0.05). Fly counts were greatest in normal haired cattle (101.5 ± 27.6) in non-shaded pastures compared to the other animal groups (62.1,64.9, and 51.2 for slick in non-shaded, normal and slick in shaded pastures, respectively; P < 0.05). Heifers grazing in non-shaded pastures displayed a greater body temperature compared to those cattle permitted access to shade (P < 0.05). The combination of greater body temperatures, fly counts, HCS and HSS during the grazing period negatively impacted the growth performance of heifers in non-shaded pastures with the normal hair phenotype compared to the other animal groups.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Monn, R. E. and Shea, T. P. and Mayberry, K. and Freeman, S. R. and Poole, D. H. and Poore, M. H.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={79–80} } @article{pickworth_bell_greene_whisnant_poole_2017, title={Site of PGF 2α injection does not alter effectiveness of the Select Synch + controlled internal drug release and timed artificial insemination protocol}, volume={87}, ISSN={0093-691X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.018}, abstractNote={Beef Quality Assurance programs have contributed to significant improvements in the wholesomeness of beef available for consumption. Injection site blemishes in the round have declined since the promotion of administering intramuscular injections in the neck. Unfortunately, many producers continue to administer estrus synchronization (ES) drugs in the rump. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of injection site of PGF2α, in ES protocols, on steroid hormone concentrations and pregnancy rates. A Select Synch + 7-day controlled internal drug release ES protocol was conducted with the site of PGF2α injection alternated between neck and rump in beef cattle (n = 312) at the Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute and North Carolina State University. Blood samples (n = 75) were collected at controlled internal drug release insertion and at the time of artificial insemination (AI) to determine if progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) concentrations varied due to PGF2α injection site. All cattle were confirmed pregnant by ultrasonography at approximately 30 and 90 days after insemination in North Carolina and approximately 70 days after insemination in Ohio. Data were analyzed as randomized complete block designs in PROC GLIMMIX with animal as the experimental unit. Differences were declared significant at P < 0.05. Site of PGF2α injection, in either the neck or rump, did not affect (P > 0.05) overall conception rates in response to AI (58.4% and 55.6%, respectively). Altering PGF2α injection site did not impact P4, E2 concentrations, or the P4:E2 ratio at AI (P > 0.05). However, cattle inseminated after displaying estrus had greater (P < 0.05) pregnancy rates than timed AI (67.8 vs. 47.5%, respectively). First service conception rates and pregnancy rates were consistent with previous reports. Overall, altering the location of the PGF2α injection during ES did not change circulating hormone concentrations at AI or pregnancy rates; therefore, cattle producers should follow Beef Quality Assurance guidelines when administering ES protocols.}, journal={Theriogenology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pickworth, C.L. and Bell, L.M. and Greene, W. and Whisnant, C.S. and Poole, D.H.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={161–166} } @article{gadsby_nipper_faircloth_m. d'annibale-tolhurst_chang_farin_sheldon_poole_2017, title={Toll-like receptor and related cytokine mRNA expression in bovine corpora lutea during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1439-0531"]}, DOI={10.1111/rda.12940}, abstractNote={Contents}, number={3}, journal={REPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS}, author={Gadsby, J. E. and Nipper, A. M. Tyson and Faircloth, H. A. and M. D'Annibale-Tolhurst and Chang, J. and Farin, P. W. and Sheldon, I. M. and Poole, D. H.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={495–504} } @article{poole_ocon-grove_johnson_2016, title={Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) receptor type II expression and AMH activity in bovine granulosa cells}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.078}, abstractNote={Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) produced by granulosa cells has previously been proposed to play a role in regulating granulosa cell differentiation and follicle selection. Although AMH receptor type II (AMHR2) dimerizes with a type I receptor to initiate AMH signaling, little is known about the regulation of AMHR2 expression in bovine granulosa cells and the role of AMH in follicle development. The primary objectives of this study were to: (1) characterize AMHR2 expression in granulosa cells during follicle development; (2) identify factors that regulate AMHR2 mRNA expression in granulosa cells; and (3) examine the role of AMH signaling in granulosa cell differentiation and proliferation. Bovine granulosa cells were isolated from 5- to 8-mm follicles before selection and deviation, as well as from 9- to 12-mm and 13- to 24-mm follicles after selection. Analyses revealed that expression of AMHR2 was greater in 5- to 8-mm follicles compared with 13- to 24-mm follicles (P < 0.05). Granulosa cells treated with bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) or BMP15, but not BMP2, significantly increased AMHR2 expression when compared with control cultured cells (P < 0.05). In addition, expression of AMH was greater in granulosa cells cultured with BMP2, BMP6, or BMP15 when compared with controls (P < 0.05). Finally, treatment with recombinant human AMH, in vitro, inhibited CYP19A1 expression in a dose-related (10–100 ng/mL) fashion, and reduced granulosa cell proliferation at 48 and 72 hours (P < 0.05). Results from these studies indicate that AMH signaling plays a role in both regulating granulosa cell proliferation and preventing granulosa cells from 5- to 8-mm follicles from undergoing premature differentiation before follicle selection.}, number={5}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Poole, Daniel H. and Ocon-Grove, Olga M. and Johnson, Alan L.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1353–1360} } @article{muth-spurlock_poole_whisnant_2016, title={Comparison of pregnancy rates in beef cattle after a fixedtime Al with once-or twice-used controlled internal drug release devices}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.019}, abstractNote={The use of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) provides producers with numerous benefits including the use of superior genetics, shorter breeding and calving seasons, and a more uniform calf crop. However, the cost of implementing FTAI protocols is one of the several drawbacks hindering their use in the beef industry. Potential injection-site lesions from intramuscular injections of the hormones necessary for estrus synchronization are also a cause of concern for carcass quality. The objectives of this experiment were to (1) determine whether or not a twice-used controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device would be effective in an FTAI protocol without adversely affecting pregnancy rate and (2) whether or not the subcutaneous administration of PGF2α affects pregnancy rate. Nulliparous females (n = 99) between 13 and 27 months of age and multiparous cows (n = 43) between 48 and 74 months of age were synchronized for estrus using the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol. The females were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments: (1) a once-used CIDR (control) or (2) a twice-used CIDR device (treatment) incorporated into their synchronization protocol. The females were also randomly assigned to have their injection of PGF2α administered either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Blood was taken in a random subset of nulliparous females (n = 52) just before device removal and assayed for concentration of progesterone. The concentration of progesterone was higher (P = 0.01) in the animals that received once-used CIDR devices than that in those received twice-used CIDR devices (3.4 ± 0.5 and 1.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL, respectively). There was no significant effect of parity (P = 0.82), artificial insemination technician (P = 0.60), PGF2α administration (P = 0.83), or treatment (P = 0.67) on pregnancy rates to artificial insemination which were 75.4 ± 6.0% and 71.7 ± 6.4%, for animals that received once- and twice-used CIDR devices, respectively. This study provides evidence that although concentration of progesterone is decreased in animals treated with a twice-used CIDR device, there is still a sufficient release of progesterone from the device to effectively synchronize estrus without adversely affecting the fertility of a herd.}, number={3}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Muth-Spurlock, A. M. and Poole, D. H. and Whisnant, C. S.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={447–451} } @article{lyons_shaeffer_drewnoski_poore_poole_2016, title={Effect of protein supplementation and forage allowance on the growth and reproduction of beef heifers grazing stockpiled tall fescue}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2015-9969}, abstractNote={Stockpiled tall fescue can provide adequate winter forage for beef cattle, although unsupplemented replacement heifers may display marginal performance before breeding. The objective of this study was to determine if protein supplementation and/or additional forage improves growth and reproductive performance of replacement heifers grazing stockpiled fescue. Cattle averaging 272 ± 1.59 kg were stratified by BW and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 plots within a pasture replication. Treatment combinations were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and included 1) a conservative forage allocation ("normal," targeting 85% forage use) and mineral supplement (normal forage allocation with mineral supplement [FM]), 2) normal forage allocation with protein tub (FT), 3) more liberal forage allocation ("extra," targeting 70% forage use) and mineral supplement (extra forage allocation with mineral supplement [EM]), and 4) "extra forage allocation with protein tub (ET). Treatments were administered for 8 wk from early November to early January. Heifers were fed fescue hay for 1 wk before breeding in late January. Heifers were synchronized with the 7-d CO-Synch + controlled internal drug release device protocol and inseminated in late January. Heifers were checked for pregnancy by ultrasonography at 35 and 90 d after AI. Main and interaction effects between the 2 treatments were determined. Total supplement intake was greater for protein tub than mineral supplement (0.36 vs. 0.11 kg·heifer·d, respectively; < 0.0001), and the additional dietary protein in the tub groups resulted in greater serum urea N concentrations ( < 0.0001; 8.15 vs. 10.4 mg/dL for mineral and protein tub, respectively). Forage utilization efficiency was greater for normal than extra forage allocation (74.7 vs. 65.8%, respectively; < 0.0001). Main effects of both treatments on ADG were significant ( < 0.0001; 0.28, 0.43, 0.43, and 0.51 kg·heifer·d for FM, FT, EM, and ET, respectively). There was an interaction effect of the 2 treatments on change in BCS ( < 0.05; 0.12, 0.10, 0.18, and 0.31 for FM, FT, EM, and ET, respectively). Reproductive tract scores, pelvic area, and AI pregnancy rates were not different between treatments ( > 0.05). Overall, feeding a protein supplement or providing extra forage increased gain and interacted to increase BCS but did not have an effect on reproductive performance. Supplementing with protein and providing extra forage are strategies that can increase gain in heifers, which could aid heifers in reaching puberty before estrous synchronization.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Lyons, S. E. and Shaeffer, A. D. and Drewnoski, M. E. and Poore, M. H. and Poole, D. H.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={1677–1688} } @article{ndiaye_poole_walusimbi_cannon_toyokawa_maalouf_dong_thomas_pate_2012, title={Progesterone effects on lymphocytes may be mediated by membrane progesterone receptors}, volume={95}, ISSN={0165-0378}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2012.04.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.jri.2012.04.004}, abstractNote={Luteal cell-induced proliferation of T lymphocytes devoid of the nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR) is inhibited by progesterone. Functional effects of progesterone on bovine lymphocytes and the expression of membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) alpha (PAQR7), beta (PAQR8), gamma (PAQR5), and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) mRNA were analyzed in corpus luteum (CL) and lymphocytes. Progesterone and a cell-impermeable progesterone conjugate caused a dose-dependent decrease in IL2 receptor α-subunit (IL2RA) mRNA and an increase in interleukin 2 (IL2) mRNA concentrations in cultured PBMCs. In luteal tissues, concentrations of PAQR7 and PAQR8 mRNA were lower in CL collected on day 11 compared with day 18, whereas PGRMC1 and PGR mRNA were greater on day 11 than on day 18. The mRNA of all three PAQRs and PGRMC1 were detected in bovine T lymphocytes, but not in B cells/monocytes. Progesterone increased intracellular Ca(++) and reduced the phosphorylation of zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (Zap70). A specific, saturable, and single progesterone binding site with a steroid specificity characteristic of mPRs was demonstrated by saturation and competitive binding assays using T lymphocyte membranes, and PAQR7 receptors were localized on the plasma membranes by immunofluorescence. Thus, progesterone induces specific and rapid functional effects on T lymphocytes in the absence of PGR. The mPRs are potential intermediaries of the cell-surface actions of progesterone because they are expressed in lymphocytes, the actions of progesterone are mimicked by a cell-impermeable form of progesterone, and specific, saturable progesterone binding, which is characteristic of mPRs, is present on lymphocyte membranes.}, number={1-2}, journal={Journal of Reproductive Immunology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ndiaye, Kalidou and Poole, Daniel H. and Walusimbi, Sadhat and Cannon, Matthew J. and Toyokawa, Koji and Maalouf, Samar W. and Dong, Jing and Thomas, Peter and Pate, Joy L.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={15–26} } @article{lingenfelter_dailey_inskeep_vernon_poole_rhinehart_yao_2008, title={Microarray analysis of gene expression in granulosal cells from persistent follicles in cattle}, volume={104}, ISSN={0378-4320}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.07.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2007.07.014}, abstractNote={Granulosal cells form highly specialized membrane connections with the oocyte and each other, allowing the passage of regulatory molecules and metabolites between cells. Gene expression changes in granulosal cells may adversely affect oocyte competence resulting in early embryonic loss. The present study was conducted to analyze global gene expression profiles in granulosal cells from persistent ovarian follicles in cows. Cows were assigned randomly to two groups: growing follicles on day 8 and persistent follicles on day 15 of the estrous cycle (estrus=day 0). Cows in the persistent follicle group received progesterone from CIDR-B devices on days 4 through 13. Granulosal cells were collected from both growing and persistent follicles and used in a direct comparison microarray experiment using a bovine long oligo array representing approximately 8400 known genes. Analysis of the microarray data revealed up-regulation of 272 genes (M-value>or=0.9) and down-regulation of 203 genes (M-value