@article{halleran_sylvester_jacob_callahan_baynes_foster_2024, title={Impact of florfenicol dosing regimen on the phenotypic and genotypic resistance of enteric bacteria in steers}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-024-55591-8}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Halleran, Jennifer and Sylvester, Hannah and Jacob, Megan and Callahan, Benjamin and Baynes, Ronald and Foster, Derek}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{rajo_williams_pickworth_foster_poole_2023, title={Exposure to Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Negatively Impacts Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Beef Cattle}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.077}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Rajo, Edwin Benjamin and Williams, Katherine and Pickworth, Carrie L. and Foster, Derek and Poole, Daniel H.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{knapp_van dyke_foster_2023, title={Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) toxicity in 5 sheep}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16905}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Knapp, Cambrey and Van Dyke, Thomas and Foster, Derek}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{atlaw_keelara_correa_foster_gebreyes_aidara-kane_harden_thakur_fedorka-cray_2022, title={Evidence of sheep and abattoir environment as important reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli}, volume={363}, ISSN={["1879-3460"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109516}, abstractNote={The increase in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) foodborne pathogens, including E. coli and Salmonella in animals, humans, and the environment, is a growing public health concern. Among animals, cattle, pigs, and chicken are reservoirs of these pathogens worldwide. There is a knowledge gap on the prevalence and AMR of foodborne pathogens in small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats). This study investigates the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and Salmonella from sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina. We conducted a year-round serial cross-sectional study and collected a total of 1128 samples from sheep (n = 780) and their abattoir environment (n = 348). Sheep samples consisted of feces, cecal contents, carcass swabs, and abattoir resting area feces. Environmental samples consisted of soil samples, lairage swab, animal feed, and drinking water for animals. We used CHROMAgar EEC with 4 μg/ml of Cefotaxime for isolating ESBL E. coli, and ESBL production was confirmed by double-disk diffusion test. Salmonella was isolated and confirmed using standard methods. All of the confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 14 antimicrobials to elucidate susceptibility profiles. The prevalence of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella was significantly higher in environmental samples (47.7% and 65.5%) compared to the sheep samples (19.5% and 17.9%), respectively (P < 0.0001). We recovered 318 ESBL E. coli and 368 Salmonella isolates from sheep and environmental samples. More than 97% (310/318) of ESBL E. coli were multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). Most Salmonella isolates (77.2%, 284/368) were pansusceptible, and 10.1% (37/368) were MDR. We identified a total of 24 different Salmonella serotypes by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The most common serotypes were Agona (19.8%), Typhimurium (16.2%), Cannstatt (13.2%), Reading (13.2%), and Anatum (9.6%). Prevalence and percent resistance of ESBL E. coli and Salmonella isolates varied significantly by season and sample type (P < 0.0001). The co-existence of ESBL E. coli in the same sample was associated with increased percent resistance of Salmonella to Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Sulfisoxazole, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline. We presumed that the abattoir environment might have played a great role in the persistence and dissemination of resistant bacteria to sheep as they arrive at the abattoir. In conclusion, our study reaffirms that sheep and their abattoir environment act as important reservoirs of AMR ESBL E. coli and MDR Salmonella in the U.S. Further studies are required to determine associated public health risks.}, journal={International Journal of Food Microbiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Atlaw, N.A. and Keelara, S. and Correa, M. and Foster, D. and Gebreyes, W. and Aidara-Kane, A. and Harden, L. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={109516} }
 @article{fan_foster_zhao_mukherjee_shrestha_parsons_kathariou_2022, title={Genomic Analysis Reveals That Isolation Temperature on Selective Media Introduces Genetic Variation in Campylobacter jejuni from Bovine Feces}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens11060678}, abstractNote={Campylobacter jejuni is commonly isolated on selective media following incubation at 37 °C or 42 °C, but the impact of these temperatures on genome variation remains unclear. Previously, Campylobacter selective enrichments from the feces of steers before and after ceftiofur treatment were plated on selective agar media and incubated at either 37 °C or 42 °C. Here, we analyzed the whole genome sequence of C. jejuni strains of the same multilocus sequence typing (MLST)-based sequence type (ST) and isolated from the same sample upon incubation at both temperatures. Four such strain pairs (one ST8221 and three ST8567) were analyzed using core genome and whole genome MLST (cgMLST, wgMLST). Among the 1970 wgMLST loci, 7–25 varied within each pair. In all but one of the pairs more (1.7–8.5 fold) new alleles were found at 42 °C. Most frameshift, nonsense, or start-loss mutations were also found at 42 °C. Variable loci CAMP0575, CAMP0912, and CAMP0913 in both STs may regularly respond to different temperatures. Furthermore, frameshifts in four variable loci in ST8567 occurred at multiple time points, suggesting a persistent impact of temperature. These findings suggest that the temperature of isolation may impact the sequence of several loci in C. jejuni from cattle.}, number={6}, journal={PATHOGENS}, author={Fan, Sicun and Foster, Derek and Zhao, Shaohua and Mukherjee, Sampa and Shrestha, Yesha and Parsons, Cameron and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{halleran_papich_li_lin_davis_maunsell_riviere_baynes_foster_2022, title={Update on withdrawal intervals following extralabel use of procaine penicillin G in cattle and swine}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.21.05.0268}, abstractNote={IntroductionExtralabel drug use (ELDU) is defined as the use of an FDA-approved medication in a manner that differs from what is provided on the label of the medication.1 Administration of the medication to a different species or at a different dose, volume, route, duration, indication, or frequency than indicated on the label is considered ELDU. Extralabel drug use also requires an extended withdrawal period to avoid violative residues, and practitioners can get advice on withdrawal intervals (WDIs) following ELDU from the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD). Penicillin is one of the most commonly used}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Halleran, J.L. and Papich, M.G. and Li, M. and Lin, Z. and Davis, J. and Maunsell, F. and Riviere, J. and Baynes, R. and Foster, D.M.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={50–55} }
 @article{halleran_minch_slyvester_jacob_prange_baynes_foster_2021, title={Comparison of the Intestinal Pharmacokinetics of Two Different Florfenicol Dosing Regimens and Its Impact on the Prevalence and Phenotypic Resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus over Time}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms9091835}, abstractNote={In order to mitigate the food animal sector’s role in the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests the use of lower tier antimicrobials, such as florfenicol. Florfenicol has two dosing schemes used to treat primarily bovine respiratory disease. In this study, the objective was to characterize the plasma and gastrointestinal pharmacokinetics of each dosing regimen and assess the effect of these dosing regimens on the prevalence of resistant indicator bacteria over time. Twelve steers underwent abdominal surgery to facilitate the placement of ultrafiltration probes within the lumen of the ileum and colon, as well as placement of an interstitial probe. Following surgery, cattle were dosed with either 20 mg/kg IM every 48 h of florfenicol given twice (n = 6) or a single, subcutaneous dose (40 mg/kg, n = 6). Plasma, interstitial fluid, gastrointestinal ultrafiltrate, and feces were collected. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated high penetration of florfenicol within the gastrointestinal tract for both the high and low dose group (300%, 97%, respectively). There was no significant difference noted between dosing groups in proportion or persistence of phenotypically resistant bacterial isolates; however, the percent of resistant isolates was high throughout the study period. The recommendation for the use of a lower tier antimicrobial, such as florfenicol, may allow for the persistence of co-resistance for antibiotics of high regulatory concern.}, number={9}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Halleran, Jennifer L. and Minch, Ryker and Slyvester, Hannah J. and Jacob, Megan E. and Prange, Timo and Baynes, Ronald and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{womble_schreeg_hoch_meira_foster_premanandan_watanabe_2021, title={Concurrent Clostridial Enteritis and Oviductal Adenocarcinoma with Carcinomatosis in an Adult Alpaca (Vicugna pacos)}, volume={189}, ISSN={["1532-3129"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.09.007}, abstractNote={An adult alpaca (Vicugna pacos) with a history of colic and anorexia was euthanized because of failure to respond to treatment. Macroscopically, pale-tan, multifocal to coalescing, firm nodules and plaques markedly expanded the omentum, mesentery and the parietal and visceral peritoneum of multiple abdominal organs, especially the right oviduct and associated mesosalpinx. Abundant dark-red watery digesta were present in the duodenum and jejunum. Histological evaluation of the right oviduct, abdominal visceral nodules and plaques and mesenteric lymph nodes revealed transmural expansion and replacement by an epithelial malignant neoplasm, comprised of tubules and acini of ciliated columnar cells supported by abundant fibrous connective tissue. Both ovaries were histologically normal. On the basis of the ciliated morphology of the neoplastic cells, the focus on the proximal reproductive tract and the unremarkable ovaries, a reproductive tubal adenocarcinoma with carcinomatosis was diagnosed, with both the endometrium and oviduct considered as the tissues of origin. The prominent ciliated morphology of the neoplastic cells and the classification of human fallopian tube (oviduct) neoplasia lead us to propose oviductal adenocarcinoma with widespread carcinomatosis as the definitive diagnosis. The lamina propria of the small intestine was infiltrated segmentally by lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils, and Clostridium perfringens with beta2 toxin production was identified by polymerase chain reaction in the small intestinal contents. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these two distinct diseases in an alpaca.}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY}, author={Womble, Mandy and Schreeg, Megan E. and Hoch, Allison and Meira, Enoch B. de Souza, Jr. and Foster, Derek and Premanandan, Christopher and Watanabe, Tatiane T. Negrao}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={52–58} }
 @article{halleran_callahan_jacob_sylvester_prange_papich_foster_2021, title={Effects of danofloxacin dosing regimen on gastrointestinal pharmacokinetics and fecal microbiome in steers}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-90647-z}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Halleran, J. L. and Callahan, B. J. and Jacob, M. E. and Sylvester, H. J. and Prange, T. and Papich, M. G. and Foster, D. M.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @misc{nguyen_bakerlee_mckelvey_rose_norman_joseph_manheim_mclaren_jiang_barnes_et al._2021, title={Evaluating Use Cases for Human Challenge Trials in Accelerating SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1537-6591"]}, DOI={10.1093/cid/ciaa935}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Nguyen, Linh Chi and Bakerlee, Christopher W. and McKelvey, T. Greg and Rose, Sophie M. and Norman, Alexander J. and Joseph, Nicholas and Manheim, David and McLaren, Michael R. and Jiang, Steven and Barnes, Conor F. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={710–715} }
 @article{atlaw_keelara_correa_foster_gebreyes_aidara-kane_harden_thakur_fedorka-cray_2021, title={Identification of CTX-M type ESBL E. coli from sheep and their abattoir environment using whole-genome sequencing}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-0817"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111480}, DOI={10.3390/pathogens10111480}, abstractNote={Widespread dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli (E. coli) in animals, retail meats, and patients has been reported worldwide except for limited information on small ruminants. Our study focused on the genotypic characterization of ESBL E. coli from healthy sheep and their abattoir environment in North Carolina, USA. A total of 113 ESBL E. coli isolates from sheep (n = 65) and their abattoir environment (n = 48) were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the WGS data. Multiple CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes were detected, namely blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-65. Other beta-lactamase genes detected included blaCMY-2, blaTEM-1A/B/C, and blaCARB-2. In addition, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and/or point mutations that confer resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, and folate-pathway antagonists were identified. The majority of the detected plasmids were shared between isolates from sheep and the abattoir environment. Sequence types were more clustered around seasonal sampling but dispersed across sample types. In conclusion, our study reported wide dissemination of ESBL E. coli in sheep and the abattoir environment and associated AMR genes, point mutations, and plasmids. This is the first comprehensive AMR and WGS report on ESBL E. coli from sheep and abattoir environments in the United States.}, number={11}, journal={Pathogens}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Atlaw, N.A. and Keelara, S. and Correa, M. and Foster, D. and Gebreyes, W. and Aidara-Kane, A. and Harden, L. and Thakur, S. and Fedorka-Cray, P.J.}, year={2021}, pages={1480} }
 @article{fan_foster_miller_osborne_kathariou_2021, title={Impact of Ceftiofur Administration in Steers on the Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter spp.}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-2607"]}, DOI={10.3390/microorganisms9020318}, abstractNote={Bacterial resistance to ceftiofur raises health concerns due to ceftiofur’s extensive veterinary usage and structural similarity with the human antibiotic ceftriaxone. Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) and ceftiofur hydrochloride (CHCL) are ceftiofur types used therapeutically in cattle, but their potential impacts on Campylobacter prevalence and antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In this study two groups of steers were each treated with CCFA or CHCL. In vivo active drug concentrations were measured and fecal samples were analyzed for Campylobacter for up to 42 days post-treatment. Following administration, the colonic concentration of ceftiofur initially increased then dropped to pre-treatment levels by day 8. The estimated prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was significantly (p = 0.0009) higher during the first week after CCFA treatment than after CHCL treatment (81.3% vs. 45.2%). Campylobacter jejuni predominated overall, with other Campylobacter spp. mainly identified in the first week after CCFA treatment. No treatment impacts were noted on ceftiofur minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. jejuni (10–20 μg/mL). More C. jejuni genotypes were detected in CCFA-treated than CHCL-treated steers. These findings suggest that ceftiofur did not significantly impact Campylobacter prevalence or ceftiofur MIC. However, CHCL may be preferable due to the lower likelihood of temporary increases in Campylobacter prevalence.}, number={2}, journal={MICROORGANISMS}, author={Fan, Sicun and Foster, Derek and Miller, William G. and Osborne, Jason and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{halleran_yau_paegelow_streeter_foster_2021, title={Mycobacterial Cell Wall Stimulant in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Series Regarding Treatment in Equine, Bovine and Caprine Patients}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2021.635800}, abstractNote={Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common dermatological neoplasia found in large animal species. Treatment options, such as surgery and cryotherapy may be difficult or not feasible. Alternative therapies, such as immunomodulating drugs, can potentially be used for companion large animals. The hypothesis of the following retrospective study is: following multiple intravenous and intralesional injections of a mycobacterial cell wall stimulant (MCW) regression of SCC in equine, bovine and caprine patients will be observed. In this observational-retrospective case series, patients included are 2 bovine, 2 caprine and 3 equine patients. The medical records at two different teaching veterinary hospitals were searched for cases with a positive histopathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma that were subsequently treated with MCW, as either the sole therapy, or in conjunction with other therapies. Seven cases were included in this retrospective study. The median duration of therapy was 56.5 days, with 3 of the 7 patients being euthanized. Significant complications were seen in 3/7 patients. Repeated injections of a MCW may lead to reduction in lesion size of SCC in some cases, but long-term resolution is unlikely and the risk of significant complications is high; due to limited sample size and the variety in species, it is difficult to conclude if MCW is an effective therapy for SCC.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Halleran, Jennifer and Yau, Katie and Paegelow, Jillian and Streeter, Robert and Foster, Derek}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{yau_halleran_boileau_foster_2021, title={Retrospective study on the use of lidocaine constant rate infusions for the treatment of ileus in ruminants and camelids}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16262}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Yau, Katie and Halleran, Jennifer and Boileau, Melanie and Foster, Derek}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{foster_jacob_farmer_callahan_theriot_kathariou_cernicchiaro_prange_papich_2019, title={Ceftiofur formulation differentially affects the intestinal drug concentration, resistance of fecal Escherichia coli, and the microbiome of steers}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0223378}, abstractNote={Antimicrobial drug concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract likely drive antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria. Our objective was to determine the concentration of ceftiofur and its metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract of steers treated with ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) or ceftiofur hydrochloride (CHCL), determine the effect of these drugs on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fecal Escherichia coli, and evaluate shifts in the microbiome. Steers were administered either a single dose (6.6 mg/kg) of CCFA or 2.2 mg/kg of CHCL every 24 hours for 3 days. Ceftiofur and its metabolites were measured in the plasma, interstitium, ileum and colon. The concentration and MIC of fecal E. coli and the fecal microbiota composition were assessed after treatment. The maximum concentration of ceftiofur was higher in all sampled locations of steers treated with CHCL. Measurable drug persisted longer in the intestine of CCFA-treated steers. There was a significant decrease in E. coli concentration (P = 0.002) within 24 hours that persisted for 2 weeks after CCFA treatment. In CHCL-treated steers, the mean MIC of ceftiofur in E. coli peaked at 48 hours (mean MIC = 20.45 ug/ml, 95% CI = 10.29–40.63 ug/ml), and in CCFA-treated steers, mean MIC peaked at 96 hours (mean MIC = 10.68 ug/ml, 95% CI = 5.47–20.85 ug/ml). Shifts in the microbiome of steers in both groups were due to reductions in Firmicutes and increases in Bacteroidetes. CCFA leads to prolonged, low intestinal drug concentrations, and is associated with decreased E. coli concentration, an increased MIC of ceftiofur in E. coli at specific time points, and shifts in the fecal microbiota. CHCL led to higher intestinal drug concentrations over a shorter duration. Effects on E. coli concentration and the microbiome were smaller in this group, but the increase in the MIC of ceftiofur in fecal E. coli was similar.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Jacob, Megan E. and Farmer, Kyle A. and Callahan, Benjamin J. and Theriot, Casey M. and Kathariou, Sophia and Cernicchiaro, Natalia and Prange, Timo and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{dore_foster_ru_smith_2019, title={Comparison of oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous fluid therapy for resuscitation of calves with diarrhea}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2019-16970}, abstractNote={
 ABSTRACT
 
 Neonatal diarrhea remains the primary cause of mortality in dairy calves around the world, and optimal treatment protocols are needed. The main goals of therapy are to restore hydration and electrolyte concentrations, correct strong ion (metabolic) acidemia, and provide nutritional support. Administration of oral electrolyte solutions (OES) has long been the primary method used to treat neonatal diarrhea in humans and calves because OES are capable of addressing each of the primary goals of therapy. In calves with moderate dehydration, we hypothesized that oral electrolytes would be as good as or better than small volumes of intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) fluids. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to compare the ability of a commercially available oral electrolyte solution (OES) administered alone or in combination with hypertonic saline with small volumes of IV or SC fluid therapy to resuscitate calves with diarrhea. Thirty-three Holstein calves from 5 to 14 d of age were utilized in this clinical trial. Diarrhea and dehydration were induced by adding sucrose to the milk replacer. In addition, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone were given orally and furosemide intramuscularly. Depression status, clinical hydration scores, fecal consistency, and body weight were recorded at regular intervals. Treatment began when calves had severe diarrhea and had a decrease in plasma volume of at least 10%. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups of 8 to 9 calves per group: (1) OES; (2) OES with hypertonic saline (4 mL/kg, IV); (3) IV fluids (lactated Ringer's, 2 L); or (4) SC fluids (lactated Ringer's, 2 L). Treatments were given at 0 and 12 h. Changes in plasma volume, blood pH, electrolyte levels, and physical examination scores were determined before therapy and again at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after each treatment. All 4 treatments were ultimately successful in improving hydration as well as increasing blood pH; however, animals in both groups that received OES had much faster resuscitation than those in either the IV or SC fluid group. In conclusion, oral electrolyte products remain the gold standard for resuscitating diarrheic calves with moderate dehydration and acidemia and will likely perform better than small volumes of IV lactated Ringer's solution. Subcutaneous fluids by themselves are a poor treatment option and should be only be used as supportive therapy following the initial correction of hypovolemia and metabolic acidosis.
 
}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Dore, V and Foster, D. M. and Ru, H. and Smith, G. W.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={11337–11348} }
 @article{foster_jacob_stowe_smith_2019, title={Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a
            Salmonella
            Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral
            Salmonella
            challenge}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15529}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15529}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, Derek and Jacob, Megan and Stowe, Devorah and Smith, Geof}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={1796–1806} }
 @article{ferguson_foster_sherry_magness_nielsen_gookin_2019, title={Interferon-λ3 Promotes Epithelial Defense and Barrier Function Against Cryptosporidium parvum Infection}, volume={8}, ISSN={2352-345X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.007}, abstractNote={Background & AimsThe epithelial response is critical for intestinal defense against Cryptosporidium, but is poorly understood. To uncover the host strategy for defense against Cryptosporidium, we examined the transcriptional response of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to C parvum in experimentally infected piglets by microarray. Up-regulated genes were dominated by targets of interferon (IFN) and IFN-λ3 was up-regulated significantly in infected piglet mucosa. Although IFN-λ has been described as a mediator of epithelial defense against viral pathogens, there is limited knowledge of any role against nonviral pathogens. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to determine the significance of IFN-λ3 to epithelial defense and barrier function during C parvum infection.MethodsThe significance of C parvum–induced IFN-λ3 expression was determined using an immunoneutralization approach in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. The ability of the intestinal epithelium to up-regulate IFN-λ2/3 expression in response to C parvum infection and the influence of IFN-λ2/3 on epithelial defense against C parvum invasion, intracellular development, and loss of barrier function was examined using polarized monolayers of a nontransformed porcine-derived small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Specifically, changes in barrier function were quantified by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial flux studies.ResultsImmunoneutralization of IFN-λ2/3 in C parvum–infected neonatal mice resulted in a significantly increased parasite burden, fecal shedding, and villus blunting with crypt hyperplasia during peak infection. In vitro, C parvum was sufficient to induce autonomous IFN-λ3 and interferon-stimulated gene 15 expression by IECs. Priming of IECs with recombinant human IFN-λ3 promoted cellular defense against C parvum infection and abrogated C parvum–induced loss of barrier function by decreasing paracellular permeability to sodium.ConclusionsThese studies identify IFN-λ3 as a key epithelial defense mechanism against C parvum infection. The epithelial response is critical for intestinal defense against Cryptosporidium, but is poorly understood. To uncover the host strategy for defense against Cryptosporidium, we examined the transcriptional response of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to C parvum in experimentally infected piglets by microarray. Up-regulated genes were dominated by targets of interferon (IFN) and IFN-λ3 was up-regulated significantly in infected piglet mucosa. Although IFN-λ has been described as a mediator of epithelial defense against viral pathogens, there is limited knowledge of any role against nonviral pathogens. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to determine the significance of IFN-λ3 to epithelial defense and barrier function during C parvum infection. The significance of C parvum–induced IFN-λ3 expression was determined using an immunoneutralization approach in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. The ability of the intestinal epithelium to up-regulate IFN-λ2/3 expression in response to C parvum infection and the influence of IFN-λ2/3 on epithelial defense against C parvum invasion, intracellular development, and loss of barrier function was examined using polarized monolayers of a nontransformed porcine-derived small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Specifically, changes in barrier function were quantified by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance and transepithelial flux studies. Immunoneutralization of IFN-λ2/3 in C parvum–infected neonatal mice resulted in a significantly increased parasite burden, fecal shedding, and villus blunting with crypt hyperplasia during peak infection. In vitro, C parvum was sufficient to induce autonomous IFN-λ3 and interferon-stimulated gene 15 expression by IECs. Priming of IECs with recombinant human IFN-λ3 promoted cellular defense against C parvum infection and abrogated C parvum–induced loss of barrier function by decreasing paracellular permeability to sodium. These studies identify IFN-λ3 as a key epithelial defense mechanism against C parvum infection.}, number={1}, journal={Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ferguson, Sylvia H. and Foster, Derek M. and Sherry, Barbara and Magness, Scott T. and Nielsen, Dahlia M. and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2019}, pages={1–20} }
 @article{ferguson_jacob_theriot_callahan_prange_papich_foster_2018, title={Dosing Regimen of Enrofloxacin Impacts Intestinal Pharmacokinetics and the Fecal Microbiota in Steers}, volume={9}, ISSN={1664-302X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02190}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2018.02190}, abstractNote={Objective: The intestinal concentrations of antimicrobial drugs that select for resistance in fecal bacteria of cattle are poorly understood. Our objective was to associate active drug concentrations in the intestine of steers with changes in the resistance profile and composition of the fecal microbiome. Methods: Steers were administered either a single dose (12.5 mg/kg) or 3 multiple doses (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin subcutaneously every 24 h. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in intestinal fluid were measured over 96 h, and the abundance and MIC of E. coli in culture and the composition of the fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing were assessed over 192 h after initial treatment. Results: Active drug concentrations in the ileum and colon exceeded plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations, but were largely eliminated by 48 h after the last dose. The concentration of E. coli in the feces significantly decreased during peak drug concentrations, but returned to baseline by 96 h in both groups. The median MIC of E. coli isolates increased for 24 h in the single dose group, and for 48 h in the multiple dose group. The median MIC was higher in the multiple dose group when compared to the single dose group starting 12 h after the initial dose. The diversity of the fecal microbiota did not change in either treatment group, and taxa-specific changes were primarily seen in phyla commonly associated with the rumen. Conclusions: Both dosing regimens of enrofloxacin achieve high concentrations in the intestinal lumen, and the rapid elimination mitigates long-term impacts on fecal E. coli resistance and the microbiota.}, journal={Frontiers in Microbiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Ferguson, Kaitlyn M. and Jacob, Megan E. and Theriot, Casey M. and Callahan, Benjamin J. and Prange, Timo and Papich, Mark G. and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{sylvester_griffith_jacob_foster_2018, title={Factors associated with strongyle infection in goats at the individual and farm level}, volume={253}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.7.907}, DOI={10.2460/javma.253.7.907}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Sylvester, Hannah J. and Griffith, Emily H. and Jacob, Megan E. and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={907–917} }
 @article{mzyk_bublitz_sylvester_mullen_hobgood_baynes_foster_2018, title={Short communication: Use of an ultrafiltration device in gland cistern for continuous sampling of healthy and mastitic quarters of lactating cattle for pharmacokinetic modeling.}, volume={101}, url={https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14849}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2018-14849}, abstractNote={Pharmacokinetic studies of the drugs in the milk are often limited due to infrequent sampling associated with milking. Alternatively, frequent sample collection with repeated milking may increase drug elimination. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of continuously sampling the udder using ultrafiltration. An ultrafiltration probe was placed into the gland cisterns through mammary parenchyma of normal and mastitic quarters of 6 mature mid-lactation Jersey cows with naturally occurring subclinical mastitis. An ultrafiltration probe was secured to the caudal or lateral aspect of the udder depending on the quarter being sampled. The timed interval samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 28, 32, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 h after drug administration. Plasma samples were collected at the same time points. Each cow received 2.2 mg/kg of flunixin intravenously before milking at time 0. All cows were routinely milked by machine every 12 h. Flunixin concentrations in plasma, whole milk, and milk ultrafiltrates were analyzed by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. We found no significant effects on the appearance of the milk or the ability to milk the cows after implantation of the ultrafiltration probes. The concentration of flunixin collected from the ultrafiltration probes in the mastitic quarters tended to be greater than that of the healthy quarters. We concluded that collection of ultrafiltration samples from the mammary gland of cows provides a viable means to continuously assess drug concentrations in the milk while continuing to milk the cow normally. This study demonstrates the utility of continuous sampling of milk via ultrafiltration for future pharmacokinetic studies in cattle.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of dairy science}, author={Mzyk, D. A. and Bublitz, C. M. and Sylvester, H. and Mullen, K. A. E. and Hobgood, G. D. and Baynes, R. E. and Foster, Derek}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={10414–10420} }
 @article{foster_sylvester_papich_2017, title={Comparison of direct sampling and bronchoaleolar lavage for determining active drug concentrations in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of calves injected with enrofloxacin or tilmicosin}, volume={40}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12412}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12412}, abstractNote={Antibiotic distribution to interstitial fluid (ISF) and pulmonary epithelial fluid (PELF) was measured and compared to plasma drug concentrations in eight healthy calves. Enrofloxacin (Baytril® 100) was administered at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC), and tilmicosin (Micotil® 300) was administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg SC. PELF, sampled by two different methods—bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and direct sampling (DS)—plasma, and ISF were collected from each calf and measured for tilmicosin, enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the concentrations in each fluid, for each drug. The enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin concentration as measured by AUC in DS samples was 137 ± 72% higher than in plasma, but in BAL samples, this value was 535 ± 403% (p < .05). The concentrations of tilmicosin in DS and BAL samples exceeded plasma drug concentrations by 567 ± 189% and 776 ± 1138%, respectively. The enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin concentrations collected by DS were significantly different than those collected by BAL, but the tilmicosin concentrations were not significantly different between the two methods. Concentrations of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin exceeded the MIC values for bovine respiratory disease pathogens but tilmicosin did not reach MIC levels for these pathogens in any fluids.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, D.M. and Sylvester, H.J. and Papich, M.G.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={e45–e53} }
 @article{disorders of rumen distension and dysmotility._2017, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.06.006}, abstractNote={Rumen distension and hypomotility are common clinical findings in ruminants. A thorough physical examination to assess the rumen shape and consistency of rumen contents are critical to determining the underlying pathology. Most cases can be classified into 1 of the 4 types of vagal indigestion. Type 1 is characterized by gas distension of the rumen dorsally on the left side. Types 2, 3, and 4 will often appear similar on physical examination with fluid distension of the rumen on the left and ventrally on the right. Serum chloride and bicarbonate measurement and assessment of rumen chloride allow for differentiation of type 2 versus types 3 and 4 vagal indigestion. This is critical, as type 2 vagal indigestion will commonly require a rumenotomy, whereas types 3 and 4 typically are addressed through a right flank exploratory.}, journal={The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{swift_foster_rogers_sylvester_griffith_jacob_2017, title={Efficacy of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 SRP Vaccine in Orally Challenged Goats and Strain Persistence Over Time}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1556-7125"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2016.2213}, DOI={10.1089/fpd.2016.2213}, abstractNote={Small ruminants have been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at livestock exhibitions throughout the United States. Additionally, goat meat or milk may serve as a reservoir for foodborne transmission of the organism. These associations highlight the public health importance of an effective strategy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in goats. We examined the efficacy of the SRP® vaccine in goats orally challenged with E. coli O157:H7. Mixed-breed goats (n = 14) were randomly allocated into vaccinated and unvaccinated treatments (n = 7 per treatment). Goats were housed with a vaccinated and unvaccinated animal in each pen. Feces were collected for 3 weeks, then at necropsy, gastrointestinal contents were collected to determine the concentration of E. coli O157:H7. Three isolates per positive sample were saved and evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess strain persistence over time. The mean concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces of goats was numerically reduced in the vaccinated treatment; however, it was not statistically significant. In addition, the total number of days goats were fecal positive for E. coli O157:H7 were not different between vaccinated and unvaccinated treatments. Pulsotypes of isolates revealed that goats initially shed two of the four challenge strains of E. coli O157:H7, after which there was a distinct shift to two different strains. Further work is needed to evaluate cost-effective intervention strategies that reliably reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in goats, particularly those that may reduce the risk of transmission at public events, including petting zoos and fairs.}, number={3}, journal={FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE}, author={Swift, Jacob M. and Foster, Derek M. and Rogers, Anna T. and Sylvester, Hannah J. and Griffith, Emily H. and Jacob, Megan E.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={160–166} }
 @article{foster_sylvester_schoenfeld-tacher_2017, title={Evaluation of an immersive farm experience to teach and attract veterinary students to food animal medicine}, volume={45}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0516-093R}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0516-093r}, abstractNote={ The Bovine Educational Symposium (BES) is a unique opportunity for North Carolina State University (NCSU) veterinary students to visit dairy farms, feedlots, cow–calf operations, and processing facilities, and to meet local bovine veterinarians. We hypothesized that this active learning opportunity would increase knowledge, change perceptions of animal agriculture and food-animal medicine, and provide skills that persist beyond graduation. Pre- and post-trip surveys were administered to 124 first-, second-, and third-year veterinary students attending BES over 3 years. The surveys assessed students' perceived competence with regard to 12 key areas of bovine practice, attitudes toward segments of the cattle industry, attitudes to veterinarians' role in these segments, and interest in a career in bovine practice. Content knowledge was assessed using a multiple-choice test for comparison to self-assessments. A control group of 10 fourth-year students was administered the same tests before and after a 2-week food-animal clinical rotation. A convenience sample of nine BES alumni were interviewed to assess their opinion on the educational impact of BES. BES participants exhibited significant gains in perceived competence and actual knowledge in all 12 areas, and they also had improved perceptions of animal agriculture and increased interest in food-animal careers. Benefits noted by alumni ranged from improved knowledge of basic concepts of biosecurity and population medicine to greater appreciation for professional skills, including client communication. Immersing pre-clinical veterinary students in an active learning environment can have a significant impact on their knowledge and perception of food-animal medicine, irrespective of students' ultimate career goals. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, author={Foster, D.M. and Sylvester, H.J. and Schoenfeld-Tacher, R.M.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={64–75} }
 @article{halleran_sylvester_foster_2017, title={Short communication: Apparent efficiency of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in Holstein heifers}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11904}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2016-11904}, abstractNote={Adequate absorption of bovine colostrum correlates with improved neonatal health. The apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) of immunoglobulins can be measured using a mathematical equation based on serum and colostral IgG concentration levels, as well as calf body weight and the volume of colostrum being fed. Although commonly measured in research projects, little information is available on the normal AEA across a large group of healthy calves on multiple farms. The purpose of this study was to observe how contributing factors (volume of feeding, birth weight, and time of feeding) can alter AEA and establish a reference range for AEA in healthy calves. Study subjects were 100 Holstein heifer calves from 5 different dairies in North Carolina and Colorado. After a normal calving, the heifer received either 4 or 5.6 L of colostrum within 4 h of birth, an aliquot of the fed colostrum was saved, and a blood sample was collected between 24 and 36 h after birth. Birth weights were measured using the same weight tape on each farm. Radial immunodiffusion assay was performed to obtain IgG concentrations in the colostrum and serum samples. From this data, the AEA was calculated. The AEA ranged from 7.7 to 59.9% with mean of 28.1 ± 9.5% and median of 27.5%. The AEA of 69% of the calves fell between 21 and 40%. The AEA varied widely between calves, even when feeding was standardized. Results suggest that serum IgG concentration may potentially be increased by feeding increased volumes of colostrum or genetic selection, given the wide range of AEA values obtained.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Halleran, Jennifer and Sylvester, Hannah J. and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={3282–3286} }
 @article{foster_martin_papich_2016, title={Comparison of Active Drug Concentrations in the Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid and Interstitial Fluid of Calves Injected with Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, Ceftiofur, or Tulathromycin}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149100}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0149100}, abstractNote={Bacterial pneumonia is the most common reason for parenteral antimicrobial administration to beef cattle in the United States. Yet there is little information describing the antimicrobial concentrations at the site of action. The objective of this study was to compare the active drug concentrations in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and interstitial fluid of four antimicrobials commonly used in cattle. After injection, plasma, interstitial fluid, and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid concentrations and protein binding were measured to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of each drug. A cross-over design with six calves per drug was used. Following sample collection and drug analysis, pharmacokinetic calculations were performed. For enrofloxacin and metabolite ciprofloxacin, the interstitial fluid concentration was 52% and 78% of the plasma concentration, while pulmonary fluid concentrations was 24% and 40% of the plasma concentration, respectively. The pulmonary concentrations (enrofloxacin + ciprofloxacin combined) exceeded the MIC90 of 0.06 μg/mL at 48 hours after administration. For florfenicol, the interstitial fluid concentration was almost 98% of the plasma concentration, and the pulmonary concentrations were over 200% of the plasma concentrations, exceeding the breakpoint (≤ 2 μg/mL), and the MIC90 for Mannheimia haemolytica (1.0 μg/mL) for the duration of the study. For ceftiofur, penetration to the interstitial fluid was only 5% of the plasma concentration. Pulmonary epithelial lining fluid concentration represented 40% of the plasma concentration. Airway concentrations exceeded the MIC breakpoint for susceptible respiratory pathogens (≤ 2 μg/mL) for a short time at 48 hours after administration. The plasma and interstitial fluid concentrations of tulathromcyin were lower than the concentrations in pulmonary fluid throughout the study. The bronchial concentrations were higher than the plasma or interstitial concentrations, with over 900% penetration to the airways. Despite high diffusion into the bronchi, the tulathromycin concentrations achieved were lower than the MIC of susceptible bacteria at most time points.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Martin, Luke G. and Papich, Mark G.}, editor={Torrelles, Jordi BEditor}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={e0149100} }
 @article{foster_martin_papich_2016, title={Correction: Comparison of Active Drug Concentrations in the Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid and Interstitial Fluid of Calves Injected with Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, Ceftiofur, or Tulathromycin}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159219}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0159219}, abstractNote={[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149100.].}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Martin, Luke G. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={e0159219} }
 @article{foster_poulsen_sylvester_jacob_casulli_farkas_2016, title={Effect of high-pressure processing of bovine colostrum on immunoglobulin G concentration, pathogens, viscosity, and transfer of passive immunity to calves}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11204}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2016-11204}, abstractNote={This study aimed to determine the effects of high-pressure processing on the immunoglobulin concentration, microbial load, viscosity, and transfer of passive immunity to calves when applied to bovine colostrum as an alternative to thermal pasteurization. A pilot study using Staphylococcus aureus was conducted to determine which pressure-time treatments are most appropriate for use with bovine colostrum, with the goals of maximizing bacterial inactivation while minimizing IgG content and viscosity changes. Following the pilot study, an inoculation study was conducted in which first-milking colostrum samples from Holstein-Friesian cows were inoculated with known concentrations of various bacteria or viruses and pressure processed at either 300 MPa for up to 60min or at 400MPa for up to 30min. The recovery of total native aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Dublin, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, bovine herpesvirus type 1, and feline calicivirus were determined after processing. Colostrum IgG content was measured before and after pressure processing. Shear stress and viscosity for each treatment was determined over shear rates encompassing those found during calf feeding and at normal bovine body temperature (37.8°C). Following a calf trial, serum IgG concentration was measured in 14 calves fed 4 L of colostrum pressure processed at 400MPa for 15min. In the pilot study, S. aureus was effectively reduced with pressure treatment at 300 and 400MPa (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45min), with 2 treatments at 400MPa (30, 45min) determined to be inappropriate for use with bovine colostrum due to viscosity and IgG changes. High-pressure processing at 300MPa (30, 45, and 60min) and 400MPa (10, 15, and 20min) was shown to effectively reduce total native aerobic bacteria, E. coli, Salmonella Dublin, bovine herpesvirus type 1, and feline calicivirus populations in bovine colostrum, but no decrease occurred in Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. All inoculation study pressure treatments insignificantly decreased IgG content of colostrum. Treatment of colostrum at 400MPa for 15min during the calf trial decreased IgG content of colostrum. Treatment at 400MPa for 15min increased colostrum viscosity, with 2 of 14 samples requiring dilution with water for calf feeding. Calves fed pressure-processed colostrum had similar serum IgG but lower efficiency of absorption than calves fed heat-treated colostrum. The results of this study suggest that high-pressure processing of bovine colostrum maintains an acceptable IgG level while decreasing bacterial and viral counts. Changes in viscosity sometimes made calf feeding more difficult, but still feasible. Additional research to optimize this technology for on-farm use is necessary.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Poulsen, Keith P. and Sylvester, Hannah J. and Jacob, Megan E. and Casulli, Kaitlyn E. and Farkas, Brian E.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={8575–8588} }
 @article{schweizer_foster_knox_sylvester_anderson_2016, title={Single vs. double dose of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) for treatment of anthelmintic resistant Haemonchus contortus in weanling lambs}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.011}, abstractNote={Haemonchus contortus parasitism is a major disease of sheep, with these parasites frequently demonstrating multi-drug class anthelmintic resistance. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) have shown potential as adjuncts or alternatives to anthelmintics in resistant flocks. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two different COWP treatment regimens or placebo in the control of H. contortus in weaned lambs within a flock historically shown to have multi-drug resistant H. contortus using the DrenchRite® assay. Data from 43 lambs within 3 treatment groups in a double blind study were included in the experiment. Treatments were administered as a total of 2 boluses, each given on separate occasions (day 0 and day 42), so that each lamb received either 2 placebos, a single dose of 2g COWP followed by placebo, or two doses of 1g COWP. Strongyle-type fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed at initial treatment (day 0), on day 10, at second treatment (day 42), on day 52, and at study end (day 84). At the start of the trial, mean±standard deviation FEC were 1634.4±825.2, 2241.7±1496.8, and 2013.3±1194.2epg for the 2g, 1g×2, and control groups, respectively. At the end of the trial, FEC were 757.1±825.3, 483.4±557.2, and 1660.0±1345.3epg for the 2g, 1g×2, and control groups, respectively. Lambs given a 2g single dose of COWP or a 1g dose of COWP twice had reductions in strongyle-type FEC (p≤0.01) from trial start to trial end, whereas lambs given placebo did not. Average daily gains did not differ significantly among groups. Although copper is potentially toxic to sheep, no signs of toxicity were observed during this trial, which was consistent with similar studies at this treatment dose. The study indicated that administering COWP to lambs at weaning reduced FEC.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Schweizer, Nikki M. and Foster, Derek M. and Knox, William B. and Sylvester, Hannah J. and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={68–72} }
 @article{correction for jacob et al., prevalence and relatedness of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains in the feces and on the hides and carcasses of u.s. meat goats at slaughter._2015, url={http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4272727}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.03561-14}, abstractNote={Volume 79, no. 13, p. 4154–4158, 2013. Page 4156, column 1, line 4: “ stx 1” should read “ stx 2.”}, journal={Applied and environmental microbiology}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{foster_jacob_warren_papich_2015, title={Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ceftiofur in plasma, interstitial fluid, and gastrointestinal tract of calves after subcutaneous injection, and bactericidal impacts on representative enteric bacteria}, volume={39}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12236}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12236}, abstractNote={This study's objectives were to determine intestinal antimicrobial concentrations in calves administered enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium subcutaneously, and their impact on representative enteric bacteria. Ultrafiltration devices were implanted in the ileum and colon of 12 steers, which received either enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium. Samples were collected over 48 h after drug administration for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella enterica (5 × 105 CFU/mL of each) were exposed in vitro to peak and tail (48 h postadministration) concentrations of both drugs at each location for 24 h to determine inhibition of growth and change in MIC. Enrofloxacin had tissue penetration factors of 1.6 and 2.5 in the ileum and colon, while ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was less able to cross into the intestine (tissue penetration factors of 0.7 and 1.7). Ceftiofur was rapidly eliminated leading to tissue penetration factors of 0.39 and 0.25. All concentrations of enrofloxacin were bactericidal for S. enterica and significantly reduced E. faecalis. Peak ceftiofur concentration was bactericidal for S. enterica, and tail concentrations significantly reduced growth. E. faecalis experienced growth at all ceftiofur concentrations. The MICs for both organisms exposed to peak and tail concentrations of antimicrobials were unchanged at the end of the study. Enrofloxacin and ceftiofur achieved intestinal concentrations capable of reducing intestinal bacteria, yet the short exposure of ceftiofur in the intestine may select for resistant organisms.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, D. M. and Jacob, M. E. and Warren, C. D. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={62–71} }
 @article{jacob_foster_rogers_balcomb_sanderson_2015, title={Prevalence and relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the feces and on the hides and carcasses of U.S. meat goats at slaughter (vol 79, pg 4154, 2013)}, volume={81}, number={1}, journal={Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Foster, D. M. and Rogers, A. T. and Balcomb, C. C. and Sanderson, M. W.}, year={2015}, pages={462–462} }
 @article{smith_smith_zuidhof_foster_2015, title={Short communication: Characterization of the serologic response induced by vaccination of late-gestation cows with a Salmonella Dublin vaccine}, volume={98}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8972}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2014-8972}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Diarrhea due to Salmonella infection is an important cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. The acquisition of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam has shown some success in previous studies; however, no data exists on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether vaccinating cows in late gestation with a commercially available Salmonella Dublin vaccine would stimulate Salmonella-specific antibodies in the colostrum of cows at calving and whether these antibodies would be transferred to the calf. Thirty Holstein cows were vaccinated 3wk before the end of lactation with a Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin vaccine, with a second dose given at dry-off. An additional 30 cows received only saline. Calves had a blood sample collected immediately after birth and were then fed fresh colostrum from their dam within 2 h of calving. A postcolostrum blood sample was collected 24 to 48 h later. Salmonella Dublin antibodies in colostrum as well as serum from the cows and calves were measured using an ELISA technique. Results of this study showed that vaccinated cattle had elevated Salmonella Dublin antibody titers at the time of calving (40.3±9.1) as compared with control cows (−9.4±1.1). Calves that received colostrum from vaccinated cattle also had a significant increase in Salmonella Dublin antibodies (88.5±8.9) as compared with calves born to unvaccinated cows (−3.2±1.2). This study demonstrated that the use of a commercially available Salmonella Dublin vaccine can stimulate antibodies that are passed on to the calf via colostral transfer. Further studies need to be done to determine whether these antibodies will offer protection against Salmonella challenge.
 
}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Smith, Feli and Zuidhof, Sjoert and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={2529–2532} }
 @article{warren_prange_campbell_gerard_martin_jacob_smith_papich_foster_2014, title={Implantation of an ultrafiltration device in the ileum and spiral colon of steers to continuously collect intestinal fluid}, volume={97}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.012}, abstractNote={Collection of fluid from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is commonly necessary for research projects, but presents challenges including intestinal motility and potential for leakage of intestinal contents. In this study, ultrafiltration collection devices were surgically implanted in the ileum and spiral colon of 12 steers for repeated collection of intestinal fluid over 48 hours. There were no significant complications associated with surgery or during the post-operative period, nor were there any significant pathologic changes found at necropsy 3 or 4 days post-surgery. Over 48 hours, we obtained 88% of the desired 212 samples. Only two devices failed to routinely collect samples. Use of ultrafiltration probes is a novel, consistent and humane method to repeatedly sample the gastrointestinal contents.}, number={3}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Warren, Chelsea D. and Prange, Timo and Campbell, Nigel B. and Gerard, Mat P. and Martin, Luke G. and Jacob, Megan E. and Smith, Geof W. and Papich, Mark G. and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={611–615} }
 @article{smith_alley_foster_smith_wileman_2014, title={Passive Immunity Stimulated by Vaccination of Dry Cows with a Salmonella Bacterial Extract}, volume={28}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12396}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12396}, abstractNote={BackgroundDiarrhea because of Salmonella infection is a cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. The stimulation of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam for Salmonella has shown some success in previous studies; however, there are no data on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the United States.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, G.W. and Alley, M.L. and Foster, D.M. and Smith, F. and Wileman, B.W.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1602–1605} }
 @article{balcomb_foster_2014, title={Update on the Use of Blood and Blood Products in Ruminants}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.04.001}, abstractNote={The use of whole blood and/or blood products is indicated in ruminant medicine. The goal of this article is to summarize previous literature on blood groups in ruminants and camelids, list indications for transfusion, and describe collection and transfusion techniques applicable to small ruminants and cattle that can be used in practice.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Balcomb, Christie and Foster, Derek}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={455-+} }
 @article{jacob_foster_rogers_balcomb_shi_nagaraja_2013, title={Evidence of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Feces of Meat Goats at a US Slaughter Plant}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-064}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-064}, abstractNote={Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important human pathogens, and attention to non-O157 serogroups has increased in recent years. Although cattle are normally considered the primary reservoir for STEC, recent illnesses associated with goat contact have indicated that these animals are important potential reservoirs for the organisms. The prevalence of STEC, particularly non-O157 serogroups, in U.S. goats has not been well described. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of six major non-O157 STEC serogroups in the feces of meat goats. Rectal contents from 296 goats were collected postevisceration at a slaughter plant in the southeastern United States over 9 days during a 12-week period from August through October 2012. Samples were enriched in E. coli broth, and DNA was extracted and used as template in an 11-gene multiplex PCR that detected six non-O157 serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, and O145) and virulence genes. Samples were considered positive when at least one non-O157 STEC serotype was present with either stx₁ or stx₂. All six non-O157 serogroups were detected by PCR in our samples, and 14.5% of samples were positive for at least one serogroup. Prevalence of O26 was highest, with 6.4% of goat fecal samples positive. The prevalence of O45 was 3.4%, O103 was 4.4%, O111 was 4.1%, O121 was 1.4%, and O145 was 3.0%. Twenty-two (7.4%) of 296 fecal samples had more than one non-O157 serogroup detected in the feces. Two samples had evidence of three non-O157 STEC serogroups. Goats appear to be an important reservoir for non-O157 STEC, and further work to understand the characteristics, epidemiology, and ecology of STEC in these animals is warranted.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Foster, D. M. and Rogers, A. T. and Balcomb, C. C. and Shi, X. and Nagaraja, T. G.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1626–1629} }
 @article{jacob_foster_rogers_balcomb_sanderson_2013, title={Prevalence and Relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains in the Feces and on the Hides and Carcasses of US Meat Goats at Slaughter}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1098-5336"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3697551}, DOI={10.1128/aem.00772-13}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={13}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Jacob, M. E. and Foster, D. M. and Rogers, A. T. and Balcomb, C. C. and Sanderson, M. W.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={4154–4158} }
 @article{foster_stauffer_magness_gookin_2013, title={Tu2013 Characterization of Epithelial Cell Loss Due to Cryptosporidium Parvum Infection in a Non-Transformed Porcine Jejunal Enterocyte (IPEC-J2) Cell Line}, volume={144}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(13)63369-7}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-5085(13)63369-7}, abstractNote={infectious events 8 months after the first visit.Autopsy revealed multiple ulcerations throughout the gastrointestinal tract, some of which were accompanied by necrosis and perforation in the jejunum and ascending colon.Histologically, occlusive thrombotic angiopathy with endothelial cell degenerations was observed, consistent with gut perforation following infarction.According to the report by Cynthia et al. [1] we conducted an immunohistochemical analysis using Complement (C) 5b-9 antibody.Very interestingly, affected vessels were strongly positive for the antibody.Conclusion Our report clearly demonstrated C5-9mediated vascular injury led to gut ischemia leading to catastrophic outcome.}, number={5}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Stauffer, Stephen and Magness, Scott T. and Gookin, Jody}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={S-904-S-905} }
 @article{foster_nielsen_stauffer_gookin_2012, title={Mo1784 The In Vivo Transcriptional Response of Intestinal Epithelium to C. Parvum Infection is Dominated by Interferon-Alpha Signaling Pathways}, volume={142}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(12)62638-9}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-5085(12)62638-9}, abstractNote={mast cells were significantly reduced in the TI compared to ex-smokers (median counts: 231 vs 324, p=<0.004) and non-smokers (median: 231 vs 342, p=<0.03); in the cecum of smokers, compared to ex-smokers (median: 116 vs 158, p=<0.007) or non-smokers (median: 116 vs 170, p=<0.0002).Mast cells were significantly reduced in D1 of smokers, compared to non-smokers (median: 167 vs 238, p=<0.01).There was a tendency for eosinophilia in D1 of smokers (p=0.055).Eosinophils were not significantly altered in the TI/colon of smokers.CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with disordered homeostasis of gastrointestinal mucosal mast cells, seen in small intestinal and ileocolic regions, sites most commonly affected in CD.Our data suggest that chronic exposure to tobacco may subtly alter the balance of mucosal innate immunity, particularly mast cells.1.}, number={5}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, Derek and Nielsen, Dahlia and Stauffer, Stephen and Gookin, Jody}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={S-684} }
 @article{foster_stauffer_stone_gookin_2012, title={Proteasome Inhibition of Pathologic Shedding of Enterocytes to Defend Barrier Function Requires X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein and Nuclear Factor κB}, volume={143}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.030}, DOI={10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.030}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND & AIMS
Although we are beginning to understand where, when, and how intestinal epithelial cells are shed, physiologically, less is understood about alterations in cell fate during minimally invasive epithelial infections. We used a piglet model of Cryptosporidium parvum infection to determine how elimination of infected enterocytes is balanced with the need to maintain barrier function.


METHODS
We studied the effects of enterocyte shedding by C parvum-infected ileum on barrier function ex vivo with Ussing chambers. The locations and activities of caspase-3, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, and tissue immunoreactivity analyses and using specific pharmacologic inhibitors. The location, specificity, and magnitude of enterocyte shedding were quantified using special stains and light microscopy.


RESULTS
Infection with C parvum activated apoptotic signaling pathways in enterocytes that resulted in cleavage of caspase-3. Despite caspase-3 cleavage, enterocyte shedding was confined to villus tips, coincident with apoptosis, and observed more frequently in infected cells. Epithelial expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), activation of NF-κB, and proteasome activity were required for control of cell shedding and barrier function. The proteasome blocked activity of caspase-3; this process was mediated by expression of XIAP, which bound to cleaved caspase-3.


CONCLUSIONS
We have identified a pathway by which villus epithelial cells are maintained during C parvum infection. Loss of barrier function is reduced by active retention of infected enterocytes until they reach the villus tip. These findings might be used to promote clearance of minimally invasive enteropathogens, such as by increasing the rate of migration of epithelial cells from the crypt to the villus tip.}, number={1}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Stone, Maria R. and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={133–144.e4} }
 @article{azcarate-peril_foster_cadenas_stone_jacobi_stauffer_pease_gookin_2011, title={Acute necrotizing enterocolitis of preterm piglets is characterized by dysbiosis of ileal mucosa-associated bacteria}, volume={2}, ISSN={1949-0976 1949-0984}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.2.4.16332}, DOI={10.4161/gmic.2.4.16332}, abstractNote={Investigation of bacteria involved in pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is limited by infant fragility, analysis restricted to feces, use of culture-based methods, and lack of clinically-relevant animal models. This study used a unique preterm piglet model to characterize spontaneous differences in microbiome composition of NEC-predisposed regions of gut. Preterm piglets (n=23) were cesarean-delivered and nurtured for 30 hours over which time 52% developed NEC. Bacterial DNA from ileal content, ileal mucosa, and colonic mucosa were PCR amplified, subjected to terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis and targeted 16S rDNA qPCR. Preterm ileal mucosa was specifically bereft in diversity of bacteria compared to ileal content and colonic mucosa. Preterm ileum was restricted to representation by only Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi. In piglets with NEC, ileal mucosa was uniquely characterized by increases in number of Firmicutes and diversity of phyla to include Actinobacteria and uncultured bacteria. Five specific TRFLP profiles, corresponding in closest identity to Clostridium butyricum, C. neonatale, C. proteolyticum, Streptomyces spp., and Leptolyngbya spp., were significantly more prevalent or observed only among samples from piglets with NEC. Total numbers of Clostridium spp. and C. butyricum were significantly greater in samples of NEC ileal mucosa but not ileal content or colonic mucosa. These results provide strong support for ileal mucosa as a focus for investigation of specific dysbiosis associated with NEC and suggest a significant role for Clostridium spp., and members of the Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria in the pathogenesis of NEC in preterm piglets.}, number={4}, journal={Gut Microbes}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea and Foster, Derek M. and Cadenas, Maria B. and Stone, Maria R. and Jacobi, Sheila K. and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Pease, Anthony and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={234–243} }
 @article{foster_chinnadurai_nutt_pandiri_linder_alley_smith_2011, title={Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in an alpaca}, volume={89}, ISSN={0005-0423}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00661.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00661.x}, abstractNote={An adult alpaca was presented because of abdominal pain and was diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction. The putative diagnosis at surgery was an intestinal obstruction caused by peritonitis and intra‐abdominal adhesions. The cause of the inflammation was not determined at that time. The alpaca died soon after surgery from post‐surgical complications and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia that was not diagnosed until necropsy.}, number={1-2}, journal={Australian Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, DM and Chinnadurai, SK and Nutt, JN and Pandiri, A and Linder, KE and Alley, ML and Smith, GW}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={51–54} }
 @article{young_alley_foster_smith_2011, title={Efficacy of amprolium for the treatment of pathogenic Eimeria species in Boer goat kids}, volume={178}, ISSN={["0304-4017"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.028}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of amprolium in goats heavily infected with pathogenic Eimeria species. Forty Boer goat kids ranging from 3 to 5 months of age with naturally occurring coccidiosis were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated orally with amprolium at doses of 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days (n = 20) or 50 mg/kg daily for 5 days (n = 20). The Eimeria oocyst per gram concentrations were significantly reduced on day 7 in the kids that received amprolium at 50 mg/kg, however oocyst concentrations were not significantly reduced in goats that received the 10 mg/kg dose. Out of 100 Eimeria oocysts identified from a pooled fecal sample, E. christenseni was the most frequently identified (52%) coccidial species present. The results of this trial indicate that amprolium can be an effective treatment for pathogenic Eimeria species in goat kids, however higher and extralabel doses (50 mg/kg) should be used.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Young, Gabrielle and Alley, Mark L. and Foster, Derek M. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={346–349} }
 @article{foster_stauffer_stone_gookin_2011, title={NFkB-Mediated Expression of XIAP Inhibits Caspase-3-Dependent Shedding of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Defense of Barrier Function in Cryptosporidium Parvum Infection}, volume={140}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(11)62085-4}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-5085(11)62085-4}, number={5}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, Derek and Stauffer, Stephen and Stone, Maria and Gookin, Jody}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={S-503} }
 @article{azcarate-peril_foster_cadenas_stone_jacobi_stauffer_pease_gookin_2011, title={Necrotizing Enterocolitis of Preterm Piglets is Characterized by a Unique Ileum Mucosa-Associated Microbiome}, volume={140}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(11)62764-9}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-5085(11)62764-9}, number={5}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea and Foster, Derek and Cadenas, Maria B. and Stone, Maria and Jacobi, Sheila and Stauffer, Stephen and Pease, Anthony and Gookin, Jody}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={S-666} }
 @article{smith_davis_smith_gerard_campbell_foster_2010, title={Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Pantoprazole in Alpacas}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pantoprazole in camelids is not available.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the pharmacokinetics of both IV and SC pantoprazole and to determine whether pantoprazole administration would increase 3rd compartment pH in alpacas.


ANIMALS
Six healthy adult alpacas.


METHODS
Alpacas were fitted with a 3rd compartment cannula for measuring gastric pH. After recovery, alpacas received 1 mg/kg pantoprazole IV, q24h for 3 days or 2 mg/kg SC q24h for 3 days. Alpacas received both IV and SC pantoprazole, with a minimum of 3 weeks between treatments. Third compartment pH was recorded and plasma samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis.


RESULTS
Pantoprazole induced a slow but sustained increase in 3rd compartment pH when given by both the IV and SC routes. Third compartment pH was significantly increased as compared with baseline values (1.81+/-0.7; mean+/-SD) at 24 (2.47+/-0.8), 48 (3.53+/-1.0) and 72 hours (4.03+/-1.3) after daily IV administration of pantoprazole. Third compartment pH increased from 1.73+/-0.6 at baseline to 3.05+/-1.1, 4.02+/-1.4, and 3.61+/-1.6 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after SC administration, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that pantoprazole had a short elimination half-life (0.47+0.06 h) and a high clearance rate (12.2+/-2.9 mL/kg/min) after both IV and SC administration.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Based on the results of this study, pantoprazole represents a safe and effective drug for increasing 3rd compartment pH in camelids. Either IV or SC administration is likely to be an effective treatment for gastric ulcers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Smith, G. W. and Davis, J. L. and Smith, S. M. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M.}, year={2010}, pages={949–955} }
 @article{gookin_foster_harvey_mcwhorter_2009, title={An Animated Model of Reticulorumen Motility}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.36.4.444}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.36.4.444}, abstractNote={ Understanding reticulorumen motility is important to the assessment of ruminant health and optimal production, and in the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Accordingly, the teaching of reticulorumen motility is a staple of all veterinary curricula. This teaching has historically been based on written descriptions, line drawings, or pressure tracings obtained during contraction sequences. We developed an animated model of reticulorumen motility and hypothesized that veterinary students would prefer use of the model over traditional instructional methods. First-year veterinary students were randomly allocated to one of two online learning exercises: with the animated model (Group A) or with text and line drawings (Group B) depicting reticulorumen motility. Learning was assessed with a multiple-choice quiz and feedback on the learning alternatives was obtained by survey. Seventy-four students participated in the study, including 38/42 in Group A and 36/36 in Group B. Sixty-four out of 72 students (89%) responded that they would prefer use of the animated model if only one of the two learning methods was available. A majority of students agreed or strongly agreed that the animated model was easy to understand and improved their knowledge and appreciation of the importance of reticulorumen motility, and would recommend the model to other veterinary students. Interestingly, students in Group B achieved higher scores on examination than students in Group A. This could be speculatively attributed to the inclusion of an itemized list of contraction sequences in the text provided to Group B and failure of Group A students to read the text associated with the animations. }, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Foster, Derek M. and Harvey, Alice M. and McWhorter, Dan}, year={2009}, pages={444–450} }
 @article{foster_smith_2009, title={Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves}, volume={25}, ISSN={0749-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013}, abstractNote={Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. Each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. Specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, D.M. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={13–36} }
 @article{smith_gerard_campbell_foster_smith_davis_2009, title={Third-compartment cannulation in alpacas using a polyurethane gastrostomy tube}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1751-0813"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00510.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00510.x}, abstractNote={Objective To develop a simple and effective surgical technique for third‐compartment cannulation in alpacas.}, number={12}, journal={AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Smith, G. W. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M. and Smith, S. M. and Davis, J. L.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={487–491} }
 @article{gookin_foster_coccaro_stauffer_2008, title={Oral Delivery of L-arginine Stimulates Prostaglandin-dependent Secretory Diarrhea in Cryptosporidium parvum–infected Neonatal Piglets}, volume={46}, ISSN={0277-2116}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e31815c0480}, DOI={10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815c0480}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Gookin, Jody L and Foster, Derek M and Coccaro, Maria R and Stauffer, Stephen H}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={139–146} }
 @article{foster_smith_pandiri_blond_2008, title={Posterior paresis resulting from a vertebral body fracture in a bull}, volume={42}, number={1}, journal={Bovine Practitioner}, author={Foster, D.M. and Smith, G.W. and Pandiri, A. and Blond, L.}, year={2008}, pages={41–44} }
 @article{gookin_foster_stauffer_stone (coccaro)_2008, title={T1250 Luminal Uptake of L-Arginine By C. Parvum Infected Porcine Ileum Is Promoted By Epithelial Induction of Arginase II and Stimulates Prostaglandin-Dependent Secretory Diarrhea}, volume={134}, ISSN={0016-5085}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62407-5}, DOI={10.1016/S0016-5085(08)62407-5}, number={4}, journal={Gastroenterology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Foster, Derek M. and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Stone (Coccaro), Maria R.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={A-515-A-516} }
 @article{davis_foster_papich_2007, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00914.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of enrofloxacin. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in the s.c. tissue, gluteal musculature, and pleural space of five calves. Each calf received 12.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin. Plasma and ISF samples were collected for 48 h after drug administration and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma protein binding of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was measured using a microcentrifugation system. Tissue probes were well tolerated and reliably produced fluid from each site. The mean ± SD plasma half‐life was 6.8 ± 1.2 and 7.3 ± 1 h for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The combined (ciprofloxacin + enrofloxacin) peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.52 μg/mL, and the combined area under the curve (AUC) was 25.33 μg/mL. The plasma free drug concentrations were 54% and 81% for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, and free drug concentration in the tissue fluid was higher than in plasma. We concluded that Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC ratios for free drug concentrations in plasma and ISF would meet suggested ratios for a targeted MIC of 0.06 μg/mL.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Davis, J. L. and Foster, D. M. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={564–571} }
 @article{smith_foster_2007, title={Short Communication: Absorption of Protein and Immunoglobulin G in Calves Fed a Colostrum Replacer}, volume={90}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-682}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2006-682}, abstractNote={A well-managed colostrum program on farms is the most important step in reducing disease in neonatal calves. In the last few years, colostrum replacers have increased in popularity and are designed to be an alternative to colostrum on farms that have poor colostrum quality, limited colostrum reserves, or to break the cycle of transmission for certain infectious diseases. However, it is important to make sure these products are effective and are capable of providing adequate serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available colostrum replacer product in dairy calves. Holstein calves from a single dairy were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at birth. Group 1 (n = 21) calves were given 4 quarts of colostrum via esophageal feeder within 3 h of birth and served as the control group for this study. Group 2 (n = 21) received 2 packages of a colostrum replacer product, and group 3 (n = 21) received 3 packages of the colostrum replacer product within 3 h of birth. Blood samples from all calves were collected 24 h after colostrum administration and analyzed for serum total protein and IgG concentrations. Calves fed fresh colostrum had significantly higher serum total protein levels and IgG concentrations compared with calves fed the colostrum replacer product. Calves fed the colostrum replacer also had a significantly higher percentage of calves with failure of passive transfer (serum IgG <1,000 mg/dL). The colostrum replacer product evaluated in this study failed to routinely provide adequate IgG concentrations when fed according to label directions.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Smith, G.W. and Foster, D.M.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={2905–2908} }
 @article{foster_smith_sanner_busso_2006, title={Serum IgG and total protein concentrations in dairy calves fed two colostrum replacement products}, volume={229}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.8.1282}, DOI={10.2460/javma.229.8.1282}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Smith, Geof W. and Sanner, Truman R. and Busso, Gonzalo V.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={1282–1285} }
 @article{foster_gookin_poore_stebbins_levy_2004, title={Outcome of cats with diarrhea and Tritrichomonas foetus infection}, volume={225}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.888}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.225.888}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Foster, DM and Gookin, JL and Poore, MF and Stebbins, ME and Levy, MG}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={888–892} }
 @article{gookin_foster_poore_stebbins_levy_2003, title={Use of a commercially available culture system for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats}, volume={222}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.222.1376}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.1376}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gookin, JL and Foster, DM and Poore, MF and Stebbins, ME and Levy, MG}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={1376–1379} }