@article{sultana_gunning_furst_garrard_dow_vinueza_2018, title={Direct analysis of textile dyes from trace fibers by automated microfluidics extraction system coupled with Q-TOF mass spectrometer for forensic applications}, volume={289}, ISSN={0379-0738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORSCIINT.2018.05.020}, DOI={10.1016/J.FORSCIINT.2018.05.020}, abstractNote={Textile fiber is a common form of transferable trace evidence at the crime scene. Different techniques such as microscopy or spectroscopy are currently being used for trace fiber analysis. Dye characterization in trace fiber adds an important molecular specificity during the analysis. In this study, we performed a direct trace fiber analysis method via dye characterization by a novel automated microfluidics device (MFD) dye extraction system coupled with a quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer (MS). The MFD system used an in-house made automated procedure which requires only 10 μL of organic solvent for the extraction. The total extraction and identification time by the system is under 12 min. A variety of sulfonated azo and anthraquinone dyes were analyzed from ∼1 mm length nylon fiber samples. This methodology successfully characterized multiple dyes (≥3 dyes) from a single fiber thread. Additionally, it was possible to do dye characterization from single fibers with a diameter of ∼10 μm. The MFD-MS system was used for elemental composition and isotopic distribution analysis where MFD-MS/MS was used for structural characterization of dyes on fibers.}, journal={Forensic Science International}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sultana, Nadia and Gunning, Sean and Furst, Stephen J. and Garrard, Kenneth P. and Dow, Thomas A. and Vinueza, Nelson R.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={67–74} }
 @article{bodlapati_dow_wong_garrard_2018, title={Surface Finish and Diamond Tool Wear when machining PMMA and PC Optics}, volume={10742}, ISSN={["1996-756X"]}, DOI={10.1117/12.2319683}, abstractNote={Optical devices are extremely important since they play a critical role in optical recording and display. Single point diamond turning is one of the most common methods to create plastic optics. Diamond turning of plastics is influenced by a wide variety of factors such as the glass transition temperature of the polymer, other material properties and operator controlled cutting conditions. Since diamond is one of the hardest materials in nature and polymers are relatively soft, little tool wear is expected. But the optics industry claims that tool wear is a major problem. Most of the optical industry uses Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and Polycarbonate (PC) for creating optics. The objective of this research is to optimize machining parameters (such as feed, depth of cut, cutting speed and rake angle) to produce optical surface quality (RMS Surface finish < 10 nm) while minimizing tool wear for the two materials. A wide range of experiments were performed on the two materials by varying machining parameters and measuring worn tools using the Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID) technique in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In the experimental conditions used, PMMA was found to have better surface finish than PC when machined with a zero-rake angle diamond tool. Polycarbonate was found to wear the tool more than PMMA under similar cutting conditions. It was also found that Polycarbonate is more sensitive to chip management and chip geometry than PMMA. Detailed effects of all machining parameters for the two materials were studied.}, journal={OPTICAL MANUFACTURING AND TESTING XII}, author={Bodlapati, Charan and Dow, Thomas and Wong, Anthony and Garrard, Ken}, year={2018} }
 @article{furst_dow_garrard_sohn_fixsen_rinehart_mentzell_veach_rizzo_dhabal_2016, title={Design and validation of the mounting structure for BETTII balloon-based telescope with thin-walled optics}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2329-4221"]}, DOI={10.1117/1.jatis.2.2.024001}, abstractNote={Abstract. The NASA Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII) system is designed to study the infrared emissions from star formation and active galactic nuclei through a double-Fourier Michelson interferometer located on a balloon at an altitude of 37 km. The BETTII external optics include a pair of identical beam-reducing, four-mirror telescopes, each with a 522-mm aperture, nonrotationally symmetric primary mirror. These telescopes were designed and assembled at the North Carolina State University Precision Engineering Consortium and are composed entirely of thin-walled aluminum components. The mounting structure is designed to be light weight and stiff to reduce thermal equilibration time in the rarified air at the edge of space and to maintain robust alignment of the optical elements. The mounts also prevent deformation of the large optical elements via custom-built kinematic Kelvin couplings and fixed-load clamps; the maximum form error of the optical surfaces are 300 nm RMS. This work details the design of the thin mirrors and mounting structure as well as validation of the mount assembly process, mount stiffness, and the kinematic couplings.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS}, author={Furst, Stephen and Dow, Tom and Garrard, Ken and Sohn, Alex and Fixsen, Dale and Rinehart, Stephen and Mentzell, Eric and Veach, Todd and Rizzo, Maxime and Dhabal, Arnab}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{dow_nowak_kessing_2016, title={Design of elliptically-vibrating ultrasonic actuator for nanocoining}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-2372"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.precisioneng.2016.03.007}, abstractNote={Nanocoining is a method of rapidly creating a cylindrical mold surface covered with features smaller than the wavelength of light. This mold can then be used in a roll-to-roll process to make surfaces whose functionality depends on the wavelength of the illumination. The die replaces the typical diamond tool used to produce overlapping grooves for applications such as reflective signs. The die has a face area approximately 20 μm2 that has been patterned in an FIB. It is mounted on a 2D ultrasonic actuator and follows an elliptical path that matches the surface speed of the moving workpiece during the short contact time and creates approximately 6000 features per impact. The spacing of die indents is controlled by the speed of the diamond turning machine axes such that a small overlap exists from previous indents as the die spirals around and along the mold surface. Because the die is small, the indentations must occur rapidly to make nanocoining a feasible process. This work focuses on the design and control of a nominally 40 kHz, 2D resonant actuator that is suitable for this process. A controller to automatically track resonance is described to maintain the elliptical motion during indentation. Methods of tuning the behavior of the actuator and maintaining a constant indent depth are proposed. Finally, 500 nm pitch feature indents were created on a brass workpiece at 40 kHz and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the features are provided.}, journal={PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Dow, Thomas A. and Nowak, John and Kessing, Jonas R.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={301–310} }
 @article{dhabal_rinehart_rizzo_mundy_fixsen_sampler_mentzell_veach_silverberg_furst_et al._2016, title={Optics of Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII): delay lines and alignment}, volume={9907}, ISSN={["0277-786X"]}, DOI={10.1117/12.2230218}, abstractNote={We present the optics of Balloon Experimental Twin Telescope for Infrared Interferometry (BETTII) as it gets ready for launch. BETTII is an 8-meter baseline far-infrared (30-90 μm) interferometer mission with capabilities of spatially resolved spectroscopy aimed at studying star formation and galaxy evolution. The instrument collects light from its two arms, makes them interfere, divides them into two science channels (30-50 μm and 60-90 μm), and focuses them onto the detectors. It also separates out the NIR light (1-2.5 μm) and uses it for tip-tilt corrections of the telescope pointing. Currently, all the optical elements have been fabricated, heat treated, coated appropriately and are mounted on their respective assemblies. We are presenting the optical design challenges for such a balloon borne spatio- spectral interferometer, and discuss how they have been mitigated. The warm and cold delay lines are an important part of this optics train. The warm delay line corrects for path length differences between the left and the right arm due to balloon pendulation, while the cold delay line is aimed at introducing a systematic path length difference, thereby generating our interferograms from where we can derive information about the spectra. The details of their design and the results of the testing of these opto-mechanical parts are also discussed. The sensitivities of different optical elements on the interferograms produced have been determined with the help of simulations using FRED software package. Accordingly, an alignment plan is drawn up which makes use of a laser tracker, a CMM, theodolites and a LUPI interferometer.}, journal={OPTICAL AND INFRARED INTERFEROMETRY AND IMAGING V}, author={Dhabal, Arnab and Rinehart, Stephen A. and Rizzo, Maxime J. and Mundy, Lee and Fixsen, Dale and Sampler, Henry and Mentzell, Eric and Veach, Todd and Silverberg, Robert F. and Furst, Stephen and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{zdanowicz_dow_scattergood_youssef_2013, title={Nanostructure fabrication on germanium and silicon by nanocoining imprint technique}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1873-2372"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.precisioneng.2013.05.004}, abstractNote={Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) material response to indentation with a nanostructured die is investigated. A diamond die attached to a high speed actuator previously used to create large arrays of nanofeatures on metallic surfaces was used to create nanofeatures on Ge and Si samples. The pressure induced transformation of Ge and Si from a diamond cubic brittle phase to a more ductile beta-tin metallic phase due to the nanofeatures on the die was investigated. Results using the dynamic nanocoining method showed chip-like deformation around the individual nanofeatures indicative of the beta-tin phase transformation at the nanofeature level. Micro-Raman measurements confirmed the metallic transition from evidence including metastable and amorphous phases after indentation. Indents created using a common linear indentation method exhibited similar behavior. The Si nanofeature deformation was compared to electroless (EL) nickel and the deformation differed as dictated by the mechanism of material flow. Although not observed in Si, fracture occurred in some Ge indents at higher loads as a result of the lower fracture toughness compared to Si.}, number={4}, journal={PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Zdanowicz, Erik and Dow, Thomas A. and Scattergood, Ronald O. and Youssef, Khaled}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={871–879} }
 @article{lane_dow_scattergood_2013, title={Thermo-chemical wear model and worn tool shapes for single-crystal diamond tools cutting steel}, volume={300}, ISSN={["1873-2577"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.wear.2013.02.012}, abstractNote={An Arrhenius-type thermochemical wear model proposed by past researchers is evaluated for predicting diamond tool wear when machining low carbon steel. Tool temperature values are determined using finite element modeling. These temperatures are related to tool wear measured after diamond turning tests on a low carbon steel workpiece to determine constants in the Arrhenius-type model. Measured tool wear shows a transition in worn tool shape from low speed (1 mm/s) to high speed (4 m/s) machining tests. Model results show a minimum value of wear per cutting distance occurs at a cutting speed of 2.5 m/s. The model also gives an activation energy between 25.0 kJ/mol and 29.3 kJ/mol. In addition, this model is used to explain experimental results obtained by others researching chemical wear of diamond.}, number={1-2}, journal={WEAR}, author={Lane, B. M. and Dow, T. A. and Scattergood, R.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={216–224} }
 @article{zdanowicz_dow_scattergood_2012, title={Rapid fabrication of nanostructured surfaces using nanocoining}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0957-4484"]}, DOI={10.1088/0957-4484/23/41/415303}, abstractNote={A new process for creating high quality ordered arrays of nanofeatures called nanocoining is presented. A diamond die with a structured area of nanofeatures (1600 features in a 20 μm × 20 μm area) is used to physically transfer features to a mold surface. The die is attached to an actuator capable of producing an elliptical tool-path, the dimensions of which are process dependent and enable the die to match velocity with the moving mold during contact to avoid dragging the nanostructured area along the mold surface (smear). Nanocoining process parameters are discussed which enable indents to be indexed precisely to completely cover target areas. Techniques for die alignment and depth control are also required to create large areas (339 mm2) of nanofeatures in short times (∼20 min). Nanocoining experiments were performed at 1 kHz (1000 indents or 1.6 million features per second) on a flat electroless nickel sample. UV curable replicates were then created from the nickel mold and both the mold and replicate were examined in an SEM and AFM.}, number={41}, journal={NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Zdanowicz, Erik and Dow, Thomas A. and Scattergood, Ronald O.}, year={2012}, month={Oct} }
 @article{robichaud_dixon_potturi_cassidy_edwards_sohn_dow_muddiman_2011, title={Design, modeling, fabrication, and evaluation of the air amplifier for improved detection of biomolecules by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry}, volume={300}, ISSN={["1873-2798"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijms.2010.04.006}, abstractNote={Through a multi-disciplinary approach, the air amplifier is being evolved as a highly engineered device to improve detection limits of biomolecules when using electrospray ionization. Several key aspects have driven the modifications to the device through experimentation and simulations. We have developed a computer simulation that accurately portrays actual conditions and the results from these simulations are corroborated by the experimental data. These computer simulations can be used to predict outcomes from future designs resulting in a design process that is efficient in terms of financial cost and time. We have fabricated a new device with annular gap control over a range of 50 to 70 μm using piezoelectric actuators. This has enabled us to obtain better aerodynamic performance when compared to the previous design (2× more vacuum) and also more reproducible results. This is allowing us to study a broader experimental space than the previous design which is critical in guiding future directions. This work also presents and explains the principles behind a fractional factorial design of experiments methodology for testing a large number of experimental parameters in an orderly and efficient manner to understand and optimize the critical parameters that lead to obtain improved detection limits while minimizing the number of experiments performed. Preliminary results showed that several folds of improvements could be obtained for certain condition of operations (up to 34 folds).}, number={2-3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY}, author={Robichaud, Guillaume and Dixon, R. Brent and Potturi, Amarnatha S. and Cassidy, Dan and Edwards, Jack R. and Sohn, Alex and Dow, Thomas A. and Muddiman, David C.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={99–107} }
 @article{furst_dow_garrard_sohn_2010, title={Automated Part Centering With Impulse Actuation}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1528-8935"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.4000681}, abstractNote={Centering a part on a spindle for precision machining is a tedious, time-consuming task. Currently, a skilled operator must measure the run-out of a part using a displacement gauge, then tap the part into place using a plastic or rubber hammer. This paper describes a method to automatically center a part on a vacuum chuck with initial run-out as large as 2.5 mm. The method involves measuring the magnitude and direction of the radial run-out and then actuating the part until the part and spindle centerlines are within 5 μm of each other. The run-out can be measured with either a touch probe mounted to a machine axis or an electronic gauge. The part is tapped into place with a linear actuator driven by a voice coil motor. This paper includes an analysis of run-out measurement uncertainty as well as the design, performance modeling, and testing of the alignment actuator. This actuator was employed for part realignment and successfully positioned a hemispherical part with an initial run-out of 1–2.5 mm to within 5 μm of the spindle centerline. This capability shows that the run-out of a part manually placed on flat vacuum chuck can be automatically corrected.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Furst, S. J. and Dow, T. A. and Garrard, K. and Sohn, A.}, year={2010}, month={Feb} }
 @article{shi_lane_mooney_dow_scattergood_2010, title={Diamond tool wear measurement by electron-beam-induced deposition}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1873-2372"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.precisioneng.2010.03.009}, abstractNote={Quantitative characterization of a diamond tool profile is critical to reveal tool wear mechanisms. An electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) method reported previously is further developed and improved to measure diamond tool profiles using a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). The edge radius and wear land length for new and worn diamond tools were derived from analysis of the EBID-SEM images. Experimental results are presented to show that the methodology is an effective means to characterize diamond tool wear.}, number={4}, journal={PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Shi, M. and Lane, B. and Mooney, C. B. and Dow, T. A. and Scattergood, R. O.}, year={2010}, month={Oct}, pages={718–721} }
 @article{lane_shi_dow_scattergood_2010, title={Diamond tool wear when machining Al6061 and 1215 steel}, volume={268}, ISSN={0043-1648}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.019}, DOI={10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.019}, abstractNote={Different rates of wear of diamond tools depend on the physical and chemical nature of the workpiece material. Wear mechanisms for diamond tools can be either abrasive or chemical in nature, or a combination thereof. Differentiating the affects of these wear mechanisms can be accomplished by measuring the wear geometry of the cutting edge as a function of cutting distance. Orthogonal cutting experiments using 6061 aluminum and 1215 steel were conducted to illustrate abrasive and abrasive plus chemical wear, respectively. Wear of the diamond tool was measured using the electron beam induced deposition method. This method provides nanometer resolution images of the tool edge (edge radius and wear land) that can be used to calculate volumetric wear loss and wear rates. A method for determining the Archard wear coefficient for diamond turning based on measured wear and cutting forces is also introduced. Comparisons are made between the tool wear resulting from the two materials, and hypotheses related to the wear mechanism are presented.}, number={11-12}, journal={Wear}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lane, B.M. and Shi, M. and Dow, T.A. and Scattergood, R.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={1434–1441} }
 @article{brehl_dow_2008, title={Review of vibration-assisted machining}, volume={32}, ISSN={0141-6359}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2007.08.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.precisioneng.2007.08.003}, abstractNote={Vibration-assisted machining (VAM) combines precision machining with small-amplitude tool vibration to improve the fabrication process. It has been applied to a number of processes from turning to drilling to grinding [9], [36]. The emphasis on this literature review is the turning process where VAM has been applied to difficult applications such as diamond turning of ferrous and brittle materials, creating microstructures with complex geometries for products like molds and optical elements, or economically producing precision macro-scale components in hard alloys such as Inconel or titanium. This review paper presents the basic kinematic relationships for 1D (linear vibratory tool path) and 2D VAM (circular/elliptical tool path). Typical hardware systems used to achieve these vibratory motions are described. The periodic separation between the tool rake face and uncut material, characteristic of VAM, is related to observed reductions in machining forces and chip thickness, with distinct explanations offered for 1D and 2D modes. The reduced tool forces in turn are related to improvements in surface finish and extended tool life. Additional consideration is given to the intermittent cutting mechanism and how it reduces the effect of thermo-chemical mechanisms believed responsible for rapid wear of diamond tools when machining ferrous materials. The ability of VAM to machine brittle materials in the ductile regime at increased depth of cut is also described.}, number={3}, journal={Precision Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Brehl, D.E. and Dow, T.A.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={153–172} }
 @misc{brehl_dow_2008, title={Review of vibration-assisted machining}, volume={32}, number={3}, journal={Precision Engineering}, author={Brehl, D. E. and Dow, T. A.}, year={2008}, pages={153–172} }
 @inbook{dow_2006, title={Friction brakes}, ISBN={0071466363}, booktitle={Mechanical design handbook: measurement, analysis, and control of dynamic sysytems}, publisher={New York, NY: McGraw-Hill}, author={Dow, T. A.}, editor={Rothbart, H. A. and Brown, T. H., Jr.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @inbook{dow_2006, title={Friction clutches}, ISBN={0071466363}, booktitle={Mechanical design handbook: measurement, analysis, and control of dynamic sysytems}, publisher={New York, NY: McGraw-Hill}, author={Dow, T. A.}, editor={Rothbart, H. A. and Brown, T. H., Jr.Editors}, year={2006} }
 @misc{sohn_garrard_dow_2005, title={Polar coordinate-based profilometer and methods}, volume={6,895,682}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Sohn, A. and Garrard, K. P. and Dow, T. A.}, year={2005} }
 @article{dow_miller_garrard_2004, title={Tool force and deflection compensation for small milling tools}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1873-2372"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0141-6359(03)00072-2}, abstractNote={A technique to compensate for deflection of small milling tools (diameter<1 mm) has been demonstrated. This open-loop technique involves predicting the cutting and thrust forces, applying these forces to the tool, calculating the shape error due to tool deflection and creating a new tool path to eliminate this error. The tool force model has evolved from a decade of research to predict the forces in diamond turning. This model was modified to include the effects of tool rotation in milling as well as the changes in contact area and force direction using a ball end mill to create a free form surface. Experimental measurements were made to corroborate the components of the tool forces in the cutting and thrust directions. The force model was then combined with tool stiffness to calculate the deflection of the tool as a function of the depth of cut, the up-feed per revolution and the geometry of the part. Two experiments were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this error compensation technique—a slot and a large circular groove. Each experiment reduced the error due to tool deflection by an order of magnitude from 20–50 μm to 2–5 μm.}, number={1}, journal={PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Dow, TA and Miller, EL and Garrard, K}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={31–45} }
 @article{jared_dow_2001, title={Investigation of the direction of chip motion in diamond turning}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0141-6359"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0141-6359(00)00070-2}, abstractNote={Abstract Management of the chips generated in diamond turning is often critical since contact between chips and the workpiece can result in superficial damage to the finished surface. Controlling chip motion is not a trivial process as the proper positioning of an oil or an air stream requires an understanding of the dynamics of a diamond turned chip and the machining parameters that affect it. Previous work [1] introduced the chip curvature parameter, χ, which is useful in predicting chip radius of curvature over a wide range of cutting speeds, depths of cut, tool geometries and workpiece material properties. To control chip motion, however, an understanding of the direction chips leave the tool/workpiece interface must also be obtained. Cutting experiments were performed investigating the influence of cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, tool path angle, tool geometry and tool orientation on the directional characteristics of the motion of diamond turned chips. Flow angle measurements obtained during cutting were found to remain within ± 10° of predictions from a simple geometrical model originally proposed for conventional machining.}, number={2}, journal={PRECISION ENGINEERING-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETIES FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Jared, BH and Dow, TA}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={155–164} }
 @article{miller_dow_1999, title={Influence of the grinding wheel in the ductile grinding of brittle materials: Development and verification of kinematic based model}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1087-1357"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2833087}, abstractNote={Empirical evidence has shown that grinding wheel characteristics significantly affect performance in the grinding of brittle materials. In this research a grit depth of cut model was developed based on a kinematic simulation of the grinding process. The model describes the relationships between grinding wheel parameters (grit size, concentration, binder modulus) and chip thickness and area. It was corroborated by the measurement of number of cutting grits in tests using a fly wheel with small abrasive area. Based on this grit depth of cut model, the “critical depth of cut” model for the grinding of brittle materials was modified to include wheel parameter effects. The new critical depth of cut model was tested using “crossfeed” experiments. Although the theoretical and experimental results show less agreement than for the grit depth of cut model, the model equations provide guidelines for choosing wheel specifications.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Miller, MH and Dow, TA}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={638–646} }
 @article{arcona_dow_1998, title={An empirical tool force model for precision machining}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1528-8935"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2830209}, abstractNote={The accuracy of precision machining operations could be improved through tool force feedback. Tool force is ideally suited for use in a control algorithm because it contains information on the instantaneous depth of cut, feed rate and condition of the tool. A tool force model that could form the basis of this new control technique has been developed. By measuring the shear angle from micrographs of chip cross sections, equations for the forces due to chip formation and the friction between the chip and the tool have been written. Furthermore, the effects of elastic deformation of the workpiece (spring back) on chip formation and the measured forces, which can be significant in precision machining, have been included in the model. Machining experiments were conducted with a 0 deg rake diamond tool and four metals that are commonly diamond turned. For machining with newly lapped as well as worn tools, the calculated forces were in excellent agreement with the measured values for the array of workpiece materials.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Arcona, C and Dow, TA}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={700–707} }
 @article{cuttino_dow_1997, title={Contact between elastic bodies with an elliptic contact interface in torsion}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0021-8936"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2787265}, abstractNote={When two elastic three-dimensional bodies of specified radii come into contact, Hertzian forces at the interface result in the formation of an elliptical contact area. The rotation of one body relative to the other about an axis normal to the contact induces a nonlinear torque due to the progression of sliding in the contact interface. Using finite element analysis, a relationship describing torsional compliance with slip is presented for two elastic bodies with an elliptic contact interface under pure twist. The effect of changing material and geometric parameters is studied, and the relationships between torque generation and angle are defined with respect to these nondimensionalized parameters.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Cuttino, JF and Dow, TA}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={144–148} }
 @article{jared_dow_garrard_moorefield_barnes_day_hatch_salzer_rivera_1997, title={Fabrication of hydrodynamic instability targets}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0748-1896"]}, DOI={10.13182/FST97-A30810}, number={4}, journal={FUSION TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jared, BH and Dow, TA and Garrard, KP and Moorefield, GM and Barnes, C and Day, RD and Hatch, DJ and Salzer, LJ and Rivera, G}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={501–503} }
 @misc{dow_garrad_moorefield_taylor_1995, title={Apparatus and method for forming a workpiece surface into a non-rotationally symmetric shape}, volume={5,467,675}, number={1995 Nov. 21}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Dow, T. A. and Garrad, K. P. and Moorefield, G. M. and Taylor, L. W.}, year={1995} }