@article{arora_wisniewski_tuong_livingston_2023, title={Infrared thermography of in situ natural freezing and mechanism of winter-thermonasty in Rhododendron maximum}, volume={175}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1111/ppl.13876}, abstractNote={Evergreen leaves of Rhododendron species inhabiting temperate/montane climates are typically exposed to both high radiation and freezing temperatures during winter when photosynthetic biochemistry is severely inhibited. Cold-induced 'thermonasty', i. e. lamina rolling and petiole curling, can reduce the amount of leaf area exposed to solar radiation and has been associated with photoprotection in overwintering rhododendrons. The present study was conducted on natural, mature plantings of a cold-hardy and large-leaved thermonastic North American species (R. maximum) during winter freezes. Infrared thermography was used to determine initial sites of ice formation, patterns of ice propagation, and dynamics of the freezing process in leaves to understand the temporal and mechanistic relationship between freezing and thermonasty. Results indicated that ice formation in whole plants is initiated in the stem, predominantly in the upper portions, and propagates in both directions from the original site. Ice formation in leaves initially occurred in the vascular tissue of the midrib and then propagated into other portions of the vascular system/venation. Ice was never observed to initiate or propagate into palisade, spongy mesophyll, or epidermal tissues. These observations, together with the leaf- and petiole-histology, and a simulation of the rolling effect of dehydrated leaves using a cellulose-based, paper-bilayer system, suggest that thermonasty occurs due to anisotropic contraction of cell wall cellulose fibers of adaxial versus abaxial surface as the cells lose water to ice present in vascular tissues. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Arora, Rajeev and Wisniewski, Michael and Tuong, Tan and Livingston, David}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{villouta_workmaster_livingston_atucha_2022, title={Acquisition of Freezing Tolerance in Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Is a Multi-Factor Process Involving the Presence of an Ice Barrier at the Bud Base}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2022.891488}, abstractNote={Bud freezing survival strategies have in common the presence of an ice barrier that impedes the propagation of lethally damaging ice from the stem into the internal structures of buds. Despite ice barriers’ essential role in buds freezing stress survival, the nature of ice barriers in woody plants is not well understood. High-definition thermal recordings of Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. buds explored the presence of an ice barrier at the bud base in September, January, and May. Light and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the ice barrier region anatomy and cell wall composition related to their freezing tolerance. Buds had a temporal ice barrier at the bud base in September and January, although buds were only freezing tolerant in January. Lack of functionality of vascular tissues may contribute to the impedance of ice propagation. Pith tissue at the bud base had comparatively high levels of de-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (HG), which may also block ice propagation. By May, the ice barrier was absent, xylogenesis had resumed, and de-methyl-esterified HG reached its lowest levels, translating into a loss of freezing tolerance. The structural components of the barrier had a constitutive nature, resulting in an asynchronous development of freezing tolerance between anatomical and metabolic adaptations.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Villouta, Camilo and Workmaster, Beth Ann and Livingston, David P. and Atucha, Amaya}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_tisdale_zobel_2022, title={Visualising the effect of freezing on the vascular system of wheat in three dimensions by in-block imaging of dye-infiltrated plants}, ISSN={["1365-2818"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmi.13101}, abstractNote={Infrared thermography has shown after roots of grasses freeze, ice spreads into the crown and then acropetally into leaves initially through vascular bundles. Leaves freeze singly with the oldest leaves freezing first and the youngest freezing later. Visualising the vascular system in its native 3‐dimensional state will help in the understanding of this freezing process. A 2 cm section of the crown that had been infiltrated with aniline blue was embedded in paraffin and sectioned with a microtome. A photograph of the surface of the tissue in the paraffin block was taken after the microtome blade removed each 20 μm section. Two hundred to 300 images were imported into Adobe After Effects and a 3D volume of the region infiltrated by aniline blue dye was constructed. The reconstruction revealed that roots fed into what is functionally a region inside the crown that could act as a reservoir from which all the leaves are able to draw water. When a single root was fed dye solution, the entire region filled with dye and the vascular bundles of every leaf took up the dye; this indicated that the vascular system of roots was not paired with individual leaves. Fluorescence microscopy suggested the edge of the reservoir might be composed of phenolic compounds. When plants were frozen, the edges of the reservoir became leaky and dye solution spread into the mesophyll outside the reservoir. The significance of this change with regard to freezing tolerance is not known at this time.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY}, author={Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Tisdale, Ripley and Zobel, Rich}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{takahashi_johnson_hao_tuong_erban_sampathkumar_bacic_livingston_kopka_kuroha_et al._2021, title={Cell wall modification by the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase XTH19 influences freezing tolerance after cold and sub-zero acclimation}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13953}, abstractNote={Freezing triggers extracellular ice formation leading to cell dehydration and deformation during a freeze-thaw cycle. Many plant species increase their freezing tolerance during exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures, a process termed cold acclimation. In addition, exposure to mild freezing temperatures after cold acclimation evokes a further increase in freezing tolerance (sub-zero acclimation). Previous transcriptome and proteome analyses indicate that cell wall remodeling may be particularly important for sub-zero acclimation. In the present study, we used a combination of immunohistochemical, chemical and spectroscopic analyses to characterize the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized a mutant in the XTH19 gene, encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH). The mutant showed reduced freezing tolerance after both cold and sub-zero acclimation, compared to the Col-0 wild type, which was associated with differences in cell wall composition and structure. Most strikingly, immunohistochemistry in combination with 3D reconstruction of centers of rosette indicated that epitopes of the xyloglucan-specific antibody LM25 were highly abundant in the vasculature of Col-0 plants after sub-zero acclimation but absent in the XTH19 mutant. Taken together, our data shed new light on the potential roles of cell wall remodeling for the increased freezing tolerance observed after low temperature acclimation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, number={3}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Takahashi, Daisuke and Johnson, Kim and Hao, Pengfei and Tuong, Tan and Erban, Alexander and Sampathkumar, Arun and Bacic, Antony and Livingston, David P., III and Kopka, Joachim and Kuroha, Takeshi and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={915–930} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_tuong_schwartz_patton_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2021, title={Identification of QTL associated with cold acclimation and freezing tolerance in Zoysia japonica}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20368}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20368}, abstractNote={Abstract Zoysiagrasses ( Zoysia spp.) are relatively low‐input and warm‐season turfgrasses which have grown in popularity in the United States since their introduction in the 1890s. Over 30 improved zoysiagrass cultivars were released in the past three decades, but many lack freezing tolerance and their use is limited to warm‐humid climates. Understanding the genetic controls of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance in zoysiagrass could considerably benefit the breeding efforts to increase tolerance to freezing stress. In the present study, controlled environment acclimation and freezing tests were used to evaluate a Meyer × Victoria zoysiagrass mapping population for post‐freezing surviving green tissue (SGT) and regrowth (RG). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping analysis identified nine QTL associated with SGT, eight QTL linked to RG, and 22 QTL common in both traits, accounting for between 6.4 and 12.2% of the phenotypic variation. Eleven regions of interest overlapped with putative winter injury QTL identified in a previous field study. Upon sequence analysis, homologs of several abiotic response genes were found underlying these overlapping QTL regions. The homologs of these gene encode transcription factors, cell wall modification‐related proteins, and defense signal transduction‐related proteins. After further validation, these QTL and their associated markers have potential to be used in future breeding efforts for the development of a broader pool of zoysiagrass cultivars capable of surviving in cold climates.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and Tuong, Tan D. and Schwartz, Brian M. and Patton, Aaron J. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={3044–3055} }
 @article{pradhan_bertin_sinclair_nogueira_livingston_carter_2021, title={Microsphere stem blockage as a screen for nitrogen-fixation drought tolerance in soybean}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1399-3054"]}, DOI={10.1111/ppl.13281}, abstractNote={Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max (Merr.) L) commonly decreases in response to soil drying in advance of other plant processes. While a few soybean lines express nitrogen fixation drought tolerance, breeding for genetic variation is hampered by laborious phenotyping procedures. The objective of this research was to explore the potential of an initial screen for nitrogen fixation drought-tolerant genotypes based on a possible relationship with xylem-vessel diameter. The hypothesis was that nitrogen fixation drought-tolerance might result from fewer, large-diameter xylem vessels in the stem that are vulnerable to disrupted flow as water deficit develops. The disrupted flow could cause nitrogen products to accumulate in nodules resulting in negative feedback on nitrogen fixation rate. The proposed screen involved exposing de-rooted shoots to a suspension containing microspheres (45-53 μm diameter) and recording the decrease in transpiration rate as a result of microsphere xylem-blockage. Two soybean populations were tested. One population was progeny derived from mating of two parents with high and low nitrogen fixation drought sensitivity. A high correlation (R2 = 0.68; P<0.001) was found in this population between decreasing transpiration rate resulting from the microsphere treatment and increasing sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to soil drying. The second tested population consisted of 16 genotypes, most of which had been previously identified in germplasm screens as expressing nitrogen fixation drought tolerance. Nearly half of the lines in this second population were identified in the screen as showing minimum blockage of transpiration when exposed to the microspheres. Overall, these results showed the potential of using the microsphere screen to identify candidate genotypes expressing nitrogen fixation drought-tolerance.}, number={2}, journal={PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}, author={Pradhan, Deepti and Bertin, Diana and Sinclair, Thomas R. and Nogueira, Marco A. and Livingston, David and Carter, Thomas}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1376–1381} }
 @misc{takahashi_willick_kasuga_livingston_2021, title={Responses of the Plant Cell Wall to Sub-Zero Temperatures: A Brief Update}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1471-9053"]}, DOI={10.1093/pcp/pcab103}, abstractNote={Abstract Our general understanding of plant responses to sub-zero temperatures focuses on mechanisms that mitigate stress to the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall receives comparatively less attention, and questions surrounding its role in mitigating freezing injury remain unresolved. Despite recent molecular discoveries that provide insight into acclimation responses, the goal of reducing freezing injury in herbaceous and woody crops remains elusive. This is likely due to the complexity associated with adaptations to low temperatures. Understanding how leaf cell walls of herbaceous annuals promote tissue tolerance to ice does not necessarily lead to understanding how meristematic tissues are protected from freezing by tissue-level barriers formed by cell walls in overwintering tree buds. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of biological ice nucleation and explain how plants control the spatiotemporal location of ice formation. We discuss how sugars and pectin side chains alleviate adhesive injury that develops at sub-zero temperatures between the matrix polysaccharides and ice. The importance of site-specific cell-wall elasticity to promote tissue expansion for ice accommodation and control of porosity to impede ice growth and promote supercooling will be presented. How specific cold-induced proteins modify plant cell walls to mitigate freezing injury will also be discussed. The opinions presented in this report emphasize the importance of a plant’s developmental physiology when characterizing mechanisms of freezing survival.}, number={12}, journal={PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Takahashi, Daisuke and Willick, Ian R. and Kasuga, Jun and Livingston, David P., III}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1858–1866} }
 @article{brown_yu_holloway_dacosta_bernstein_lu_tuong_patton_dunne_arellano_et al._2020, title={Differences in proteome response to cold acclimation in Zoysia japonica cultivars with different levels of freeze tolerance}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.1002/csc2.20225}, abstractNote={Abstract Zoysiagrasses ( Zoysia spp.) are warm‐season turfgrasses primarily grown in the southern and transition zones of the United States. An understanding of the physiological and proteomic changes that zoysiagrasses undergo during cold acclimation may shed light on phenotypic traits and proteins useful in selection of freeze‐tolerant genotypes. We investigated the relationship between cold acclimation, protein expression, and freeze tolerance in cold acclimated (CA) and nonacclimated (NA) plants of Zoysia japonica Steud. cultivars Meyer (freeze‐tolerant) and Victoria (freeze‐susceptible). Meristematic tissues from the grass crowns were harvested for proteomic analysis. Freeze testing indicated that cold acclimation accounted for a 1.9‐fold increase in plant survival than nonacclimation treatment. Overall, proteomic analysis identified 62 protein spots differentially accumulated in abundance under cold acclimation. Nine and 22 unique protein spots were identified for Meyer and Victoria, respectively, with increased abundance or decreased abundance. In addition, 23 shared protein spots were found among the two cultivars in response to cold acclimation. Function classification revealed that these proteins were involved primarily in transcription, signal transduction and stress defense, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and protein and amino acid metabolism. Several proteins of interest for their association with cold acclimation were identified. Further investigation of these proteins and their functional categories may contribute to increase our understanding of the differences in freezing tolerance among zoysiagrass germplasm.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brown, Jessica M. and Yu, Xingwang and Holloway, H. McCamy P. and DaCosta, Michelle and Bernstein, Rachael P. and Lu, Jefferson and Tuong, Tan D. and Patton, Aaron J. and Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Arellano, Consuelo and et al.}, year={2020}, pages={2744–2756} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_livingston_bergmann_2020, title={Impacts of carbohydrate pulses and short-term sub-zero temperatures on vase life and quality of cut Paeonia lactiflora Pall. hybrids}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111083}, abstractNote={Abstract Flower quality of cut Paeonia lactiflora (peony) Pall. hybrids is best preserved between 0 and 1 °C. However, cut flower traits such as vase life and flower size often decline following 4 or more weeks of storage. While the use of sub-zero temperatures is avoided in the cut flower industry due to fears of freeze injury, sub-zero temperatures may allow extended storage of cut flowers. Peonies are a candidate for sub-zero storage due to their natural cold tolerance, exposure to spring freezes before harvest, and limited seasonal availability. Three cultivars: Karl Rosenfield, Monsieur Jules Elie, and Sarah Bernhardt were used to evaluate freeze tolerance of cut peonies by holding cut stems at three temperatures: 0, −2, −4 °C for 5 h. Pre-cold treatment pulses consisting of 24 h in either 100 g·L−1 sucrose, 100 g·L−1 fructose, or tap water did not improve total vase life, summation of the time spent as a bud and time open. Total vase life was 10.5, 7.1, and 9.3 d for ‘Karl Rosenfield’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’, respectively. Sucrose-pulsed stems of ‘Karl Rosenfield’ and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ had the lowest total vase life. Pulses and cold-treatments decreased bud time for ‘Karl Rosenfield’ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’ by 2–3 d and 0.5–1 d, respectively. Petals were the only tissue to develop water-soaked spotting (freeze injury) following 5 h at -4 °C. Stems kept dry (not pulsed) prior to cold treatment were uninjured. Fructose-pulsed stems of ‘Karl Rosenfield’ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’ had the highest injury ratings when held at -4 °C. Carbohydrate-pulsing did not influence injury ratings on ‘Sarah Bernhardt’. Supercooling and multiple freeze events were observed with infrared video in all tissues when held at -4 °C. Typically, ice nucleation started at the base of the cut stems and propagated throughout the stem, leaves, and bud within 3–5 min of initiation. Stems that were not pulsed remained in a supercooled state longer than those that were pulsed. These findings indicate that storage temperatures between 0 and -2 °C may be a good option for longer periods of dry storage for peonies and other cold tolerant cut flower species.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Livingston, David P., III and Bergmann, Ben A.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_2020, title={Using Pixel-Based Microscope Images to Generate 3D Reconstructions of Frozen and Thawed Plant Tissue}, volume={2156}, ISBN={["978-1-0716-0659-9"]}, ISSN={["1940-6029"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-0716-0660-5_10}, abstractNote={Histological analysis of frozen and thawed plants has been conducted for many years but the observation of individual sections only provides a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional phenomenon. Currently available optical sectioning techniques for viewing internal structures in three dimensions are either low in resolution or the instrument cannot penetrate deep enough into the tissue to visualize the whole plant. Methods using higher resolution equipment are expensive and often require time-consuming training. In addition, conventional stains cannot be used for optical sectioning techniques. We present a relatively simple and less expensive technique using pixel-based (JPEG) images of conventionally stained histological sections of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant. The technique uses commercially available software to generate a 3D representation of internal structures.}, journal={PLANT COLD ACCLIMATION, 2 EDITION}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D.}, year={2020}, pages={119–139} }
 @article{nogueira_livingston_tuong_sinclair_2020, title={Xylem vessel radii comparison between soybean genotypes differing in tolerance to drought}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1542-7536"]}, DOI={10.1080/15427528.2020.1724225}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Xylem element radius can be a key factor in determining plant hydraulic conductance and vulnerability to cavitation. Most studies of xylem element radius have been on woody species with a focus on plant survival under severe water-deficit stress. However, xylem element radius, particularly the largest radius elements, can potentially have an influence on hydraulic flow at more moderate water-deficits. Few studies have offered a detailed distribution of xylem element radii, and even fewer on the distribution in crop species. In this study, the xylem element radii of two genotypes of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were compared because these two genotypes had been documented to react differently to drying soil. The stems of young plants were harvested from three positions, and in stem cross-sections, the number of xylem elements and the radius of each element were determined. While the number of xylem elements did not differ significantly between the two genotypes, the distribution of the radii was skewed to smaller radii in drought-tolerant PI 4719386 as compared to Hutcheson. This contrast extended to a difference between the genotypes in the radii of the largest elements, which are considered most vulnerable to cavitation.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF CROP IMPROVEMENT}, author={Nogueira, Marco and Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Sinclair, Thomas R.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={404–413} }
 @article{dunne_tuong_livingston_reynolds_milla-lewis_2019, title={Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Bermudagrass Germplasm for Cold Hardiness and Freezing Tolerance}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667}, abstractNote={Bermudagrass [Cynodon spp. (L.) Rich.] is a high-quality, durable turfgrass with excellent heat and drought tolerance. However, its lack of freezing tolerance limits its use in the transition zone. The development of cultivars with enhanced freezing tolerance would constitute a significant improvement in the management of bermudagrass in this region and could extend its area of adaptation further north. There has been substantial work on screening of commontype bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] germplasm for freezing tolerance, but not for the African (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) germplasm. The purpose of this research was to conduct multiyear field testing and laboratory-based freezing test evaluations of winter hardiness and freezing tolerance, respectively, of an African and common bermudagrass germplasm collection. A high level of cold hardiness was observed among the germplasm in this study. In field evaluations, plant introductions (PIs) PI 290905, PI 647879, PI 255447, PI 289923, and PI 615161 were the top performers, having consistently greater spring green-up and reduced winterkill compared with ‘Patriot’, ‘Tifsport’, ‘Quickstand’, and ‘Tifway’, though not always significantly. A comparison between field-based ratings and calculated lethal temperatures for 50% death (LT50) from laboratory-based freezing tests showed significant correlations of −0.26 and −0.24 for spring green-up and winterkill, respectively, suggesting that these controlled freeze experiments could be used to prescreen materials prior to field testing. Overall, results indicate that some of the PIs evaluated in this study can be used as additional sources of cold hardiness in bermudagrass breeding. J.C. Dunne and S.R. Milla-Lewis, Dep. of Crop Science, Campus Box 7620, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695-7620; T.D. Tuong and D.P. Livingston, Dep. of Agriculture and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695; W.C. Reynolds, Turfgrass Producers International, 444 E. Roosevelt Rd., Suite 346, Lombard, IL 60148. Received 8 Nov. 2017. Accepted 19 Sept. 2018. *Corresponding author (susana_milla-lewis@ncsu.edu). Assigned to Associate Editor Emily Merewitz. Abbreviations: LT50, lethal temperature for 50% death; NPGS, National Plant Germplasm System; PI, plant introduction. Published in Crop Sci. 59:392–399 (2019). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2017.11.0667 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published January 4, 2019}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Dunne, Jeffrey C. and Tuong, Tan D. and Livingston, David P. and Reynolds, W. Casey and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2019}, pages={392–399} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_nogueira_sinclair_2019, title={Three-dimensional reconstruction of soybean nodules provides an update on vascular structure}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1537-2197"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajb2.1249}, abstractNote={Premise of the Study In many cases, the functioning of a biological system cannot be correctly understood if its physical anatomy is incorrectly described. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] nodules and its connection with the root vasculature is important for understanding its function in supplying the plant with nitrogenous compounds. Previous two‐dimensional anatomical observations of soybean nodules led to the assumption that vascular bundles terminate within the cortex of the nodule and that a single vascular bundle connects the nodule to the root. We wanted to see whether these anatomical assumptions would be verified by digitally reconstructing soybean nodules in three dimensions. Methods Nodules were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 15 μm thick sections. Over 200 serial sections were stained with safranin and fast green, and then photographed using light microscopy. Images were digitally cleared, aligned, and assembled into a three‐dimensional (3D) volume using the Adobe program After Effects. Key Results In many cases, vascular bundles had a continuous connection around the nodules. The 3D reconstruction also revealed a dual vascular connection originating in the nodule and leading to the root in 22 of the 24 nodules. Of the 22 dual connections, 11 maintained two separate vascular bundles into the root with independent connections to the root vasculature. Conclusions A more robust and complex anatomical pathway for vascular transport between nodules and root xylem in soybean plants is indicated by these observations and will contribute to a better understanding of the symbiotic relationship between soybean plants and nitrogen‐fixing bacteria within the nodules.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={Livingston, David and Tuong, Tan and Nogueira, Marco and Sinclair, Thomas}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={507–513} }
 @article{livingston_2018, title={Investigating Freezing Patterns in Plants Using Infrared Thermography}, volume={1081}, ISSN={["2214-8019"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_7}, abstractNote={Since the discovery of infrared radiation in 1800, the improvement of technology to detect and image infrared (IR) has led to numerous breakthroughs in several scientific fields of study. The principle that heat is released when water freezes and the ability to image this release of heat using IR thermography (IRT) has allowed an unprecedented understanding of freezing in plants. Since the first published report of the use of IRT to study freezing in plants, numerous informative discoveries have been reported. Examples include barriers to freezing, specific sites of ice nucleation, direction and speed of ice propagation, specific structures that supercool, and temperatures at which they finally freeze. These and other observations underscore the significance of this important technology on plant research.}, journal={SURVIVAL STRATEGIES IN EXTREME COLD AND DESICCATION: ADAPTATION MECHANISMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS}, author={Livingston, David P., III}, year={2018}, pages={117–127} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2018, title={Linkage analysis and identification of quantitative trait loci associated with freeze tolerance and turf quality traits in St. Augustinegrass}, volume={38}, ISSN={1380-3743, 1572-9788}, url={http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, DOI={10.1007/s11032-018-0817-y}, number={5}, journal={Molecular Breeding}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tanduy D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P. and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={67} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_hoffman_fernandez_2018, title={Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants}, volume={9}, ISSN={1940-087X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3791/58025}, DOI={10.3791/58025}, abstractNote={Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions. The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.}, number={139}, journal={Journal of Visualized Experiments}, publisher={MyJove Corporation}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Hoffman, Mark and Fernandez, Gina}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kimball_tuong_arellano_livingston_milla-lewis_2017, title={Assessing freeze-tolerance in St. Augustinegrass: temperature response and evaluation methods}, volume={213}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-017-1899-z}, number={5}, journal={Euphytica}, author={Kimball, Jennifer A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Arellano, Consuelo and Livingston, David P., III and Milla-Lewis, Susana R.}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @article{shu_livingston_woloshuk_payne_2017, title={Comparative Histological and Transcriptional Analysis of Maize Kernels Infected with Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1664-462X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpls.2017.02075}, abstractNote={Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides infect maize kernels and contaminate them with the mycotoxins aflatoxin, and fumonisin, respectively. Genetic resistance in maize to these fungi and to mycotoxin contamination has been difficult to achieve due to lack of identified resistance genes. The objective of this study was to identify new candidate resistance genes by characterizing their temporal expression in response to infection and comparing expression of these genes with genes known to be associated with plant defense. Fungal colonization and transcriptional changes in kernels inoculated with each fungus were monitored at 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post inoculation (hpi). Maize kernels responded by differential gene expression to each fungus within 4 hpi, before the fungi could be observed visually, but more genes were differentially expressed between 48 and 72 hpi, when fungal colonization was more extensive. Two-way hierarchal clustering analysis grouped the temporal expression profiles of the 5,863 differentially expressed maize genes over all time points into 12 clusters. Many clusters were enriched for genes previously associated with defense responses to either A. flavus or F. verticillioides. Also within these expression clusters were genes that lacked either annotation or assignment to functional categories. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of gene expression of each A. flavus and F. verticillioides during infection of maize kernels, it identified genes expressed early and late in the infection process, and it provided a grouping of genes of unknown function with similarly expressed defense related genes that could inform selection of new genes as targets in breeding strategies.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Shu, Xiaomei and Livingston, David P., III and Woloshuk, Charles P. and Payne, Gary A.}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{kuprian_munkler_resnyak_zimmermann_tuong_gierlinger_mueller_livingston_neuner_2017, title={Complex bud architecture and cell-specific chemical patterns enable supercooling of Picea abies bud primordia}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-3040"]}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13078}, abstractNote={Abstract Bud primordia of Picea abies, despite a frozen shoot, stay ice free down to −50 °C by a mechanism termed supercooling whose biophysical and biochemical requirements are poorly understood. Bud architecture was assessed by 3D—reconstruction, supercooling and freezing patterns by infrared video thermography, freeze dehydration and extraorgan freezing by water potential measurements, and cell‐specific chemical patterns by Raman microscopy and mass spectrometry imaging. A bowl‐like ice barrier tissue insulates primordia from entrance by intrinsic ice. Water repellent and densely packed bud scales prevent extrinsic ice penetration. At −18 °C, break‐down of supercooling was triggered by intrinsic ice nucleators whereas the ice barrier remained active. Temperature‐dependent freeze dehydration (−0.1 MPa K−1) caused accumulation of extraorgan ice masses that by rupture of the shoot, pith tissue are accommodated in large voids. The barrier tissue has exceptionally pectin‐rich cell walls and intercellular spaces, and the cell lumina were lined or filled with proteins, especially near the primordium. Primordial cells close to the barrier accumulate di, tri and tetrasaccharides. Bud architecture efficiently prevents ice penetration, but ice nucleators become active inside the primordium below a temperature threshold. Biochemical patterns indicate a complex cellular interplay enabling supercooling and the necessity for cell‐specific biochemical analysis.}, number={12}, journal={PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT}, author={Kuprian, Edith and Munkler, Caspar and Resnyak, Anna and Zimmermann, Sonja and Tuong, Tan D. and Gierlinger, Notburga and Mueller, Thomas and Livingston, David P., III and Neuner, Gilbert}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={3101–3112} }
 @article{reynolds_miller_livingston_rufty_2016, title={Athletic Field Paint Color Impacts Transpiration and Canopy Temperature in Bermudagrass}, volume={56}, ISSN={0011-183X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.01.0028}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.01.0028}, abstractNote={Athletic field paints have varying impacts on turfgrass health that have been linked to their ability to alter photosynthetically active radiation and photosynthesis on the basis of color. It was further hypothesized they may also alter transpiration and canopy temperature by disrupting gas exchange at the leaf surface. Growth chamber experiments evaluated the effects of air temperature and six colors of paint on daily water loss and canopy temperature in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy]. Daily water loss and canopy temperature were measured every 24 h using gravimetric techniques and an infrared digital thermometer, while lab experiments examined the thickness of white and black paint on the leaf surface. In nonpainted bermudagrass canopies, daily water loss increased ( P ≤ 0.0001) with canopy temperature from 29 to 36°C, while in painted bermudagrass canopies it decreased ( P ≤ 0.0001) as canopy temperature increased from 29 to 40°C. Yellow and white paint impacted transpiration and canopy temperature the least, while black and blue caused the greatest reductions in transpiration and highest increases in canopy temperature. Cross‐sections of painted Tifway indicate that paint may limit evaporative cooling by clogging stomata. Increased absorption of radiant energy by paint coupled with limited evaporative cooling result in increased heat stress and decreased turfgrass performance in painted canopies.}, number={4}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Crop Science Society of America}, author={Reynolds, William Casey and Miller, Grady L. and Livingston, David P. and Rufty, Thomas W.}, year={2016}, pages={2016} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_isleib_murphy_2016, title={Differences between wheat genotypes in damage from freezing temperatures during reproductive growth}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1873-7331"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.eja.2015.12.002}, abstractNote={Cereal crops in the reproductive stage of growth are considerably more susceptible to injury from freezing temperatures than during their vegetative growth stage in the fall. While damage resulting from spring-freeze events has been documented, information on genotypic differences in tolerance to spring-freezes is scarce. Ninety wheat genotypes were subjected to a simulated spring-freeze at the mid-boot growth stage under controlled conditions. Spring-freeze tolerance was evaluated as the number of seeds per head at maturity after plants were frozen at −6 °C. Plants that froze, as confirmed by infrared (IR) thermography, died shortly after thawing and consequently the heads did not mature. Only in plants that had no visible freezing (super-cooled) were heads able to reach maturity and produce seeds. In plants that super-cooled four genotypes had significantly higher seed counts after being exposed to freezing than three with the lowest. In addition, significant differences between genotypes were found in whole plant survival among those that had frozen. Genotypes with high whole-plant freezing survival were not necessarily the same as the super-cooled plants with the highest seed counts. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with maturity suggesting that improvement in freezing tolerance could be selected for without affecting heading date. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with freezing tolerance of genotypes of plants in a vegetative state, either under non-acclimated or cold-acclimated conditions indicating that vegetative freezing tolerance is not a good predictor of spring-freeze tolerance.}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Isleib, Thomas G. and Murphy, J. Paul}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={164–172} }
 @article{swartley_foley_livingston_cullen_elmore_2016, title={Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Hepatobiliary Hemolymphatic Vascular System with Emphasis on Embryonic Days 11.5-18.5 and Early Postnatal Development}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1533-1601"]}, DOI={10.1177/0192623316630836}, abstractNote={A critical event in embryo development is the proper formation of the vascular system, of which the hepatobiliary system plays a pivotal role. This has led researchers to use transgenic mice to identify the critical steps involved in developmental disorders associated with the hepatobiliary vascular system. Vascular development is dependent upon normal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and the transformation of vessels into their adult counterparts. Any alteration in vascular development has the potential to cause deformities or embryonic death. Numerous publications describe specific stages of vascular development relating to various organs, but a single resource detailing the stage-by-stage development of the vasculature pertaining to the hepatobiliary system has not been available. This comprehensive histology atlas provides hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistochemical-stained sections of the developing mouse blood and lymphatic vasculature with emphasis on the hepatobiliary system between embryonic days (E) 11.5–18.5 and the early postnatal period. Additionally, this atlas includes a 3-dimensional video representation of the E18.5 mouse venous vasculature. One of the most noteworthy findings of this atlas is the identification of the portal sinus within the mouse, which has been erroneously misinterpreted as the ductus venosus in previous publications. Although the primary purpose of this atlas is to identify normal hepatobiliary vascular development, potential embryonic abnormalities are also described.}, number={5}, journal={TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY}, author={Swartley, Olivia M. and Foley, Julie F. and Livingston, David P., III and Cullen, John M. and Elmore, Susan A.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={705–725} }
 @article{kuprian_tuong_pfaller_wagner_livingston_neuner_2016, title={Persistent Supercooling of Reproductive Shoots Is Enabled by Structural Ice Barriers Being Active Despite an Intact Xylem Connection}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0163160}, abstractNote={Extracellular ice nucleation usually occurs at mild subzero temperatures in most plants. For persistent supercooling of certain plant parts ice barriers are necessary to prevent the entry of ice from already frozen tissues. The reproductive shoot of Calluna vulgaris is able to supercool down to below -22°C throughout all developmental stages (shoot elongation, flowering, fruiting) despite an established xylem conductivity. After localization of the persistent ice barrier between the reproductive and vegetative shoot at the base of the pedicel by infrared differential thermal analysis, the currently unknown structural features of the ice barrier tissue were anatomically analyzed on cross and longitudinal sections. The ice barrier tissue was recognized as a 250 μm long constriction zone at the base of the pedicel that lacked pith tissue and intercellular spaces. Most cell walls in this region were thickened and contained hydrophobic substances (lignin, suberin, and cutin). A few cell walls had what appeared to be thicker cellulose inclusions. In the ice barrier tissue, the area of the xylem was as much as 5.7 times smaller than in vegetative shoots and consisted of tracheids only. The mean number of conducting units in the xylem per cross section was reduced to 3.5% of that in vegetative shoots. Diameter of conducting units and tracheid length were 70% and 60% (respectively) of that in vegetative shoots. From vegetative shoots water transport into the ice barrier must pass pit membranes that are likely impermeable to ice. Pit apertures were about 1.9 μm x 0.7 μm, which was significantly smaller than in the vegetative shoot. The peculiar anatomical features of the xylem at the base of the pedicel suggest that the diameter of pores in pit membranes could be the critical constriction for ice propagation into the persistently supercooled reproductive shoots of C. vulgaris.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Kuprian, Edith and Tuong, Tan D. and Pfaller, Kristian and Wagner, Johanna and Livingston, David P., III and Neuner, Gilbert}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{shu_livingston_franks_boston_woloshuk_payne_2015, title={Tissue-specific gene expression in maize seeds during colonization by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1364-3703"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84937630553&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/mpp.12224}, abstractNote={Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides are fungal pathogens that colonize maize kernels and produce the harmful mycotoxins aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively. Management practice based on potential host resistance to reduce contamination by these mycotoxins has proven difficult, resulting in the need for a better understanding of the infection process by these fungi and the response of maize seeds to infection. In this study, we followed the colonization of seeds by histological methods and the transcriptional changes of two maize defence-related genes in specific seed tissues by RNA in situ hybridization. Maize kernels were inoculated with either A. flavus or F. verticillioides 21-22 days after pollination, and harvested at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-inoculation. The fungi colonized all tissues of maize seed, but differed in their interactions with aleurone and germ tissues. RNA in situ hybridization showed the induction of the maize pathogenesis-related protein, maize seed (PRms) gene in the aleurone and scutellum on infection by either fungus. Transcripts of the maize sucrose synthase-encoding gene, shrunken-1 (Sh1), were observed in the embryo of non-infected kernels, but were induced on infection by each fungus in the aleurone and scutellum. By comparing histological and RNA in situ hybridization results from adjacent serial sections, we found that the transcripts of these two genes accumulated in tissue prior to the arrival of the advancing pathogens in the seeds. A knowledge of the patterns of colonization and tissue-specific gene expression in response to these fungi will be helpful in the development of resistance.}, number={7}, journal={MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY}, author={Shu, Xiaomei and Livingston, David P., III and Franks, Robert G. and Boston, Rebecca S. and Woloshuk, Charles P. and Payne, Gary A.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={662–674} }
 @article{henson_duke_livingston_2014, title={Metabolic Changes in Avena sativa Crowns Recovering from Freezing}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0093085}, abstractNote={Extensive research has been conducted on cold acclimation and freezing tolerance of fall-sown cereal plants due to their economic importance; however, little has been reported on the biochemical changes occurring over time after the freezing conditions are replaced by conditions favorable for recovery and growth such as would occur during spring. In this study, GC-MS was used to detect metabolic changes in the overwintering crown tissue of oat (Avena sativa L.) during a fourteen day time-course after freezing. Metabolomic analysis revealed increases in most amino acids, particularly proline, 5-oxoproline and arginine, which increased greatly in crowns that were frozen compared to controls and correlated very significantly with days after freezing. In contrast, sugar and sugar related metabolites were little changed by freezing, except sucrose and fructose which decreased dramatically. In frozen tissue all TCA cycle metabolites, especially citrate and malate, decreased in relation to unfrozen tissue. Alterations in some amino acid pools after freezing were similar to those observed in cold acclimation whereas most changes in sugar pools after freezing were not. These similarities and differences suggest that there are common as well as unique genetic mechanisms between these two environmental conditions that are crucial to the winter survival of plants.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Henson, Cynthia A. and Duke, Stanley H. and Livingston, David P., III}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @article{livingston_2014, title={Polysaccharides Natural Fibers in Food and Nutrition Foreword}, journal={Polysaccharides: Natural Fibers in Food and Nutrition}, author={Livingston, D.}, year={2014}, pages={IX-} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_kissling_cullen_2014, title={Visualizing surface area and volume of lumens in three dimensions using images from histological sections}, volume={256}, ISSN={["1365-2818"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmi.12171}, abstractNote={Visualizing the interior (lumen) of a tubular structure within tissue can provide a unique perspective on anatomical organization of the tissue. Portal tracts of the liver contain several vessels and ducts in various patterns of intertwining branches and are an example of such spaces. An inexpensive method, using light microscopy and a sample of conventionally stained canine livers, was used to colorize and allow visualization of the lumens of vessels within the portal tract in three dimensions. When the colour of the background was digitally cleared and the lumen filled with a solid colour, it was possible to measure areas and volumes of the portal vein, arteries, bile ducts and lymphatics. Significant differences between vessels and ducts across lobes and gender in control samples are discussed. Differences were also found between control and mixed breed dogs and between controls and a dog that died of accidental traumatic haemorrhage. These differences are discussed in relation to visualizing lumens using images generated from a light microscope. Vessels in plants such as xylem and continuously formed spaces resulting from ice formation are other examples where this technique could be applied.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tuong, Tan D. and Kissling, Grace E. and Cullen, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={190–196} }
 @article{livingston_henson_tuong_wise_tallury_duke_2013, title={Histological Analysis and 3D Reconstruction of Winter Cereal Crowns Recovering from Freezing: A Unique Response in Oat (Avena sativa L.)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0053468}, abstractNote={The crown is the below ground portion of the stem of a grass which contains meristematic cells that give rise to new shoots and roots following winter. To better understand mechanisms of survival from freezing, a histological analysis was performed on rye, wheat, barley and oat plants that had been frozen, thawed and allowed to resume growth under controlled conditions. Extensive tissue disruption and abnormal cell structure was noticed in the center of the crown of all 4 species with relatively normal cells on the outside edge of the crown. A unique visual response was found in oat in the shape of a ring of cells that stained red with Safranin. A tetrazolium analysis indicated that tissues immediately inside this ring were dead and those outside were alive. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the barrier fluoresced with excitation between 405 and 445 nm. Three dimensional reconstruction of a cross sectional series of images indicated that the red staining cells took on a somewhat spherical shape with regions of no staining where roots entered the crown. Characterizing changes in plants recovering from freezing will help determine the genetic basis for mechanisms involved in this important aspect of winter hardiness.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Henson, Cynthia A. and Tuong, Tan D. and Wise, Mitchell L. and Tallury, Shyamalrau P. and Duke, Stanley H.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hinton_livingston_miller_peacock_tuong_2012, title={Freeze tolerance of nine zoysiagrass cultivars using natural cold acclimation and freeze chambers}, volume={47}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Hinton, J. D. and Livingston, D. P. and Miller, G. L. and Peacock, C. H. and Tuong, T.}, year={2012}, pages={112–115} }
 @article{maloney_lyerly_wooten_anderson_livingston_brown-guedira_marshall_murphy_2011, title={Marker Development and Quantitative Trait Loci in a Fall-Sown Oat Recombinant Inbred Population}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2010.04.0224}, abstractNote={Marker-assisted selection for improved winter survival in oat (Avena sativa L.) is difficult because the number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers available in this species is limited. The objectives of this research were to increase the number of SSR markers on the 'Fulghum' x 'Norline' recombinant inbred population genetic map and to scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with winter field survival, crown freezing tolerance, vernalization response, and heading date. New SSR markers were developed from 'Kanota' and 'Ogle' genomic DNA libraries enriched for eight microsatellite motifs. New primers were evaluated for amplification, reproducibility, and polymorphism in 11 oat lines. Simple sequence repeat markers showing high-quality polymorphism between Fulghum and Norline were subsequently examined in 128 recombinant inbred lines. Sixty-five new SSR, four single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and one cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were added to the Fulghum x Norline linkage map. This brought the total number of markers mapped on the population to 101. Phenotypic data for winter hardiness component traits in the population were obtained in previous field and controlled chamber experiments. All previously mapped markers and new SSR markers were evaluated and QTL identified. Marker loci on linkage group FN1_3_38 accounted for multiple QTL associated with winter hardiness component traits. The addition of new SSR markers to the Fulghum x Norline map in regions with winter hardiness component trait QTL will enhance marker assisted selection for these important traits.}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Maloney, P. V. and Lyerly, J. H. and Wooten, D. R. and Anderson, J. M. and Livingston, D. P., III and Brown-Guedira, G. and Marshall, D. and Murphy, J. P.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={490–502} }
 @article{li_qu_bruneau_livingston_2010, title={Selection for freezing tolerance in St. Augustinegrass through somaclonal variation and germplasm evaluation}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1439-0523"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01743.x}, abstractNote={With 4 figures and 1 table 
 
 
 
Abstract 
 
St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is the least cold-hardy turfgrass species. Development of freezing-tolerant St. Augustinegrass cultivars would greatly benefit home owners in many southern states of the US. Towards this breeding goal, 7800 plants regenerated through tissue culture and 36 germplasm accessions were screened for improved freezing tolerance. Among the conditions tested, 1 week at 13°C followed by another week at 3°C, then freezing at −3 to −5°C for 3 h, was found to be suitable to distinguish genotypes in freezing tests. The experiments revealed that germplasm accession Elm4 was significantly more freezing-tolerant under a controlled environment than ‘Raleigh’, the current commercially available, most freezing-tolerant cultivar. In addition, out of 7800 regenerated plants from tissue culture, somaclonal variant SVC3 showed significantly more freezing-tolerant than its parent ‘Raleigh’.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT BREEDING}, author={Li, R. and Qu, R. and Bruneau, A. H. and Livingston, D. P.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={417–421} }
 @article{livingston_tallury_2009, title={Freezing in non-acclimated oats. II: Thermal response and histology of recovery in gradual and rapidly frozen plants}, volume={481}, ISSN={["1872-762X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tca.2008.09.024}, abstractNote={Freezing in winter cereals is a complex phenomenon that can affect various plant tissues differently. To better understand how freezing affects specific tissue in the over wintering organ (crown) of winter cereal crops, non-acclimated oats (Avena sativa L.) were gradually frozen to −3 °C and tissue damage during recovery was compared to plants that had been supercooled to −3 °C and then frozen suddenly. Percentage of total water frozen, was the same whether crowns were frozen suddenly or gradually although the rate of freezing was considerably different. For example, all available water froze within 3 h in suddenly frozen crowns but it took more than 15 h for all available water to freeze in gradually frozen crowns. When plants were suddenly frozen, cells in the apical meristem were disrupted and apparently killed. In these plants re-growth was limited or non-existent. In contrast, the apical region of plants that were slowly frozen appeared undamaged but extensive vessel plugging was observed in cells of the lower crown, possibly from accumulation of phenolics or from microbial proliferation. These histological observations along with the calorimetric analysis suggested that the apical region was killed by intracellular freezing when frozen suddenly while the crown core was damaged by a process, which either induced production of putative phenolic compounds by the plant and/or permitted what appeared to be microbial proliferation in metaxylem vessels.}, number={1-2}, journal={THERMOCHIMICA ACTA}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Tallury, Shyamalrau P.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={20–27} }
 @misc{livingston_hincha_heyer_2009, title={Fructan and its relationship to abiotic stress tolerance in plants}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1420-9071"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00018-009-0002-x}, abstractNote={Numerous studies have been published that attempted to correlate fructan concentrations with freezing and drought tolerance. Studies investigating the effect of fructan on liposomes indicated that a direct interaction between membranes and fructan was possible. This new area of research began to move fructan and its association with stress beyond mere correlation by confirming that fructan has the capacity to stabilize membranes during drying by inserting at least part of the polysaccharide into the lipid headgroup region of the membrane. This helps prevent leakage when water is removed from the system either during freezing or drought. When plants were transformed with the ability to synthesize fructan, a concomitant increase in drought and/or freezing tolerance was confirmed. These experiments indicate that besides an indirect effect of supplying tissues with hexose sugars, fructan has a direct protective effect that can be demonstrated by both model systems and genetic transformation.}, number={13}, journal={CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Hincha, Dirk K. and Heyer, Arnd G.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={2007–2023} }
 @article{wooten_livingston_lyerly_holland_jellen_marshall_murphy_2009, title={Quantitative Trait Loci and Epistasis for Oat Winter-Hardiness Component Traits}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70749094348&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2008.10.0612}, abstractNote={Winter hardiness is a complex trait and poor winter hardiness limits commercial production of winter oat (Avena spp.). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fi ve winter-hardiness component traits in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the winter-tender cultivar Fulghum and the winter-hardy cultivar Norline. Crown freezing tolerance, vernalization response, and photoperiod response were evaluated in controlled environment studies. Heading date and plant height were evaluated over two seasons in Kinston, NC, and winter fi eld survival was evaluated in fi ve environments over two seasons in the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. A partial genetic linkage map of regions believed to affect winter hardiness was developed using restriction fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers. Most QTL were located on linkage groups FN3, FN22, and FN24. Quantitative trait loci were identifi ed for all traits except photoperiod response, and epistatic interactions were identifi ed for winter fi eld survival, crown freezing tolerance, vernalization response, and plant height. Major QTL for winter fi eld survival (R 2 = 35%) and crown freezing tolerance (R 2 = 53%) were identifi ed on linkage group FN3, which was associated with an intergenomic reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 7C and 17.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Wooten, D. R. and Livingston, D. P., III and Lyerly, H. J. and Holland, J. B. and Jellen, E. N. and Marshall, D. S. and Murphy, J. P.}, year={2009}, pages={1989–1998} }
 @article{livingston_tuong_haigler_avci_tallury_2009, title={Rapid Microwave Processing of Winter Cereals for Histology Allows Identification of Separate Zones of Freezing Injury in the Crown}, volume={49}, ISSN={0011-183X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0077}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2009.02.0077}, abstractNote={In histological studies, microwave processing of tissue considerably shortens the time required to prepare samples for observation under light and electron microscopy. However, plant tissues from different species and different regions of the plant respond differently to microwave processing, making it impossible to use a single protocol for all plant tissue. The crown of winter cereals such as rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.) is the below-ground portion of the stem that overwinters. It is composed of numerous types of cells with an organizational pattern that is similar to other grasses. When we used microwave protocols that were developed for other plant tissues, winter cereal crown tissue shattered and crumbled when sectioned. This study reports a procedure developed to process winter cereal crowns for histological observations. Using this microwave protocol, samples were prepared in 1 d as compared to 2 wk using traditional protocols. This enabled many more samples to be processed and allowed us to identify four overlapping zones of response to freezing within the crown. Results of varying time, temperature, and microwave wattage during fi xing, dehydrating, and embedding in paraffi n are described. High quality sections from the crowns of oat, barley, wheat, and rye indicate that this procedure is valid for all winter cereals. Since crown tissue is similar across all grass species, we predict that the protocol will be useful for other grasses as well.}, number={5}, journal={Crop Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Livingston, D. P., III and Tuong, T. D. and Haigler, C. H. and Avci, U. and Tallury, S. P.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1837–1842} }
 @article{wooten_livingston_holland_marshall_murphy_2008, title={Quantitative trait loci and epistasis for crown freezing tolerance in the 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' hexaploid oat mapping population}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-35348818142&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2006.12.0793}, abstractNote={Crown freezing tolerance is the most important factor conferring oat (Avena spp.) winter hardiness. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for crown freezing tolerance in the ‘Kanota’ × ‘Ogle’ recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population and to examine their relationship with other winter hardiness traits. One hundred thirty‐five RILs were evaluated for crown freezing tolerance in a controlled environment. Previously published molecular marker and linkage map information was used for QTL detection. Seven QTL and four complementary epistatic interactions were identified that accounted for 56% of the phenotypic variation. Ogle contributed alleles for increased crown freezing tolerance at three loci, while Kanota contributed alleles for increased crown freezing tolerance at four loci. All loci where Kanota alleles increased crown freezing tolerance showed complementary epistasis for decreased crown freezing tolerance with the QTL near UMN13. Two of the major QTL identified were in the linkage groups (LG) associated with a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 7C and 17, which was previously associated with spring growth habit in oat. The results confirm the importance of the chromosomes involved in the reciprocal 7C‐17 translocation in controlling winter hardiness component traits.}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Wooten, David R. and Livingston, David P., III and Holland, James B. and Marshall, David S. and Murphy, J. Paul}, year={2008}, pages={149–157} }
 @article{wooten_livingston_jellen_boren_marshall_murphy_2007, title={An intergenomic reciprocal translocation associated with oat winter hardiness component traits}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2006.12.0768}, abstractNote={The reciprocal intergenomic translocation between hexaploid oat (Avena sp.) chromosomes 7C and 17 (T7C‐17) has been associated with the division of cultivated oat into A. sativa L. and A. byzantina K. Koch species and differences in crown freezing tolerance and winter field survival. The objectives of this experiment were: (i) to validate the association of T7C‐17 with crown freezing tolerance and winter field survival in a population derived from a cross of the non‐winter‐hardy ‘Fulghum’ (non‐T7C‐17) with winter‐hardy ‘Norline’ (T7C‐17); (ii) to determine if preferential selection for T7C‐17 occurred during inbreeding; and (iii) to examine the association of T7C‐17 with the winter hardiness component traits heading date, plant height, and vernalization and photoperiod responses. Crown freezing tolerance and vernalization and photoperiod responses were evaluated in controlled environment studies. Heading date, plant height, and winter field survival were evaluated in field experiments during two seasons. The presence of the translocation was associated with greater crown freezing tolerance, winter field survival, and days to flowering. Translocation status was not associated with vernalization and photoperiod responses or plant height. The T7C‐17/non‐T7C‐17 segregation ratio was 2:1. These results confirmed the importance of T7C‐17 in conferring winter hardiness traits in winter oat and preferential selection for the translocation during inbreeding.}, number={5}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Wooten, David R. and Livingston, David P., III and Jellen, Eric N. and Boren, Kathryn J. and Marshall, David S. and Murphy, J. Paul}, year={2007}, pages={1832–1840} }
 @article{hincha_livingston_premakumar_zuther_obel_cacela_heyer_2007, title={Fructans from oat and rye: Composition and effects on membrane stability during drying}, volume={1768}, ISSN={["1879-2642"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.011}, abstractNote={Fructans have been implicated in the abiotic stress tolerance of many plant species, including grasses and cereals. To elucidate the possibility that cereal fructans may stabilize cellular membranes during dehydration, we used liposomes as a model system and isolated fructans from oat (Avena sativa) and rye (Secale cereale). Fructans were fractionated by preparative size exclusion chromatography into five defined size classes (degree of polymerization (DP) 3 to 7) and two size classes containing high DP fructans (DP > 7 short and long). They were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The effects of the fructans on liposome stability during drying and rehydration were assessed as the ability of the sugars to prevent leakage of a soluble marker from liposomes and liposome fusion. Both species contain highly complex mixtures of fructans, with a DP up to 17. The two DP > 7 fractions from both species were unable to protect liposomes, while the fractions containing smaller fructans were protective to different degrees. Protection showed an optimum at DP 4 and the DP 3, 4, and 5 fractions from oat were more protective than all other fractions from both species. In addition, we found evidence for synergistic effects in membrane stabilization in mixtures of low DP with DP > 7 fructans. The data indicate that cereal fructans have the ability to stabilize membranes under stress conditions and that there are size and species dependent differences between the fructans. In addition, mixtures of fructans, as they occur in living cells may have protective properties that differ significantly from those of the purified fractions.}, number={6}, journal={BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES}, author={Hincha, Dirk K. and Livingston, David P., III and Premakumar, Ramaswamy and Zuther, Ellen and Obel, Nicolai and Cacela, Constanca and Heyer, Arnd G.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1611–1619} }
 @article{livingston_2007, title={Quantifying liquid water in frozen plant tissues by isothermal calorimetry}, volume={459}, ISSN={["1872-762X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tca.2007.04.019}, abstractNote={An equation to calculate the percentage of water remaining unfrozen at any temperature due to colligative properties of solutions was derived from the freezing point depression equation. The accuracy of the equation was demonstrated with a 0.1 M sucrose solution frozen at temperatures from −0.5 to −6 °C in an isothermal calorimeter. Empirical measurements using latent heat as a measure of the amount of water frozen were within 1% of the expected values calculated from the equation. The extent to which percentages of water freezing in oat crown tissue at varying temperatures follows the expected freezing curve indicates how closely the system follows colligative freezing processes. The freezing curve for non-acclimated crowns followed a colligative freezing pattern more closely than did the curve for crowns from cold-acclimated plants. This suggests that water in crowns from non-acclimated plants may remain unfrozen primarily by colligative means while other mechanisms of keeping water unfrozen are important in cold-acclimated crowns. This may help explain contradictory results of studies that attempt to correlate carbohydrate concentrations with freezing tolerance.}, number={1-2}, journal={THERMOCHIMICA ACTA}, author={Livingston, David P., III}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={116–120} }
 @article{livingston_van_premakumar_tallury_herman_2007, title={Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to study subzero acclimation in small grains}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1090-2392"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cryobiol.2006.12.004}, abstractNote={The suitability of using Arabidopsis as a model plant to investigate freezing tolerance was evaluated by observing similarities to winter cereals in tissue damage following controlled freezing and determining the extent to which Arabidopsis undergoes subzero-acclimation. Plants were grown and frozen under controlled conditions and percent survival was evaluated by observing re-growth after freezing. Paraffin embedded sections of plants were triple stained and observed under light microscopy. Histological observations of plants taken 1 week after freezing showed damage analogous to winter cereals in the vascular tissue of roots and leaf axels but no damage to meristematic regions. The LT50 of non-acclimated Arabidopsis decreased from about −6 °C to a minimum of about −13 °C after 7 days of cold-acclimation at 3 °C. After exposing cold-acclimated plants to −3 °C for 3 days (subzero-acclimation) the LT50 was lowered an additional 3°C. Defining the underlying mechanisms of subzero-acclimation in Arabidopsis may provide an experimental platform to help understand winter hardiness in economically important crop species. However, distinctive histological differences in crown anatomy between Arabidopsis and winter cereals must be taken into account to avoid misleading conclusions on the nature of winter hardiness in winter cereals.}, number={2}, journal={CRYOBIOLOGY}, author={Livingston, David P., III and Van, Kyujung and Premakumar, Ramaswamy and Tallury, Shyamalrau P. and Herman, Eliot M.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={154–163} }
 @article{herman_rotter_premakumar_elwinger_bae_ehler-king_chen_livingston_2006, title={Additional freeze hardiness in wheat acquired by exposure to-3 degrees C is associated with extensive physiological, morphological, and molecular changes}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1460-2431"]}, DOI={10.1093/jxb/erl111}, abstractNote={Cold-acclimated plants acquire an additional 3-5 degrees C increase in freezing tolerance when exposed to -3 degrees C for 12-18 h before a freezing test (LT50) is applied. The -3 degrees C treatment replicates soil freezing that can occur in the days or weeks leading to overwintering by freezing-tolerant plants. This additional freezing tolerance is called subzero acclimation (SZA) to differentiate it from cold acclimation (CA) that is acquired at above-freezing temperatures. Using wheat as a model, results have been obtained indicating that SZA is accompanied by changes in physiology, cellular structure, the transcriptome, and the proteome. Using a variety of assays, including DNA arrays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 2D gels with mass spectroscopic identification of proteins, and electron microscopy, changes were observed to occur as a consequence of SZA and the acquisition of added freezing tolerance. In contrast to CA, SZA induced the movement of intracellular water to the extracellular space. Many unknown and stress-related genes were upregulated by SZA including some with obvious roles in SZA. Many genes related to photosynthesis and plastids were downregulated. Changes resulting from SZA often appeared to be a loss of rather than an appearance of new proteins. From a cytological perspective, SZA resulted in alterations of organelle structure including the Golgi. The results indicate that the enhanced freezing tolerance of SZA is correlated with a wide diversity of changes, indicating that the additional freezing tolerance is the result of complex biological processes.}, number={14}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}, author={Herman, Eliot M. and Rotter, Kelsi and Premakumar, Ramaswamy and Elwinger, G. and Bae, Rino and Ehler-King, Linda and Chen, Sixue and Livingston, David P., III}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={3601–3618} }
 @article{livingston_premakumar_tallury_2006, title={Carbohydrate partitioning between upper and lower regions of the crown in oat and rye during cold acclimation and freezing}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1090-2392"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.11.001}, abstractNote={Carbohydrates have long been recognized as an important aspect of freezing tolerance in plants but the association between these two factors is often ambiguous. To help clarify the relationship, the allocation of carbohydrates between specific tissues within the over wintering organ (crown) of winter cereals was measured. A winter-hardy and non-winter-hardy oat (Avena sativa L.), and a rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar were grown and frozen under controlled conditions. Crown tissue was fractionated into an upper portion, called the apical region, and a lower portion, called the lower crown. These tissues were ground in liquid N and extracted with water. Extracts were analyzed by HPLC for the simple sugars, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and for fructan of various size classes. After 3 weeks of cold acclimation at 3 degrees C, carbohydrates accounted for approximately 40% of the dry weight of oats and 60% of the dry weight of rye. The apical region, which is the tissue within the crown that acclimates to the greatest extent, was generally 10% higher in total carbohydrates than the lower crown. During a mild freeze, various carbohydrates were allocated differently between specific tissues in the three genotypes. When frozen, fructan generally decreased to a greater extent in the lower crown than in the apical region but sugars increased more in the apical region than in the lower crown. Results suggest that to understand how carbohydrates relate to freezing tolerance, regions of the crown that endure freezing stress differently should be compared.}, number={2}, journal={CRYOBIOLOGY}, author={Livingston, DP and Premakumar, R and Tallury, SP}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={200–208} }
 @article{livingston_tallury_owens_livingston_premkumar_2006, title={Freezing in nonacclimated oat: thermal response and histological observations of crowns during recovery}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0008-4026"]}, DOI={10.1139/B05-147}, abstractNote={ The complex nature of freezing in plants may be easier to understand if freezing is studied in nonacclimated plants at temperatures just below freezing. Thermal patterns of model systems frozen at –2.6 °C were compared with those of crown tissue from oat ( Avena sativa L.). Thermal patterns of live crowns more closely resembled those of fructan and sugar solutions with filter paper than of plain water or a BSA solution. When the percentage of water freezing in nonacclimated plants at –2.6 °C was manually limited to 10%, the survival was reduced from 100% in supercooled plants to 25%. During cold acclimation, the percentage of water freezing at –2.6 °C went from 79% to 54% after 3 weeks of cold acclimation and resulted in 100% survival. The nucleus of cells in the primary apical meristem of nonacclimated plants appeared to have disintegrated, an effect that was not observed in any cold-acclimated (unfrozen controls) plants. Nuclear pycnosis was observed in leaf sheaths surrounding the meristem and in cells directly below the meristem. Cells of secondary meristems and in the crown core appeared undamaged, but vessels in plants frozen for as little as 30 min were ruptured and appeared plugged. The distinctive nature of injury in the apical meristem and the rapid ability of the plant to acclimate during cold to the stress causing this injury indicate that specific tissue, namely the apical region of the crown, should be the focus of attention when attempting to determine cause and effect between genetics or metabolism and cold acclimation in winter cereals. }, number={2}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}, author={Livingston, DP and Tallury, SP and Owens, SA and Livingston, JD and Premkumar, R}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={199–210} }
 @inproceedings{wooten_livingston_lyerly_murphy_2006, title={Quantitative trait loci for winter hardiness component traits in oat}, booktitle={2006 American Oat Workers Conference, Program book}, publisher={Fargo, ND: American Oat Workers Conference}, author={Wooten, D. R. and Livingston, D. P. and Lyerly, J. H. and Murphy, J. P.}, year={2006}, pages={63} }
 @inproceedings{wooten_livingston_lyerly_murphy_2006, title={Quantitative trait loci for winter hardiness in oat}, booktitle={ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings, November 12-16, 2006, Indianapolis, IN}, author={Wooten, D. R. and Livingston, D. P. and Lyerly, J. H. and Murphy, J. P.}, year={2006} }
 @article{olien_livingston_2006, title={Understanding freeze stress in biological tissues: Thermodynamics of interfacial water}, volume={451}, ISSN={["1872-762X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tca.2006.08.014}, abstractNote={A thermodynamic approach to distinguish forms of freeze energy that injure plants as the temperature decreases is developed. The pattern resulting from this analysis dictated the sequence of thermal requirements for water to exist as an independent state. Improvement of freezing tolerance in biological systems depends on identification of a specific form of stress, just as control of a disease depends on identification of the pathogen causing the disease. The forms of energy that stress hydrated systems as temperature decreases begin with disruption of biological function from chill injury that occurs above freezing. Initiation of non-equilibrium freezing with sufficient free energy to drive disruptive effects can occur in a supercooled system. As the temperature continues to decrease and freezing occurs in an equilibrium manner, adhesion at hydrated interfaces contributes to disruptive effects as protoplasts contract by freeze-dehydration. If protective systems are able to prevent injury from direct interactions with ice, passive effects of freeze-dehydration may cause injury at lower temperatures. The temperature range in which an injury occurs is an indicator of the form of energy causing stress. The form of energy is thus a primary guide for selection of a protective mechanism. An interatomic force model whose response to temperature change corresponds with the enthalpy pattern might help define freeze stress from a unique perspective.}, number={1-2}, journal={THERMOCHIMICA ACTA}, author={Olien, C. Robert and Livingston, David P., III}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={52–56} }
 @article{livingston_premakumar_tallury_2005, title={Carbohydrate concentrations in crown fractions from winter oat during hardening at sub-zero temperatures}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1095-8290"]}, DOI={10.1093/aob/mci167}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Contradictory results in correlation studies of plant carbohydrates with freezing tolerance may be because whole crown tissue is analysed for carbohydrates while differences exist in the survival of specific tissue within the crown. The aim of this study was to see if carbohydrate changes in tissue within oat crowns during second phase hardening (sub-zero hardening) are tissue specific.


METHODS
The lower portion of oat (Avena sativa) crowns was exposed to mild grinding in a blender and the remaining crown meristem complex, consisting of tough root-like vessels, was ground in a device developed specifically for grinding cereal crown tissue. Carbohydrates were extracted by water and measured by HPLC. Carbohydrate concentrations were compared in the two regions of the crown before and after hardening at sub-zero temperatures.


KEY RESULTS
Fructan of all size classes except DP>6 decreased during sub-zero hardening in both stems (base of leaf sheath) and crown meristem complex. Total simple sugar increase, including sucrose, was significantly higher in the crown meristem complex than in the stem.


CONCLUSIONS
Results support the hypothesis that carbohydrate change in mildly frozen plants is tissue specific within crowns and underscore the need to evaluate specific tissue within the crown when correlating the biochemistry of plants with freezing tolerance.}, number={2}, journal={ANNALS OF BOTANY}, author={Livingston, D and Premakumar, R and Tallury, SP}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={331–335} }
 @article{livingston_tallury_premkumar_owens_olien_2005, title={Changes in the histology of cold-hardened oat crowns during recovery from freezing}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.0579}, abstractNote={The survival of cereal crops during winter depends primarily on the ability of tissue in the crown to withstand various stresses encountered during freezing. Freeze‐induced damage to specific regions of oat (Avena sativa L.) crowns was evaluated by sectioning plants at various stages of recovery after they had been grown and frozen under controlled conditions. Our results confirmed those reported for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that the apical meristem was apparently the tissue in the crown most tolerant of freezing. Photographs of sections during recovery provided evidence that the apical meristem within the crown survived freezing in plants that were rated as nonsurvivors. Closer examination revealed abnormal nuclei in many cells of plants that had been frozen. These cells with condensed and dark red chromatin resembled the description of nuclear pycnosis found in mammalian cells damaged by radiation, extreme abiotic stress, and various carcinogens. The crown meristem complex was separated from the crown and fractionated into two regions: the upper portion of the crown meristem complex, called the apical region, and the lower portion called the crown core. The dry weight of both the apical region and crown core increased during cold‐hardening but the increase in dry weight was higher in the crown core than in the apical region. During cold‐hardening the percentage of total water freezing at −2°C became lower and after 3 wk was 50 and 47% in the apical region and the crown core, respectively. The initial freezing rate of the apical region was higher than that of the crown core and reached equilibrium about 2 h earlier than the crown core. Differences are discussed in relation to the freezing survival of specific tissue.}, number={4}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Livingston, DP and Tallury, SP and Premkumar, R and Owens, SA and Olien, CR}, year={2005}, pages={1545–1558} }
 @article{brooks_vaughn_griffey_price_pridgen_rohrer_brann_rucker_behl_sisson_et al._2005, title={Registration of 'Doyce' hulless barley}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0792}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 2 p. 792-793 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Doyce’ Hulless Barley W.S. Brooks, W.S. Brooks Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorM.E. Vaughn, M.E. Vaughn Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorC.A. Griffey, Corresponding Author C.A. Griffey [email protected] Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorA.M. Price, A.M. Price Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Pridgen, T.H. Pridgen Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Rohrer, W.L. Rohrer Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Brann, D.E. Brann Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorE.G. Rucker, E.G. Rucker Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorH.D. Behl, H.D. Behl Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Sisson, W.L. Sisson Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Corbin, R.A. Corbin Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. Kenner, J.C. Kenner Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorD.W. Dunaway, D.W. Dunaway Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.M. Pitman, R.M. Pitman Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR. Premakumar, R. Premakumar USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorD.P. Livingston, D.P. Livingston USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Vivar, H.E. Vivar Retired Barley Breeder, ICARDA-CIMMYT, Lisboa 27, Colonia Juarez, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 MexicoSearch for more papers by this authorR.L. Paris, R.L. Paris USDA-ARS, P. O. Box 345, Stoneville, MS, 38776Search for more papers by this author W.S. Brooks, W.S. Brooks Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorM.E. Vaughn, M.E. Vaughn Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorC.A. Griffey, Corresponding Author C.A. Griffey [email protected] Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorA.M. Price, A.M. Price Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Pridgen, T.H. Pridgen Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Rohrer, W.L. Rohrer Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Brann, D.E. Brann Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorE.G. Rucker, E.G. Rucker Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorH.D. Behl, H.D. Behl Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Sisson, W.L. Sisson Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Corbin, R.A. Corbin Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. Kenner, J.C. Kenner Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorD.W. Dunaway, D.W. Dunaway Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.M. Pitman, R.M. Pitman Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR. Premakumar, R. Premakumar USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorD.P. Livingston, D.P. Livingston USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorH.E. Vivar, H.E. Vivar Retired Barley Breeder, ICARDA-CIMMYT, Lisboa 27, Colonia Juarez, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 MexicoSearch for more papers by this authorR.L. Paris, R.L. Paris USDA-ARS, P. O. Box 345, Stoneville, MS, 38776Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0792Citations: 6 Registered by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1Brooks, W.S., Registration of ‘Price’ barley. Crop Sci. (2005) 45, 791– 792 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0791, 2Caldwell, R.M., Registration of ‘Harrison’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1966) 6, 387http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600040038x, 3Finkner, V.C., Registration of ‘Barsoy’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1968) 8, 397http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X000800030047x, 4Jensen, N.F., Registration of ‘Wong’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1964) 4, 238http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1964.0011183X000400020052x 5Price, A.M., a. Registration of ‘Pamunkey’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1996) 36, 1077http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X0036000400050x, 6Price, A.M., b. Registration of ‘Callao’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1996) 36, 1077http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X0036000400050x, 7Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Hanover’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1970) 1, 456http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1961.0011183X000100060021x 8Starling, T.M., a. Registration of ‘Monroe’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1980) 20, 284http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1980.0011183X002000020040x, 9Starling, T.M., b. Registration of ‘Surry’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1980) 20, 284http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1980.0011183X002000020040x, 10Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Sussex’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1984) 24, 617http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183X002400030045x, 11Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Wysor’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1987) 27, 1306http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183X002700060047x, 12Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Nomini’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1994) 34, 300http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010057x, 13Wiebe, G.A., ‘Trebi’ and ‘Harlan’ barleys. :. Crop Sci. (1965) 5, 196http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183X000500020040x Citing Literature Volume45, Issue2March–April 2005Pages 792-793 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brooks, WS and Vaughn, ME and Griffey, CA and Price, AM and Pridgen, TH and Rohrer, WL and Brann, DE and Rucker, EG and Behl, HD and Sisson, WL and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={792–793} }
 @article{brooks_vaughn_griffey_price_pridgen_rohrer_brann_rucker_behl_sisson_et al._2005, title={Registration of 'Price' barley}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0791}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 2 p. 791-792 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Price’ Barley W.S. Brooks, W.S. Brooks Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorM.E. Vaughn, M.E. Vaughn Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorC.A. Griffey, Corresponding Author C.A. Griffey [email protected] Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorA.M. Price, A.M. Price Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Pridgen, T.H. Pridgen Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Rohrer, W.L. Rohrer Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Brann, D.E. Brann Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorE.G. Rucker, E.G. Rucker Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorH.D. Behl, H.D. Behl Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Sisson, W.L. Sisson Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Corbin, R.A. Corbin Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. Kenner, J.C. Kenner Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorD.W. Dunaway, D.W. Dunaway Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.M. Pitman, R.M. Pitman Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR. Premakumar, R. Premakumar USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorD.P. Livingston, D.P. Livingston USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author W.S. Brooks, W.S. Brooks Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorM.E. Vaughn, M.E. Vaughn Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorC.A. Griffey, Corresponding Author C.A. Griffey [email protected] Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorA.M. Price, A.M. Price Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Pridgen, T.H. Pridgen Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Rohrer, W.L. Rohrer Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Brann, D.E. Brann Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorE.G. Rucker, E.G. Rucker Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorH.D. Behl, H.D. Behl Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Sisson, W.L. Sisson Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Corbin, R.A. Corbin Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. Kenner, J.C. Kenner Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorD.W. Dunaway, D.W. Dunaway Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.M. Pitman, R.M. Pitman Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR. Premakumar, R. Premakumar USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorD.P. Livingston, D.P. Livingston USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0791Citations: 10 Registered by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1Caldwell, R.M., Registration of ‘Harrison’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1966) 6, 387http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600040038x, 10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600040037x Google Scholar 2Price, A.M., Registration of ‘Callao’ Barley. :. Crop Sci. (1996) 36, 1077http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X0036000400050x, 10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X0036000400049x Google Scholar 3Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Henry’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1980) 20, 284http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1980.0011183X002000020040x, 10.2135/cropsci1980.0011183X002000020040x Google Scholar 4Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Wysor’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1987) 27, 1306http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183X002700060047x, 10.2135/cropsci1987.0011183X002700060048x Web of Science®Google Scholar 5Starling, T.M., Registration of ‘Nomini’ barley. :. Crop Sci. (1994) 34, 300http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010057x, 10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010056x Google Scholar 6Wiebe, G.A., ‘Trebi’ and ‘Harlan’ barleys. :. Crop Sci. (1965) 5, 196http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183X000500020040x 10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183X000500020040x Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume45, Issue2March–April 2005Pages 791-792 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brooks, WS and Vaughn, ME and Griffey, CA and Price, AM and Pridgen, TH and Rohrer, WL and Brann, DE and Rucker, EG and Behl, HD and Sisson, WL and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={791–792} }
 @article{brooks_vaughn_griffey_price_pridgen_rohrer_brann_rucker_behl_sisson_et al._2005, title={Registration of 'Thoroughbred' barley}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2005.0789}, abstractNote={Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 2 p. 789-790 Registrations of Cultivars Registration of ‘Thoroughbred’ Barley W.S. Brooks, W.S. Brooks Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorM.E. Vaughn, M.E. Vaughn Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorC.A. Griffey, Corresponding Author C.A. Griffey [email protected] Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorA.M. Price, A.M. Price Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Pridgen, T.H. Pridgen Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Rohrer, W.L. Rohrer Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Brann, D.E. Brann Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorE.G. Rucker, E.G. Rucker Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorH.D. Behl, H.D. Behl Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Sisson, W.L. Sisson Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Corbin, R.A. Corbin Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. Kenner, J.C. Kenner Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorD.W. Dunaway, D.W. Dunaway Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.M. Pitman, R.M. Pitman Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR. Premakumar, R. Premakumar USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorD.P. Livingston, D.P. Livingston USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author W.S. Brooks, W.S. Brooks Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorM.E. Vaughn, M.E. Vaughn Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorC.A. Griffey, Corresponding Author C.A. Griffey [email protected] Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorA.M. Price, A.M. Price Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorT.H. Pridgen, T.H. Pridgen Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Rohrer, W.L. Rohrer Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Brann, D.E. Brann Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorE.G. Rucker, E.G. Rucker Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorH.D. Behl, H.D. Behl Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, 24061Search for more papers by this authorW.L. Sisson, W.L. Sisson Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.A. Corbin, R.A. Corbin Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. Kenner, J.C. Kenner Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorD.W. Dunaway, D.W. Dunaway Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR.M. Pitman, R.M. Pitman Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA, 22572Search for more papers by this authorR. Premakumar, R. Premakumar USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this authorD.P. Livingston, D.P. Livingston USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 27695Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0789Citations: 12 Registered by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume45, Issue2March–April 2005Pages 789-790 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Brooks, WS and Vaughn, ME and Griffey, CA and Price, AM and Pridgen, TH and Rohrer, WL and Brann, DE and Rucker, EG and Behl, HD and Sisson, WL and et al.}, year={2005}, pages={789–790} }
 @article{livingston_elwinger_murphy_2004, title={Moving beyond the winter hardiness plateau in US oat germplasm}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2004.1966}, abstractNote={Progress has been slow in the development of winter-hardy oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars. No cultivar released in the last 40 yr has better freezing tolerance than the cultivar Norline, which was released in 1960. However, in an analysis of 65 yr of field testing, Norline was not more winter hardy than 'Wintok', which was released in 1940. An analysis of individual location-year combinations of Wintok and Norline suggested that progeny from a cross of these two cultivars might contain germplasm that was transgressive for freezing tolerance. The objective of this research was to use mass selection in controlled environment freeze tests on successive segregating generations of the cross between Wintok and Norline to identify inbred progenies with significantly greater winter hardiness than either parent. Following three generations of seed increase and three generations of selection for freezing tolerance in controlled freeze tests, several F 7 genotypes were identified with greater freezing tolerance than both parents. In the F 9 generation, two of the lines exhibited a higher level of freezing tolerance than either parent, and both were slightly more freezing tolerant than the moderately winter-hardy barley, Hordeum vulgare 'Trebi'.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Livingston, DP and Elwinger, GF and Murphy, JP}, year={2004}, pages={1966–1969} }
 @article{livingston_premakumar_2002, title={Apoplastic carbohydrates do not account for differences in freezing tolerance of two winter-oat cultivars that have been second phase cold-hardened}, volume={30}, number={3-4}, journal={Cereal Research Communications}, author={Livingston, D. P. and Premakumar, R.}, year={2002}, pages={375–381} }
 @article{fagerness_yelverton_livingston_rufty_2002, title={Temperature and trinexapac-ethyl effects on bermudagrass growth, dormancy, and freezing tolerance}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2002.0853}, abstractNote={Applications of the plant growth regulator (PGR) trinexapac-ethyl [4-(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexane carboxylic acid ethylester] (TE) can delay winter dormancy in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon), which suggests a response to TE when temperatures are suboptimum for bermudagrass growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive role of temperature and TE in bermudagrass growth responses, dormancy, and freezing tolerance. Trinexapac-ethyl (0.11 kg a.i. ha−1) was applied in two growth chamber experiments, and across a 2-yr period in the field. Results indicated that TE reduced vertical shoot growth and increased stolon production, turf density, and quality when applied at high temperatures (35–36°C). While TE effectively reduced vertical shoot growth at low (20–22°C) temperatures, little impact on stolon development was observed under these conditions. Autumn applications of TE when temperatures were cool (≈25°C) at the time of application led to decreased turfgrass density and quality. These responses may explain the effectiveness of using TE to aid in bermudagrass transition to overseeded cool-season grasses and were probably due to the limited ability of bermudagrass to recover from initial post-application growth reduction and observed leaf chlorosis. Observed delayed autumn dormancy due to summer applications of TE and accelerated dormancy due to late-season applications did not conclusively relate to the freezing tolerance of bermudagrass.}, number={3}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Fagerness, MJ and Yelverton, FH and Livingston, DP and Rufty, TW}, year={2002}, pages={853–858} }
 @article{livingston_olien_premakumar_2000, title={Thermal effect of CO2 on apoplastic ice in rye and oat during freezing}, volume={122}, ISSN={["0032-0889"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.122.3.861}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Livingston, DP and Olien, CR and Premakumar, R}, year={2000}, month={Mar}, pages={861–865} }
 @article{livingston_henson_1998, title={Apoplastic sugars, fructans, fructan exohydrolase, and invertase in winter oat: Responses to second-phase cold hardening}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1532-2548"]}, DOI={10.1104/pp.116.1.403}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Livingston, DP and Henson, CA}, year={1998}, month={Jan}, pages={403–408} }
 @article{livingston_gildow_liu_1998, title={Barley yellow dwarf virus: effects on carbohydrate metabolism in oat (Avena sativa) during cold hardening}, volume={140}, ISSN={["0028-646X"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00308.x}, abstractNote={Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) causes significant losses in yield and in overwintering ability of winter cereals. Mechanisms by which the physiology of plants is affected by the virus are not clear. To see how carbohydrates in the crown of winter cereals were affected by BYDV, fructan isomers of degree of polymerization (DP) 3–5, fructan DP>6 and the simple sugars, glucose, fructose and sucrose, were measured before and during cold hardening in three oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars, ‘Wintok’, ‘Coast Black’ and ‘Fulghum’. On a fresh weight basis fructan DP>6 decreased by 50% in infected ‘Wintok’ and ‘Coast Black’ and by 25% in ‘Fulghum’. Two DP3, one DP4 and one DP5 isomer were significantly higher than non‐infected controls. The percentages of simple sugars in infected crowns were significantly higher than controls in all three cultivars in every week except the first week of hardening. Crude enzyme extracts from BYDV infected plants incubated with sucrose suggested higher invertase and lower sucrose‐sucrosyl transferase activity. When incubated with 1‐kestose and neokestin, no significant difference was found in fructose fructosyl transferase or in hydrolase activity. The activity of unidentified enzymes catalysing the synthesis of larger (DP>5) fructan was altered by BYDV. The decrease of carbohydrates in the crown induced indirectly by BYDV may alter the plant's capacity to regenerate tillers in the spring. The ability of plants to prevent or tolerate carbohydrate fluctuations induced by BYDV infection may be an important genetically regulated characteristic for developing virus‐resistant cultivars.}, number={4}, journal={NEW PHYTOLOGIST}, author={Livingston, DP and Gildow, FE and Liu, SY}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={699–707} }
 @article{henson_livingston_1998, title={Characterization of a fructan exohydrolase purified from barley stems that hydrolyzes multiple fructofuranosidic linkages}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0981-9428"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0981-9428(98)80021-1}, abstractNote={Barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Morex) fructan exohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.80) was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on anion exchange and lectin affinity columns. The final enzyme preparation was homogenous as determined by the presence of a single band on silver stained SDS-PAGE and IEF gels. The purified protein had a molecular mass of 33 kDa and a pI of 7.8. Analyses of relative hydrolytic rates of various fructans were determined by measuring released fructose by pulsed electrochemical detection after separation of reactions by HPLC. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed β-2,1-linkages in 6G, 1-kestotetraose, 1 and 6G-kestotetraose, 1, 1-kestotetraose, and 1-kestotriose with relative rates of 100 : 96 : 85 : 88. This enzyme slowly hydrolyzed the β-2,6-linkages in 6G-kestotriose and in 6G, 6-kestotetraose and sucrose with relative rates of 5 : 4 : 3 compared to 6G, 1-kestotetraose hydrolysis rates arbitrarily set at 100. The substrate attack pattern, determined by identifying products from hydrolysis of purified fructan tetrasaccharides, was of the multichain type. Sucrose was a mixed-type inhibitor of inulin hydrolysis.}, number={10}, journal={PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Henson, CA and Livingston, DP}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={715–720} }
 @article{livingston_1996, title={The second phase of cold hardening: Freezing tolerance and fructan isomer changes in winter cereal crowns}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600060027x}, abstractNote={Cold-hardening plants at above freezing temperatures significantly contributes to their overall winter hardiness. However, little research has been conducted on hardening at temperatures below freezing, before freezing injury results. To determine the effect of hardening at below freezing temperatures, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown and hardened under controlled conditions and freeze tested after being held at -3 degrees C from 1 to 7 d. A significant hardening effect was observed after exposure to below freezing temperatures. The biggest change, a reduction of 7 degrees C in the temperature at which 50% of the population survives, occurred after 7 d at -3 degrees C in the winter hardy oat cultivar, Wintok. The additional hardening appeared related to changes in carbohydrate concentration. While wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were not freeze tested, their changes in carbohydrates were even greater than oat and barley. In oat, the concentrations of all 15 fructan isomers of degree of polymerization 3 to 5 were lower after the below freezing treatment while the concentration of fructose and sucrose were higher. Some carbohydrate concentrations were highly correlated with freezing survival under these conditions, but the exact mechanisms behind this relationship are not understood. Controlled freeze tests which consistently quantitate the effect of individual mechanisms will allow plant breeders and geneticists to more effectively screen germplasm for winter hardiness genes.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Livingston, DP}, year={1996}, pages={1568–1573} }
 @article{livingston_elwinger_1995, title={IMPROVEMENT OF WINTER HARDINESS IN OAT FROM 1935 TO 1992}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500030019x}, abstractNote={The Uniform Oat Winter Hardiness Nursery was initiated in 1926 to improve the probability of selecting more winter-hardy oat (Avena sativa L.) germplasm under field conditions. The nursery has been grown at 141 locations in 31 U.S. states and four Canadian provinces and 986 cultivars and experimental lines have been tested. Survival data from 1935 to 1992 was used to (i) summarize nursery information, and (ii) evaluate progress in winter hardiness improvement. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for 10 check cultivars revealed four hardiness categories. Analysis of the same 10 checks by the method of pairwise rank superiority confirmed the relative rankings from the ANOVA results. Regression analyses from more than 1000 location-years in which differential winter killing occurred indicated significant genetic improvement in average winter hardiness of entries submitted for testing during the first 35 yr (1935 to 1970); the hardiness of elite entries has improved throughout the period of analysis (1935 to 1992) at an estimated rate of 0.26% per year. The decreased progress in average hardiness of entries since the mid1970s may be a result of reduced effort in breeding for winter hardiness due to lack of funding and/or exhaustion of genetic potential}, number={3}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={LIVINGSTON, DP and ELWINGER, GF}, year={1995}, pages={749–755} }