@article{kongkasuriyachai_prasitwattanaseree_case_mahakkanukrauh_2022, title={Craniometric estimation of ancestry in Thai and Japanese individuals}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1834-562X"]}, DOI={10.1080/00450618.2020.1789219}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT There are currently no forensic methods for distinguishing Thais from other individuals of Asian ancestry using craniometrics. Of foreigners visiting or living in Thailand, Japanese people predominate. Remains of Japanese soldiers from the Second World War were excavated in northern Thailand, and hundreds more are thought to have disappeared in this area and nearby countries. This research aims to develop new formulae for ancestry estimation of skulls suspected to be Thai or Japanese. This was achieved by measuring 440 Thai and Japanese skulls. Stepwise discriminant analysis created four formulae. The first formula is for a complete skull, with predicted and correct classification accuracy of 89.3% and tested accuracy of 91.2%. The second formula, cranium only, gave 84.3% predicted and correct classification accuracy and tested accuracy of 85.3%. The third formula, for a male skull, gave predicted and correct classification accuracy of 92.0% and tested accuracy of 85.3%. The fourth formula, for a female skull, produced 89.8% predicted and correct classification accuracy and tested accuracy of 88.2%. Differentiating between Asian subgroups is challenging, but this study demonstrates the potential to distinguish Thai from Japanese individuals in forensic applications. It can be used to clarify ancestry of ‘Asian’ unclaimed bodies found in Thailand.}, number={3}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Kongkasuriyachai, Natthamon Pureepatpong and Prasitwattanaseree, Sukon and Case, D. Troy and Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={294–310} }
 @article{kasikam_case_kasikam_prasitwattanaseree_sinthubua_singsuwan_mahakkanukrauh_2021, title={Sex estimation from the cranial base in a Thai population}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1834-562X"]}, DOI={10.1080/00450618.2019.1704057}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT One part of the skeleton that often preserves well when other areas do not is the cranial base. This study examined 13 dimensions of the palate and the posterior portion of the cranial base in 200 Thai skulls. We also created three triangles from these dimensions. ROC analysis was possible to find sectioning points for both sexes. The distance from right to left mastoidale proved to exhibit the greatest estimated accuracy with 46% of males and 48% of females sexed at 90% accuracy or better, 51% of males and 54% of females sexed at 85% accuracy or better, and 58% of males and 64% of females sexed at 80% accuracy or better. The combination of one triangle (large base area) and the distance from posterior nasal spine to the right greater palatine foramen produced 90% estimated accuracy for 46% of males and 60% of females, 85% estimated accuracy for 67% of males and 68% of females, and 80% estimated accuracy for 77% of males and 79% of females. These results underperform some other metric approaches to sex estimation among Thai skeletons, but suggest that the cranial base can be useful in situations of poor preservation or taphonomic degradation.}, number={3}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Kasikam, Khosit Elvezio and Case, D. Troy and Kasikam, Mayuree and Prasitwattanaseree, Sukon and Sinthubua, Apichat and Singsuwan, Phruksachat and Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={291–305} }
 @article{barnes_case_burnett_mahakkanukrauh_2020, title={Sex estimation from the carpal bones in a Thai population}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1834-562X"]}, DOI={10.1080/00450618.2019.1620856}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Research on the upper limbs of Thai skeletons has shown a relatively high level of sexual dimorphism in this population. However the wrist has not been extensively studied for sex estimation in Thailand. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the utility of carpal bones for sex estimation in a forensic context in Thailand. Fifteen (15) measurements were taken on seven carpals from 100 skeletons (50 males, 50 females) who died in the northern area of Thailand. Six of the seven carpals produced logistic regression equations with correct allocation accuracies of 84.0% or higher. The only exception was the triquetrum, which did not reach the 80% threshold. Three of the four equations with the highest estimated accuracies came from the trapezium – the highest reaching 92.0%. The trapezoid and capitate each produced one measurement with correct allocation accuracies of 87.8% or higher. The single measurement with the best combination of correct allocation accuracy (89.1%), measurement error (0.05%), and measurability (44/50 bones) on both sides is trapezium maximum length. Combining this dimension with maximum length of the 1st metacarpal facet on the right side produced an allocation accuracy of 91.8%, with accuracies above 90% for both sexes.}, number={6}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Barnes, A. Elise and Case, D. Troy and Burnett, Scott E. and Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={665–680} }
 @article{mahakkanukrauh_ruengdit_tun_case_sinthubua_2017, title={Osteometric sex estimation from the os coxa in a Thai population}, volume={271}, ISSN={0379-0738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FORSCIINT.2016.11.043}, DOI={10.1016/J.FORSCIINT.2016.11.043}, abstractNote={The coxal bone shows a very high degree of sexual dimorphism both morphologically and metrically. However, despite a number of recent studies on sex estimation from the skeleton in Thailand, no osteometric methods of sexing the Thai os coxa have been proposed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a standard sex estimation method for a Thai population by examining the efficacy of six coxal bone measurements and eight indices obtained from 200 Thai skeletons. Independent samples t-tests revealed statistically significant differences between males and females for all but one of the measurements. The equation with the highest correct allocation accuracy was based on four measurements (pubis length, ischium length, total height and acetabulum diameter) and had a predicted and cross-validated accuracy of 96.9% and a tested accuracy of 97.5% on a holdout sample of 40 individuals. The single variable equation with the highest correct allocation accuracy of 94.4% and a tested accuracy of 97.5% was for the ischiopubic index, which is calculated from ischium length and pubis length. Percentage accuracies in predicting sex from these equations were higher than many previous studies, suggesting high levels of sexual dimorphism in the Thai os coxa.}, journal={Forensic Science International}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk and Ruengdit, Sittiporn and Tun, Saw Myint and Case, D. Troy and Sinthubua, Apichat}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={127.e1–127.e7} }
 @article{case_jones_offenbecker_2017, title={Skeletal Kinship Analysis Using Developmental Anomalies of the Foot}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1099-1212"]}, DOI={10.1002/oa.2529}, abstractNote={Developmental anomalies of the skeleton are often treated as mere curiosities, but in some contexts, they may prove useful to bioarchaeologists for answering questions about the past. One such use can be found in skeletal kinship analysis, where discrete traits can help to identify close genetic relatives in archaeological cemeteries. Previous research suggests that discrete traits used for skeletal kinship analysis should have several characteristics—they must obviously be heritable, but in addition, they should be easy to score as present or absent, their frequencies should not vary by age or sex, and they should be low frequency traits. Low frequency traits are less likely than higher frequency traits to be found in two individuals merely by chance. In this study, we consider 17 developmental anomalies of the human foot as candidates for use in skeletal kinship analysis. The traits are evaluated in terms of the characteristics described above, after which kinship analyses are attempted on two different populations. Ten of the anomalies are found to be good candidates for skeletal kinship analysis, including accessory navicular, four different forms of brachydactyly, three types of tarsal coalition, and two forms of the os intermetatarseum. When frequencies of these traits were examined and compared to a reference sample in three cemeteries, however, only a single group of six possible genetic relatives were identified. The results suggest that skeletal kinship analysis using individual heritable traits is perhaps best applied to small cemeteries or burial clusters rather than larger cemeteries containing many different lineages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY}, author={Case, D. T. and Jones, L. B. and Offenbecker, A. M.}, year={2017}, pages={192–205} }
 @article{fongkete_singsuwan_prasitwattanaseree_riengrojpitak_case_mahakkanukrauh_2016, title={Estimation of stature using fragmentary femur and tibia lengths in a Thai population}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1834-562X"]}, DOI={10.1080/00450618.2015.1052758}, abstractNote={Stature estimation is one of the most important parameters for human identification. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between stature and femur and tibia measurements other than length in modern Thai skeletons, and to derive regression equations that can be used for living stature estimation when complete bones are unavailable. The sample consisted of 159 males and 96 females. We used two analytical methods, i.e. direct 1-step and indirect 2-step. Results showed that the upper breadth of the femur from males and the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the lateral condyle from females were the best estimators of stature. Maximum proximal breadth of the tibia showed the lowest standard error values in males and females. The derived equations were tested on a holdout sample in which the distal breadth of the tibia exhibited the lowest mean absolute error in both males and females, while in the femur measurements, the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the lateral condyle produced the lowest mean absolute error in males, and an absolute mean value from vertical head diameter in females. The present study suggests that measurements taken from damaged bones can be used for stature estimation.}, number={3}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Fongkete, Ilada and Singsuwan, Phruksachat and Prasitwattanaseree, Sukon and Riengrojpitak, Suda and Case, D. Troy and Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={287–296} }
 @article{offenbecker_case_2016, title={Health Consequences of European Contact in the Great Plains: A Comparison of Systemic Stress Levels in Pre- and Post-Contact Arikara Populations}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1099-1212"]}, DOI={10.1002/oa.2439}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY}, author={Offenbecker, A. M. and Case, D. T.}, year={2016}, pages={502–513} }
 @article{tocheri_dommain_mcfarlin_burnett_case_orr_roach_villmoare_eriksen_kalthoff_et al._2016, title={The Evolutionary Origin and Population History of the Grauer Gorilla}, volume={159}, ISSN={["1096-8644"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.22900}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, author={Tocheri, Matthew W. and Dommain, Rene and McFarlin, Shannon C. and Burnett, Scott E. and Case, D. Troy and Orr, Caley M. and Roach, Neil T. and Villmoare, Brian and Eriksen, Amandine B. and Kalthoff, Daniela C. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={4–18} }
 @article{case_rawlins_mick_2015, title={Measurement standards for human metacarpals}, volume={157}, ISSN={["1096-8644"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajpa.22700}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, author={Case, D. Troy and Rawlins, Callie M. and Mick, Charlotte B.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={322–329} }
 @article{burnett_case_2014, title={Interpretation of variant morphological patterns in the hallucal cuneometatarsal joint}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1348-8570"]}, DOI={10.1537/ase.140630}, abstractNote={First cuneometatarsal joints are normally characterized by a single articulating facet. In some cases, however, they may bear some degree of division into two, or even three, distinct facets. Typically, double facets at this joint are interpreted as evidence of partial or complete division of the medial cuneiform earlier in development, though evidence to support this interpretation is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between double facets and bipartition by comparing the sex ratio in double-faceted medial cuneiforms from two Euro-American skeletal samples, with the unbalanced sex ratio found in cases of complete bipartition of the medial cuneiform. Upon examination, no statistically significant differences were found in double-facet frequency between females and males, and the sex ratio differed significantly from that seen in known cases of bipartite medial cuneiform. These results suggest that the existence of double facets distally on the medial cuneiform is likely not exclusively indicative of developmental bipartition, a conclusion also supported by reports of divided distal surfaces in non-bipartite medial cuneiforms in some prenatal specimens. Furthermore, medial cuneiforms bearing three facets distally to the first metatarsal sometimes occur, possibly more frequently in individuals of advanced age. Ultimately, understanding distal facet patterns on the medial cuneiform may hold significance for understanding joint mobility and susceptibility to hallux valgus deformity in hominins from both bioarchaeological and paleoanthropological perspectives.}, number={3}, journal={ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Burnett, Scott E. and Case, D. Troy}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={123–129} }
 @article{mahakkanukrauh_praneatpolgrang_ruengdit_singsuwan_duangto_case_2014, title={Sex estimation from the talus in a Thai population}, volume={240}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.001}, abstractNote={Previous research on sex estimation from the tarsals has shown that the talus is the most sexually dimorphic tarsal bone in most populations. In order to assess the sexing potential of the talus in a Thai population, 252 skeletons (126 male, 126 female) from the Chiang Mai University Skeletal Collection were measured. The sample represents Thai people who come from the local Chiang Mai area and who died within the past ten years. Ten measurements were taken on the left and right tali from each skeleton. Seven of these measurements are similar, or identical, to measurements used by other researchers. Three experimental measurements were also taken. Logistic regression equations were calculated for each measurement, and for pairs of measurements. The individual measurements were also examined using ROC analysis. Averaging the results from both sides, the individual measurements with the highest correct allocation accuracies based on logistic regression analysis were trochlear length (88.2%), trochlear breadth (87.3%), talar length (85.5%), and inferior articular surface length (84.5%). The ROC results followed a similar pattern, with Area Under the Curve values as follows: trochlear length (0.952), inferior articular surface length (0.937), trochlear breadth (0.935), and talar length (0.914). When pairs of measurements were considered by means of logistic regression, four equations produced predicted allocation accuracies greater than 90% – three from the right talus, and one from the left. The highest accuracy on both sides resulted from a combination of the two most sexually dimorphic individual measurements of trochlear length and trochlear breadth. Together, they produced predicted allocation accuracies of 91.3% on the right side, and 91.4% on the left side. Unlike many past studies that have found talar length to be the most sexually dimorphic measurement of the talus, our study found trochlear length and breadth to be the most accurate measurements for distinguishing the sexes. Researchers developing sexing equations for use with other populations should consider including trochlear length and breadth in their analyses.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk and Praneatpolgrang, Sithee and Ruengdit, Sitthiporn and Singsuwan, Phruksachat and Duangto, Phuwadon and Case, D. Troy}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @article{barrett_case_2014, title={Use of 2D: 4D Digit Ratios to Determine Sex}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1556-4029"]}, DOI={10.1111/1556-4029.12450}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Barrett, Christopher K. and Case, D. Troy}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1315–1320} }
 @article{mahakkanukrauh_khanpetch_prasitwattanseree_case_2013, title={Determination of sex from the proximal hand phalanges in a Thai population}, volume={226}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.024}, abstractNote={A sample of 249 skeletons (154 males, 95 females) from the Chiang Mai University Skeletal Collection was studied to investigate the potential of proximal hand phalanges as indicators of sex among individuals from the Chiang Mai province of Thailand. The sample ranged in age from 19 to 93 years. Six measurements were taken on each proximal phalanx: maximum length, medio-lateral base width, antero-posterior base height, medio-lateral head width, antero-posterior head height and maximum mid-shaft diameter. The measurements were then subjected to ROC analysis as well as binary logistic regression to assess the relative correct allocation accuracy for each bone, and for different combinations of measurements from each bone. All proximal phalanges from both sides exhibited greater than 87% correct allocation accuracy for at least one logistic regression equation that included only two or three measurements. When the sample was limited to individuals with no missing measurements (n=209) in any of the phalanges, the most accurate equations for each proximal phalanx ranged from 87.6% to 92.3%, with the most accurate equation based on two measurements from the left 1st proximal phalanx, and the next most accurate from three measurements of the left 2nd proximal phalanx. The results suggest that proximal phalanges produce better allocation accuracies than metacarpals among modern individuals from Thailand.}, number={1-3}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk and Khanpetch, Pongsak and Prasitwattanseree, Sukon and Case, D. Troy}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={208–215} }
 @article{offenbecker_case_2012, title={Accessory navicular: A heritable accessory bone of the human foot}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1099-1212"]}, DOI={10.1002/oa.1193}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY}, author={Offenbecker, A. M. and Case, D. T.}, year={2012}, pages={158–167} }
 @article{khanpetch_prasitwattanseree_case_mahakkanukrauh_2012, title={Determination of sex from the metacarpals in a Thai population}, volume={217}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.044}, abstractNote={Determination of sex using metacarpals was carried out on a sample of 249 skeletons from a Thai population (154 males and 95 females), ranging in age from 19 to 93 years. Six measurements were taken on each metacarpal, namely maximum length, medio-lateral base width, antero-posterior base height, medio-lateral head width, antero-posterior head height and mid-shaft diameter. Binary logistic regression equations were calculated for determining sex from these measurements. All metacarpals from both sides produced at least one equation that correctly allocated the skeletons with 80% or greater accuracy. In a comparative test using only individuals with no missing measurements (n = 196), the most accurate equations for each metacarpal on the right side had pooled allocation accuracies ranging from 85.2% to 89.3%, with the best equation based on three measurements from the 5th metacarpal. On the left side, the most accurate equations for each metacarpal ranged from 83.2% to 89.8% correct allocation, with the best equation based on three measurements of the 2nd metacarpal. When the allocation accuracy for each sex is considered in addition to the pooled accuracy, the best equations involve the same three measurements of the 5th metacarpal on the right side, but shift to three measurements of the first metacarpal on the left side, with a pooled accuracy of 88.3%. The results of this study suggest that metacarpals can be used quite reliably for sexing in forensic contexts in Thailand.}, number={1-3}, journal={Forensic Science International}, author={Khanpetch, P. and Prasitwattanseree, S. and Case, D. T. and Mahakkanukrauh, P.}, year={2012} }
 @article{case_burnett_2012, title={Identification of tarsal coalition and frequency estimates from skeletal samples}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1099-1212"]}, DOI={10.1002/oa.1228}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY}, author={Case, D. T. and Burnett, S. E.}, year={2012}, pages={667–684} }
 @article{harris_case_2012, title={Sexual Dimorphism in the Tarsal Bones: Implications for Sex Determination}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1556-4029"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02004.x}, abstractNote={Abstract: An accurate determination of sex is essential in the identification of human remains in a forensic context. Measurements of some of the tarsals have been shown to be sexually dimorphic by previous researchers. The purpose of the present study is to determine which dimensions of the seven tarsals demonstrate the greatest sexual dimorphism and therefore have the most potential for accurate sex determination. Eighteen measurements of length, width, and height were obtained from the tarsals of 160 European‐American males and females from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. These measurements were made using a mini‐osteometric board. Logistic regression analyses were performed to create equations for sex discrimination. All measurements showed significant sexual dimorphism, with the talus, cuboid, and cuneiform I producing allocation accuracies of between 88 and 92%. Combinations of measurements provided better accuracy (88.1–93.6%) than individual measurements (80.0–88.0%).}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Harris, Sheena M. and Case, D. Troy}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={295–305} }
 @article{burnett_case_2011, title={Bipartite medial cuneiform: New frequencies from skeletal collections and a meta-analysis of previous cases}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1618-1301"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jchb.2011.01.002}, abstractNote={Bipartition of the medial cuneiform is a malsegmentation defect of the foot characterized by separation of the normal cuneiform into dorsal and plantar segments. In many cases, these segments are held together by means of a cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous bridge, resulting in a deep, lytic-like pit in dry bone reminiscent of those seen in cases of non-osseous tarsal coalition. Partial bipartition, where separation of the two segments is incomplete, may also occur. Though originally documented over 250 years ago, relatively little is known about the bipartite medial cuneiform. The purpose of this paper is to present thirteen new cases (ten complete, three partial) from Egypt, England, South Africa, Denmark, and the United States, and to analyze all known cases to investigate patterns in sex, laterality, frequency, and associated anomalies. Results suggest that bipartite medial cuneiforms are significantly more prevalent in males. Bipartite medial cuneiforms are also frequently bilateral, perhaps indicating a strong genetic component. Identification of this condition in multiple individuals from a cemetery could, therefore, suggest a familial relationship. Frequencies of this variant are consistently less than 1% in most large samples, and significant frequency differences among samples from around the world are rare. Several other minor congenital variations have been noted in individuals with bipartition of the medial cuneiform. However, additional systematic research is needed to elucidate further the prevalence of associated variants.}, number={2}, journal={HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY}, author={Burnett, S. E. and Case, D. T.}, year={2011}, pages={109–125} }
 @article{mahakkanukrauh_khanpetch_prasitwattanseree_vichairat_case_2011, title={Stature estimation from long bone lengths in a Thai population}, volume={210}, ISSN={0379-0738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.025}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.025}, abstractNote={The estimation of stature is a very important step in developing a biological profile for forensic identification. However, little previous work has been done on stature estimation among modern Thai people, despite a growing number of forensic cases in Thailand in recent years. The current study was carried out on a sample of 200 skeletons from a northern Thai population (132 males and 68 females), ranging in age from 19 to 94 years. The maximum lengths of six long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula) were measured and stature reconstruction formulae generated using linear regression. These equations were then tested on a holdout sample of 15 females and 15 males. Results reveal that the three lower limb bones are the most accurate estimators of stature among the males, with the fibula equation producing the lowest standard error of the estimate (SE=4.89cm), followed by the femur (SE=5.06cm). Results for females were mixed. The femur produced the lowest standard error among the females (SE=5.21cm), followed by the radius (SE=5.63cm). However, when tested against the holdout sample (n=30), the femur equations were considerably more accurate, with a mean absolute error of 3.5cm and a median absolute error of 2.4cm. Females exhibited a higher standard error of the estimate than reported in many previous studies. This higher error may be the result of a recent secular trend in stature affecting the females of our sample somewhat more than the males.}, number={1-3}, journal={Forensic Science International}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk and Khanpetch, Pongsak and Prasitwattanseree, Sukon and Vichairat, Karnda and Case, D. Troy}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={279.e1–279.e7} }
 @article{zhang_chen_ding_jin_case_jiao_wang_bai_jin_yang_et al._2010, title={Dermatoglyphics from all Chinese ethnic groups reveal geographic patterning}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0008783}, abstractNote={Completion of a survey of dermatoglyphic variables for all ethnic groups in an ethnically diverse country like China is a huge research project, and an achievement that anthropological and dermatoglyphic scholars in the country could once only dream of. However, through the endeavors of scientists in China over the last 30 years, the dream has become reality. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of dermatoglyphics from all ethnic groups in China. Using cluster analysis and principal component analysis of dermatoglyphics, it has been found that Chinese populations can be generally divided into a southern group and a northern group. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate about the origins of many Chinese populations and about proper assignment of these peoples to larger ethnic groups. In this paper, we suggest that dermatoglyphic data can inform these debates by helping to classify a Chinese population as a northern or southern group, using selected reference populations and quantitative methods. This study is the first to assemble and investigate dermatoglyphics from all 56 Chinese ethnic groups. It is fortunate that data on population dermatoglyphics, a field of physical anthropology, have now been collected for all 56 Chinese ethnic groups, because intermarriage between individuals from different Chinese ethnic groups occurs more frequently in recent times, making population dermatoglyphic research an ever more challenging field of inquiry.}, number={1}, journal={PLoS One}, author={Zhang, H. G. and Chen, Y. F. and Ding, M. and Jin, L. and Case, D. T. and Jiao, Y. P. and Wang, X. P. and Bai, C. X. and Jin, G. and Yang, J. M. and et al.}, year={2010} }
 @book{scioto hopewell and their neighbors: bioarchaeological documentation and cultural understanding_2008, ISBN={9780387773865}, publisher={New York: Springer Publishing}, year={2008} }
 @article{case_ross_2007, title={Sex determination from hand and foot bone lengths}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0022-1198"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00365.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Numerous studies have addressed sex estimation from the hands and feet with varying results. These studies have utilized multiple measurements to determine sex from the hands and feet, including measures of robusticity (e.g., base width and midshaft diameter). However, robusticity measurements are affected by activity, which can disguise underlying patterns of sexual dimorphism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the utility of length measurements of the hands and feet to estimate sex. The sample consists of white females (n=123) and males (n=136) from the Terry Collection. Discriminant function analysis was used to classify individuals by sex. The left hand outperformed both the right hand and foot producing correct classification rates exceeding 80%. Surprisingly, the phalanges were better sex discriminators than either the metacarpals or metatarsals. This study suggests that length measures are more appropriate than robusticity measures for sex estimation.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES}, author={Case, D. Troy and Ross, Ann H.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={264–270} }
 @book{christopher carr_case_2006, title={Gathering Hopewell society, ritual, and ritual interaction}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={Christopher Carr and Case, D. Troy}, year={2006} }
 @book{carr_case_2006, title={Gathering Hopewell: Society, ritual, and ritual interaction.  (Interdisciplinary contributions to archaeology)}, ISBN={030648479X}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={Carr, C. and Case, D. T.}, year={2006} }
 @article{case_heilman_2006, title={New siding techniques for the manual phalanges: A blind test}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1099-1212"]}, DOI={10.1002/oa.826}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to conduct a blind test of siding techniques for the 14 phalanges of the human hand. A list of possible siding techniques was initially developed using four loosely articulated hand skeletons from an anatomical supply company, was later refined using ten skeletons with individually labelled hand bones from the Terry Anatomical Collection, and then was ‘field tested’ on protohistoric Arikara skeletons from South Dakota. The most promising of these techniques were blind tested by the authors on a sample of 50 Terry collection individuals. For each bone, the first author selected a specimen from either the right or left side, and the second author determined the side to which it most likely belonged, based on a written description of each technique and a rough sketch. Accuracies for the proximal phalanges (PP) were generally good, ranging from 100% for PP1 to 88% for PP5. Among the intermediate phalanges (IP), accuracies clustered between 96% and 98% except for IP4, which could only be correctly sided 78% of the time. Results for the distal phalanges (DP) were generally poor. Although DP1 was correctly sided 94% of the time, accuracies for the other distal phalanges ranged from a low of 52% to a high of 78%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY}, author={Case, D. T. and Heilman, J.}, year={2006}, pages={338–346} }
 @article{case_burnett_nielsen_2006, title={Os acromiale: Population differences and their etiological significance}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijchb.2005.11.001}, number={1}, journal={Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology}, author={Case, D. T. and Burnett, S. E. and Nielsen, T.}, year={2006}, pages={1/18/2006} }
 @article{case_burnett_nielsen_2006, title={Os acromiale: Population differences and their etiological significance}, volume={57}, ISSN={0018-442X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2005.11.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jchb.2005.11.001}, abstractNote={The os acromiale is an accessory bone resulting from failure of the acromial apophysis to fuse to the scapula. It is a relatively frequent defect affecting 4-18% of most large skeletal series. The etiology of os acromiale is poorly understood, and two competing hypotheses have been proposed: (1) that the accessory bone represents a genetic defect, and (2) that it results from mechanical stress on the developing acromion. In order to assess the evidence for these two hypotheses, os acromiale frequencies from a South African cadaver sample (n = 494) were compared to frequencies from a medieval Danish archaeological sample (n = 532). The South African frequency (18.2%) was significantly higher than the medieval Danish frequency (7.7%, p < 0.0001). These results mirror those of another study comparing African- and Euro-Americans, and tend to support the genetic hypothesis. However, a left side bias (72%) was also found among the South Africans (p = 0.013), lending some support to the mechanical stress hypothesis. Sex and age biases were also examined but were not found. In order to further test the mechanical hypothesis, the medieval Danes were divided into groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status based upon cemetery type. Lower status individuals were presumed to have engaged in strenuous labor activities more often and at a younger age than higher status individuals. However, comparison of these two groups failed to demonstrate a significant frequency difference (p = 0.105). Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that a third etiology combining a genetic predisposition for os acromiale with mechanical stress as the proximate cause should also be considered.}, number={1}, journal={HOMO}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Case, D.T. and Burnett, S.E. and Nielsen, T.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={1–18} }
 @article{case_hill_merbs_fong_2006, title={Polydactyly in the prehistoric American Southwest}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1047-482X"]}, DOI={10.1002/oa.820}, abstractNote={General surveys of skeletal collections from Arizona for evidence of trauma and pathology led to the identification of polydactyly in two subadults. Polydactyly is a congenital condition characterised by the presence of extra digits on the hands or feet. Both affected subadults exhibit a sixth digit in the form of a branching fifth metatarsal. One of the affected individuals is an infant from the Tapia del Cerrito site exhibiting Y-shaped fifth metatarsals indicative of postaxial type A polydactyly. The second individual is a juvenile from the Nuvakwewtaqa (Chavez Pass Ruin) site exhibiting a left fifth metatarsal with a lateral branch, also diagnosed as postaxial type A polydactyly. These two cases appear to be the first examples of polydactyly from archaeological contexts identified among subadults, and bring the total number of known cases from the American Southwest to six. Discovery of so many examples of this relatively rare condition amongst the Puebloan people of the Southwest adds to the evidence that, rather than simply being an artistic motif, rock art depictions featuring hands and feet with six digits were probably inspired by observation of the condition amongst living people. Furthermore, burial treatment of the Tapia del Cerrito infant suggests that polydactyly may have conferred a special status on the bearer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY}, author={Case, DT and Hill, RJ and Merbs, CF and Fong, M}, year={2006}, pages={221–235} }
 @inbook{carr_case_2006, title={The gathering of Hopewell}, ISBN={030648479X}, booktitle={Gathering Hopewell: Society, ritual, and ritual interaction}, publisher={New York: Springer}, author={Carr, C. and Case, D. T.}, editor={C. Carr and Case, D. T.Editors}, year={2006}, pages={19–50} }
 @article{case_burnett_2005, title={Frequency and form of the supracondylar process among ancient Nubians}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Paleopathology}, author={Case, D. T. and Burnett, S. E.}, year={2005}, pages={17–27} }
 @article{burnett_case_2005, title={Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition: Evidence of significant differences in tarsal coalition frequency}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1016/j.foot.2005.02.006}, abstractNote={The relatively large number of naviculo-cuneiform I cases reported from Japan, and their rarity in American and European clinical literature, suggests that populations may vary in tarsal coalition frequency [Kumai T, Tanaka Y, Takakura Y, Tamai S. Isolated first naviculocuneiform joint coalition. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:635–40]. Our objective is to test for significant differences in naviculo-cuneiform I coalition frequency between geographically distinct populations. Skeletal remains from one African sample and two samples of European ancestry were analyzed. Fisher's Exact tests [Uitenbroek DG. Fisher Exact [online]. 2000 [cited 2004 March 10]. Available from: URL: http://home.clara.net/sisa/fisher.htm] were employed to identify sample differences (α = 0.05). Six cases of naviculo-cuneiform I coalition were identified in the African sample; no cases were found in the Danish or American samples. Naviculo-cuneiform I coalition was significantly more prevalent in South African Bantu than in medieval Danes (p = 0.014; 1 − β = 0.70) or the combined sample of European ancestry (p = 0.003; 1 − β = 0.83). Given the sample sizes studied, a statistical difference was not found between the American and South African samples (p = 0.087; 1 − β = 0.52). Population differences in naviculo-cuneiform I coalition are clinically relevant since tarsal coalition may be symptomatic and associated with other abnormalities. Carpal coalition and transposition of the maxillary canine and first premolar were each found to be significantly associated with naviculo-cuneiform I coalition.}, number={2}, journal={Foot (Edinburgh, Scotland)}, author={Burnett, S. E. and Case, D. T.}, year={2005}, pages={80–85} }
 @article{case_heilman_2005, title={Pedal symphalangism in modern American and Japanese skeletons}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0018-442X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jchb.2004.08.002}, abstractNote={Pedal symphalangism is a surprisingly common heritable trait of the human foot. In individuals exhibiting the trait, the joint between the intermediate and distal phalanges of one or more lateral toes never develops, resulting in toes with two phalanges rather than three. This study was undertaken to explore variation in the frequency of pedal symphalangism among groups with widely different geographic ancestry, and to consider the applicability of this trait to skeletal biological distance studies. A total of 460 Euro-American, 191 African-American and 99 Japanese skeletons were examined for presence of pedal symphalangism. The American individuals date to the first half of the 20th c, while the Japanese individuals date to the late 19th and early 20th c. Although the country of ancestry is unknown for most of the American individuals, the Euro-Americans appear to be largely northern European, with roots in Germany, Ireland and Scandinavia, while the African-Americans are primarily descendants of slaves with roots in west African countries such as Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Sierra Leone. Frequencies of fifth toe pedal symphalangism were calculated and compared among all three samples and found to be significantly higher in modern Japanese (83.7%) than in either Euro-Americans (46.4%) or African-Americans (44.0%). The Euro- and African-American frequencies were statistically indistinguishable for symphalangism of the fifth toe. In the fourth toe, however, the opposite result was found. The African-American frequency (7.9%) was significantly higher than the Euro-American frequency (2.6%), while no difference was found between the African-Americans and Japanese (11.7%). Since fourth toe pedal symphalangism has never been observed in the absence of fifth toe involvement, some of the same genes are clearly involved in producing the trait in both toes. However, differences in the pattern of fourth and fifth toe expression among the three groups identified in this study suggest that additional genetic or developmental factors may play a role in expression of pedal symphalangism in each of the toes.}, number={3}, journal={HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY}, author={Case, DT and Heilman, J}, year={2005}, pages={251–262} }
 @article{carr_case_2005, title={The Nature of Leadership in Ohio Hopewellian Societies Role Segregation and the Transformation from Shamanism}, ISSN={["1568-2722"]}, DOI={10.1007/0-387-27327-1_5}, journal={GATHERING HOPEWELL: SOCIETY, RITUAL, AND RITUAL INTERACTION}, author={Carr, Christopher and Case, D. Troy}, year={2005}, pages={177–237} }
 @article{regan_case_brundige_1999, title={Articular surface defects in the third metatarsal and third cuneiform: Nonosseous tarsal coalition}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1096-8644"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199905)109:1<53::AID-AJPA6>3.3.CO;2-G}, abstractNote={Frequencies of articular surface defects on the third metatarsal and third cuneiform, seen as pits of varying sizes on the plantar one third of the tarsometatarsal articular face, were investigated in skeletal populations from North America and Japan, as well as in gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee, and gorilla skeletons. The apes did not exhibit the defects, although the number of observed specimens of each type was small. The newly presented human frequencies corresponded well with those from other published sources. The defects appeared both unilaterally and bilaterally, with no apparent sex or side biases. Statistical tests between the various populations found that, in general, geographically close populations had more similar frequencies of the defect. Possible etiologies for the defect were investigated, including biomechanical influences, degenerative arthritis, infection, trauma, and a developmental condition known as tarsal coalition, which proved to be the best explanation. Tarsal coalition results from the failure of a joint space to form properly during fetal growth. It can occur between any two adjacent bones of the foot. Several clinically important coalitions, whose presence interferes with normal walking, are known. However, coalition between the third metatarsal and third cuneiform has not been reported in the clinical literature, suggesting that the defect causes little or no foot dysfunction. Tarsal coalition is thought to have a strong genetic component, suggesting that the pit defect may be useful as a skeletal nonmetric trait, as others have stated. Am J Phys Anthropol 109:53–65, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, author={Regan, MH and Case, DT and Brundige, JC}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={53–65} }
 @article{case_ossenberg_burnett_1998, title={Os intermetatarseum: A heritable accessory bone of the human foot}, volume={107}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199810)107:2<199::aid-ajpa6>3.3.co;2-e}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, author={Case, D. T. and Ossenberg, N. S. and Burnett, S. E.}, year={1998}, pages={199–210} }
 @article{bueschgen_case_1996, title={Evidence of prehistoric scalping at Vosberg, central Arizona}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1002/(sici)1099-1212(199606)6:3<230::aid-oa268>3.3.co;2-p}, abstractNote={Four crania recovered during the 1970 Arizona State University field school season at a prehistoric site in Vosberg, Arizona show parallel clusters of cut marks characteristic of scalping with a stone knife. These victims were identified during a general survey of the Vosberg skeletons for evidence of trauma and pathology. The discovery of these four victims in the same atypical burial context provides clues to the nature of the scalping custom in the American Southwest prior to European contact and brings the total number of prehistoric scalping victims reported from the Southwest to 15 individuals. Perimortem depressed fractures in two of the crania, and the presence of a stone arrow point within the chest of one of the skeletons, indicates that the scalping of these individuals was the result of violence rather than medicinal or ritual treatment.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Osteoarchaeology}, author={Bueschgen, W. and Case, D. T.}, year={1996}, pages={230–248} }