@article{schwalbe_2021, title={A Culture of Second Chances: The Promise, Practice, and Price of Starting Over in Everyday Life}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1534-7605"]}, DOI={10.1093/sf/soaa111}, abstractNote={Academic life is full of disappointments. Manuscripts are rejected. Grants do not come through. Lectures fall flat. Co-authors flake out. Students with great potential never bloom. Promotions are denied. Genial interviews yield no job offer. If we wanted to study disappointments in a serious way, we might keep collecting examples and try to see what they have in common. Perhaps in every case, there is a gap between expectations and actuality; yet, it might turn out that the gaps vary in ways that suggest the need for a typology of disappointments. Eventually, we might be able to distinguish one kind of disappointment from another and say something about the conditions under which each kind occurs. Figuring this out would be a fair piece of analytic work. Life is also full of second chances, as David Newman demonstrates in his book A Culture of Second Chances. The book abounds with examples, leaving no doubt that second chances, or things we might loosely construe as second chances, are ubiquitous (as Newman says) in spiritual, legal, romantic, physical, educational, and commercial realms of life. Newman’s impressive cataloging of examples is testament to the truth of C. Wright Mills’s observation that you do not really have to study a topic you are working on, because “once you are into it, it is everywhere.”}, number={3}, journal={SOCIAL FORCES}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{schwalbe_2021, title={The Crisis of Expertise}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1939-8638"]}, DOI={10.1177/0094306120976390k}, abstractNote={cy to generate activism. Successor stories must do so. If successor stories emerge and are tied with rituals that mark time, then a group has solved the basic problem of continuity and can set about the changes they seek. The Catholics in the VOTF group dealt with temporality by embracing new religious knowledge and new roles that allowed their faithful voices to emerge as the ‘‘conscience of the church.’’ Chapter Four, on internal relations, draws on Amin Ghaziani’s ideas about conflict as a resource for collective identity. Midway through the authors’ fieldwork, the much-loved founding leader of the VOTF group suddenly departed due to a job relocation. As the authors relate, this sudden change helped the group to surface differences and restructure their organizational tasks by focusing on higher-order values. In a final chapter, the authors discuss theoretical expectations of how their model should matter for other empirical cases. They revisit some well-known social movement studies, arguing that their axis-based model of collective identity helps us to understand why those movements succeeded or failed. The authors also consider how the process of collective identity interacts with common factors of mobilization and motivation, such as demographic characteristics, timing, and external events. Overall, the book provides a conceptually lively way for scholars of collective action, organizations, and culture to use the concept of collective identity in new ways. One argument that could motivate case comparisons to test its accuracy is the authors’ claim that collective identity falters if it lands on one of the axes’s poles. This may be. However, by steering clear of reified identity, the current argument minimizes attention to the solidity of identity at a given point in time. Engaging the book on propositions like this will help make it useful for scholars committed to diverse methods. The main weakness of the book regards its relatively thin treatment of the religious aspects of identity. The authors provide little information about the parish, which is the local vehicle for Catholic identity and which would constrain activists differently than other levels of Catholicism. How did the parish deal with conflict? What did parishioners think of the VOTF group? What other activist groups existed within the parish? The authors also missed an opportunity to consider whether the process of collective identity might operate differently for activists within religious groups, which sacralize ancient narratives and rituals. Over the last 25 years, there have been numerous studies about the narrative and emotional work of Catholic activists. This work suggests that insider confrontation of Catholicism should no longer be seen as surprising and that grievances with this religious tradition can lead to the deepening of religious faith, beyond betrayal. Nonetheless, this weakness does not diminish the theoretical contribution of the book for collective identity. Instead, it invites scholars to pick up this model and consider how the process of collective identity occurs in diverse contexts.}, number={1}, journal={CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={45–47} }
 @book{schwalbe_2020, place={New York, NY}, title={Making a difference : using sociology to create a better world}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2020} }
 @article{schwalbe_2020, title={The Spirit of Blumer's Method as a Guide to Sociological Discovery}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1533-8665"]}, DOI={10.1002/symb.469}, abstractNote={Herbert Blumer did not offer textbook‐style instructions for how to do research. What he offered, in his classic 1969 essay “The Methodological Position of Symbolic Interactionism,” is a broad account of what research must entail to accord with symbolic interactionist premises that human social life depends on meanings, interpretation, and interaction. Blumer's essay also voices a spirit of research that is ardently empirical, sociological, and creative. It is this spirit, I argue, that holds great value for guiding sociological research toward fresh discoveries. I make this argument by reviewing what Blumer meant by exploration and inspection, and then drawing out five Blumerian principles of inquiry. By embracing these principles we can avoid the problems of inadvertent theorizing, unreflective mesearch, analytic foreclosure, excessive subjectivism, and aprocessuality. I also suggest how we can enhance the sociological value of Blumer's method by paying more attention to power, inequality, and our own institutional biases. Embracing the spirit of Blumer's method, I conclude, can help a new generation of symbolic interactionists do more imaginative and insightful work.}, number={4}, journal={SYMBOLIC INTERACTION}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={597–614} }
 @article{schwalbe_2019, title={Guys Like Me: Five Wars, Five Veterans for Peace}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1552-3977"]}, DOI={10.1177/0891243219837734}, number={6}, journal={GENDER & SOCIETY}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={985–986} }
 @article{schwalbe_mctague_parrotta_2016, title={Identity contests and the negotiation of organizational change}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1108/s0882-614520160000033003}, abstractNote={Abstract 
Purpose 
We examine collective responses to identity threats in organizations, conceptualizing these responses as identity contests in which members of opposing groups share an identity and strive to protect the social psychological rewards derived from that identity. 
 
 
Methodology/approach 
We present an argument for the importance of identity as a basis for motivation, suggesting that the desires to obtain and protect identity rewards underlie much behavior in organizations. We also present two case studies from which we derive further theoretical implications about identity contests as drivers of organizational change. 
 
 
Findings 
Our case studies show how organizational subgroups perceived identity threats arising from actual or proposed changes in policies and practices, mobilized to resist these threats, and negotiated further changes in organizational structure, policies, and practices. 
 
 
Practical implications 
Applying this analysis, social psychologists who study identity threats can see how responses to such threats are not solely individual and cognitive but sometimes collective and behavioral, leading to changes in organizations and in the surrounding culture. 
 
 
Social implications 
Our analysis of how identity contests arise and unfold can enrich understandings of how self-definition and mental well-being are shaped by organizational life. 
 
 
Originality/value 
By focusing on collective responses to identity threats, we offer a new way of seeing how intra-organizational identity struggles are implicated in social change.}, journal={Advances in group processes, vol 33}, author={Schwalbe, M. and McTague, T. and Parrotta, K.}, year={2016}, pages={57–92} }
 @article{schwalbe_2016, title={Overcoming aprocessual bias in the study of inequality: Parsing the capitalist interaction order}, volume={46}, journal={Astructural bias charge: myth or reality?}, author={Schwalbe, M.}, year={2016}, pages={95–122} }
 @article{schwalbe_2014, title={Picturing Disability: Beggar, Freak, Citizen, and Other Photographic Rhetoric}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1939-8638"]}, DOI={10.1177/0094306114539455g}, number={4}, journal={CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={507–509} }
 @article{schwalbe_2013, title={Learning the Hard Way: Masculinity, Place, and the Gender Gap in Education}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1537-5390"]}, DOI={10.1086/670355}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsLearning the Hard Way: Masculinity, Place, and the Gender Gap in Education. By Edward W. Morris. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2012. Pp. vii+212. $26.95 (paper).Michael SchwalbeMichael SchwalbeNorth Carolina State University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 119, Number 1July 2013 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/670355 Views: 187Total views on this site For permission to reuse a book review printed in the American Journal of Sociology, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={295–297} }
 @article{schwalbe_2012, title={Manning Up: How the Rise of Women Has Turned Men into Boys}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0094-3061"]}, DOI={10.1177/0094306112438190bb}, abstractNote={Periods of economic insecurity affect different age groups in different ways. Whether you call them generations or cohorts, life experiences framed by the unique intersection of age and history have proved a fascinating subject for social scientists. In their coming-of-age account of the group of birth cohorts some have dubbed Generation X, Lesley Andres and Johanna Wyn provide a readable, theoretically embedded, and empirically supported account of how policy, economic conditions, and persistent inequality create currents that can lead us to different futures from those we imagined. Utilizing a longitudinal design and 14 to 15 years of data from the ‘‘Paths on Life’s Way’’ project, based in British Columbia, Canada, and the ‘‘Life Patterns’’ project, set in Victoria, Australia, the authors examine how these two sets of adolescents, who completed their secondary schooling in the late 1980s and early 1990s, manage decisions about postsecondary education, work, and relationships in a context of increasing economic insecurity, global competition, workplace restructuring, and persistent inequalities by class and gender. The similarities in the political, social, and economic institutions of Canada and Australia allow the authors to spotlight how expansions in post-secondary education were orchestrated, how the goal of expanding education opportunity was reflected in education achievement, and how these young adults tried to articulate their educational credentials and life goals with the changing work environment. The authors organize the material into five interrelated themes: reluctant change makers, an education generation, generating new patterns of family life, a generation in search of work/life balance, and a diverse generation. In unfolding these themes, they show us how, on the one hand, these young people wanted the same sorts of things we wanted at their age—financial security (but not necessarily wealth), good relationships, and happiness. But the circumstances they face are different—better in some ways, more difficult in others. Part of that difficulty stems from the diverse pathways available to young people, which may appear incomprehensible to those who argue that more choice is always better. Those trying to figure out how to get from here to there find that having ‘‘endless possibilities’’ is not necessarily a comfort, especially when we later discover that some of those routes are in disrepair, others are too crowded, and still others come with detours that may keep us from ever reaching our destinations. Rather, seeing some number of clearly articulated routes that lead to a specific outcome assures us that we will be able to reach our goals. The trend toward the individualization of risk that has been noted in both the academic and popular press appears here in various manifestations—for example, the anxiety felt over choosing the right major, finding more than a dead-end job, and paying off student loans. The other side of this trend is showing how the costs of social change are externalized, sometimes with unintended consequences. As families and students absorb the higher costs of post-secondary schooling, parents continue to house their graduates well into their 20s, graduates delay marriage and children until they are able to establish some financial foothold, while employers are able to hire college graduates to fill clerical jobs. When the costs of such widespread social change are shifted, those already in a position of disadvantage are often the most vulnerable. Despite the expansion of post-secondary education, existing patterns of inequality are reproduced as new generations are sorted into winners and losers. Those whose parents are college graduates manage the secondary to post-secondary transition more smoothly}, number={2}, journal={CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={215–217} }
 @article{schwalbe_2010, title={In Search of Craft}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0190-2725"]}, DOI={10.1177/0190272510369086}, number={2}, journal={SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={107–111} }
 @article{schwalbe_2009, title={Framing the Self}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0195-6086"]}, DOI={10.1525/si.2009.32.3.177}, abstractNote={The meaning of a photograph depends on the story we tell about it. In the case of portraits, these narrative frames shape the self we impute to the sitter. The interiority of the portrait subject, the inner character we imagine is revealed in the photograph, is a result of what we know about photographic portraits, about the sitter, about the photographer, and about the context in which the image was made. Likewise in everyday life, the selves we impute to others are infected by similar processes of narrative framing. Who we are known to be depends not only on self‐presentations but on the stories within which those self‐presentations are placed.}, number={3}, journal={SYMBOLIC INTERACTION}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2009}, pages={178–183} }
 @misc{schrock_schwalbe_2009, title={Men, Masculinity and Manhood Acts}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115933}, abstractNote={In the 1980s research on men shifted from studying the “male sex role” and masculinity as a singular trait to studying how men enact diverse masculinities. This research has examined men's behavior as gendered beings in many contexts, from intimate relationships to the workplace to global politics. We consider the strengths and weaknesses of the multiple masculinities approach, proposing that further insights into the social construction of gender and the dynamics of male domination can be gained by focusing analytic attention on manhood acts and how they elicit deference from others. We interpret the literature in terms of what it tells us about how males learn to perform manhood acts, about how and why such acts vary, and about how manhood acts reproduce gender inequality. We end with suggestions for further research on the practices and processes through which males construct the category “men” and themselves as its members.}, journal={Annual Review of Sociology}, author={Schrock, D. and Schwalbe, M.}, year={2009}, pages={277–295} }
 @book{schwalbe_2008, title={The sociologically examinied life: Pieces of the conversation. (4th ed.)}, ISBN={0073380113}, publisher={Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={2008} }
 @article{schwalbe_2007, title={Interaction ritual chains}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0094-3061"]}, DOI={10.1177/009430610703600304}, abstractNote={Theorists should stick their necks out if they expect to see things that others haven’t. Randall Collins aims to oblige. The goal of interaction ritual theory, he says, is to “explain what any individual will do, at any moment in time; what he or she will feel, think, and say” (p. 45). This is, he tells us, “a full-scale social psychology, not only of emotions and situational behavior, but of cognition” (p. 44). Even more, Collins says he’s laying out a program for “a sociology to dream about” (p. 99). So if there’s one thing not in short supply here, it’s ambition. Collins’s theory, in a nutshell, goes like this: ritual interaction—which includes everything from special ceremonies to everyday conversation—charges people up with emotional energy; humans are naturally motivated to seek emotional energy, and so they will be magnetically drawn to situations that provide it; the social world is a marketplace of situations in which people seek the highest payoff of emotional energy they can get, considering the resources they have to work with; and, when people think about what to do in this marketplace of situations, their thoughts are pulled along magnetically by}, number={3}, journal={CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={211–214} }
 @article{schwalbe_2005, title={Fatherhood politics in the United States: Masculinity, sexuality, race, and marriage}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0094-3061"]}, DOI={10.1177/009430610503400437}, abstractNote={between reconciliation between individuals and reconciliation between groups? Reconciliation between co-nationals and reconciliation between states? (4) What are the perceived costs and benefits of reconciliation to prospective parties? What kinds of changes—political, social, psychological, or emotional—are required of those involved in reconciliation? To what extent must they come to a new understanding of themselves and of those with whom they have been in conflict? (5) To what extent are mechanisms identified as instruments of reconciliation— apology and forgiveness, for example— themselves so culturally and religiously inflected as to prevent rather than abet reconciliation? Is the term “reconciliation” itself so inflected? A large number of the contributors hold positions at universities in Israel and not only make reference to but presumably have been living inside the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And yet many of the essays appear to reflect a great distance from the details of that conflict and others like it, the very kind of conflict in the face of which the need and desire for reconciliation is so strong. Perhaps the occasion to write about conflict and resolution provides an understandably welcome opportunity to experience such distance. But unfortunately many of the essays, whatever the location of their author, feel a bit thin, have the texture of laundry-list literature reviews (in one case, alas, the author mostly alludes to his own earlier work) or dutiful brief summaries of the use of such tools of reconciliation as apology, truth and reconciliation commissions, reparations, and trials. Many of the entries point to but do not themselves tell us very much in detail about the actual situations in which reconciliation has failed or been achieved. But, precisely for reasons on which the contributors agree, reconciliation as process or product is complex and dense, requiring a multitude of capacities and skills in those who participate in it, and a wide variety of disciplines to study it with the requisite depth and breadth. To understand reconciliation we need more stories, and more sustained meditations, to complement the confident flowcharts and conceptually bony how-to lists that too many of the authors take it to be their job to provide. Still, if the sketchiness of many of the essays makes the reader hunger for fuller treatments of each of the issues identified (can much useful be said about justice or truth in a three or four sentence paragraph?), then at the very least this collection has provided a table of contents for reconciliation studies, even if not much by way of the contents themselves. There are some important exceptions to the above characterization—essays one might want to include in a course, for example, as opposed to simply using to locate literature for such a course. For instance, in “Apology and Reconciliation in International Relations,” Raymond Cohen does not merely mention that apology has different meanings and functions in different cultures; he actually goes into some historical detail about how well or how badly attempts to apologize have fared when different cultural or religious assumptions are in play. Dan Bar-On, in “Will the Parties Conciliate or Refuse? The Triangle of Jews, Germans, and Palestinians,” offers provocative reflections on the sluggishness of reconciliation projects between Germans and Jews, and between Israelis and Palestinians. Marc Howard Ross makes very good use of loyalist parades in Northern Ireland to drive home his claim about the role of ritual in either preventing or abetting attempts to move from conflict to resolution to reconciliation (“Ritual and the Politics of Reconciliation”). This anthology implicitly makes a good case for reconciliation studies. But on balance the bibliography it provides and the directions in which it points may be more useful than many of the articles themselves.}, number={4}, journal={CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF REVIEWS}, author={Schwalbe, M}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={399–401} }
 @article{schwalbe_2005, title={Identity stakes, manhood acts, and the dynamics of accountability}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0163-2396"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0163-2396(04)28010-3}, abstractNote={By the term “identity stakes” I mean all the side bets (Becker, 1960) that ride on being able to convince an audience that we are who and what we claim to be. These stakes are both material and psychic. Getting a monthly paycheck from my university depends on having convinced a host of people in that organization that I am indeed Michael Schwalbe, professor of sociology. Many more side bets ride on getting that check every month.}, journal={STUDIES IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTION, VOL 28}, author={Schwalbe, Michael}, year={2005}, pages={65–81} }
 @book{schwalbe_2005, title={The sociologically examined life: Pieces of the conversation. (3rd ed.)}, ISBN={0072825790}, publisher={Boston: McGraw-Hill}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={2005} }
 @book{schwalbe_2004, title={Remembering Reet and Shine: Two black men, one struggle}, ISBN={1578066751}, publisher={Jackson: University Press of Mississippi}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={2004} }
 @misc{schwalbe_2003, title={Men and masculinities: Key themes and new directions}, volume={32}, number={5}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={2003}, pages={568–569} }
 @book{schwalbe_2001, title={The sociologically examined life: Pieces of the conversation. (2nd ed.)}, ISBN={0767416414}, publisher={Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Co.}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={2001} }
 @article{schwalbe_2000, title={Charting futures for sociology: Inequality mechanisms, intersections, and global change - The elements of inequality}, volume={29}, DOI={10.2307/2654084}, number={6}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={2000}, pages={775–781} }
 @article{schwalbe_godwin_holden_schrock_thompson_wolkomir_2000, title={Generic processes in the reproduction of inequality: An interactionist analysis}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0037-7732"]}, DOI={10.2307/2675505}, abstractNote={The study of inequality has been largely defined as the study of its measurable extent, degree, and consequences. It is no less important, however, to understand the interactive processes through which inequalities are created and reproduced in concrete settings. The qualitative research that bears on understanding these processes has not yet been consolidated, and thus its theoretical value remains unrealized. In this article we inductively derive from the literature a sensitizing theory of the generic processes through which inequality is reproduced. The major processes that we identify are othering, subordinate adaptation, boundary maintenance, and emotion management. We argue that conceiving the reproduction of inequality in terms of these generic processes can resolve theoretical problems concerning the connection between local action and extralocal inequalities, and concerning the nature of inequality itself.}, number={2}, journal={SOCIAL FORCES}, author={Schwalbe, M and Godwin, S and Holden, D and Schrock, D and Thompson, S and Wolkomir, M}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={419–452} }
 @misc{schwalbe_1999, title={Man enough: Embodying masculinities}, volume={28}, number={1}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1999}, pages={49–51} }
 @misc{schwalbe_1999, title={The list wangle}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1999}, pages={143–146} }
 @misc{schwalbe_1999, title={Unmasking the masculine: Men and identity in a sceptical age}, volume={78}, DOI={10.1093/sf/78.2.819}, abstractNote={Unmasking the Masculine: Men and Identity in a Sceptical Age.By Alan Petersen. Sage, 1998. 149 pp Michael Schwalbe Michael Schwalbe North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 78, Issue 2, December 1999, Pages 819–821, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.2.819 Published: 01 December 1999}, number={2}, journal={Social Forces}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1999}, pages={819–821} }
 @inbook{schwalbe_1998, title={Mythopoetic men: What they say about women and feminism}, booktitle={Issues in feminism: An introduction to women's studies}, publisher={Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Co.}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1998}, pages={75–81} }
 @book{schwalbe_1998, title={The sociologically examined life: Pieces of the conversation}, ISBN={155934931X}, publisher={Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub.}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1998} }
 @article{schwalbe_1998, title={UNC 'savings' that cost plenty}, number={1998 Feb. 17}, journal={News and Observer [Raleigh, N.C.]}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1998} }
 @misc{schwalbe_1997, title={The image of man: the creation of modern masculinity, by G. L. Mosse}, volume={26}, DOI={10.2307/2654015}, abstractNote={This is the first historical account of the masculine stereotype as it evolved in modern Western culture. It shows how 20th-century fascism gave the manly ideal its extreme expression - in mass rallies that glorified the storm trooper while attacking such 'unmanly men' as Jews and homosexuals.}, number={3}, journal={Contemporary Sociology}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1997}, pages={319–321} }
 @misc{schwalbe_1997, title={The meanings of macho: being a man in Mexico City by M C Gutmann}, volume={75}, number={4}, journal={Social Forces}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1997}, pages={1488–1489} }
 @book{schwalbe_1996, title={Unlocking the iron cage: The men's movement, gender politics, and American culture}, ISBN={0195092295}, publisher={New York: Oxford University Press}, author={Schwalbe, M. L.}, year={1996} }