@article{zhang_harris_rogers_kaber_hummer_rasdorf_hu_2013, title={Driver distraction and performance effects of highway logo sign design}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.009}, abstractNote={Driver distraction and safety concerns have been identified for new highway logo sign configurations. This study assessed driver perception of logo signs and distraction under nine-panel, overflow-combination, or standard six-panel formats. A nine-panel sign has nine business panels within a single sign; a six-panel sign has six panels within a sign; an overflow-combination consists of a standard six-panel sign and a six-panel sign displaying two different services (e.g., food and gas). In this study, twenty-four participants searched for target food business logos while driving in a high-fidelity driving simulation under each signage condition. Gas and lodging signs were also displayed along the road in conventional six-panel formats. Dependent variables included signal detection, visual attention allocation, and vehicle control measures. Experiment results showed nine-panel signs drew greater visual attention and produced lower average speed than overflow-combination signs, and produced a lower speeding percentage compared to six-panel signs. However, there was no evidence the new configurations (nine-panel and overflow) caused substantive performance changes with safety implications. This study suggested the use of nine-panel and overflow-combination logo signs may be suitable for interchanges where there are more than six qualifying businesses in a category in terms of driver performance and safety.}, number={3}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, author={Zhang, Yu and Harris, Elizabeth and Rogers, Meghan and Kaber, David and Hummer, Joseph and Rasdorf, William and Hu, Jia}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={472–479} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_2012, title={Development of a Microscopic Simulation to Model Traffic Sign Management and Performance}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0887-3801"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000126}, abstractNote={Minimum retroreflectivity standards issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) have focused the attention of highway administrators on improving the nighttime performance of signs. This paper outlines the development of a microscopic sign management simulation that facilitates predicting an agency’s level of compliance with the standards and determining the cost of compliance. Using the Arena simulation software, the authors built a model in which each sign was represented as a separate entity and moved through a network of submodels replicating the management and environmental processes experienced annually. The simulation includes submodels for sign damage, inspection, replacement, and deterioration that are modifiable by key input parameters. The simulation model produces several key estimates on an annual basis for the purpose of comparing different sign management scenarios. The resulting model was validated and used to evaluate a scenario representing management conditions in North Carolina...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING}, author={Harris, Elizabeth A. and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2012}, pages={172–182} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_2009, title={A Control Sign Facility Design to Meet the New FHWA Minimum Sign Retroreflectivity Standards}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1552-7549"]}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x09350226}, abstractNote={ Minimum sign retroreflectivity standards issued by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) on January 29, 2008, have focused the attention of administrators and sign managers on improving the nighttime performance of traffic signs. To predict when a sign will need replacement, an agency will need to know when the retroreflectivity of signs with similar characteristics deteriorate to the minimum level established by the FHWA. Currently in the literature, there is limited information about the long-term deterioration behavior of ASTM Type III and IX signs. One way of achieving a better understanding of long-term sign deterioration is to establish an experimental sign retroreflectivity measurement facility (ESRMF). An ESRMF is an arrangement of signs in a controlled area that have their retroreflectivity measured at regular intervals to determine how it deteriorates as a function of time. This article shows how such a facility should look and why. A template is presented that can be used by agencies nationwide for collecting critical sign data to inform policy decisions. }, number={2}, journal={PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY}, author={Harris, Elizabeth A. and Rasdorf, William and Hummer, Joseph E.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={174–194} }
 @article{rasdorf_hummer_harris_sitzabee_2009, title={IT Issues for the management of high-quantity, low-cost assets}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2009)23:2(91)}, abstractNote={Transportation infrastructure asset management efforts have historically focused on collecting data on assets with high capital costs, such as bridges and pavements. Road signs and pavement markings, on the other hand, are high quantity, low capital cost assets but are also critical elements of the transportation infrastructure. These high quantity assets serve a critical function, safety, and thus they are receiving attention. Mandated by law, the Federal Highway Administration has been working to establish minimum retroreflectivity standards for signs and pavement markings. This paper seeks to address the information technology (IT) problems that emerge when developing an overall asset management system for high-quantity, low-cost assets. These IT problems include asset identification, asset location, data availability, data fragmentation, and automated data collection. A discussion of the issues related to these problems is presented to promote awareness of the myriad problems that do exist and to facilitate the development of more comprehensive systems to manage the automation of infrastructure asset management systems.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. E. and Harris, E. A. and Sitzabee, W. E.}, year={2009}, pages={91–99} }
 @article{harris_rasdorf_hummer_2008, title={New standards, new signs: Determining sign performance under controlled conditions}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={IMSA Journal}, author={Harris, E. and Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. E.}, year={2008}, pages={44–55} }
 @inproceedings{rasdorf_hummer_harris_2007, title={IT infrastructure problems for asset management}, ISBN={0784409374}, DOI={10.1061/40937(261)10}, abstractNote={Transportation infrastructure asset management efforts normally focus on collecting data on items with low volumes and higher capital costs, such as bridges. Road signs and pavement markings, on the other hand, are high volume, low capital cost items but are critical elements of the transportation infrastructure. These high volume assets serve a critical function, safety, and thus they are receiving attention. In particular, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been working to establish minimum retroreflectivity standards for signs and pavement markings. This paper seeks to address information technology (IT) problems that emerge when developing an overall asset management system for high volume assets and to identify their unique characteristics. These IT problems include asset identification, asset location, data availability, data fragmentation, automated data collection, software selection, and system size and resources. A discussion of the issues related to these problems is presented herein to facilitate the development of more comprehensive systems to manage the automation of infrastructure asset management systems (AMS).}, booktitle={Computing in civil engineering: Proceedings of the 2007 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, July 24-27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, publisher={Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. and Harris, E.}, editor={L. Soibelman, B. Akinci and Shon, H.Editors}, year={2007} }
 @book{rasdorf_hummer_harris_immaneni_yeom_2006, title={Designing a nighttime sign inspection procedure to ensure motorist safety}, number={FHWA/NC 2006-08}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  North Carolina Department of Transportation}, author={Rasdorf, W. and Hummer, J. and Harris, E. and Immaneni, V. and Yeom, C.}, year={2006} }
 @book{hummer_rasdorf_harris_2006, title={Designing an experimental facility for roadway sign retroreflectivity measurement}, number={TA-2006-06}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Hummer, J. and Rasdorf, W. and Harris, E.}, year={2006} }
 @book{harris_rasdorf_laefer_2005, title={Determining disaster data management needs in a multi-disaster context}, number={CMS-0451461}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, N.C.:  Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University}, author={Harris, E. A. and Rasdorf, W. and Laefer, D.}, year={2005} }