@article{galloway_cowling_2021, title={Reflections on 200 years of Nitrogen, 20 years later This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1654-7209"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13280-020-01464-z}, number={4}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Galloway, James N. and Cowling, Ellis B.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={745–749} }
 @misc{grennfelt_engleryd_forsius_hov_rodhe_cowling_2020, title={Acid rain and air pollution: 50 years of progress in environmental science and policy}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1654-7209"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13280-019-01244-4}, abstractNote={AbstractBecause of its serious large-scale effects on ecosystems and its transboundary nature, acid rain received for a few decades at the end of the last century wide scientific and public interest, leading to coordinated policy actions in Europe and North America. Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. Widespread scientific research, long-term monitoring, and integrated assessment modelling formed the basis for the policy agreements. In this paper, which is based on an international symposium organised to commemorate 50 years of successful integration of air pollution research and policy, we briefly describe the scientific findings that provided the foundation for the policy development. We also discuss important characteristics of the science–policy interactions, such as the critical loads concept and the large-scale ecosystem field studies. Finally, acid rain and air pollution are set in the context of future societal developments and needs, e.g. the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. We also highlight the need to maintain and develop supporting scientific infrastructures.}, number={4}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Grennfelt, Peringe and Engleryd, Anna and Forsius, Martin and Hov, Oystein and Rodhe, Henning and Cowling, Ellis}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={849–864} }
 @article{randolph_cowling_starkey_2015, title={Long-Term Changes in Fusiform Rust Incidence in the Southeastern United States}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1938-3746"]}, DOI={10.5849/jof.14-138}, abstractNote={Fusiform rust is the most devastating disease of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda )i n the southeastern United States. Since the 1970s, the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program has assessed fusiform rust incidence on its network of ground plots in 13 states across the southeastern United States. Through analysis of the FIA data, we found that current fusiform rust incidence varied by state, forest type, and stand origin and that across all stand ages, rust incidence was approximately equal in planted and natural stands of loblolly pine but was higher for planted versus natural stands of slash pine. Decreases in rust incidence over the last 30 – 40 years were evident in young planted loblolly pine stands but not in young planted slash pine stands. Results for slash pine were surprising, and the reasons remain unclear but one reason may be planting stock origin, which was unknown and may be highly variable in rust resistance. These analyses of FIA rust incidence data also were used to update the original rust disease hazard maps published by Starkey et al. (1997).}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FORESTRY}, author={Randolph, KaDonna C. and Cowling, Ellis B. and Starkey, Dale A.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={381–392} }
 @article{cowling_young_2013, title={Narrative History of the Resistance Screening Center: It's Origins, Leadership and Partial List of Public Benefits and Scientific Contributions}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, DOI={10.3390/f4030666}, abstractNote={Forty years ago, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service developed and currently operates the Resistance Screening Center near Asheville, North Carolina, as a service to both industry and university-based tree improvement programs and tree-seed exporting companies in the southern US, Mexico, and Central America. Seed lots from more than 15,000 selections of slash and loblolly pines have been evaluated for genetically-controlled resistance to fusiform rust and other diseases including pitch canker, dogwood anthracnose, and brown spot needle blight. The screening system uses a greenhouse-based artificial inoculation system with controlled density of inoculum from geographically diverse sources of the rust pathogen. Results are completed in 6–9 months and are reasonably well-correlated with field-based progeny tests. Operating costs of the Center are shared by both the USDA Forest Service and its clients. The technologically sophisticated methods and professional skills of the Center staff have been applied to facilitate and accelerate progress in region-wide timber production, scientific understanding of the fusiform rust pathosystem, and graduate education of forest geneticists and pathologists in universities.}, number={3}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Cowling, Ellis and Young, Carol}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={666–692} }
 @article{cowling_randolph_2013, title={Potentials for Mutually Beneficial Collaboration Between FIA Specialists and IEG-40 Pathologists and Geneticists Working on Fusiform Rust}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1999-4907"]}, DOI={10.3390/f4041220}, abstractNote={The purpose of this article is to encourage development of an enduring mutually beneficial collaboration between data and information analysts in the US Forest Service's "Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program" and forest pathologists and geneticists in the information exchange group (IEG) titled "Genetics and Breeding of Southern Forest Trees." The goal of this collaborative partnership is to take full advantage of the Forest Health Monitoring capabilities within the Enhanced FIA Program to provide up-to-date information on the incidence of fusiform rust on loblolly and slash pine stands in the Southern United States and to periodically report the status of the rust epidemic in this region. Our initial analysis of 2000-2011 FIA data demonstrates that careful analysis and interpretation of results from continuing FIA observations can provide valuable guidance for optimizing the performance of forest tree improvement programs in this region.}, number={4}, journal={FORESTS}, author={Cowling, Ellis and Randolph, KaDonna}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={1220–1231} }
 @book{furiness_cowling. e._l._r._d._k._campbell_2011, title={Forests as an alternative for poultry manure application}, volume={AG-739}, journal={Technical Report}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling. E., Allen and L., Abt and R., Frederick and D., Zering and K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{furiness_cowling e._l._r._d._k._campbell_2011, title={Forests as an alternative for swine manure application}, volume={AG-740}, journal={Technical Report}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling E., Allen and L., Abt and R., Frederick and D., Zering and K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{furiness_cowling_allen_r. frederick_zering_campbell_2011, title={Using animal manures in forest fertilization}, volume={AG-738}, journal={Technical Report}, institution={NC Cooperative Extension}, author={Furiness, C. and Cowling, E. and Allen, L. Abt and R. Frederick, D. and Zering, K. and Campbell, R.}, year={2011} }
 @book{engagement_2010, title={Integrating learning, discovery, and engagement through the scholarship of engagement}, journal={Technical Report- Not held in TRLN member libraries}, institution={Raleigh, NC: NCSU Office of Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development}, author={Engagement, Task Force}, year={2010} }
 @article{zuiches_cowling_clark_clayton_helm_henry_morris_moore_navey-davis_schulze_et al._2008, title={Attaining Carnegie's community engagement classification}, volume={40}, DOI={10.3200/chng.40.1.42-45}, number={1}, journal={Change (New Rochelle, N.Y.)}, author={Zuiches, J. and Cowling, E. and Clark, J. and Clayton, P. and Helm, K. and Henry, B. and Morris, T. and Moore, S. E. and Navey-Davis, S. and Schulze, S. and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={42–45} }
 @article{cowling_furiness_2005, title={Potentials for win-win alliances among animal agriculture and forest products industries: Application of the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1006-9305"]}, DOI={10.1360/062005-263}, journal={SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES}, author={Cowling, EB and Furiness, CS}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={697–709} }
 @article{ginsburg_cowling_2003, title={Future directions in air-quality science, policy, and education}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0160-4120"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00155-1}, abstractNote={On February 12-15, 2001, more than 200 scientists, engineers, decision makers, and educators participated in a conference on the "Future Directions in Air Quality Research: Ecological, Atmospheric, Regulatory/Policy, and Educational Issues." Important perspectives are summarized from the keynote addresses of noted scientists and educators, as well as managers in government, industry, and public interest groups. Observations and recommendations are provided to stimulate further thought about how to increase opportunities to make greater use of scientific knowledge in air-quality decision making and to ensure that decisions are effective, economically viable, health and ecologically sound, and socially acceptable. Recommendations are given regarding ways in which communications between scientists and policy makers should be structured so as to make appropriate and effective use of scientists and the knowledge they can provide in policy-making fora.}, number={2-3}, journal={ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Ginsburg, EO and Cowling, EB}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={125–135} }
 @article{solomon_chameides_weber_middlebrook_kiang_russell_butler_turpin_mikel_scheffe_et al._2003, title={Overview of the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project}, volume={108}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, DOI={10.1029/2001jd001458}, abstractNote={This paper presents an overview of the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project coordinated through the Southern Oxidants Study and Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) and funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along with other sponsors who provided in‐kind support primarily through existing studies. The Atlanta Supersite Project was located at the existing Southeastern Aerosol Research Characterization Study (SEARCH)/Aerosol Research Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES) site on Jefferson Street in NW Atlanta, Georgia. The primary objective of the Atlanta Supersite Project was to evaluate and compare advanced measurement methods for particulate matter mass and its components. Methods included filter‐ and denuder‐based time‐integrated or discrete samplers, a variety of semicontinuous methods measuring mass, its major components (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, organic carbon, elemental carbon, trace elements) and gas‐phase precursors, and for the first time ever, a comparison among particle mass spectrometers; four in total. These data were complemented by meteorological data as well as gas‐phase criteria pollutant measurements and other supplemental data such as particle physical properties, volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxygenated VOC, and NOy. The primary and supplemental data also were used to better understand the formation and accumulation of particulate matter in Atlanta and to better understand source‐receptor relationships. This paper overviews the study, summarizing objectives, the site and measurements, and the relative reference data used for comparisons, and it overviews the meteorological and chemical characteristics of pollution in Atlanta during the study, puts the study in context of Atlanta and the southeast United States, and finally summarizes the key findings from the over 30 publications published, submitted, or in preparation. This paper also provides as complete a list as is currently available of those publications. Others certainly will be emerging over time. The comprehensive database is available through the Atlanta Supersite Project Web site sponsored by GIT (http://www-wlc.eas.gatech.edu/supersite/).}, number={D7}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Solomon, PA and Chameides, W and Weber, R and Middlebrook, A and Kiang, CS and Russell, AG and Butler, A and Turpin, B and Mikel, D and Scheffe, R and et al.}, year={2003}, month={Apr} }
 @article{solomon_cowling_weber_2003, title={Preface to special section: Southern Oxidants Study 1999 Atlanta Supersite Project (SOS3)}, volume={108}, ISSN={["2169-897X"]}, DOI={10.1029/2003jd003536}, abstractNote={[1] The Atlanta Supersite Project consisted of a one-month intensive field program to compare advanced methods for measurement of PM2.5 mass, chemical composition (including single particle composition in real time), and aerosol precursor species. The project was the first of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) PM Supersite Program field research efforts and provided valuable information to follow-up Supersite Program projects conducted during 2000–2004. Results from the study also provided insights into source-receptor relationships impacting the site and atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result in PM accumulation in Atlanta, Georgia. The Atlanta Supersite Project was funded by the EPA through a cooperative agreement (EPA CR824849) with the Southern Oxidants Study under the direction of Dr. Ellis Cowling. The project was managed by faculty in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Tech with Dr. William Chameides as principal investigator. The intensive field measurements program took place during the month of August 1999 at the Jefferson St. site adjacent to the Georgia Power building in NW metro Atlanta. Since 1998, this same site has been operated as part of the Southeastern Aerosol Research Characterization Study (SEARCH) and the Aerosol Research Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES), both funded by EPRI, the Southern Company, and the Georgia Power Company. These studies maintain a measurement program of many important atmospheric variables that will continue to provide insight into possible adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient urban PM concentrations. SEARCH provided extensive spatial information about PM and related variables throughout the southeastern United States, while other coordinated efforts (e.g., Assessment of Spatial Aerosol Composition in Atlanta (ASACA)) provided valuable spatial information within the Atlanta metropolitan area. The papers within this special issue provide details and intercomparions of results from filter-based time-integrated aerosol measurements, continuous or semicontinuous methods for mass and PM components and precursors, and for the four particle mass spectrometers operated during the study. Other papers include aerosol characterization and chemistry, atmospheric modeling studies, and results from ASACA. The overview paper summarizes the study, its results, and provides a listing of all publications associated with the Atlanta Supersite Project that were known at the time of its submission to this special issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. [2] We dedicate this special issue to the memory of Glen Cass, our colleague and good friend, who was Chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology during the Atlanta Supersite Project. The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development (funded and managed or partially funded and collaborated in) the research described here under (Assistance agreement CR824849) to the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication.}, number={D7}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Solomon, PA and Cowling, EB and Weber, R}, year={2003}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{galloway_aber_erisman_seitzinger_howarth_cowling_cosby_2003, title={The nitrogen cascade}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N2) and creates reactive nitrogen (Nr) species. Circulation of anthropogenic Nr in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere has a wide variety of consequences, which are magnified with time as Nr moves along its biogeochemical pathway. The same atom of Nr can cause multiple effects in the atmosphere, in terrestrial ecosystems, in freshwater and marine systems, and on human health. We call this sequence of effects the nitrogen cascade. As the cascade progresses, the origin of Nr becomes unimportant. Reactive nitrogen does not cascade at the same rate through all environmental systems; some systems have the ability to accumulate Nr, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade. These lags slow the cascade and result in Nr accumulation in certain reservoirs, which in turn can enhance the effects of Nr on that environment. The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2.}, number={4}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Galloway, JN and Aber, JD and Erisman, JW and Seitzinger, SP and Howarth, RW and Cowling, EB and Cosby, BJ}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={341–356} }
 @article{galloway_cowling_oenema_roy_smil_2002, title={Optimizing nitrogen management in food and energy production, and environment change - Reponse}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0044-7447"]}, DOI={10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0497:RTTCBA]2.0.CO;2}, number={6}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Galloway, J and Cowling, E and Oenema, O and Roy, R and Smil, V}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={497–498} }
 @article{galloway_cowling_kessler_2002, title={Reactive nitrogen}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0044-7447"]}, DOI={10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0059:RN]2.0.CO;2}, number={2}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Galloway, J and Cowling, E and Kessler, E}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={59–59} }
 @article{melillo_cowling_2002, title={Reactive nitrogen and public policies for environmental protection}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0044-7447"]}, DOI={10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0150:RNAPPF]2.0.CO;2}, number={2}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Melillo, JM and Cowling, EB}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={150–158} }
 @article{galloway_cowling_2002, title={Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1654-7209"]}, DOI={10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0064:RNATWY]2.0.CO;2}, number={2}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Galloway, JN and Cowling, EB}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={64–71} }
 @article{galloway_cowling_seitzinger_socolow_2002, title={Reactive nitrogen: Too much of a good thing?}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1654-7209"]}, DOI={10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0060:RNTMOA]2.0.CO;2}, number={2}, journal={AMBIO}, author={Galloway, JN and Cowling, EB and Seitzinger, SP and Socolow, RH}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={60–63} }
 @article{cowling_galloway_furiness_barber_bresser_cassman_erisman_haeuber_howarth_melillo_et al._2001, title={Optimizing nitrogen management in food and energy production and environmental protection: Summary statement from the Second International Nitrogen Conference}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1100/tsw.2001.481}, abstractNote={Human efforts to produce food and energy are changing the nitrogen (N) cycle of the Earth. Many of these changes are highly beneficial for humans, while others are detrimental to people and the environment. These changes transcend scientific disciplines, geographical boundaries, and political structures. They challenge the creative minds of natural and social scientists, economists, engineers, business leaders, and decision makers. The Second International Nitrogen Conference was designed to facilitate communications among all stakeholders in the “nitrogen community” of the world. The Conference participants’ goal in the years and decades ahead is to encourage every country to make optimal choices about N management in food production and consumption, energy production and use, and environmental protection. Scientific findings and recommendations for decision makers that emerged from the Conference are presented.}, journal={TheScientificWorld}, author={Cowling, E. and Galloway, J. and Furiness, Cari and Barber, M. and Bresser, T. and Cassman, K. and Erisman, J. W. and Haeuber, R. and Howarth, R. and Melillo, J. and et al.}, year={2001}, pages={1–9} }
 @misc{solomon_cowling_hidy_furiness_2000, title={Comparison of scientific findings from major ozone field studies in North America and Europe}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1873-2844"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00453-7}, abstractNote={During the past decade, nearly 600 million dollars were invested in more than 30 major field studies in North America and Europe examining tropospheric ozone chemistry, meteorology, precursor emissions, and modeling. Most of these studies were undertaken to provide new or refined knowledge about ozone accumulation and to assist in the development of economical and effective emissions management practices for ozone. In this paper, we describe a selection of field research programs conducted under a wide range of geographical and climatological conditions in North America and Europe. The designs of these studies were generally similar, employing a combination of ground-based observation networks, upper-air sampling, and meteorological observations. Analysis and interpretation of the resulting data were combined with improved inventories of ozone precursor emissions and air quality modeling to develop new or enhanced knowledge about photochemical processes under various tropospheric conditions. The scientific results from these studies contained few surprises; in fact, they generally affirmed the conclusions in the review by the US National Research Council (NRC, 1999). Key findings include: (1) reaffirmation that tropospheric ozone is a multi-scale phenomenon extending to continental boundaries; (2) aerometric conditions aloft are important to ground-level ozone; (3) biogenic sources make important contributions to VOC and NOx emissions in parts of eastern North America and southern Europe; (4) emissions estimates are among the more uncertain components of predictive models for ozone; (5) recirculating flow over complex terrain and large water bodies are universally important factors affecting accumulation of ozone at the ground; (6) nonlinearities in ozone response to precursor changes create important degrees of freedom in management strategies – VOC and NOx sensitivities vary extensively in urban and rural areas, making decisions about emissions management complicated; (7) measurement methods for many precursors, intermediates, and products of photochemical reactions have improved greatly; and (8) additional analysis and interpretation of existing data from many of these field studies should pay handsome dividends at relatively modest cost.}, number={12-14}, journal={ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT}, author={Solomon, P and Cowling, E and Hidy, G and Furiness, C}, year={2000}, pages={1885–1920} }
 @article{cowling_chameides_kiang_fehsenfeld_meagher_2000, title={Introduction to special section: Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study, Part 2}, volume={105}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, DOI={10.1029/1999JD901190}, abstractNote={The 12 papers in this second Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres constitute a significant addition to earlier scientific contributions from the SOS: Fehsenfeld et al. [1993], Chameides and Cowling [1995], first special section “;Southern Oxidants Study” in the Journal of Geophysical Research, 103 (D17), 22, 209‐22,669, 1998, and North Carolina State University [1999].These 12 papers give special emphasis to advances in scientific understanding of chemical, meteorological, and biological factors that govern accumulation of ozone and other oxidants in the lower troposphere within the 11‐state study area centered over Nashville, Tennessee. The aircraft and ground‐based fieldwork portions of SOS' Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study were completed during the summers of 1994 and 1995. In‐depth analysis and interpretation of measurements made during those two summers has continued, and will likely continue for some years in the future. Readers of this second SOS special section needing background information on the Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study should consult the four overview papers published in the first SOS special section [Cowling et al., 1998; Meagher et al., 1998; McNider et al., 1998; Hübler et al., 1998].}, number={D7}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Cowling, EB and Chameides, WL and Kiang, CS and Fehsenfeld, FC and Meagher, JF}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={9075–9077} }
 @article{cowling_kelman_1999, title={George Henry Hepting: Pioneer leader in forest pathology}, volume={37}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.19}, abstractNote={George Henry Hepting grew up in the city environment of Brooklyn, but early in his life developed a deep love and scientific interest in forestry. He became America's most skilled scientist in the theory and practice of forest pathology. He studied how long-lived forest trees, unlike most plants, cope with the long-term changes in their biological, physical, and chemical environments. He devoted his remarkably energetic life to learning, understanding, and teaching how trees survive disease stresses induced by biotic and abiotic agents—in forest nurseries, as individual trees, in young sapling stands, in naturally regenerated and planted stands, in old-growth forests, and in landscapes and watersheds. He focused his innovative spirit, curiosity, and high intelligence on seeking ways to use this un- derstanding to develop practical guidelines for management that can be used to decrease or minimize disease losses and deterioration of wood in service. From the research that he and his close co-workers completed have come many tangible benefits. Throughout his life, Hepting was devoted to maintaining the rich biolog- ical heritage of this country in its forests and wildlife resources, in national, state, and city parks, and trees in residential, commercial, and recreational landscapes— resources that are important, not only to the economic vitality, but also for the spirit and aesthetic quality of life in the United States.}, number={1999}, journal={Annual Review of Phytopathology}, author={Cowling, E. B. and Kelman, A.}, year={1999}, pages={19–28} }
 @article{furiness_smith_ran_cowling_1998, title={Comparison of emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides to deposition of nitrate and sulfate in the USA by state in 1990}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0269-7491"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80049-3}, abstractNote={Many naturally occurring and human-induced activities result in the emission of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds into the atmosphere. Precipitation is an important process by which compounds are scavenged from the atmosphere and deposited onto the earth's surface. The purpose of this paper is to compare the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in each of the 48 continguous states in the USA with measured wet deposition of nitrate (NO3−) and sulfate (SO42−) in each state for the year 1990. With one exception (Vermont), wet deposition of N as nitrate was less than emissions of N as nitrogen oxides on a statewide basis in 1990. The median wet N deposition/emission value was 0.21. Wet plus dry N deposition of nitrate was estimated to represent 43% of NOx emissions in North Carolina. Wet deposition of S was less than emissions in 1990 in all but five states (Vermont, Maine, Arkansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota). The median value of wet deposition of sulfate/SO2 emissions was 0.34. In North Carolina, dry deposition of sulfate was estimated to represent an additional 21% of emissions, so that total deposition accounted for 60% of S emissions. Net transport of N and S is likely an important part of the discrepancy between emissions and deposition.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={Furiness, C and Smith, L and Ran, LM and Cowling, E}, year={1998}, pages={313–320} }
 @article{saylor_chameides_cowling_1998, title={Implications of the new ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards for compliance in rural areas}, volume={103}, ISSN={["2169-897X"]}, DOI={10.1029/1998JD100027}, abstractNote={The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently promulgated new National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone (O3). The new standard is based on an 8‐hour average O3 concentration instead of a 1‐hour average, as was the previous standard. Analysis of O3 concentrations measured at rural sites in the eastern United States in the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) network, the Southern Oxidant Study's Spatial Ozone Network (SON), and EPA's Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) during 1993–1995 indicates that 30–50% of these sites would have been noncompliant under the new standard, as compared with only 2–12% under the old standard. These results suggest that the new standard will thus require a major shift in emphasis in the nation's pollution control strategy from an urban‐centered focus to a more regional emphasis. This in turn will require the development of a more comprehensive, truly rural air quality monitoring network in coming years.}, number={D23}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Saylor, RD and Chameides, WL and Cowling, EB}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={31137–31141} }
 @article{cowling_chameides_kiang_fehsenfeld_meagher_1998, title={Introduction to special section: Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Middle Tennessee Ozone Study}, volume={103}, ISSN={["2169-8996"]}, DOI={10.1029/98JD01770}, abstractNote={Tropospheric Ozone Formation and Measurement published the report "Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Regional and Urban Air Pollution" [NRC, 1991 ].The committee found that although peak ozone exposures were decreasing, more general efforts to manage ozone air quality in the United States "largely have failed."This was true mainly because (1) the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone and other photochemical oxidants were not "statistically or meteorologically robust," (2) the State Implementation Plan (SIP) process "is fundamentally sound in principle but is seriously flawed in practice," (3) both biogenic and anthropogenic emissions inventories are not adequate, (4) the air-quality models currently available "contain significant scientific uncertainties," (5) regional differences in emissions and meteorological conditions need to be recognized.To remedy these several deficiencies, the committee recommended that a "coherent and focused program of research should be established" that emphasizes high-quality science and tense solar insulation that characterize the region's summer climate [Samson et al., 1988], (2) large natural emissions of biogenic hydrocarbons from the region's ample rural and urban forests [Chameides et al., 1988], and (3) an anthropogenic emission mix dominated by island cities and large point sources located in rural areas.Bexause of these unique characteristics, it became apparent that air quality management approaches developed in other parts of the United States may not be appropriate for the South [Rodgers and Chameides, 1988].The Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) was initiated in 10 states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas) to address many of these national and regional scientific and policy concerns.The SOS research and assessment program is designed to be policy-relevant without being policy-driven.During the last 3 decades, more than 40 regional field measurement programs have been undertaken in North America and Europe to expand contemporary scientific understanding of the tropospheric ozone problem [Solomon et al, 1999].Prior to initiation of SOS, scientific studies of urban and regional air quality in the that is relevant to policy but not driven by policy considerations.United States followed an environmental policy-making para-During the 1980s, the oxidant-management approaches used digm that chronologically plac• research in front of policythroughout the United States were based largely on scientific making and plac• setting of regulations and emission controls fundings, air quality models, and related air quality management as the final action in the process.Implicit in this paradigm is the tools from research conducted in southern California and the ur-assumption that air pollution problems can really be "solved" (as ban megalopolis in the northeastern United States.Few scien-though once and for all) through implementation of a scientific tific studies had been conducted in the South even though about research program that provides technical input to an a p•ori set 40 of the nearly 100 ozone nonattainment areas were in this re-of policy-making processes that promulgate rules and regulations gion.In the late 1980s, studies began to emerge that pointed to to limit critical emissions in the pollution-affected area.some of the South's unique air quality management problems.In principle, such an approach can be effective, and in practice These problems included the following: (1) a high frequency of it has served to mitigate some of the nation's air-quality probair mass stagnation, warm temperatures, high humidity, and in-lems.However, it presumes that the research/regulatory process Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union.should reach closure at the point of implementation.In the case of complex environmental problems like photochemical oxidant Paper number 98JD01770.pollution, an iterative approach has proven to be much more ef-0148-0227/98/98JD-01770509.00fective.In an iterative approach, the goal is long-term manage-22,209 22,210}, number={D17}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Cowling, EB and Chameides, WL and Kiang, CS and Fehsenfeld, FC and Meagher, JF}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={22209–22212} }
 @article{erisman_brydges_bull_cowling_grennfelt_nordberg_satake_schneider_smeulders_hoek_et al._1998, title={Nitrogen, the confer-N-s - First International Nitrogen Conference 1998 - Summary statement}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0269-7491"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80008-0}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={Erisman, JW and Brydges, T and Bull, K and Cowling, E and Grennfelt, P and Nordberg, L and Satake, K and Schneider, T and Smeulders, S and Hoek, KW and et al.}, year={1998}, pages={3–12} }
 @article{cowling_erisman_smeulders_holman_nicholson_1998, title={Optimizing air quality management in Europe and North America: Justification for integrated management of both oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1873-6424"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80088-2}, abstractNote={No nutrient element is more important than nitrogen in governing the development of living organisms and in determining the pollution climate of the earth. So far, the processes of enhancing agricultural and forest production and making pollution-control adjustments in the industrial, commercial, agricultural, and transportation systems of society have proceeded in more or less complete isolation from concern about the environmental consequences of human alterations in the nitrogen cycle of the earth. Also, most pollution abatement and mitigation strategies have so far been aimed at resolving one or another particular societal pollution problem in which oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen play a part. The time has come to consider alternative, more fully integrated strategies and tactics by which to optimize societal efforts to maintain or increase agricultural and forest production while also enhancing the effectiveness and decreasing the cost of abating or mitigating various nitrogen-induced aspects of soil-, air-, and water pollution. In this paper we explore three general ideas: (1) some important similarities and differences in agriculture, forestry, and industry in the Netherlands and North Carolina and what they mean for nitrogen pollution management in our two home societies, (2) justification for adopting a "total fixed nitrogen approach" rather than continuing to deal with oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen separately, and (3) developing a "concept of optimum nitrogen management for society".}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={Cowling, EB and Erisman, JW and Smeulders, SM and Holman, SC and Nicholson, BM}, year={1998}, pages={599–608} }
 @article{meagher_cowling_fehsenfeld_parkhurst_1998, title={Ozone formation and transport in southeastern United States: Overview of the SOS Nashville Middle Tennessee Ozone Study}, volume={103}, ISSN={["2169-897X"]}, DOI={10.1029/98JD01693}, abstractNote={The Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) is a public‐private partnership collectively engaged, since 1989, in a coordinated program of policy‐relevant research to improve scientific and public understanding of tropospheric ozone pollution. In the summers of 1994 and 1995, SOS implemented the Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study. This effort, the second SOS urban intensive study, conducted a series of integrated, process‐oriented airborne and surface measurement experiments to better understand the chemistry and meteorology associated with the production, transport, and impact of tropospheric ozone. Specific technical objectives addressed (1) the role of biogenic VOC and NOxemissions on local and regional ozone production, (2) the effect of urban‐rural exchange/interchange on local and regional ozone production, (3) sub‐grid‐scale photochemical and meteorological processes, and (4) the provision of a high‐quality chemical and meteorological data set to test and improve observation‐ and emission‐based air quality forecast models. Some of the more significant findings of the 1994–1995 studies include the following: (1) Ozone production in Nashville was found to be close to the transition between NOx‐sensitive and VOC‐sensitive chemistry. (2) Ozone production efficiency (OPE) in power plant plumes, molecules of ozone formed per molecule of NOxemitted, was found to be inversely proportion to NOxemission rate, with the plants having the greatest NOxemissions exhibiting the lowest OPE. (3) During stagnant conditions, nighttime winds dominated pollutant transport and represent the major mechanism for transporting urban pollutants to rural areas. Ultimately, results provided by this research will allow improved assessment of existing ozone management strategies and provide better scientific tools for the development of future management strategies.}, number={D17}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES}, author={Meagher, JF and Cowling, EB and Fehsenfeld, FC and Parkhurst, WJ}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={22213–22223} }
 @article{chameides_saylor_cowling_1997, title={Ozone pollution in the rural United States and the new NAAQS}, volume={276}, DOI={10.1126/science.276.5314.916}, abstractNote={The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently proposed a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone, based on an 8-hour averaged concentration of 0.08 part per million. An analysis of ozone data gathered in 1995 by the Southern Oxidants Study Spatial Ozone Network (SON) and EPA’s Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) indicates that promulgation of this new standard will bring large parts of the rural eastern United States into nonattainment. This in turn will necessitate a major change in the nation’s pollution control strategies.}, number={5314}, journal={Science}, author={Chameides, W. L. and Saylor, R. D. and Cowling, E. B.}, year={1997}, pages={916} }
 @article{cowling_nilsson_1995, title={Acidification research: Lessons from history and visions of environmental futures}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1573-2932"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00483708}, number={1}, journal={WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION}, author={Cowling, E and Nilsson, J}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={279–292} }
 @article{cowling_1989, title={Recent changes in chemical climate and related effects on forests in North America and Europe}, volume={18}, number={3}, journal={Ambio}, author={Cowling, E. B.}, year={1989}, pages={167} }
 @inproceedings{robarge_bruck_cowling_1989, title={Throughfall and stemflow measurements at Mt. Mitchell, N.C. during the summer of 1986}, booktitle={Proceedings of the U.S.-F.R.G. Symposium on Forest Decline (Technical publication #120)}, publisher={USDA Forest Service}, author={Robarge, W. P. and Bruck, R. I. and Cowling, E. B.}, year={1989}, pages={111–117} }
 @inproceedings{robarge_smithson_modena_bruck_cowling_1987, title={Study of cloud originated stemflow and throughfall collections from red spruce and Fraser fir trees at Mt. Mitchell, NC}, booktitle={American Chemical Society Annual Meeting}, author={Robarge, W. P. and Smithson, P. C. and Modena, S. A. and Bruck, R. I. and Cowling, E. B.}, year={1987}, pages={171–184} }
 @inbook{cowling_1982, title={A status report on acid precipitation and its biological consequences as of April 1981}, ISBN={9780250405091}, booktitle={Acid precipitation, effects on ecological systems}, publisher={Ann Arbor, Mich.:  Ann Arbor Science}, author={Cowling, E. B.}, year={1982}, pages={3} }
 @inbook{cowling_1982, title={An historical resume of progress in scientific and public understanding of acid precipitation and its biological consequences}, ISBN={9780250405091}, booktitle={Acid precipitation, effects on ecological systems}, publisher={Ann Arbor, Mich.:  Ann Arbor Science}, author={Cowling, E. B.}, year={1982}, pages={43} }