@article{erskine_lamm_sanders_lamm_2024, title={Exploring Community Garden Coordinators' Perceptions of Climate-Smart Adaptations to Support Local Food Systems}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060601}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae10060601}, abstractNote={Extreme weather events, increased intensity of droughts and floods, and changes to growing seasons are results of climate change that impact horticulture, agriculture, and food systems. In the United States, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina experience similar impacts caused by climate change such as rising sea levels and extreme heat. In these states, community gardens can be a source of local, fresh foods, especially in areas experiencing food insecurity. The goals of this study were to identify garden coordinators’ perceptions of the need for climate change adaptation, perceptions regarding the five perceived attributes of climate change adaptation, and where community garden coordinators stand in the innovation–decision process when it comes to climate change adaptation. The findings show that participants valued relative advantage and low levels of complexity when adopting and implementing climate-smart practices into their gardens. This study found that the community gardens were all implementing some form of climate-smart adaptations even if implementation was not for climate-related reasons. All participants noted that the largest barrier to adopting new practices was a lack of extra money. The findings from this study should be used to inform environmental education and communication strategies that encourage adoption of climate-smart practices.}, number={6}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Erskine, Olivia M. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Kevan W.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{markosyan_sanders_lamm_2024, title={Using cognitive dissonance to evaluate extension impact in rural communities}, volume={65}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.v65i1.2475}, DOI={10.5032/jae.v65i1.2475}, abstractNote={New approaches are needed when working in rural communities to identify and communicate holistic evaluation impacts related to community-based health promotion efforts of Cooperative Extension. Specifically, there is a lack of recorded long-term programmatic impacts of these programs, including behavior changes related to consuming nutritious and healthy food. The current study explored rural community members’ experiences with cognitive dissonance in relation to decreased adult obesity and the adoption of healthier food consumption practices related to an extension health promotion program, as cognitive dissonance can help explain several motivational components of potential behavior change. Through a qualitative research design using a thematic analysis of focus group data, the authors observed an overall positive association between community members’ experiences with cognitive dissonance, resulting in the acceptance of healthier food choices over inherited unhealthy practices, increased knowledge and awareness about nutrient-dense food, and increased physical activity. The cognitive dissonance framework revealed positive indicators of long-term programmatic impact related to food choice and consumption patterns. However, the analysis also indicated that while interventions improved access to resources, socio-economic barriers still existed that would ensure sustainability and depth of positive changes leading to long-term behavioral change in rural communities.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Education}, author={Markosyan, T. and Sanders, C. and Lamm, A.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={265–282} }
 @article{sanders_borron_lamm_harrell_worley_2024, title={Using dialogue-centered approaches to community-engaged research: an application of dialectical inquiry}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s44282-024-00055-7}, DOI={10.1007/s44282-024-00055-7}, abstractNote={Abstract Rural communities across the United States experience increased risk and prevalence of chronic diseases associated with both individual and community-based factors. Thus, there is a need for rural capacity development for chronic disease prevention. Traditional health promotion and intervention approaches often focus on diet-related health disparities from a positivist, evidence-based paradigm. To counter positivist bias within health promotion research, a hybridized approach is proposed using a critical-constructivist paradigm incorporating dialectical thinking, appreciative inquiry, and dialectical inquiry to address cultural and structural barriers, as well as community-based social norms, through evaluation of community-based health promotion interventions. Three dialectical models were identified through interviews with community coalition members: social ties, infrastructure, and worldviews, examining underlying assumptions and counter assumptions. By revealing the dialectic assumptions and counter assumptions within project implementation, practitioners can engage in constructive dialogue with communities to determine more effective and culturally responsive pathways for project development.}, journal={Discover Global Society}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Borron, Abigail and Lamm, Alexa J. and Harrell, Ellen and Worley, Barbara}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{byrd_sanders_lamm_2023, title={A Cross-Platform Exploratory Study of International and Domestic Scholar Post Engagement on Social Media}, volume={30}, ISSN={2831-5960}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2831-5960.1045}, DOI={10.4148/2831-5960.1045}, abstractNote={Social media use varies globally across cultures, even within extension services. Recognition of the contributions of international scholars at the universities where they serve also varies. Social media use in international scholars’ countries of origin may differ from that of their institution’s country, affecting social media engagement with a university’s posts featuring international scholars. Using the conceptual framework of audience segmentation, this study explored the differences in social media audience engagement between research themes and international and domestic scholars on Instagram and Twitter. Using a causal-comparative design, this study created Instagram and Twitter posts highlighting peer-reviewed research conducted by both international and domestic scholars at a United States university in a variety of research themes. Separate Instagram and Twitter posts were created for each scholar. Scholars were categorized by research theme and as either international or domestic. Engagement metrics were analyzed descriptively to explore the differences between research themes and international and domestic scholars across Instagram and Twitter audiences. Advances in food science and safety received the highest engagement rate on Instagram, but the lowest engagement rate on Twitter. International scholars received more engagement than domestic scholars in all categories on Instagram. Domestic scholars had higher mean engagements and engagement rates by impressions than international scholars on Twitter, but international scholars received more mean impressions. The results revealed a scholar’s research theme and status as either international or domestic may influence the level of social media engagement they receive on a specific social media platform. Recommendations for research are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Byrd, Allison R and Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Alexa}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={74–84} }
 @article{lamm_lamm_trojan_sanders_byrd_2023, title={A Needs Assessment to Inform Research and Outreach Efforts for Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Food Production in the Western United States}, volume={12}, ISSN={2304-8158}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081630}, DOI={10.3390/foods12081630}, abstractNote={Increasing the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices can help maintain sufficient food production while reducing its environmental impact. To ensure this adoption, it is important to assess the research and training needs of those helping farmers and producers adopt sustainable agricultural practices. However, there is a gap in the literature related to the training needs of producers in the Western United States for sustainable agriculture. Needs assessments help organizations, such as the Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program and Cooperative Extension, to address the demonstrated needs of intended audiences. This study presents the results of a needs assessment with the objective of examining training needs and barriers to adoption to help direct extension programming for sustainable agricultural practices in the western region of the United States, to identify gaps, and to inform sustainable agriculture outreach programs. Using a modified Borich method with an inferential statistical method, the discrepancies between the level at which sustainable agricultural practice training competencies “should be addressed” and the level at which they were “currently being addressed” were examined. Competencies with the largest gaps included financial disparity, food waste, and policy/communicating with decision makers. The top three barriers to adopting sustainable agricultural practices included the potential for financial loss, perceived risk of adoption, and time investment associated with adoption. Results indicated that training needs varied and that these were not all on-farm training needs. The results imply that future funding from Western SARE and other groups looking to support sustainable agricultural food system efforts, may wish to focus on requesting proposals for programs that address these competency gaps and barriers in novel and supplementary ways in combination with existing programmatic efforts.}, number={8}, journal={Foods}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lamm, Alexa J. and Lamm, Kevan W. and Trojan, Sara and Sanders, Catherine E. and Byrd, Allison R.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={1630} }
 @article{dooley_sanders_edgar_2023, title={A Phenomenological Pre- and Post-Reflective Comparison of Graduate Student Intercultural Competence from Agricultural Service-Learning Experiences}, volume={30}, ISSN={2831-5960}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2831-5960.1080}, DOI={10.4148/2831-5960.1080}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine growth in intercultural competence after graduate students participated in an international service learning (ISL) experience. One method for developing intercultural competence is service learning, where students apply learning in real-world settings through a cycle of action and reflection. This study used an interpretative phenomenological analysis related to the lived experience of eight graduate students who participated in two intensive ISL projects in Timor-Leste or Guatemala. Results included the student point of view (emic) narrative as an ethnographic crafted profile for each participant to demonstrate the process of intercultural competence development across individual and interaction processes. Students demonstrated knowledge gains after the experience, and several internal and external outcomes in their post-reflective narratives. Despite visiting different countries, the two groups of students demonstrated similar intercultural outcomes along the theoretical framework, indicating that despite contextual differences in experience, this framework maintains a robust perspective for analysing student experiences during ISL. The Process Model of Intercultural Competence served as a framework to assess intercultural competence. The process began with personal attitudes, openness to intercultural learning, and curiosity. Interpersonal outcomes developed with knowledge/comprehension through skills such as listening, observing, and interpretation. Developing flexibility, empathy, and adaptability promoted an informed frame of reference for a desired internal outcome. The external outcome resulted in behaving and communicating effectively from experience. Measuring intercultural diversity as a learning outcome from ISL can ensure adequate preparation for international development professionals.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Dooley, Kim E and Sanders, Catherine E. and Edgar, Leslie}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={21–40} }
 @article{an educational exploration of generation z's systems thinking tendencies and green consumer values_2023, url={https://jae-online.org/index.php/jae/article/view/64}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Education}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{berg_padilla_sanders_garner_southall_holmes_ashley_crosson_twilley_everson_et al._2023, title={Community Gardens: A Catalyst for Community Change}, volume={24}, ISSN={1524-8399 1552-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15248399221120808}, DOI={10.1177/15248399221120808}, abstractNote={ Community gardens are increasing in popularity and are associated with extensive physical and mental health benefits, increased access to fresh produce, and increased social connections. However, evidence is primarily from research in urban and school settings, and little is known about the role of community gardens in rural settings as part of policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) changes to promote health. This study explores the implementation of community gardens as part of an obesity prevention project, titled Healthier Together (HT), in five rural Georgia counties with limited food access and high obesity prevalence (>40%) using a mixed-methods research design that included data from project records, a community survey, interviews, and focus groups with county coalition members. Nineteen community gardens were implemented across five counties, 89% distributed produce direct to consumers, and 50% were integrated into the food system. Few (8.3%) of the survey respondents (n = 265) identified gardens as a food source, but 21.9% reported using an HT garden in the past year. Themes emerging from interviews (n = 39) and five focus groups suggested community gardens were a catalyst for broader community health change by increasing awareness of the value and absence of healthy food and generating excitement for future PSE initiatives to more comprehensively address food and physical activity access. Practitioners should consider placement of rural community gardens to optimize access to and distribution of produce as well as communication and marketing strategies to increase engagement and leverage gardens as gateways for PSE approaches to improve rural health. }, number={1_suppl}, journal={Health Promotion Practice}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Berg, Alison C. and Padilla, Heather M. and Sanders, Catherine E. and Garner, Christina T. and Southall, Hannah G. and Holmes, Grace and Ashley, Shanda and Crosson, Luke and Twilley, Barbara and Everson, Denise D. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={92S–107S} }
 @article{byrd_sanders_lamm_2023, title={Cultural Dimensions and Communication: An Exploratory Study Informing Agricultural and Environmental Science Graduate Student Recruitment}, volume={107}, ISSN={1051-0834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2503}, DOI={10.4148/1051-0834.2503}, abstractNote={The internationalization of higher education is of paramount importance because international students influence both university rankings and research capacity in STEM fields while, in colleges of agricultural and environmental sciences, they lead to global collaborations, strengthen research agendas, and increase domestic students' intercultural competence. Recruitment strategies must consider the various cultural differences international students face and, therefore, identify communication channel preferences related to culture. However, few studies have considered differences and similarities between international and domestic graduate student communication preferences. Framed by Hofstede et al.'s cultural dimensions of collectivism-individualism, this study sought to explore the communication preferences of prospective graduate students from collectivist and individualist cultures when searching for graduate programs. Using semi-structured interviews of 10 individualist and nine collectivist participants at the University of [State] College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, this qualitative studied employed inductive thematic analysis to determine the communication channel use of the two groups of graduate students when searching for a graduate institution. Findings revealed participants from collectivist cultures preferred emails, departmental and lab websites, journal articles, and social media. Participants from individualistic cultures preferred emails, in-person visits, departmental and lab websites, and interpersonal communication. Implications and recommendations for future practice and research were discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Communications}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Byrd, Allison R and Sanders, Catherine and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{byrd_gibson_sanders_corry_lamm_lamm_2023, title={Educational exploration of Generation Z’s systems thinking tendencies and green consumer values}, url={https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.v64i4.64}, DOI={10.5032/jae.v64i4.64}, abstractNote={University agricultural educators are challenged to employ innovative approaches to prepare undergraduates in agriculture and natural resources to address complex global problems while understanding interconnected systems. Undergraduates, current members of Generation Z (Gen Z), prefer environmental sustainability and innovation, but solutions for addressing these preferences in educational settings remain elusive. Exploring Gen Z’s environmental consumption values and how those values relate to their systems thinking tendencies may provide university educators with insights on how to best educate Gen Z students. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between Gen Z students’ green consumer values and systems thinking tendencies. Data were collected using a web-based survey instrument of 68 undergraduate students at the University of [state]. Findings revealed respondents somewhat agreed they had green consumer values and respondents often used systems thinking when seeking to make an improvement. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient indicated a positive, yet weak, association between systems thinking tendencies and green consumer values. The association necessitates further exploration. University agricultural educators should incorporate systems thinking educational tools into classrooms so Gen Z students can effectively engage in systems thinking when addressing complex agricultural issues, like sustainability. Additional implications for systems thinking teaching are explored.}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Education}, author={Byrd, Allison and Gibson, Kristin and Sanders, Catherine and Corry, Rachel and Lamm, Kevan and Lamm, Alexa}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{borron_berg_jones_lamm_sanders_southall_holmes_brown_davis_walker_2023, title={Examining the Relationship Between Existing Community Resources and Community Leaders’ Perceptions of Resilience and Rural Health During COVID-19}, volume={24}, ISSN={1524-8399 1552-6372}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15248399221124596}, DOI={10.1177/15248399221124596}, abstractNote={ This study explored the relationship between existing community resources and community leaders’ perceptions of resilience and rural health during COVID-19. Observational data of material capitals (e.g., grocery stores and physical activity resources) present in five rural communities involved in a health promotion project were collected and compared with key informant interviews of perceived community health and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis compares the differences in community leaders’ perceptions of resilience during the pandemic to the actual material capitals of the community. While these rural counties were average in terms of available physical activity and nutritional resources, the onset of the pandemic led to varying degrees of disruption in access due to structural closures of mainstay resources, as well as residents perceiving that they cannot or should not access available resources. In addition, county coalition progress was stalled as individuals and groups could not gather together to complete projects, such as building playground equipment. This study demonstrates that existing quantitative instruments, such as NEMS and PARA, fail to take into account perceived access and utility of resources. Therefore, practitioners should consider multiple ways to evaluate resources, capacity, and progress on a health intervention or program and consider community voice to ensure feasibility, relevance, and sustainability—especially when faced with a public health emergency like COVID-19. }, number={1_suppl}, journal={Health Promotion Practice}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Borron, Abigail and Berg, Alison and Jones, Catherine and Lamm, Alexa and Sanders, Catherine and Southall, Hannah and Holmes, Grace and Brown, Courtney and Davis, Marsha and Walker, Brandy}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={56S–67S} }
 @article{sanders_gibson_byrd_markosyan_lamm_2023, title={Exploring the Social Media Health Information Seeking Patterns of Rural Residents to Provide Communication Strategies for Extension}, volume={107}, ISSN={1051-0834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2499}, DOI={10.4148/1051-0834.2499}, abstractNote={Abstract Communication capacity development is critical for Extension professionals, who work to bring agricultural and health research to the public. With social media being an almost ubiquitous communication channel, it has immense potential as a health communication resource for diverse and rural audiences. The current study, guided by an audience segmentation framework, explored the health communication patterns on social media of rural Georgia residents across demographic characteristics through a non-probability opt-in sampling online survey. Cluster analyses of social media users revealed three distinct groups: low, medium, and high users. Descriptive characteristics of each cluster were presented, to guide Extension health communication practices in rural Georgia. Additionally, inferential statistics revealed a relationship between cluster membership and perceptions of health information on social media: high frequency users were more likely to positively perceive the health information, while low users were more likely to negatively perceive the information. Implications for health promotion and Extension practitioners include using audience segmentation strategies to increase the effectiveness of tailored messages to enhance the success of social media communication for rural residents.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Communications}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Sanders, Catherine and Gibson, Kristin and Byrd, Allison R and Markosyan, Tatevik and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lamm_lamm_davis_sanders_powell_park_2023, title={Extension Networks and Dissemination of Horticultural Advancements: Development and Validation of a Professionalization Instrument}, volume={9}, ISSN={2311-7524}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020245}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae9020245}, abstractNote={Horticulture is a vast scientific discipline ranging from ornamentals to consumable food, which is constantly evolving. One of primary goals of horticultural innovation is to improve consistency, and predictability, among products. Extension is one of the primary channels connecting innovations and technologies to growers. However, despite the importance of extension in the dissemination of horticultural advancements, there are no standards for the professionalization of extension networks. Therefore, there is a current gap in the ability to ensure consistency amongst extension providers through professionalization at the network level. The goal of the study was to develop and validate an extension professionalization scale to empirically measure the most critical factors associated with extension professionalization within extension networks. Methodologically, the study extends upon previous research which identified specific capacities associated with extension professionalization at the network level. Specifically, an exploratory factor analysis was undertaken to examine the latent factor structure of the previously identified items. The results of this study identified two primary factors associated with extension professionalization in networks: (a) awareness of the need for extension professionalization, and (b) the operational integration of extension professionalization activities at organizational levels. Although there is existing literature examining professionalization, there are no such instruments specifically developed within an extension context. The present study provides an original and novel tool to prepare more rigorously and consistently trained extension professionals to serve and support the horticulture industry.}, number={2}, journal={Horticulturae}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Lamm, Kevan W. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Davis, Kristin and Sanders, Catherine and Powell, Alyssa and Park, Jiyea}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={245} }
 @inproceedings{appelbaum_padilla_southall_lamm_longnecker_dobbins_garner_ashley_smith_lester_et al._2023, title={Implementing Policy, Systems, and Environmental Obesity Prevention Interventions in Rural Georgia: The High Obesity Program}, volume={55}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2023.05.177}, DOI={10.1016/j.jneb.2023.05.177}, abstractNote={Objective To evaluate the implementation of policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) obesity prevention interventions in rural Georgia from 2016-2023 under The High Obesity Program (HOP). Use of Theory or Research Poor diet and sedentary behavior are significant risk factors for obesity. Guided by the Social Ecological Model, which identifies multiple levels that contribute to health behavior, HOP (CDC-DP18-1809) aims to improve individual nutrition and physical activity behavior through increased access to affordable healthy food, safe and convenient places to be physically active, and policies to support obesity prevention behaviors. Target Audience Citizens of five rural Georgia counties (Clay, Calhoun, Steward, Taliaferro, Dooly) with a high prevalence of adult obesity (>40%). Program Description HOP, known as Healthier Together (HT) in Georgia, works at the local level to implement evidence-based strategies and leverage partner resources to address obesity and its associated factors. Beginning in 2016, HT facilitated development of community coalitions, needs assessment and prioritization, intervention selection, implementation, and evaluation. Coalitions selected community gardens, healthy food pantries and coolers, sidewalk repair, walking trails, playground modifications, and active community design. Evaluation Methods Counts of interventions implemented and sustained, food pantry healthy standard implementation checklists, themes identified from qualitative project staff records (program and coalition meeting agendas, county activity reports), and annual progress reports were used to evaluate process and implementation outcomes. Results HT planned and implemented 22 community gardens, 8 coolers, and partnered with 7 food pantries. Of those, 72%, 50%, and 72% of gardens, coolers, and food pantries, respectively, are still active. No food pantries fully implemented healthy standards. HT repaired/enhanced 11 playgrounds; one is planned for 2023. Nine walking trails were installed; 8 are still accessible. Four counties received walking signs, (50% installed). All counties received active design plans. Conclusion HT implemented obesity prevention PSE interventions with varying degrees of sustainability. Staff identified grant restrictions, large geographic spread, and limited human and material resources as significant challenges for rural communities which can inform future strategy selection. Funding Center for Disease Control and Prevention To evaluate the implementation of policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) obesity prevention interventions in rural Georgia from 2016-2023 under The High Obesity Program (HOP). Poor diet and sedentary behavior are significant risk factors for obesity. Guided by the Social Ecological Model, which identifies multiple levels that contribute to health behavior, HOP (CDC-DP18-1809) aims to improve individual nutrition and physical activity behavior through increased access to affordable healthy food, safe and convenient places to be physically active, and policies to support obesity prevention behaviors. Citizens of five rural Georgia counties (Clay, Calhoun, Steward, Taliaferro, Dooly) with a high prevalence of adult obesity (>40%). HOP, known as Healthier Together (HT) in Georgia, works at the local level to implement evidence-based strategies and leverage partner resources to address obesity and its associated factors. Beginning in 2016, HT facilitated development of community coalitions, needs assessment and prioritization, intervention selection, implementation, and evaluation. Coalitions selected community gardens, healthy food pantries and coolers, sidewalk repair, walking trails, playground modifications, and active community design. Counts of interventions implemented and sustained, food pantry healthy standard implementation checklists, themes identified from qualitative project staff records (program and coalition meeting agendas, county activity reports), and annual progress reports were used to evaluate process and implementation outcomes. HT planned and implemented 22 community gardens, 8 coolers, and partnered with 7 food pantries. Of those, 72%, 50%, and 72% of gardens, coolers, and food pantries, respectively, are still active. No food pantries fully implemented healthy standards. HT repaired/enhanced 11 playgrounds; one is planned for 2023. Nine walking trails were installed; 8 are still accessible. Four counties received walking signs, (50% installed). All counties received active design plans. HT implemented obesity prevention PSE interventions with varying degrees of sustainability. Staff identified grant restrictions, large geographic spread, and limited human and material resources as significant challenges for rural communities which can inform future strategy selection.}, number={7}, booktitle={Society of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Appelbaum, Megan and Padilla, Heather and Southall, Hannah and Lamm, Alexa and Longnecker, Donnie and Dobbins, Katie and Garner, Christina and Ashley, Shanda and Smith, Hope and Lester, Katrisha and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={81–82} }
 @article{sanders_markosyan_gibson_byrd_lamm_2023, title={Improving Sustainable Food Access and Availability in Rural Communities: An Assessment of Needed Resources}, volume={15}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076293}, DOI={10.3390/su15076293}, abstractNote={(1) Background: Extension educators are uniquely positioned to assist with sustainable community-based food environment change, especially related to obesity prevention efforts, because they are located in almost every county in the U.S. Extension educators strive to build resilient communities by improving food access and bridging various actors involved in the food systems. Needs assessments of desired educational program resources by priority populations, such as those in rural areas, are needed to ensure effective food access and nutrition literacy programs are established based on clientele needs. (2) Methods: Using a non-probability opt-in survey, data were collected from 780 rural residents in a U.S. state facing challenges with obesity rates due to lack of access to healthy, nutritious food to identify barriers to accessing fresh produce and desired educational program resources. (3) Results: The need for socioeconomic and market-based solutions within the built environment indicated educators should increase partnerships with economic resource organizations to enhance community resilience related to food access. (4) Conclusions: An increased understanding can enhance the efficacy of the resources Extension educators offer, resulting in improved food access and security by directly addressing clientele’s demonstrated needs.}, number={7}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Markosyan, Tatevik and Gibson, Kristin E. and Byrd, Allison R. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={6293} }
 @article{randall_sanders_lamm_berg_2023, title={Qualitative Exploration of Cultural Influence on a Rural Health-Promotion Initiative}, volume={55}, ISSN={1499-4046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2022.10.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.jneb.2022.10.011}, abstractNote={ObjectiveTo develop a conceptualization of cultural influence on perceptions of a rural food and physical activity policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change project to inform public health research and practice.DesignBasic qualitative research design, semistructured phone interviews with community health coalition members.SettingFive rural Southern counties (obesity prevalence > 40%).ParticipantsThirty-nine community coalition members.InterventionThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention High Obesity Program. PSE initiatives to increase access to healthy food and physical activity opportunities through a community coalition model.Phenomenon of InterestSocial norms and cultural influences surrounding community members’ food preferences, physical activity behavior, and future hopes for community development.AnalysisAbductive content analysis.ResultsMajor categories on food social norms (subcategories: physical health, eating habits, and food preference), race relations, generational factors, physical activity social norms, and hopes for the community (subcategories: increased engagement, health, awareness, cohesion, and inspiration) were discussed in relation to the progress of PSE initiatives.Conclusions and ImplicationsBecause of community member perceptions, PSE initiatives became associated with factors beyond food and fitness, such as race relations, generational differences, and community cohesion. A focus on increased youth and church involvement, community values, relationship building, and input from diverse voices can be foundational to culturally-appropriate PSE efforts in rural settings.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Randall, Nekeisha L. and Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Berg, Alison C.}, year={2023}, month={Apr}, pages={255–265} }
 @article{sanders_byrd_gibson_golson_lamm_lamm_2023, title={Teaching Systems-Thinking Concepts with Hypothetical Case Scenarios: An Exploration in Food-Systems Science Education}, volume={12}, ISSN={2304-8158}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142663}, DOI={10.3390/foods12142663}, abstractNote={Background: The ability to solve complex challenges facing the food system is an increasingly important skill for undergraduate students entering into the global workforce. However, the curriculum tools to enhance systems thinking in the undergraduate agricultural and natural resource classroom are limited, specifically related to food systems education. Methods: The current study explored the use of hypothetical case scenarios in a teaching curriculum related to the seafood industry, in order to determine the use of these tools as a mechanism for increasing undergraduate students’ systems-thinking capacity. The mixed-method study used a survey and focus groups. Results indicated that participants’ understanding of, and capacity for, using systems thinking to reason through complex scenarios increased during the mixed-method educational intervention. Participants stated the experience helped them learn more about their own patterns of thinking, created transformational learning moments through dissonance, helped them learn about the unintended consequences of decision-making, and increased their understanding of system complexity. Conclusions: The implications of using hypothetical case scenarios in the food system education classroom are explored.}, number={14}, journal={Foods}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Byrd, Allison R. and Gibson, Kristin E. and Golson, Aaron and Lamm, Kevan W. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={2663} }
 @article{gibson_sanders_byrd_lamm_lamm_2023, title={The Influence of Sustainability on Identities and Seafood Consumption: Implications for Food Systems Education for Generation Z}, volume={12}, ISSN={2304-8158}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12101933}, DOI={10.3390/foods12101933}, abstractNote={Seafood is a vital source of nutrition yet many consumers in the United States have been exposed to competing discourse about the industry’s environmental impacts, influencing consumption habits. Generation Z, a generational cohort whose members value the sustainability of their purchasing decisions, may have unique opinions regarding sustainable seafood given their sustainability values. This qualitative study explored Generation Z undergraduate students’ experiences with seafood and how they perceive the role of seafood in feeding people while sustaining the future natural environment. Data were collected using 11 focus groups in undergraduate classrooms. Researchers conducted an emergent thematic analysis and sufficient interrater reliability was established. Themes identified based on participants’ experience with seafood included geographic location, experience fishing or with fishermen, and seafood and family, implying place attachment and family identity were intertwined with consumption behaviors. Themes identified based on participants’ perception of seafood’s role in feeding people included sustainability, regulations, limited seafood consumption, and limited knowledge, implying Generation Z’s emerging status as the sustainability generation. Results indicate educators should focus on how sustainability can be emphasized in the classroom with clear actions undergraduate Generation Z students can take to improve sustainability.}, number={10}, journal={Foods}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Gibson, Kristin E. and Sanders, Catherine E. and Byrd, Allison R. and Lamm, Kevan W. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={1933} }
 @article{sanders_randall_lamm_lamm_2023, title={Utilizing a community capitals framework to assess a public health intervention: Application of the CD+SI toolkit}, volume={5}, ISSN={1557-5330 1944-7485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2023.2214802}, DOI={10.1080/15575330.2023.2214802}, abstractNote={This paper represents an effort to apply a mixed-method design and instrument, the Community Diagnostics and Social Impact (CD+SI) Toolkit, to the evaluation of one rural community within a federally-funded public health project, Healthier Together Lambert (HTL). The CD+SI is an operationalization of the Community Capitals Framework which helps practitioners capture stocks of various capitals within a community throughout the development of a project. The current study examined the capitals present in the community and how the public health project impacted extant capitals within the community. The CD+SI Toolkit allowed researchers to determine the extent to which the HTL project impacted extant community capitals. Participants rated social capital the highest, followed by political, built-financial, natural, cultural, and human capitals. Conceptual and methodological implications for practice are discussed, specifically the inclusion of mixed methods to capture the uniqueness and context of rural spaces for community development practice.}, journal={Community Development}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Randall, Nekeisha L. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Lamm, Kevan W.}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={1–22} }
 @article{sanders_lamm_2022, title={Artful Engagement with the Concept of Identity: Using Poetic Transcription to Reimagine Participant Voices}, volume={21}, ISSN={1609-4069 1609-4069}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221091662}, DOI={10.1177/16094069221091662}, abstractNote={In this article, the primary author explores the use of poetic transcriptions as a method to enhance evaluation and social impact assessment data analysis and dissemination. The construction of the poetic transcriptions and the artful method of analysis allows for a more explicit acknowledgment of the researchers’ entanglements with both the data and the program being evaluated. Using a specific lens of identity, the authors posit that a culturally responsive approach to evaluation using arts-based analyses may reveal methodological and empirical insights overlooked in previous engagements with qualitative evaluation data.}, journal={International Journal of Qualitative Methods}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={160940692210916} }
 @article{lamm_lamm_davis_sanders_powell_2022, title={Development and Validation of an Empirical Instrument to Measure Organizational and Institutional Functioning Capacity Within International Extension Networks}, volume={29}, ISSN={2831-5960}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2831-5960.1050}, DOI={10.4148/2831-5960.1050}, abstractNote={International extension networks provide vital services to stakeholders using a variety of organizational structures. To continue offering services desired by stakeholders, it is important that both public and private extension networks develop effective organizational functioning capacities. Despite this need, an instrument to empirically examine the perceived capacities of effective international extension network organizational and institutional functioning was unavailable in the literature. The present study developed and validated the International Extension Network Organizational Functioning (IENOF) scale. Scale development included validation of content, response process, internal structure, and consequential utility. Structural analysis indicated the 21-items loaded on four factors, including: network structure and relevance, network management and activities, network strategy and guidance, and network leadership. The results of the study indicate the IENOF may provide an empirical instrument to examine the capacities of international extension network organizational functioning. Furthermore, the analysis provides insights into the nuance and unique characteristics associated with international extension network organizations. Replication studies and further statistical analyses are recommended to examine the nature of the instrument and associated outcome variables of interest. From a practical perspective the IENOF is recommended to be considered as an input to the theory of co-innovation to aid international extension networks in fostering a culture of innovation. Utilizing IENOF insights to inform the theory of coinnovation should better enable extension networks to provide services and programming that meet the needs of network stakeholders.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Lamm, Kevan W and Lamm, Alexa and Davis, Kristin E and Sanders, Catherine and Powell, Alyssa}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={72–92} }
 @article{gibson_sanders_lamm_lamm_2022, title={Examining the impact of media use during the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental engagement}, volume={10}, ISSN={2296-665X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.789361}, DOI={10.3389/fenvs.2022.789361}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic led to global public health campaigns enacting strict orders to slow the spread of the disease. The public health initiatives were communicated broadly through diverse news sources and social media channels, spreading both factual information and misinformation about the environmental benefits related to the shelter-in-place orders. This quantitative study of United States residents (N = 1,048), guided by selective exposure theory, examined if demographics, news and/or social media source use, and public knowledge of environmental changes that took place as a result of COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders predicted intent to engage in environmentally-conscious behavior. Results indicated demographics and social media used predicted intent to engage in environmentally-conscious behaviors. Intent to engage in environmental behaviors is critical for environmental sustainability and the media may provide one avenue for engaging the public in environmental behaviors. Discussion points include environmental communication strategies and understanding messaging strategies within the politicization process of communicating about environmental issues during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal={Frontiers in Environmental Science}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Gibson, Kristin E. and Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Lamm, Kevan W.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{sanders_lamm_borron_2022, title={Exploring identity-oriented evaluation for rural community development: A constructivist grounded theory approach}, volume={54}, ISSN={1557-5330 1944-7485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2022.2120510}, DOI={10.1080/15575330.2022.2120510}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Many practitioners use culturally responsive approaches for community development; however, identity-oriented frameworks may enhance holistic engagement with communities and foster increased participatory collaboration. The current study identifies components of identity narratives within a community-based health-promotion initiative focused on rural food access through a culturally responsive lens to develop a preliminary theory of identity-oriented evaluation. Data were collected with members of the community coalition in one county participating in the rural health-promotion program. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used to identify themes related to identity construction by participants. Themes included community identity, economic narratives of health, personal identity, descriptions of coalition, cultural food preferences, identity constructions around health, community-first perspective, collaboration across community sectors, slowness of change, and social observations related to behavior change. Looking at the themes in a rural health-promotion context, the authors discuss implications for engaging in community development using identity as an entry point for participatory work.}, number={2}, journal={Community Development}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Borron, Abigail}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={206–227} }
 @article{sanders_cox_edgar_edgar_2022, title={Exploring interactions between Arkansas urban producers: Social networks and modes of information-seeking}, volume={10}, url={https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/jhse/vol10/iss1/12}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Human Sciences and Extension}, author={Sanders, C.E. and Cox, C.K. and Edgar, D.W. and Edgar, L.D.}, year={2022}, pages={12} }
 @article{sanders_gibson_lamm_2022, title={Perceived Government Control and its Influence on Climate Change Knowledge and Perceptions: Applications for Effective Communication}, volume={106}, ISSN={1051-0834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2441}, DOI={10.4148/1051-0834.2441}, abstractNote={Abstract Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the global agricultural food system at the current moment. While scientists agree that anthropogenic climate change is a critical issue, many United States residents remain skeptical, presenting a significant communication challenge. Understanding the factors influencing public perceptions of climate change are essential to informing agricultural and environmental communication efforts if they are to be effective at mitigating its effects. Previous studies have identified political affiliation and ideology as key predictors for climate change perceptions; however, understanding more detailed components of political ideology and affiliation could strengthen the predictive capacity of these variables. The current study explored the predictive capacity of perceptions of government control on environmental behavior related to political affiliation and ideology to inform effective communication based on climate change knowledge. Using an online survey of U.S. residents, political ideology and affiliation were found to be important predictors of climate change knowledge but including perceptions of government control on environmental behavior expanded their predictive capacity. Agricultural and environmental communicators are encouraged to integrate more nuanced components of political affiliation and ideology, such as perceptions of government control, into their messaging strategies to increase potential message uptake in the midst of a politically polarized media environment. Future research should identify and explore other aspects of political affiliation and ideology, such as economic and social factors, that may influence the public’s perception of climate change and its related policy implications.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Applied Communications}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Gibson, Kristin and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{sanders_gibson_lamm_2022, title={Rural Broadband and Precision Agriculture: A Frame Analysis of United States Federal Policy Outreach under the Biden Administration}, volume={14}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010460}, DOI={10.3390/su14010460}, abstractNote={Global food security requires sustainable and resource-efficient agricultural production. Precision agriculture may provide the tools needed to intensify agricultural production while prioritizing sustainability; however, there are barriers such as initial investments, knowledge gaps, and broadband access that may hinder adoption. Many rural areas in the United States lack the appropriate infrastructure for broadband access needed for precision agriculture, indicating government policies are needed to expand broadband access. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to develop a conceptualization of the current frames used by the Biden administration in communications related to rural broadband and precision agriculture. The methodological framework used was frame analysis. Data were initially analyzed inductively for overall gestalt and subsequently analyzed with abductive coding. Five overarching frames were identified during the data analysis process: broadband access and economic issues, garnering support for broadband expansion, urgency and equity surrounding broadband, expanding beyond the rural, and broadband infrastructure and the agricultural sector. The findings revealed broadband access associated with the Biden administration expanded beyond rural areas, recognizing that cities also face broadband access and affordability issues. There was a lack of discourse, however, surrounding rural broadband policy and precision agriculture, which may downplay its importance in agricultural sustainability.}, number={1}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Gibson, Kristin E. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={460} }
 @article{sanders_fortner_gibson_lamm_lamm_2022, title={Teaching Systems Thinking Concepts with Hypothetical Case Scenarios: An Exploration in Agricultural Education}, volume={63}, ISSN={1042-0541}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.04135}, DOI={10.5032/jae.2022.04135}, abstractNote={Educators within agricultural and natural resource disciplines are tasked with educating students to critically engage with and problem-solve complex issues. As society’s relationship with science and technology changes, coupled with an information-dense environment, strategies for sustainably addressing complex issues are needed. One potential approach for strategically addressing complex problems is systems thinking, which emphasizes the interdependence of the components of systems from ecological, social, and economic perspectives, among others. A mixed-methods study was used to explore the applicability of hypothetical case scenarios (HCS) as a teaching method to introduce and engage students in using systems thinking related to the seafood industry. Findings suggested HCS engaged students to think critically about socio-scientific issues. Participants demonstrated systems thinking capacity when discussing their decision-making processes in the hypothetical cases. The current study demonstrated the pedagogical potential of using HCS to enhance systems thinking capacities for students in the ANR disciplines. Implications for education and recommendations for future research are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Education}, publisher={American Association for Agricultural Education}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Fortner, Allison R. and Gibson, Kristin E. and Lamm, Kevan W. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={135–150} }
 @article{dobbins_masambuka-kanchewa_lamm_2021, title={A Systematic Literature Review of the Intersection between Social Media and Cultural Identity: Implications for Agricultural and Environmental Communication}, volume={105}, ISSN={1051-0834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2372}, DOI={10.4148/1051-0834.2372}, abstractNote={Abstract Social media has radically changed human communication patterns, impacting how people perceive scientific information. This study sought to explore how cultural identity impacts the use of, and engagement with, social media content related to agriculture and the environment. Informed by Social Representation Theory, a systematic qualitative literature review was conducted to investigate how cultural identity impacted engagement with social media sources of agricultural and environmental information. Several studies indicated differences in social media engagement between people from different cultures. However, different definitions and perspectives on cultural identity emerged with some researchers describing culture in relation to nationality and others in terms of beliefs. In cases where culture was described in relation to beliefs, it was observed that individuals are more likely to defend beliefs central to their sense of identity when contradicted by new information. Despite the availability of several studies integrating cultural identity, environment, and social media, a gap was observed within research explicating directly the intersection between science communication, cultural identity, and social media. Additionally, differences emerged between research on social media and cultural identity within agricultural communication as compared with more general environmental communication. Due to the changing dynamics in agricultural and environmental communication proliferated through social media, scholars should place greater emphasis on research aimed at investigating the impact of social identity, social media, interaction and engagement with online communication messages. Future research should investigate how a holistic social identity impacts individuals’ perceptions of science communication messages, as no clear answer emerged within the current literature.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Applied Communications}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Dobbins, Catherine E. and Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys and Lamm, Alexa J}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{lamm_lamm_davis_dobbins_powell_2021, title={Development and Validation of the International Extension Network Advocacy Capacity Scale}, volume={28}, DOI={10.4148/2831-5960.1029}, abstractNote={Abstract Extension is sometimes viewed globally as less important than academic research and innovation, even though these networks are crucial to agricultural development. Using Lewin’s (1947) organizational change theory as a conceptual background, an instrument to measure advocacy capacity within international extension networks was developed. The resulting scale was analyzed for content validity, response process validity, internal structure validity, and consequential validity. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the proposed scale. The underlying structure of the scale was found to load onto five factors. The five extracted factors were labelled: 1) network support of advocacy, 2) network integration of advocacy, 3) network influence in advocacy, 4) network visibility in advocacy, and 5) network advocacy performance. The overall International Extension Network Advocacy Capacity (IENAC) scale, and associated subscales were all found to have acceptable levels of validity.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Lamm, Kevan W and Lamm, Alexa and Davis, Kristin E and Dobbins, Catherine and Powell, Alyssa}, year={2021}, pages={23–44} }
 @article{dobbins_faulk_roberts_lamm_2021, title={Evaluating Extension in Times of Crisis: Assessing Program Impact during COVID-19}, volume={28}, ISSN={1077-0755 1077-0755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2021.28201}, DOI={10.5191/jiaee.2021.28201}, abstractNote={Communicating the value of Extension programming to stakeholders remains a challenge for many Extension professionals. Program evaluation is a tool that can help communicate the value of Extension; however, many evaluation methods fail to articulate a story of aggregated impact. A public value instrument was recently developed to help communicate the impact of Extension. Communicating Extension’s impact has become more critical, yet more difficult, to do during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research note shares the results of a program evaluation using the Extension public value instrument to determine the impact of Georgia Cooperative Extension’s programs during the shelter-in-place orders due to COVID-19. Respondents (n = 572) indicated high levels of self-reported knowledge gain, wellness, intent to change behavior, and perceived economic value. The results demonstrated respondents’ overall satisfaction and valuation of Family and Consumer Sciences programs during COVID-19. The Extension public value instrument enabled evaluation data collection for Extension professionals to communicate the value of their program impact despite major disruptions to traditional program formats.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Dobbins, Catherine and Faulk, Kisha and Roberts, Alexis and Lamm, Alexa}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={6–13} }
 @article{jones_borron_lamm_dobbins_farmer_davis_2021, title={Examining Extension-Supported Rural Community Coalitions During COVID-19}, volume={28}, ISSN={1077-0755 1077-0755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2021.28105}, DOI={10.5191/jiaee.2021.28105}, abstractNote={Key informant interviews with extension-supported community coalition members in five rural communities during the COVID-19 pandemic were used to examine the unique characteristics of rural community resiliency in the face of a crisis based on the community capitals framework. Using a thematic analysis, seven different human and material capitals were examined in community members’ reactions to a “black swan” event. Rural community coalition members shared their perspectives on the vitality of their community in the face of adversity which revealed obstacles extension professionals can support through community development efforts focused on building resiliency. The analysis identified three emergent themes: (1) juxtaposing restrictions and uncertainties with unexpected successes; (2) demonstrating resiliency through connectedness; and (3) correlating community health with changing perceptions of COVID-19. Additionally, each theme was juxtaposed with the interplay of community capitals as they related to coalition efforts in a pandemic that can assist if further developing health communication and extension education efforts within rural communities across the globe in times of crisis. 

Keywords: rural; resiliency; Community Capitals Framework; health communication; COVID-19}, number={1}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Jones, Catherine and Borron, Abigail and Lamm, Alexa and Dobbins, Catherine and Farmer, Ellen and Davis, Marsha}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={53–68} }
 @article{sanders_mayfield-smith_lamm_2021, title={Exploring Twitter Discourse around the Use of Artificial Intelligence to Advance Agricultural Sustainability}, volume={13}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112033}, DOI={10.3390/su132112033}, abstractNote={This paper presents an exploration of public discourse surrounding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture, specifically related to precision agriculture techniques. (1) Advancements in the use of AI have increased its implementation in the agricultural sector, often framed as a sustainable solution for feeding a growing global population. However, lessons learned from previous agricultural innovations indicate that new technologies may face public scrutiny and suspicion, limiting the dissemination of the innovation. Using systems thinking approaches can help to improve the development and dissemination of agricultural innovations and limit the unintended consequences of innovations within society. (2) To analyze the current discourse surrounding AI in agriculture, a content analysis was conducted on Twitter using Meltwater to select tweets with specific reach and engagement. (3) Seven themes resulted from the analysis: precision agriculture and digital technology innovation; transformation and the future of agriculture; accelerate solutions, solve challenges; data management and accessibility; transforming crop management, prioritizing adoption; and AI and sustainability. (4) The discourse on AI in agriculture on Twitter was overwhelmingly positive, failing to account for the potential drawbacks or limits of the innovation. This paper examines the limits of the current communication and outreach across environmental, economic, social, cultural, political, and behavioral contexts.}, number={21}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Sanders, Catherine E. and Mayfield-Smith, Kennedy A. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={12033} }
 @article{sanders_cox_edgar_graham_philyaw perez_2021, title={Exploring the needs of urban producers in a rural state: A qualitative needs assessment}, volume={11}, ISSN={2152-0801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2021.111.004}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2021.111.004}, abstractNote={Urban farming is a phenomenon rising in popular­ity across the United States. Investigating the needs of urban farmers in a predominately rural state is important in informing future programming and technical assistance for these clients. This qualita­tive study used semi-structured, in-depth interviews that investigated the perceptions, needs, and expe­riences of Arkansas urban farmers and their inter­actions with the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. Inter­views were conducted with 16 urban farmers in Northwest and Central Arkansas. The interview data revealed highly individualized needs based on the operation size, years in operation, and mission of each urban farmer interviewed. While needs var­ied, some were consistent, such as market pricing, co-ops, and access to appropriate equipment. Par­ticipants also revealed a positive perception of Extension, though they cited that the organization did not always have resources specific to small-scale, sustainable farming. Building from the Com­munity Food System Development Framework for Change and informed by the AgroEcological-Educator theory, this study provides urban farm­ers’ insights and contextualizes urban farming in a predominately rural, southern state. Potential remains for increased collaboration and communi­cation between Arkansas urban farmers and Exten­sion. This article demonstrates the diverse needs of Arkansas urban farmers, which can be used by Extension and sustainable agriculture experts to inform research about urban and sustainable farmers in their respective states.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Sanders, Catherine and Cox, Casandra and Edgar, Leslie and Graham, Donna and Philyaw Perez, Amanda}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={1–15} }
 @article{dobbins_edgar_dooley_2021, title={Facilitating the Scholarship of Discovery: Using the Mini-Ethnographic Case Study Design}, volume={44}, ISSN={1053-8259 2169-009X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053825921999685}, DOI={10.1177/1053825921999685}, abstractNote={ Background: Case study is widely used in teaching and learning literature; however, the extant literature contains few examples of student-developed case studies. This study used the situated perspective of experiential education (EE) to highlight context and legitimate peripheral participation encouraging enculturation into research communities of practice. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a mini-ethnographic case study (MECS) during an international service-learning (ISL) experience to transform ISL and EE pedagogy through the inquiry-as-EL approach. The MECS design is a research method that uses an ethnographic approach bounded within case study methodology. Methodology/Approach: Working collaboratively, four students designed and implemented an MECS research project during an ISL. Using the crafted profile technique, data were analyzed to evaluate the impact of the MECS design on the students’ experience and research skill development while in country. Findings/Conclusions: The MECS approach helped students develop their own exploratory research framework and have real-world experiences with data collection, analysis, and dissemination as emerging researchers. Implications: This study describes how the MECS design can be used as a tool to enhance service-learning experiences for students, especially during graduate education. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Experiential Education}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Dobbins, Catherine E. and Edgar, Leslie D. and Dooley, Kim E.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={395–408} }
 @article{gibson_sanders_lamm_2021, title={Information Source Use and Social Media Engagement: Examining their Effects on Origin of COVID-19 Beliefs}, volume={11}, ISSN={2158-2440 2158-2440}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061324}, DOI={10.1177/21582440211061324}, abstractNote={Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly infectious virus transmitted through droplets from sneezes and coughs, was declared a global pandemic in 2020. Measures implemented by organizations as a result of COVID-19 were controversial among United States (U.S.) citizens. Perceptions of governmental and scientific information further divided U.S. citizens and distrust in science fostered conspiratorial thinking toward the origin of the virus. The purpose of this study was to determine if critical thinking style (CTS), the use of COVID-19 information sources, and social media connections were predictors of origin of COVID-19 beliefs. A survey was disseminated to 1,048 U.S. adults in May 2020 when most states were under shelter-in-place orders. Results indicated select COVID-19 information sources used and social media connections predicted origin of COVID-19 beliefs. CTS was not a significant predictor. Findings revealed a partisan divide between COVID-19 information sources. Implications for science communicators engaging the public during crisis were discussed.}, number={4}, journal={SAGE Open}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Gibson, Kristin E. and Sanders, Catherine E. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={215824402110613} }
 @article{lamm_davis_sanders_powell_2021, title={Information and Communication Technology Use Capacity Within Extension Networks: Development and Preliminary Validation of an Empirical Scale}, volume={28}, DOI={10.4148/2831-5960.1001}, abstractNote={Advancing information and communication technologies (ICTs) has become central to international agricultural and extension development efforts.ICTs are crucial in facilitating information transfer, ensuring stakeholder access to information, and increasing the decision-making capacity of smallholder farmers.The research presented here introduces an instrument developed to quantify perceptions of ICT use capacity within international extension networks.The aggregate scale was verified for content validity, response process validity, internal structure validity, and consequential validity informing its use.The instrument was administered to network members (n = 122) associated with the Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services.An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with measures of correlation and reliability analyzed.Six factors were extracted and analyzed further.The resulting Perceptions of ICT Use scale and factors can be used as reliable instruments for quantifying perceptions of ICT use capacity, enhancing international extension network needs assessments, and informing policies and practices which maximize ICT capacity.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Lamm, Kevan W. and Davis, Kristin and Sanders, Catherine E. and Powell, Alyssa}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{dobbins_edgar_cox_edgar_graham_philyaw perez_2021, title={Perceptions of Arkansas Agriculture County Extension Agents Toward Urban Agriculture}, volume={62}, ISSN={1042-0541}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2021.01077}, DOI={10.5032/jae.2021.01077}, abstractNote={As interest in local food development and urban agriculture increases, the Cooperative Extension Service is challenged to serve local and urban food communities in Arkansas. Urban farmers in Arkansas have differing motivations for operation than those in production agriculture, so understanding agricultural county agents’ perceptions of urban farmers is critical for program development and implementation in this sector and to bridge any gaps between Extension and urban producers. This study was conducted to determine the perceptions of, awareness of, ability to assist with, and barriers to working with urban farmers in Arkansas. An emailed instrument was sent to Arkansas staff chairs and agricultural county agents and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 57 agents participated in the survey. Responses from agents in more populous regions of Arkansas were comparatively analyzed to those from less populous regions. Results indicated agents infrequently interacted with urban farmers in their counties, yet believed Extension was a valuable resource for urban farmers and that more resources should be allocated to developing urban farming programming. Respondents also self-identified as having low levels of personal knowledge relating to urban agriculture, with 72% of respondents indicating they were not knowledgeable or slightly knowledgeable about urban agriculture. There was a significant difference between the responses of agents in more populous counties and those in less populous counties. Future research aims to conduct a similar survey relating to local food in Arkansas, not just urban agriculture.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Education}, publisher={American Association for Agricultural Education}, author={Dobbins, Catherine E. and Edgar, Don W. and Cox, Cassandra K. and Edgar, Leslie D. and Graham, Donna L. and Philyaw Perez, Amanda G.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={77–94} }
 @article{lamm_lamm_davis_sanders_powell_2021, title={Perceptions of knowledge management capacity within extension services: an exploratory factor analysis approach}, volume={29}, ISSN={1389-224X 1750-8622}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2021.1984956}, DOI={10.1080/1389224X.2021.1984956}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Purpose The purpose was to analyze perceptions of knowledge management capacity in extension networks using an exploratory factor analysis approach. Design/methodology/approach The knowledge management content domain was analyzed for content validity, response process validity, internal structure validity, and consequential validity. A pilot version of an instrument was administered to extension network members (n = 122) associated with the Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and measures of correlation and reliability were performed to determine the structure and internal consistency of the scale. Findings The observed structure was similar to the hypothesized structure. EFA indicates further factor analyses should be performed on the aggregate scale and proposed subscales. Practical Implications The resulting scale has the potential to serve as the basis for a reliable instrument for establishing perceptions of knowledge management capacity, supplementing needs assessment strategies, and informing organizational practices and policy which maximize these capacities in extension services. Theoretical Implications The resulting scale advances the activity theory framework by conceptualizing dimensions of knowledge management that facilitate development via social interaction. Originality/Value While various studies have been conducted to analyze the knowledge management capacities of international extension networks, the current study introduces preliminary results of an instrument to discretely quantify perceptions of knowledge management capacity in extension services.}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lamm, Kevan W. and Lamm, Alexa J. and Davis, Kristin and Sanders, Catherine E. and Powell, Alyssa}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={53–74} }
 @article{dobbins_gibson_lamm_2021, title={Promoting Environmental Communication and Policy Formation: A Utilization-Focused Evaluation Approach}, volume={15}, ISSN={1752-4032 1752-4040}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1938629}, DOI={10.1080/17524032.2021.1938629}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Environmental communication and policy formation must address complex challenges as society faces unprecedented environmental issues. Program evaluation is one method for mobilizing support for new policies; however, evaluation often does not focus on the intended users thereby decreasing the value of evaluation findings. A utilization-focused approach increases evaluation effectiveness for intended users by highlighting the cultural contexts where findings will be implemented. Utilization-focused evaluation prioritizes the use of findings by working with intended users of the evaluation through all stages of the evaluation to promote the use of evaluation findings that are often overlooked when implementing environmental policy. From a utilization-focused approach, communication is the vital connection between evaluation and evidence-based environmental policy-making. This review article offers practice-based recommendations for the intersection of utilization-focused evaluation, environmental policy, and environmental communication to promote increased use of evidence-based findings to inform policy within a highly politicized environment.}, number={7}, journal={Environmental Communication}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Dobbins, Catherine E. and Gibson, Kristin E. and Lamm, Alexa J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={857–869} }
 @article{dooley_dobbins_edgar_borges_jones_hernandez_birnbaum_2020, title={A cross case synthesis of the social and economic development of three Guatemalan coffee cooperatives}, volume={1}, ISSN={2690-5078}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.37433/aad.v1i1.15}, DOI={10.37433/aad.v1i1.15}, abstractNote={Cooperatives in the international coffee sector can help build farmer capacity, increase coffee productivity, and improve farmer welfare. The purpose of this research was to examine Guatemalan coffee cooperatives to determine unique attributes, social capital perspectives, and social impacts on small holder farmers. Four perspectives on social capital and economic development were examined across cases: (a) the communitarian view, (b) the networks view, (c) the institutional view, and (d) the synergy view. The research design was mini-ethnographic case study with cross-case synthesis. The emerging themes were (a) economic impacts, (b) multiple generation farmers, (c) capacity building trainings to improve crop management, (d) use of shade trees and organic matter for soil amendments, (e) service learning/agritourism, and (f) use of microloans to enhance economic development. Based upon the exploratory cases, each community had similar and unique internal and external interactions that could be triangulated with social capital perspectives. Networks were formed between members of the co-ops (intracommunity) giving a sense of community and purpose (i.e. agritourism, service learning) and external sources (i.e. workshops/trainings and a USAID research plot). The concept of social capital perspective gives insight into an explanation of economic development.}, number={1}, journal={Advancements in Agricultural Development}, publisher={Advancements in Agricultural Development, Inc.}, author={Dooley, Kim and Dobbins, Catherine and Edgar, Leslie and Borges, Bradley and Jones, Sarah and Hernandez, Jose and Birnbaum, Amanda}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{dobbins_cox_edgar_graham_philyaw perez_2020, title={Developing a local definition of urban agriculture: context and implications for a rural state}, volume={26}, ISSN={1389-224X 1750-8622}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2020.1726779}, DOI={10.1080/1389224X.2020.1726779}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Purpose : Understanding the context of urban agriculture in a rural state is critical for the success of and collaboration between local food actors and other organizations, such as the Cooperative Extension Service. This study aimed to determine a local definition of urban agriculture for Arkansas and investigated the context of urban agriculture in Arkansas. Design/methodology : This study implemented snowball sampling for 16 qualitative interviews. Findings : The Arkansas-specific definition evolved to small-scale, fewer than 10 acres, diversified, and sustainable farming within city limits that engages with the market, the community, or both. A concept that emerged from the data was a hesitation by participants to be defined only by the term ‘urban farmer’ rather than by other terms such as ‘producer’ or ‘market gardener’. Theoretical implications : The Agro-Ecological Educator Theory provides three concepts (love, dialogical communication, and praxis) that guided the interview process with local food actors, this study expands current research into local food by determining a local definition of urban agriculture to help frame the scope of future Extension programming. Practical implications : Extension personnel are encouraged to investigate the context of urban agriculture and local food systems in their states to frame the types of resources and technical assistance needed by these communities. Originality/value : This paper demonstrates the importance of understanding state-specific contexts for urban agriculture and revealed new insights about urban farming in rural states.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Dobbins, C. E. and Cox, C. K. and Edgar, L. D. and Graham, D. L. and Philyaw Perez, A. G.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={351–364} }
 @article{dobbins_gibson_edgar_dooley_2020, title={Lived Experiences during International Service Learning: A Semiotic Analysis of Photo Journals}, volume={27}, ISSN={1077-0755 1077-0755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2020.27388}, DOI={10.5191/jiaee.2020.27388}, abstractNote={International service learning (ISL) is a pedagogical approach used to prepare students to be global citizens and has emerged as a popular short-term program model for international experiences. Few studies of ISL have integrated semiotic photo analysis into their evaluations. Combining students’ photographs with text encourages reflection on knowledge and experiences as well as how they are related. The current study used semiotic analysis to understand the lived experiences of students on an ISL to Guatemala. The participatory nature of the research process was critical to the semiotic analysis, as the researchers had an understanding of the cultural perspectives and traditions that emerged in the images which could have been overlooked by a researcher without knowledge of the specific cultural context. Participants kept a photo journal of 10 images and associated narratives to depict their experiences on the ISL. Both semiotic and content analysis were conducted on each journal entry. Coding yielded nine themes: new perspectives, personal connections, impact of coffee, intercultural comparisons, reality of life in Guatemala, cultural values, impact of ISL, connection to photograph, and sense of place. Combining the semiotic and content analysis yielded concurrent meanings through narrative and visual reflections, which, when combined with the researchers’ participatory knowledge of the experience, informed future ISL projects for the research and teaching team. The combination of visual and narrative methods required students to think about what story they will tell about their experience, and brings new layers of meaning to the reflection process. 

Keywords: photo-based methods, experiential education, educational evaluation, Guatemala}, number={3}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Dobbins, Catherine and Gibson, Kristin and Edgar, Leslie and Dooley, Kim}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={88–102} }
 @article{dobbins_edgar_dooley_2019, title={A mixed-method approach for assessing student engagement and learning for an interdisciplinary, multi-institutional course}, volume={63}, url={https://www.nactateachers.org/index.php/volume-63-1a-special-issue-december-2019/2904-special-issue-2019-mixed-method-approach-for-assessing-mixed-method-approach-for-assessing-student-engagement-and-learning-for-an-student-engagement-and-learning-for-an-interdisciplinary-multi-institutional-course}, number={1a}, journal={North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture}, author={Dobbins, C.E. and Edgar, L.D. and Dooley, K.E.}, year={2019} }
 @article{dooley_dobbins_edgar_mackay_davis_2019, title={Faculty professional development and instructional design for an interdisciplinary online course}, volume={63}, url={https://www.nactateachers.org/index.php/volume-63-1a-special-issue-december-2019/2906-special-issue-2019-faculty-professional-development-and-faculty-professional-development-and-instructional-design-for-an-interdisciplinary-instructional-design-for-an-interdisciplinary-graduate-level-online-course}, number={1a}, journal={North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture}, author={Dooley, K.E. and Dobbins, C.E. and Edgar, L.D. and Mackay, W. and Davis, T.}, year={2019} }
 @article{dobbins_dooley_edgar_2019, title={If pictures could talk: Using photo novella of a service learning experience to capture visual meaning and interpretive engagement}, volume={63}, url={https://www.nactateachers.org/index.php/volume-63-1a-special-issue-december-2019/2911-special-issue-2019-if-pictures-could-talk-using-photo-novella-if-pictures-could-talk-using-photo-novella-in-international-service-learning-to-capture-in-international-service-learning-to-capture-visual-meaning-and-interpretive-engagement}, number={1a}, journal={North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture}, author={Dobbins, C.E. and Dooley, K.E. and Edgar, L.D.}, year={2019}, pages={72–80} }
 @article{edgar_edgar_caillouet_dobbins_2018, title={A Survey to Determine International Program Growth Areas and Needs to Guide a College of Agriculture International Programs Office}, volume={25}, ISSN={1077-0755 1077-0755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2018.25307}, DOI={10.5191/jiaee.2018.25307}, abstractNote={International programs (IP) continue to grow in importance. There is an increased demand from employers and communities for globally competent individuals, yet only 2.3% of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences (Bumpers College) students studied abroad in an agriculture-related program during the 2014 and 2015 academic year. This study used descriptive survey methods with University of Arkansas undergraduate students enrolled in Fall 2017 Bumpers College courses (n = 1,758) to determine their perceptions of international experiences. These perceptions included identifying the most influential barriers and benefits to participation. The majority of students were interested in short-term faculty-led programs (n =
1,190, 72.1%), followed by international internships (n = 760, 46%). Students wanted to participate in an IP during summer I (n = 1,138, 69%), followed by summer II (n = 839, 50.8%). Based on a 5-point Likert-type scale, students reported “cost is too high” (M = 3.83, SD = 1.10) and being “too busy with school” (M = 3.27, SD = 1.18) as the most influential barriers to participating in an IP. Using the same Likert-type scale, students reported an IP being a “lifechanging opportunity” (M = 4.49, SD = 1.75) and “sets me apart when applying for grad school/jobs” (M = 4.27, SD = 1.90) as the most influential benefits. The fact that 5.5% of the students surveyed had participated in an IP confirms that the Bumpers College requires more immersion in order to meet the University of Arkansas goal for 25% international participation by 2020.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Edgar, Leslie D. and Edgar, Don W. and Caillouet, Olivia and Dobbins, Catherine}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={96–110} }
 @article{dooley_dobbins_edgar_2018, title={Using Participatory Rural Appraisal for a Community Needs Assessment in Timor-Leste}, volume={25}, ISSN={1077-0755 1077-0755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2018.25405}, DOI={10.5191/jiaee.2018.25405}, abstractNote={Conducting timely and effective needs assessments in the field is important for international development work. In many cases, a researcher has only a couple of hours to build rapport with a community, visually examine the state of the field, and conduct the needs assessment and achieve open, honest, and valid data. Working with translators further constrains the process by cutting available time. Thus, research focused on conducting these types of international assessments is valuable. This study aimed to identify the key needs of the Fatubesi community in Timor-Leste using a combination of techniques for Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)—a transect walk and a small group discussion that included guided questions and ranking priorities. PRA is context specific and emphasizes facilitation of co-learning between local knowledge and outside expertise (Toness, 2005). Water, new fencing, and technical training/seeds were identified as the top three priorities for the community and their gardens, and the transect walk revealed issues with infrastructure that provided visual context for the small group discussion. The results of this study reflect the unique challenges faced by many communities in international development settings. The techniques described in this article are beneficial when used together for PRA to shift roles from expert facilitator to local empowerment.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education}, publisher={New Prairie Press}, author={Dooley, Kim E. and Dobbins, Catherine and Edgar, Leslie D.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={63–73} }