@article{birch_lawlor_conlon_guo_crudele_hawkins_nghiem_ahn_meng_beatka_et al._2023, title={Assessment of systemic AAV-microdystrophin gene therapy in the GRMD model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1946-6242"]}, DOI={10.1126/scitranslmed.abo1815}, abstractNote={Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle wasting disease caused by the absence of dystrophin, a membrane-stabilizing protein encoded by the DMD gene. Although mouse models of DMD provide insight into the potential of a corrective therapy, data from genetically homologous large animals, such as the dystrophin-deficient golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) model, may more readily translate to humans. To evaluate the clinical translatability of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector (AAV9)–microdystrophin (μDys5) construct, we performed a blinded, placebo-controlled study in which 12 GRMD dogs were divided among four dose groups [control, 1 × 1013 vector genomes per kilogram (vg/kg), 1 × 1014 vg/kg, and 2 × 1014 vg/kg; n = 3 each], treated intravenously at 3 months of age with a canine codon-optimized microdystrophin construct, rAAV9-CK8e-c-μDys5, and followed for 90 days after dosing. All dogs received prednisone (1 milligram/kilogram) for a total of 5 weeks from day −7 through day 28. We observed dose-dependent increases in tissue vector genome copy numbers; μDys5 protein in multiple appendicular muscles, the diaphragm, and heart; limb and respiratory muscle functional improvement; and reduction of histopathologic lesions. As expected, given that a truncated dystrophin protein was generated, phenotypic test results and histopathologic lesions did not fully normalize. All administrations were well tolerated, and adverse events were not seen. These data suggest that systemically administered AAV-microdystrophin may be dosed safely and could provide therapeutic benefit for patients with DMD. Description AAV9-microdystrophin gene therapy results in molecular, histopathologic, and functional benefits in a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Microdystrophin for dystrophic dogs Gene therapy is a potential treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but the large size of the DMD gene limits delivery. Microdystrophin transgenes are shortened but still contain the elements necessary for protein function and are small enough to fit within a typical adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. Here, Birch and colleagues conducted a blinded, placebo-controlled 90-day study of systemic administration of an AAV9 vector carrying a canine microdystrophin-5 transgene in golden retrievers with muscular dystrophy, a large animal model of DMD. The gene therapy led to dose-dependent increases in microdystrophin-5 protein in muscles, including the heart and diaphragm. Functional changes, including less impairment of respiratory muscles, were noted by the end of the study, highlighting the translational potential of this approach. —MN}, number={677}, journal={SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE}, author={Birch, Sharla M. and Lawlor, Michael W. and Conlon, Thomas J. and Guo, Lee-Jae and Crudele, Julie M. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Nghiem, Peter P. and Ahn, Mihye and Meng, Hui and Beatka, Margaret J. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gregory_livingston_hawkins_loyola_cave_vaden_deresienski_breen_riofrio-lazo_lewbart_et al._2023, title={Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/JWD-D-22-00119}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Livingston, Isabella and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Loyola, Andrea and Cave, Ashley and Vaden, Shelly L. and Deresienski, Diane and Breen, Matthew and Riofrio-Lazo, Marjorie and Lewbart, Gregory A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={487–494} }
 @article{mccool_marks_hawkins_2021, title={Endoscopy Training in Small Animal Internal Medicine: A Survey of Residency Training Programs in North America}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme-2020-0165}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2020-0165}, abstractNote={Competency in multiple endoscopic techniques is a major goal of small animal internal medicine (SAIM) residency programs. Training relies predominantly on mentored supervision of procedures performed on patients. Supplementation of this apprenticeship model with classroom sessions and hands-on laboratories can be advantageous to trainees and patients. Few veterinary resources describe supplemental training options, and no single source exists for mentors to consult for program development. The purpose of this study was to describe the supplemental training opportunities currently available to SAIM residents at academic hospitals in the US and Canada and to compare their timing during the residency, resident and faculty time commitment, and perceived helpfulness. Data were collected by an electronic survey distributed to one faculty member per institution. The response rate was 80% (24/30). Most programs (22/24; 92%) offered some form of supplemental training, including classroom sessions (9/24), and hands-on laboratories using physical models (7/24), virtual reality simulators (2/24), and cadaver (2/24) and anesthetized (2/24) dogs. Fifteen programs provided residents with the opportunity to attend external endoscopy workshops. Only three programs required any training prior to residents performing procedures on patients. There was considerable variability in training between programs, precluding statistical comparisons. The survey identified topics for classroom sessions and several inexpensive physical models, rated very or extremely helpful, that would be suitable for programs with limited budgets. A human-based virtual reality simulator was also rated highly by two programs. Comprehensive, external workshops evoked numerous positive comments with perceived value ranging from somewhat to extremely helpful.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={McCool, Katherine E. and Marks, Steven L. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{graham_tefft_stowe_jacob_robertson_hawkins_2021, title={Factors associated with clinical interpretation of tracheal wash fluid from dogs with respiratory disease: 281 cases (2012-2017)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16052}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16052}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Clinicians face several dilemmas regarding tracheal washes (TWs) for the diagnosis of respiratory disease, including method and prediction of bacterial growth from cytology results. Objective To compare cytology and culture of endotracheal and transtracheal washes and identify factors associated with discordancy and bacterial growth. Animals Two hundred forty‐five dogs with respiratory disease. Methods Retrospective study. Tracheal wash submissions were included if cellularity was sufficient for cytologic interpretation and aerobic cultures were performed. Collection technique, cytology, bacterial growth, and antibiotic history were analyzed. Results Fewer transtracheal specimens (9/144, 6.3%) were excluded for hypocellularity than endotracheal (28/174, 16.1%); otherwise, results were similar and were combined. Of 281 specimens with cellularity sufficient for interpretation, 97 (34.5%) had bacteria on cytology and 191 (68.0%) had bacterial growth. Cytology positive/culture negative discordancy was uncommon (8/97, 8%). Cytology negative/culture positive discordancy was frequent (102/184, 55.4%), but occurred less often (28/184, 14.2%) when only 1+ growth or greater was considered positive. Oropharyngeal contamination was associated with bacterial growth, but not discordancy. No association was found between antibiotic administration and bacterial growth. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Endotracheal wash fluid, in particular, should be screened for gross mucus or turbidity to maximize the likelihood of an adequate specimen. Otherwise, endotracheal and transtracheal specimens were similar. Presence of bacteria on cytology was a good predictor of any growth, while their absence was a good predictor of the absence of growth of 1+ or more. Recent antibiotic usage should not discourage TW culture if there is compelling reason to avoid delay.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Graham, Amber M. and Tefft, Karen M. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Jacob, Megan E. and Robertson, James B. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1073–1079} }
 @article{hawkins_bettis_kornegay_2020, title={Expiratory dysfunction in young dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1873-2364"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.nmd.2020.09.027}, abstractNote={Respiratory disease is a leading cause of morbidity in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and also occurs in the golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) model. We have previously shown that adult GRMD dogs have elevated expiratory flow as measured non-invasively during tidal breathing. This abnormality likely results from increased chest and diaphragmatic recoil associated with fibrosis and remodeling. Treatments must reverse pathologic effects on the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles to maximally reduce disease morbidity and mortality. Here, we extended our work in adults to younger GRMD dogs to define parameters that would be helpful in preclinical trials. Tidal breathing spirometry and respiratory inductance plethysmography were performed in GRMD dogs at approximately 3 and 6 months of age, corresponding to approximately 5–10 years in DMD, when clinical trials are often conducted. Expiratory flows were markedly elevated in GRMD versus normal dogs at 6 months. Values increased in GRMD dogs between 3 and 6 months, providing a 3-month window to assess treatment efficacy. These changes in breathing mechanics have not been previously identified at such an early age. Expiratory flow measured during tidal breathing of unsedated young GRMD dogs could be a valuable marker of respiratory mechanics during preclinical trials.}, number={11}, journal={NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Bettis, Amanda K. and Kornegay, Joe N.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={930–937} }
 @article{mccool_bissett_hill_degernes_hawkins_2019, title={Evaluation of a Human Virtual-Reality Endoscopy Trainer for Teaching Early Endoscopy Skills to Veterinarians}, volume={47}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0418-037r}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0418-037r}, abstractNote={Competency in flexible endoscopy is a major goal of small animal internal medicine residency training programs. Hands-on laboratories to teach entry-level skills have traditionally used anesthetized laboratory dogs (live dog laboratory [LDL]). Virtual-reality endoscopy trainers (VRET) are used for this purpose in human medicine with the clear benefits of avoiding live animal use, decreasing trainee stress, and allowing repeated, independent training sessions. However, there are currently no commercially available veterinary endoscopy simulators. The purpose of the study was to determine whether a human VRET can be a reasonable alternative to a LDL for teaching early veterinary endoscopy skills. Twelve veterinarians with limited or no endoscopy experience underwent training with a VRET (n = 6) or a LDL (n = 6), performed two recorded esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGD) on anesthetized dogs for evaluation purposes (outcomes laboratory), and then underwent training with the alternative method. Participants completed questionnaires before any training and following each training session. No significant differences were found between training methods based on: measured parameters from the outcomes laboratory, including duration of time to perform EGD; evaluators' assessment of skills; and, assessment of skills through blinded review of the esophageal portion of EGD recordings. The VRET was less stressful for participants than the LDL (p = .02). All participants found that the VRET was a useful and acceptable alternative to the LDL for training of early endoscopy skills. Based on this limited study, VRET can serve as a reasonable alternative to LDL for teaching endoscopy skills to veterinarians.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={McCool, Katherine E. and Bissett, Sally A. and Hill, Tracy L. and Degernes, Laurel A. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{greene_royal_bradley_lascelles_johnson_hawkins_2017, title={Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease Questionnaire for Canine Idiopathic Rhinitis Control: Instrument Development and Initial Validity Evidence}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14629}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14629}, abstractNote={Background Effective treatments are needed for idiopathic chronic rhinitis in dogs, but assessment of efficacy requires a practical, quantifiable method for assessing severity of disease. Objectives To develop and perform initial validity and reliability testing of an owner‐completed questionnaire for assessing clinical signs and dog and owner quality of life (QOL) in canine chronic rhinitis. Animals Twenty‐two dogs with histopathologically confirmed chronic rhinitis and 72 healthy dogs. Methods In this prospective study, an online questionnaire was created based on literature review and feedback from veterinarians, veterinary internists with respiratory expertise, and owners of dogs with rhinitis. Owners of affected dogs completed the questionnaire twice, 1 week apart, to test reliability. Healthy dogs were assessed once. Data were analyzed using the Rasch Rating Scale Model, and results were interpreted using Messick's framework for evaluating construct validity evidence. Results Initial item generation resulted in 5 domains: nasal signs, paranasal signs, global rhinitis severity, and dog's and owner's QOL. A 25‐item questionnaire was developed using 5‐point Likert‐type scales. No respondent found the questionnaire difficult to complete. Strong psychometric evidence was available to support the substantive, generalizability, content, and structural aspects of construct validity. Statistical differences were found between responses for affected and control dogs for all but 2 items. These items were eliminated, resulting in the 23‐item Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease (SNIFLD) questionnaire. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The SNIFLD questionnaire provides a mechanism for repeated assessments of disease severity in dogs with chronic rhinitis.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Greene, L. M. and Royal, K. D. and Bradley, J. M. and Lascelles, B. D. X. and Johnson, L. R. and Hawkins, E. C.}, year={2017}, pages={134–141} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2016, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={6th}, title={Pneumonia, aspiration}, booktitle={Blackwell’s Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={John Wiley and Sons}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={2016}, pages={1066} }
 @article{hawkins_2015, title={Bacterial Pneumonia (Consultant on Call)}, volume={13}, journal={Clinicians Brief}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2015}, pages={69–75} }
 @inbook{hawkins_papich_2014, place={Saunders, St. Louis}, title={Respiratory Therapy}, booktitle={Current Veterinary Therapy XV}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Papich, M.G.}, editor={Bonagura, J.D. and Twedt, D.C.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={622–628} }
 @article{devanna_kornegay_bogan_bogan_dow_hawkins_2014, title={Respiratory dysfunction in unsedated dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1873-2364"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.nmd.2013.10.001}, abstractNote={Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is a well-established model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The value of this model would be greatly enhanced with practical tools to monitor progression of respiratory dysfunction during treatment trials. Arterial blood gas analysis, tidal breathing spirometry, and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) were performed to determine if quantifiable abnormalities could be identified in unsedated, untrained, GRMD dogs. Results from 11 dogs with a mild phenotype of GRMD and 11 age-matched carriers were compared. Arterial blood gas analysis was successfully performed in all dogs, spirometry in 21 of 22 (95%) dogs, and RIP in 18 of 20 (90%) dogs. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate concentration were higher in GRMD dogs. Tidal breathing peak expiratory flows were markedly higher in GRMD dogs. Abnormal abdominal motion was present in 7 of 10 (70%) GRMD dogs. Each technique provided objective, quantifiable measures that will be useful for monitoring respiratory function in GRMD dogs during clinical trials while avoiding the influence of sedation on results. Increased expiratory flows and the pattern of abdominal breathing are novel findings, not reported in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and might be a consequence of hyperinflation.}, number={1}, journal={NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS}, author={DeVanna, Justin C. and Kornegay, Joe N. and Bogan, Daniel J. and Bogan, Janet R. and Dow, Jennifer L. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={63–73} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2014, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={5th}, title={Respiratory system disorders}, ISBN={9780323086820}, booktitle={Small Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Mosby Elsevier}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={217–366} }
 @article{li_d’annibale-tolhurst_adler_fang_yin_birkenheuer_levy_jones_sung_hawkins_et al._2013, title={A Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate–Related Peptide Suppresses Cytokine mRNA and Protein Expression in LPS-Activated Canine Neutrophils}, volume={48}, ISSN={1044-1549 1535-4989}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0278OC}, DOI={10.1165/rcmb.2012-0278oc}, abstractNote={Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase C substrate that has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the amelioration of mucin secretion and inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MARCKS also plays a key role in regulating the adhesion, migration, and degranulation of neutrophils. Moreover, given its biological role in epithelial and immune cells, we hypothesized that MARCKS may play an integral role in cytokine secretion by neutrophils. Because the amino terminus of MARCKS is highly conserved across vertebrate species, we successfully applied the well-characterized human MARCKS inhibitory peptide, myristoylated N-terminal sequence (MANS), to attenuate the function of MARCKS in isolated canine neutrophils. Pretreatment of canine neutrophils with MANS peptide significantly reduced both mRNA and protein expression in a broad range of LPS-induced cytokines, including IL-8, a chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-1 orthologue, and TNF-α, in comparison with untreated cells or those treated with a control peptide. This reduction in cytokine expression was observed even when neutrophils were treated with MANS 2 hours after LPS exposure. The observed reduction in cytokine secretion was not attributable to protein retention or cell death, but was associated with reduced cytokine transcript synthesis. These observations identify MARCKS protein as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases or syndromes attributed to neutrophil influx and inflammatory cytokine production, such as sepsis, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology}, publisher={American Thoracic Society}, author={Li, Jingjing and D’Annibale-Tolhurst, Melissa A. and Adler, Kenneth B. and Fang, Shijing and Yin, Qui and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Levy, Michael G. and Jones, Samuel L. and Sung, Eui Jae and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={314–321} }
 @article{nafe_robertson_hawkins_2013, title={Cervical lung lobe herniation in dogs identified by fluoroscopy}, volume={54}, number={10}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Nafe, L.A. and Robertson, I.D. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={955–959} }
 @article{cervical lung lobe herniation in dogs identified by fluoroscopy._2013, url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24155415/?tool=EBI}, journal={The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, year={2013}, month={Oct} }
 @article{reeder_hawkins_cora_marks_grindem_2013, title={Effect of a Combined Aspiration and Core Biopsy Technique on Quality of Core Bone Marrow Specimens}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/jaaha-ms-5822}, abstractNote={For cases requiring both a bone marrow aspirate and core biopsy, using the same needle and site (i.e., a combined technique) can decrease time, expense, and discomfort compared with the independent (direct) collection of each specimen. The benefits of the combined approach should not be achieved at the expense of specimen quality. In this study, core bone marrow samples obtained from the proximal humerus of 26 dogs by a combined technique immediately posteuthanasia were compared with core samples obtained directly from the opposite humerus. Both core samples from each dog were compared for relative overall quality. Biopsies were unsuccessful in four dogs using the combined technique and in one dog by the direct technique. Marrow length was shorter and hemorrhage artifact was more common using the combined technique. There were no differences in cellularity, megakaryocyte count, the myeloid/erythroid ratio (M/E ratio), iron stores, or diagnostic quality. Direct core biopsy remains the ideal technique; however, the degree of compromise was small in the samples obtained from the combined technique. For clinical patients, the advantages of the combined technique must continue to be weighed against potential loss of diagnostic sensitivity.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Reeder, Jason P. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Cora, Michelle C. and Marks, Steven L. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2013}, pages={16–22} }
 @misc{hawkins_2012, title={Kennel cough: old problem, new concepts.}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2012} }
 @article{boyle_hawkins_davis_robertson_2011, title={Failure of nebulized irritant, acidic, or hypotonic solutions or external mechanical stimulation of the trachea to consistently induce coughing in healthy, awake dogs}, volume={75}, number={3}, journal={Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Boyle, T. E. and Hawkins, E. C. and Davis, J. L. and Robertson, I. D.}, year={2011}, pages={228–232} }
 @article{failure of nebulized irritant, acidic, or hypotonic solutions or external mechanical stimulation of the trachea to consistently induce coughing in healthy, awake dogs._2011, url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22211000/?tool=EBI}, journal={Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire}, year={2011}, month={Jul} }
 @article{greci_mortellaro_olivero_cocci_hawkins_2011, title={Inflammatory polyps of the nasal turbinates of cats: an argument for designation as feline mesenchymal nasal hamartoma}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.009}, abstractNote={Inflammatory polyps of the nasal turbinates (IPNT) in cats are benign growths that are histologically distinct from feline nasopharyngeal polyps. Most cats with IPNT are presented at less than 1 year of age with sneezing, noisy breathing and epistaxis, but without mucoid or mucopurulent nasal discharge. Histologically, IPNT are characterised by the presence of woven bone as part of the proliferating stroma and erythrocyte-filled spaces. These unique histological features are analogous to nasal hamartomas (NH) of children, specifically chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH) and sinonasal fibro-osseous hamartoma (SFOH), which also result in signs of nasal obstruction, sneezing and epistaxis. In our study, clinical and histopathological features in five cats with IPNT were compared with published descriptions of NH in children. We conclude that the terminology ‘feline mesenchymal nasal hamartoma’ provides a more accurate description of the disease currently termed IPNT, and has the added advantage of being consistent with its human counterpart.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Greci, Valentina and Mortellaro, Carlo M. and Olivero, Daniela and Cocci, Andrea and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={213–219} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2011, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={5th}, title={Pneumonia, aspiration}, booktitle={Blackwell’s Five Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={1001} }
 @article{greci_bissett_copple_hawkins_2010, title={Aspiration of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres by a dog}, volume={88}, ISSN={0005-0423 1751-0813}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00567.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00567.x}, abstractNote={This case report describes an 11-year-old Belgian Malinois dog with acute onset of cough caused by aspiration of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) and pneumonia following an episode of suspected gastric dilation. Although bronchoscopic retrieval of the BIPS was largely unsuccessful, the dog recovered uneventfully, with most of the BIPS being coughed out and swallowed over a 1-month period. Aspiration of BIPS should be considered a potential complication of their administration. Furthermore, endoscopic removal of aspirated BIPS is challenging and may not be indicated because of their inert nature and possible self-clearance.}, number={5}, journal={Australian Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Greci, V and Bissett, SA and Copple, CN and Hawkins, EC}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={166–168} }
 @article{hawkins_clay_bradley_davidian_2010, title={Demographic and Historical Findings, Including Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, in Dogs with Chronic Cough}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0530.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Controlled studies investigating risk factors for the common presenting problem of chronic cough in dogs are lacking.


HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
To identify demographic and historical factors associated with chronic cough in dogs, and associations between the characteristics of cough and diagnosis.


ANIMALS
Dogs were patients of an academic internal medicine referral service. Coughing dogs had a duration of cough>or=2 months (n=115). Control dogs had presenting problems other than cough (n=104).


METHODS
Owners completed written questionnaires. Demographic information and diagnoses were obtained from medical records. Demographic and historical data were compared between coughing and control dogs. Demographic data and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) also were compared with hospital accessions and adult smoking rates, respectively. Characteristics of cough were compared among diagnoses.


RESULTS
Most coughing dogs had a diagnosis of large airway disease (n=88; 77%). Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) was diagnosed in 59 dogs (51%), including 79% of toy breed dogs. Demographic risk factors included older age, smaller body weight, and being toy breed (P<.001). No association was found between coughing and month (P=.239) or season (P=.414) of presentation. Exposure to ETS was not confirmed to be a risk factor (P=.243). No historical description of cough was unique to a particular diagnosis.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Associations with age, size, and toy breeds were strong. TBM is frequent in dogs with chronic cough, but descriptions of cough should be used cautiously in prioritizing differential diagnoses. The association between exposure to ETS and chronic cough deserves additional study.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Clay, L. D. and Bradley, J. M. and Davidian, M.}, year={2010}, pages={825–831} }
 @article{hawkins_hall_cohn_buechner-maxwell_oyama_barton_olby_khanna_marks_mcfarlane_et al._2010, title={More on cultivating veterinarian-scientists. Letter to the Editor.}, volume={237}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E. and Hall, J. and Cohn, L. and Buechner-Maxwell, V. and Oyama, M. and Barton, M.H. and Olby, N. and Khanna, C. and Marks, S. and McFarlane, D. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1367} }
 @article{spadafora_hawkins_murphy_clark_ballard_2010, title={Naturally occurring mutations in the canine CFTR gene}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1531-2267"]}, DOI={10.1152/physiolgenomics.00092.2010}, abstractNote={Naturally occurring cystic fibrosis (CF)-causing mutations in the CFTR gene have not been identified in any nonhuman animal species. Since domestic dogs are known to develop medical conditions associated with atypical CF in humans (e.g., bronchiectasis and pancreatitis), we hypothesized that dogs with these disorders likely have a higher expression rate of CFTR mutations than the at-large population. Temporal temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) was used to screen canine CFTR in 400 animals: 203 dogs diagnosed with pancreatitis, 23 dogs diagnosed with bronchiectasis, and 174 dogs admitted to clinics for any illness (at-large dogs). Twenty-eight dogs were identified with one of four CFTR missense mutations. P1281T and P1464H mutations occur in relatively unconserved residues. R1456W is analogous to the human R1453W mutation, which has approximately 20% of normal CFTR function and is associated with pancreatitis and panbronchiolitis. R812W disrupts a highly conserved protein kinase A recognition site within the regulatory domain. We conclude that naturally occurring CFTR mutations are relatively common in domestic dogs and can be detected with TTGE. No substantive differences in mutation frequency were observed between the at-large, pancreatitis, and bronchiectasis dogs.}, number={3}, journal={PHYSIOLOGICAL GENOMICS}, author={Spadafora, Domenico and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Murphy, Keith E. and Clark, Leigh Anne and Ballard, Stephen T.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={480–485} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2009, place={Ames, Iowa}, title={Bronchoalveolar lavage}, booktitle={Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult: laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures: canine & feline}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Vaden, S.L. and Knoll, J.S. and Smith, F.W.K., Jr. and Tilley, L.P.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={135–137} }
 @book{hawkins_2009, title={Dyspneic cats: Infectious you are missing}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2009} }
 @inbook{hawkins_fossum_2009, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Medical and surgical management of pleural effusions}, booktitle={Current Veterinary Therapy XIV}, publisher={Saunders}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Fossum, T.}, editor={Bonagura, J.D. and Twedt, D.C.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={675–684} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2009, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={4th}, title={Respiratory disorders}, booktitle={Small Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Mosby Elsevier}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={207–350} }
 @inproceedings{cohn_hawkins_2008, title={Acute upper airway presentation in cats: nothing to sneeze at}, booktitle={Western Veterinary Conference 2008}, author={Cohn, L.A. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2008} }
 @article{hawkins_johnson_guptill_marr_breitschwerdt_birkenheuer_2008, title={Failure to identify an association between serologic or molecular evidence ofBartonellainfection and idiopathic rhinitis in dogs}, volume={233}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.4.597}, DOI={10.2460/javma.233.4.597}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To determine whether infection with or exposure to Bartonella spp was associated with idiopathic rhinitis in dogs.


DESIGN
Case-control study.


ANIMALS
44 dogs with idiopathic nasal discharge and 63 age- and weight-matched control dogs without nasal discharge and no clinical signs of bartonellosis. Procedures-Serum was tested for antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii with indirect fluorescent antibody assays. Blood was tested for Bartonella DNA with a PCR assay.


RESULTS
Results of the antibody and PCR assays were negative for all 44 dogs with idiopathic nasal discharge. One control dog had antibodies against B henselae; a second control dog had positive PCR assay results. We did not detect a significant association between assay results and group designation.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The present study failed to confirm an association between idiopathic rhinitis and exposure to or infection with Bartonella spp in dogs. Findings do not rule out the possibility that Bartonella infection may cause nasal discharge in some dogs, but the failure to find any evidence of exposure to or infection with Bartonella spp in dogs with idiopathic nasal discharge suggested that Bartonella infection was not a common cause of the disease.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Johnson, Lynelle R. and Guptill, Lynn and Marr, Henry S. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B. and Birkenheuer, Adam J.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={597–599} }
 @inproceedings{hawkins_cohn_2008, title={The conundrum of the contagious canine cough}, booktitle={Western Veterinary Conference 2008}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Cohn, L.A.}, year={2008} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2007, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={4th}, title={Pneumonia, aspiration}, ISBN={9780781773607}, booktitle={Blackwell's five-minute veterinary consult : canine and feline}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K., JrEditors}, year={2007}, pages={1083} }
 @article{hawkins_birkenheuer_marr_rogala_large_adler_2007, title={Quantification of mucin gene expression in tracheobronchial epithelium of healthy dogs and dogs with chronic bronchitis}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.68.4.435}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Birkenheuer, Adam J. and Marr, Henry S. and Rogala, Allison R. and Large, Edward E. and Adler, Kenneth B.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={435–440} }
 @article{hawkins_rogala_large_bradley_grindem_2006, title={Cellular composition of bronchial brushings obtained from healthy dogs and dogs with chronic cough and cytologic composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from dogs with chronic cough}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.67.1.160}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Hawkins, EC and Rogala, AR and Large, EE and Bradley, JM and Grindem, CB}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={160–167} }
 @inbook{hawkins_cohn_2006, place={Wilmington, DE}, title={Infectious rhinitis: What bugs? What drugs?}, booktitle={Managing Microbes}, publisher={The Gloyd Group}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Cohn, L.}, year={2006}, pages={31–38} }
 @article{mexas_hess_hawkins_martin_2006, title={Pulmonary lesions in cats with diabetes mellitus}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[47:PLICWD]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy of cats and humans. Although few studies have examined the effects of DM on the pulmonary system, changes in pulmonary function and immunology in humans with type I and II diabetes, and pulmonary lesions in a murine diabetic model have been documented. Our objective was to determine whether pulmonary lesions occurred in cats with DM. Medical records and necropsy evaluations of 42 cats with DM were compared with those of 45 age-matched, nondiabetic cats for the presence of clinical evidence of respiratory disease and pulmonary histopathological findings at the time of necropsy. No statistical difference was noted in the presence of clinical evidence of respiratory disease between cats with diabetes and control cats. Nevertheless, there was a significant association between the presence of abnormal pulmonary histopathology and DM (P= .018, odds ratio = 3 inclusive of all cats; P= .005, odds ratio = 5 when non-DM cats with overt clinical evidence of respiratory disease were excluded). Pulmonary abnormalities detected by histopathological examination in cats with diabetes included congestion and edema, histiocytosis, pneumonia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, fibrosis, mineralization, neoplasia, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. The observed association between DM and pulmonary lesions in cats, independent of clinical evidence of respiratory disease, emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the respiratory tract in sick cats with diabetes.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Mexas, AM and Hess, RS and Hawkins, EC and Martin, LD}, year={2006}, pages={47–51} }
 @article{hawkins_grooters_cowgill_proulx_davainis_ruslander_grindem_2006, title={Treatment of Conidiobolus sp pneumonia with itraconazole in a dog receiving immunosuppressive therapy}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00769.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineVolume 20, Issue 6 p. 1479-1482 Open Access Treatment of Conidiobolus sp. Pneumonia with Itraconazole in a Dog Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM), Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606; e-mail: eleanor_hawkins@ncsu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAmy M. Grooters, Amy M. Grooters Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth S. Cowgill, Elizabeth S. Cowgill Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid R. Proulx, David R. Proulx Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGrace M. Davainis, Grace M. Davainis Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Ruslander, David M. Ruslander Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM), Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606; e-mail: eleanor_hawkins@ncsu.edu.Search for more papers by this authorAmy M. Grooters, Amy M. Grooters Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth S. Cowgill, Elizabeth S. Cowgill Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid R. Proulx, David R. Proulx Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorGrace M. Davainis, Grace M. Davainis Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorDavid M. Ruslander, David M. Ruslander Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this authorCarol B. Grindem, Carol B. Grindem Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 05 February 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00769.xCitations: 11 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 236– 301. 2 Prabhu RM, Patel R. Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10: 31– 47. 3 Grooters AM. Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33: 695– 720. 4 Humber RA, Brown CC, Kornegay RW. Equine zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus lamprauges. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 573– 576. 5 Temple ME, Brady MT, Koranyi KI, et al. Periorbital cellulitis secondary to Conidiobolus incongruus. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 351– 354. 6 Sharma NL, Mahajan VK, Singh P. Orofacial conidiobolo-mycosis due to Conidiobolus incongruus. Mycoses 2003; 46: 137– 140. 7 Khan ZU, Khoursheed M., Makar R., et al. Basidiobolus ranarum as an etiologic agent of gastrointestinal zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2360– 2363. 8 Zamos DT, Schumacher J., Loy JK. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 100– 101. 9 Ketterer PJ, Kelly MA, Connole MD, et al. Rhinocerebral and nasal zygomycosis in sheep caused by Conidiobolus incongruus. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 85– 87. 10 Morris M., Ngeleka M., Adogwa AO, et al. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis in a sheep. Can Vet J 2001; 42: 227– 228. 11 Carrigan MJ, Small AC, Perry GH. Ovine nasal zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus incongruus. Aust Vet J 1992; 69: 23– 240. 12 Bauer RW, LeMarie SL, Roy AF. Oral conidiobolomycosis in a dog. Vet Dermatol 1997; 8: 115– 120. 13 Hillier A., Kunkle GA, Ginn PE, et al. Canine subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus sp: A case report and review of Conidiobolus infections in other species. Vet Dermatol 1994; 5: 205– 213. 14 French RA, Ashworth CD. Zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a llama (Lama glama). Vet Pathol 1994; 31: 120– 122. 15 Moll HD, Schumacher J., Hoover TR. Entomophthoramycosis conidiobolae in a llama. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200: 969– 970. 16 Stephens CP, Gibson JA. Disseminated zygomycosis caused by Conidiobolus incongruus in a deer. Aust Vet J 1997; 75: 358– 359. 17 Steiger RR, Williams MA. Granulomatous tracheitis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14: 311– 314. 18 King JC, Dunphy D. Fatal phycomycosis without underlying disease. J Iowa Med Soc 1972; 62: 485– 488. 19 King DS, Jong SC. Identity of the etiological agent of the first deep entomophthoraceous infection of man in the United States. Mycologia 1976; 68: 181– 183. 20 Eckert HL, Khoury GH, Pore RS, et al. Entomophthora phycomycotic infection reported for the first time in the United States. Chest 1972; 61: 392– 394. 21 Busapakum R., Youngchaiyud U., Sriumpai S., et al. Disseminated infection with Conidiobolus incongruus. Sabouraudia 1983; 21: 323– 330. 22 Jaffey PB, Haque AK, El-Zaatari M., et al. Disseminated Conidiobolus infection with endocarditis in a cocaine abuser. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 1276– 1278. 23 Walker SD, Clark RV, King CT, et al. Fatal disseminated Conidiobolus coronatus infection in a renal transplant patient. Am J Clin Pathol 1992; 98: 559– 564. 24 Affolter VK, Moore PF. Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: Reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 21: 40– 48. 25 Espinel-Ingroff A. Utility of mould susceptibility testing. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16: 527– 532. Citing Literature Volume20, Issue6November 2006Pages 1479-1482 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor and Grooters, A. M. and Cowgill, E. S. and Proulx, D. R. and Davainis, G. M. and Ruslander, D. M. and Grindem, C. B.}, year={2006}, pages={1479–1482} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_hegarty_maggi_hawkins_dyer_2005, title={Bartonella Species as a Potential Cause of Epistaxis in Dogs}, volume={43}, ISSN={0095-1137}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.5.2529-2533.2005}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.43.5.2529-2533.2005}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Breitschwerdt, E. B. and Hegarty, B. C. and Maggi, R. and Hawkins, E. and Dyer, P.}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={2529–2533} }
 @article{strasser_hawkins_2005, title={Clinical features of epistaxis in dogs: A retrospective study of 35 cases (1999-2002)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1547-3317"]}, DOI={10.5326/0410179}, abstractNote={Epistaxis was retrospectively evaluated in 35 dogs. Systemic disease was diagnosed in seven dogs and intranasal disease in 29. Nineteen dogs with intranasal disease had neoplasia. Dogs with neoplasia were older (mean 10.0 years) than dogs with nonneoplastic intranasal disease (mean 5.6 years). Signs persisting for >1 month occurred more often in dogs with intranasal than systemic disease. Unilateral epistaxis did not distinguish intranasal from systemic disease. Only dogs with intranasal disease had facial deformity, decreased airflow, or regional sub-mandibular lymphadenopathy. Dogs with systemic disease had a lower packed cell volume (mean 31.8%) than dogs with intranasal disease (mean 42.7%).}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Strasser, Jennifer L. and Hawkins, Eleanor C.}, year={2005}, pages={179–184} }
 @article{boyle_hawkins_2005, title={Feline Pyothorax}, volume={7}, number={5}, journal={Compendium’s Standards of Care Emergency and Critical Care Medicine}, author={Boyle, T.E. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2005}, pages={7–12} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2005, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={2nd}, title={Respiratory System Disorders}, ISBN={9780323026000}, booktitle={Manual of Small Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier Mosby}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={130–211} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2004, title={Bronchoalveolar Lavage}, ISBN={9780721687063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7216-8706-3.50021-9}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-7216-8706-3.50021-9}, booktitle={Textbook of Respiratory Disease in Dogs and Cats}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Hawkins, E}, year={2004}, pages={118–128} }
 @article{cohn_norris_hawkins_dye_johnson_williams_2004, title={Identification and characterization of an idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-like condition in cats}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<632:IACOAI>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders with a variety of causes. In veterinary medicine, such lung diseases with a prominent fibrotic component of unknown etiology are often called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In human medicine, this term is reserved for a distinct disease entity with specific histologic findings labeled as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). We identified 23 cats displaying histologic criteria of UIP The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the presentation and response to therapy of these cats to better define this disease entity. All but 2 cats were middle aged to older (median 8.7 years), with no apparent sex or breed predisposition. Complaints included respiratory distress (n = 18) and cough (13). Duration of signs was less than 6 months in 17 cats. Physical-examination abnormalities included tachypnea, inspiratory or mixed inspiratory and expiratory effort, and adventitial lung sounds. No consistent hematologic or biochemical abnormalities, parasites, or positive serologic results for feline retroviruses, heartworms, or toxoplasmosis were present. Radiographic changes included dense patchy or diffuse interstitial, bronchiolar, and alveolar infiltrates. Analysis of bronchial lavage fluid revealed mild neutrophilic inflammation (n = 6) with no consistent pathogen growth. Clinical condition of 5 cats worsened after lavage. Coincident pulmonary neoplasia was identified in 6 cats. Response to therapy (corticosteroids, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and diuretics) was poor, and most cats died within days to months. Cats with histologic changes compatible with UIP had signs that mimicked many of the clinical findings of human IPF, and treatment response was similarly unrewarding.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Cohn, LA and Norris, CR and Hawkins, EC and Dye, JA and Johnson, CA and Williams, KJ}, year={2004}, pages={632–641} }
 @inbook{hawkins_papich_2004, place={Wilmington, DE}, title={Same location (lung): different strategies}, booktitle={Managing Microbes}, publisher={The Gloyd Group}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Papich, M.}, year={2004}, pages={25–35} }
 @article{bunch_ford_hawkins_jackson_vaden_breitschwerdt_2004, title={The Clinician Investigator Program in Companion Animal Internal Medicine at North Carolina State University}, volume={31}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.4.425}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.31.4.425}, abstractNote={ A retrospective study was conducted to describe the development and evolution of the combined internal medicine/PhD program, the Clinician Investigator (CI) Program, at North Carolina State University. Separate survey instruments were developed for individuals who had committed to completing both the residency and PhD components and for graduate advisors of individuals who were granted the PhD degree. Results are summarized here. Most CIs reported believing that each component of the program (clinical training and research training) provided mutual benefits and that their teaching skills were enhanced, particularly as a result of instructing students in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Opinions among both the CIs and the graduate advisors were divided about the benefits of a combined program compared with a sequential program; however, all but one of 11 CIs who completed the survey would enroll in the combined program again. The graduate advisors were overwhelmingly positive about the CIs they had advised and indicated that they would welcome a CI as a PhD student in their laboratory again. Suggested areas for improvement included guaranteed salary/stipend support for the average time to completion (six years) instead of for five years, as well as more emphasis on and guidance in identifying a graduate advisor earlier in the CI program so as to smooth the transition between the clinical and research training components of the program. It is hoped that other training programs will benefit from the summary of our experience with this program. }, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Bunch, Susan E. and Ford, Richard B. and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Jackson, Mark W. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={425–434} }
 @article{hawkins_basseches_berry_stebbins_ferris_2003, title={Demographic, clinical, and radiographic features of bronchiectasis in dogs: 316 cases (1988-2000)}, volume={223}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.223.1628}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hawkins, EC and Basseches, J and Berry, CR and Stebbins, ME and Ferris, KK}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1628–1635} }
 @article{pressler_goodman_harms_hawkins_lewbart_2003, title={Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach in three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis).}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0088:eeotea]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis) were presented with suspected or confirmed esophageal foreign bodies. Esophagoscopy was performed on all turtles, and gastroscopy was performed on three turtles. In all cases, endoscopy was easy to perform, and allowed visualization of most upper gastrointestinal features. The papillated esophagus was easy to navigate, but mucosal papillae in the loggerhead sea turtles prevented examination of the underlying mucosa. The stomach was easily entered and examined in both species, but the working endoscope length (100 cm) prevented inspection of the pyloric antrum and the duodenum in all turtles. The turtles in this report may serve as references for future endoscopic examinations of these species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Pressler, B. M. and Goodman, R. A. and Harms, Craig and Hawkins, Eleanor and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2003}, pages={88–92} }
 @article{hawkins_sako_2003, title={For the better treatment of respiratory disease (Interview; Japanese)}, volume={56}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Hawkins, E. and Sako, S.}, year={2003}, pages={425–430} }
 @article{goodman_hawkins_olby_grindem_hegarty_breitschwerdt_2003, title={Molecular identification of Ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs: 15 cases (1997-2001)}, volume={222}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.222.1102}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Goodman, RA and Hawkins, EC and Olby, NJ and Grindem, CB and Hegarty, B and Breitschwerdt, EB}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1102–1107} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2003, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={3rd}, title={Pneumonia, aspiration}, booktitle={The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K., JrEditors}, year={2003}, pages={1023} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2003, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={3rd}, title={Respiratory disorders}, booktitle={Small Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Mosby}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={210–342} }
 @article{hawkins_hansen_bunch_2003, title={Use of animation-enhanced video clips for teaching abnormal breathing patterns}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.30.1.73}, abstractNote={ The ability to characterize disease of the respiratory tract accurately based on breathing pattern is helpful for the development of differential diagnoses and an efficient diagnostic plan and critical for the stabilization of patients in respiratory distress. Veterinary students do not have sufficient clinical experience to observe personally all types of respiratory diseases and their resultant abnormal breathing patterns. We developed a teaching tool, the animated breathing pattern videotape (ABV), to fill this gap. The ABV is a collection of video clips of small animal patients with normal and abnormal breathing patterns on a conventional videotape of approximately 20 minutes duration. Each video clip is shown for 20 to 40 seconds, followed by the same clip with superimposed animation of rib and diaphragm motion, followed by the initial clip again, without overlying animation. The ABV has since been used in teaching third-year veterinary students, interns, residents, practicing veterinarians, and veterinary technicians. Student evaluations and responses to questionnaires by interns, residents, practicing veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and peer reviewers have been uniformly positive. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hawkins, EC and Hansen, B and Bunch, BL}, year={2003}, pages={73–77} }
 @article{breitschwerdt_abrams-ogg_lappin_bienzle_hancock_cowan_clooten_hegarty_hawkins_2002, title={Molecular evidence supporting Ehrlichia canis-like infection in cats}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0642:MESCII>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={Currently, the pathogenic role of Ehrlichia canis in cats has been proposed predominantly on the basis of the serologic evidence of natural infection and the infrequent detection of morulae-like structures within the cytoplasm of leukocytes in cats. The purpose of this report was to provide molecular evidence supporting E. canis-like infection in 3 cats that had clinical manifestations consistent with canine ehrlichiosis but lacked antibodies to E. canis antigens. Serum from all 3 cats contained antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). The predominant disease manifestation was polyarthritis in 1 cat and bone marrow hypoplasia or dysplasia. accompanied by pancytopenia or anemia and thrombocytopenia, in 1 cat each. The alignment of E. canis partial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA: 382 nucleotide positions), amplified from EDTA blood samples from each cat, was identical to each other and was identical to a canine isolate of E. canis (GenBank accession number AF373613). In 1 cat, concurrent treatment with corticosteroids may have interfered with the therapeutic effectiveness of doxycycline for the elimination of E. canis-like infection. To further define the spectrum of ehrlichiosis in cats, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing may be necessary until serologic testing is thoroughly validated in experimentally or naturally infected cats. In addition, until E. canis has been isolated from cats and several tissue culture isolates are available from disparate geographic regions for detailed comparative genetic study, the molecular evidence presented in this study supporting E. canis-like infection in cats must be interpreted with caution.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Breitschwerdt, EB and Abrams-Ogg, ACG and Lappin, MR and Bienzle, D and Hancock, SI and Cowan, SM and Clooten, JK and Hegarty, BC and Hawkins, EC}, year={2002}, pages={642–649} }
 @inproceedings{atkins_hawkins_2002, place={Gainesville, Fla.}, title={The coughing cat. A Taste of the NAVC.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference : January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={Eastern States Veterinary Association}, author={Atkins, C. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2002} }
 @inbook{hawkins_atkins_2001, place={Wilmington, DE}, title={Heart or Lung: The culprit in cough?}, booktitle={Senior care 2001 : the impact of aging on everyday cases : proceedings from a symposium held at the North American Veterinary Conference and the Western Veterinary Conference}, publisher={The Gloyd Group}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Atkins, C.E.}, year={2001}, pages={85–97} }
 @inproceedings{hawkins_atkins_2001, place={Wilmington, DE}, title={Heart or lung: The culprit in cough}, booktitle={Iams-Pfizer Senior Care Proceedings}, publisher={The Gloyd Group}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Atkins, C.}, year={2001} }
 @inproceedings{hawkins_2001, place={Gainesville, FL}, title={Nasal discharge in cats: cases to learn by}, volume={5}, number={15}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference}, publisher={Eastern States Veterinary Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={2001}, pages={562–564} }
 @article{berry_hawkins_hurley_monce_2000, title={Frequency of pulmonary mineralization and hypoxemia in 21 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0151:FOPMAH>2.3.CO;2}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of hypoxemia and pulmonary mineralization using 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Twenty-one dogs with PDH were pro-spectively evaluated using thoracic radiography, arterial blood gas analysis, and bone phase and pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy (using 99mTc-macro-aggregated albumin [99mTc-MAA]). The radiographs and bone and perfusion studies were evaluated subjectively. An averaged quantitative count density ratio was calculated between the thorax and cranial thoraco-lumbar vertebrae from lateral thoracic 99mTc-MDP images. Thoracic: vertebral ratios were calculated using 99mTc-MDP studies from 21 control dogs. The thoracic: vertebral ratios were compared between the 2 groups (PDH and control). The mean age (±SD) of the 21 PDH dogs was 10.2 (±3) years, whereas the mean age of the control group was 9.8 (±3) years. Seven of the 21 dogs with PDH were hypoxemic (denned as an arterial partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2] <80 mm Hg) with an average PaO2 (±SD) of 62 (±15) mm Hg. Of the 7 hypoxemic dogs, 2 were found to have pulmonary mineralization based on bone scintigraphic images. Pulmonary perfusion abnormalities were not identified using 99mTc-MAA in any of the 21 PDH dogs. Six PDH dogs had an abnormal interstitial pulmonary pattern and 5 of these dogs were hypoxemic. The average quantitative thoracic: vertebral ratio was not significantly different between the PDH and control dogs (0.5 ± 0.4 versus 0.4 ± 0.1, P= .16). Causes of hypoxemia other than pulmonary thromboembolism should be considered in dogs with PDH. Pulmonary mineralization may contribute to hypoxemia in dogs with PDH.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Berry, CR and Hawkins, EC and Hurley, KJ and Monce, K}, year={2000}, pages={151–156} }
 @inbook{hawkins_fossum_2000, title={Medical and surgical management of pleural effusion}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Fossum, T. W.}, year={2000}, pages={819} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2000, place={Baltimore, MD}, edition={2nd}, title={Pneumonia, aspiration}, booktitle={The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult}, publisher={Williams & Wilkins}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K., JrEditors}, year={2000}, pages={1090–1091} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2000, title={Pulmonary parenchymal diseases}, ISBN={0721672566}, booktitle={Textbook of veterinary internal medicine : diseases of the dog and cat (5th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Hawkins, E. C.}, year={2000}, pages={1061} }
 @inbook{hawkins_2000, place={Philadelphia}, edition={7th}, title={Respiratory emergencies}, booktitle={Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Bistner, S.I. and Ford, R.B. and Raffe, M.R.Editors}, year={2000}, pages={235–257} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1999, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Respiratory disorders}, booktitle={Manual of Small Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Mosby}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={124–204} }
 @article{hardie_spodnick_gilson_benson_hawkins_1999, title={Tracheal rupture in cats: 16 cases (1983-1998)}, volume={214}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hardie, E. M. and Spodnick, G. J. and Gilson, S. D. and Benson, J. A. and Hawkins, E. C.}, year={1999}, pages={508–512} }
 @article{tracheal rupture in cats: 16 cases (1983-1998)._1999, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1999}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hawkins_berry_1999, title={Use of a modified stomach tube for bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs}, volume={215}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Berry, C. R.}, year={1999}, pages={1635} }
 @article{use of a modified stomach tube for bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs._1999, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1999}, month={Dec} }
 @article{hess_hawkins_drost_1999, title={What is your diagnosis? Nodular lung disease}, volume={214}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hess, P. R. and Hawkins, E. C. and Drost, W. T.}, year={1999}, pages={193–194} }
 @article{what is your diagnosis? nodular lung disease._1999, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1999}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hawkins_boothe_guinn_aucoin_ngyuen_1998, title={Concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of dogs}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00103.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in alveolar macrophages (AM) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs in comparison to plasma concentrations in healthy dogs. Eleven dogs were given a single oral dose (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin. Four hours later, plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected. Cells were separated from the BAL fluid and lysed for determination of drug concentrations within AM. Supernatant was used to determine concentrations of drugs in ELF. Drug assays were performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Hawkins, EC and Boothe, DM and Guinn, A and Aucoin, DP and Ngyuen, J}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={18–23} }
 @article{ramirez_hawkins_1998, title={Radiographic diagnosis-tracheal eosinophilic granuloma/polyp}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01628.x}, abstractNote={Veterinary Radiology & UltrasoundVolume 39, Issue 5 p. 422-424 RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS-TRACHEAL EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA/POLYP Oscar Ramirez III DVM, Oscar Ramirez III DVM Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorEleanor C. Hawkins DVM, Corresponding Author Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Eleanor C. Hawkins, DVM at the address above.Search for more papers by this author Oscar Ramirez III DVM, Oscar Ramirez III DVM Department of Anatomy, Physiological Sciences, and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Search for more papers by this authorEleanor C. Hawkins DVM, Corresponding Author Eleanor C. Hawkins DVM Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Eleanor C. Hawkins, DVM at the address above.Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 May 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01628.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume39, Issue5September 1998Pages 422-424 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Ramirez, O and Hawkins, EC}, year={1998}, pages={422–424} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1998, title={Respiratory disorders}, booktitle={Small animal internal medicine. (2nd ed.)}, publisher={St. Louis: Mosby}, author={Hawkins, E. C.}, editor={R. W. Nelson and Couto, C. G.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={205–343} }
 @article{hawkins_townsend_lewbart_stamper_thayer_rhinehart_1997, title={Bronchoalveolar lavage in a dolphin}, volume={211}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Townsend, F. I. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Stamper, M. A. and Thayer, V. G. and Rhinehart, H. L.}, year={1997}, pages={901–904} }
 @article{bronchoalveolar lavage in a dolphin._1997, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1997}, month={Oct} }
 @article{hawkins_davidson_meuten_rottman_al._1997, title={Cytologic identification of Toxoplasma gondii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of experimentally infected cats}, volume={210}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Davidson, M. G. and Meuten, D. J. and Rottman, J. B. and al.}, year={1997}, pages={648–650} }
 @article{cytologic identification of toxoplasma gondii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of experimentally infected cats._1997, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1997}, month={Mar} }
 @article{effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvirus 1._1997, journal={American journal of veterinary research}, year={1997}, month={Oct} }
 @article{effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvivus 1_1997, volume={58}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, year={1997}, pages={1141–1144} }
 @article{vaden_heit_hawkins_manaugh_riviere_1997, title={Fluconazole in cats: Pharmacokinetics following intravenous and oral administration and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid}, volume={20}, ISSN={0140-7783 1365-2885}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00093.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.1997.tb00093.x}, abstractNote={The pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration and the penetration of fluconazole into cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs were evaluated in adult male cats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from serum concentration‐time data obtained following i.v. and p.o. administration of 50 mg per cat using a cross‐over study design. Fluconazole concentrations were measured using a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. Mean total body clearance of fluconazole was 37.7 mL/h.kg, mean volume of distribution at steady state was 1.14 L/kg, mean residence time was 31.0 h and mean half‐life of elimination was 25 h as derived by non‐compartmental analysis of data. Absorption was complete. Mean ratios of fluid:serum fluconazole concentrations following administration of 50 mg fluconazole per day for 8 days were as follows: cerebrospinal fluid, 0.88; aqueous humour 0.79; ELF, 1.20. Fluconazole concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour and ELF exceeded reported minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole for pathogenic fungi. Results of this study suggest fluconazole can effectively be administered to cats at 50 mg per cat per day.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vaden, S. L. and Heit, M. C. and Hawkins, E. C. and Manaugh, C. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={181–186} }
 @inproceedings{hawkins_1996, place={Trenton, NJ}, title={Antibiotic therapy for respiratory infections in clinical practice}, booktitle={Small Animal Respiratory Disorders: Proceedings of the Comparative Respiratory Society Symposium}, publisher={Bayer Corporation, Veterinary Learning Systems}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1996}, pages={23–28} }
 @article{hawkins_1996, title={Antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infections}, volume={18}, number={Suppl 2}, journal={Compendium Continuing Education Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1996}, pages={59–65} }
 @article{hawkins_kennedy-stoskopf_levy_meuten_cullins_tompkins_tompkins_1996, title={Effect of FIV infection on lung inflammatory cell populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage}, volume={51}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05499-5}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(95)05499-5}, abstractNote={Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and ovine progressive pneumonia virus have been associated with lymphocytic pneumonitis. Pulmonary cell populations in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to identify changes associated with lentivirus infection in this species. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed through an endotracheal tube using 15 ml kg-1 body weight of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Results of BAL fluid cytologic analysis from 19 cats experimentally infected with FIV for at least 8 months were compared with results from 34 uninfected cats. Infected cats had significantly higher total cell counts and relative neutrophil counts (P < 0.01). Lymphocytosis did not occur. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from nine additional cats prior to, and 2, 6, and 17-18 weeks following infection with FIV. Neither neutrophilia nor lymphocytosis was associated with FIV infection in these cats.}, number={1-2}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Levy, Julie K. and Meuten, Donald J. and Cullins, Laura and Tompkins, Wayne A.F. and Tompkins, Mary B.}, year={1996}, month={May}, pages={21–28} }
 @inproceedings{hawkins_1996, place={Trenton, NJ}, title={How I treat pyothorax cases}, booktitle={Small Animal Respiratory Disorders: Proceedings of the Comparative Respiratory Society Symposium}, publisher={Bayer Corporation, Veterinary Learning Systems}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1996}, pages={45–46} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1995, place={Philadelphia}, title={Aspiration pneumonia}, booktitle={Current Veterinary Therapy XII}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Bonagura, J.D. and Kirk, R.W.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={915–919} }
 @article{hawkins_denicola_plier_1995, title={CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SPONTANEOUS RESPIRATORY-TRACT DISEASE IN DOGS - A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03298.x}, abstractNote={Results of cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were compared with clinical diagnoses in dogs that presented with signs of respiratory disease to referral hospitals. Of 68 dogs in which a clinical diagnosis was possible, BAL cytological findings were considered definitive for the diagnosis in 17 cases (25%), supportive of the diagnosis in 34 cases (50%), and not helpful in 17 cases (25%). Findings were most often considered supportive of or definitive for the clinical diagnosis in dogs with alveolar or bronchial radiographic patterns, or the presence of pulmonary masses. BAL results among lung lobes differed in 23 of 63 dogs (37%) with diffuse radiographic patterns. Tracheal wash cytology differed from BAL fluid cytology in 45 of 66 dogs (68%). Bronchoalveolar lavage was a clinically useful procedure for the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with signs of respiratory disease.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={HAWKINS, EC and DENICOLA, DB and PLIER, ML}, year={1995}, pages={386–392} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1995, place={Trenton, NJ}, title={Chronic bronchitis in dogs: a syndrome of complexities}, booktitle={Canine Cough, Schering-Plough Animal Health}, publisher={Veterinary Learning Systems}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1995}, pages={17–23} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1995, place={Philadelphia}, edition={4th}, title={Diseases of the lower respiratory system}, booktitle={Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E.C.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={767–811} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1995, place={Philadelphia}, edition={6th}, title={Respiratory emergencies}, booktitle={Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Bistner, S.I. and Ford, R.B.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={217–239} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1995, place={Philadelphia}, edition={6th}, title={Respiratory examination}, booktitle={Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Bistner, S.I. and Ford, R.B.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={357–367} }
 @article{hawkins_1995, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Treatment of aspergillosis with topical antifungal agents}, journal={North Carolina State University–Veterinary Teaching Hospital Pharmacy Newsletter}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1995} }
 @article{ma_kennedy-stoskopf_sellon_tonkonogy_hawkins_tompkins_tompkins_1995, title={Tumor necrosis factor-α responses are depressed and interleukin-6 responses unaltered in feline immunodeficiency virus infected cats}, volume={46}, ISSN={0165-2427}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(94)07004-q}, DOI={10.1016/0165-2427(94)07004-q}, abstractNote={Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus similar to HIV, causes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats. Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the pathogenesis of FIV is associated with dysregulation of the cytokine network. While alterations in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression have been reported in HIV-infected patients, changes attributable to HIV and those caused by cofactors such as secondary infections cannot always be readily distinguished. This study evaluated the effect of FIV infection on TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in cats not exposed to other potential cofactors such as secondary infections. TNF-alpha and IL-6 activities were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from FIV-infected and uninfected specific pathogen free (SPF) cats. Supernatants from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BAL cells from uninfected SPF cats had high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 activity, while stimulated BAL cell supernatants from FIV-infected SPF cats had significantly lower levels of TNF-alpha but unaltered IL-6 activity. Similarly, Con A/phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated non-adherent (NA-) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from FIV infected cats synthesized less TNF-alpha than similarly treated NA-PBMC from uninfected cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus could be recovered from the culture supernatants of BAL cells from infected cats by co-cultivation with susceptible lymphocytes. In situ hybridization identified FIV mRNA in a small fraction of alveolar macrophages in the BAL cell cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={1-2}, journal={Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ma, Jia and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Sellon, Rance and Tonkonogy, Susan and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Tompkins, Mary B. and Tompkins, Wayne A.}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={35–50} }
 @article{hawkins_1994, title={Boat-training your dog}, volume={82}, number={4}, journal={The Ensign (Official magazine of the U.S Power Squadrons)}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1994}, pages={5–8} }
 @article{yohn_hawkins_morrison_reams_denicola_blevins_1994, title={Confirmation of a pulmonary component of multicentric lymphosarcoma with bronchoalveolar lavage in two dogs}, volume={204}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Yohn, S.E. and Hawkins, E.C. and Morrison, W.B. and Reams, R. and DeNicola, D.B. and Blevins, W.E.}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={97–101} }
 @article{confirmation of a pulmonary component of multicentric lymphosarcoma with bronchoalveolar lavage in two dogs._1994, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1994}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hawkins_kennedy-stoskopf_levy_meuten_cullins_denicola_tompkins_tompkins_1994, title={Cytologic characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected through an endotracheal tube in cats}, volume={55}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S. and Levy, J. and Meuten, D. J. and Cullins, L. and DeNicola, D. and Tompkins, W. A. F. and Tompkins, M. B.}, year={1994}, pages={795} }
 @article{cytologic characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected through an endotracheal tube in cats._1994, journal={American journal of veterinary research}, year={1994}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hawkins_morrison_denicola_blevins_1993, title={Cytologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma}, volume={203}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Morrison, W.B. and DeNicola, D.B. and Blevins, W.E.}, year={1993}, month={Nov}, pages={1418–1425} }
 @article{cytologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma._1993, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1993}, month={Nov} }
 @article{carter_hawkins_morrison_1993, title={Feline nephrolithiasis: eight cases (1984–1989)}, volume={29}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Carter, W.O. and Hawkins, E.C. and Morrison, W.B.}, year={1993}, pages={247–256} }
 @article{kowalewich_hawkins_skowronek_clemo_1993, title={Identification of Histoplasma capsulatum organisms in the pleural and peritoneal effusions of a dog}, volume={202}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Kowalewich, N. and Hawkins, E.C. and Skowronek, A.J. and Clemo, F.A.S.}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={423–426} }
 @article{identification of histoplasma capsulatum organisms in the pleural and peritoneal effusions of a dog._1993, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1993}, month={Feb} }
 @article{waters_hawkins_knapp_1992, title={Acute thallium toxicosis in a dog}, volume={201}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Waters, C.B. and Hawkins, E.C. and Knapp, D.W.}, year={1992}, month={Sep}, pages={883–885} }
 @article{acute thallium toxicosis in a dog._1992, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1992}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kowalewich_hawkins_1992, title={Calcinosis circumscripta involving the metatarsal region in a dog with chronic renal failure}, volume={33}, number={7}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Kowalewich, N.J. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1992}, pages={465–466} }
 @article{calcinosis circumscripta involving the metatarsal region in a dog with chronic renal failure._1992, url={https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/17424040/?tool=EBI}, journal={The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne}, year={1992}, month={Jul} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1992, place={Trenton, NJ}, title={Chronic viral upper respiratory disease in cats: differential diagnosis and management}, booktitle={Feline Medicine and Surgery in Practice, Veterinary Learning Systems}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1992}, pages={108–115} }
 @article{evaluation of rhinoscopy and rhinoscopy-assisted mucosal biopsy in diagnosis of nasal disease in dogs: 119 cases (1985-1989)._1992, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1992}, month={Nov} }
 @article{lent_hawkins_1992, title={Evaluation of rhinoscopy and rhinoscopy-assisted mucosal biopsy in diagnosis of nasal disease in dogs: 119 cases (1985–1989)}, volume={201}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lent, S.F.F. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1992}, month={Nov}, pages={1425–1429} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1992, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Respiratory disorders}, booktitle={Essentials of Small Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={CV Mosby Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={151–253} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1992, place={Philadelphia}, title={Tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in the management of respiratory disease}, booktitle={Current Veterinary Therapy XI}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={Kirk, R.W. and Bonagura, J.D.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={795–800} }
 @article{rhodes_hinsman_rhodes_hawkins_1992, title={Urinary Tamm-Horsfall Glycoprotein Concentrations in Normal and Urolithiasis-Affected Male Cats Determined by an ELISA}, volume={39}, ISSN={0931-184X 1439-0442}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1992.tb00226.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0442.1992.tb00226.x}, abstractNote={A precise and reproducible enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which measures urinary cat Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (cTHP) was developed in order to investigate the possible role of cTHP in the pathogenesis of feline urolithiasis. Reproducible quantification required that the cTHP be disaggregated with 2M urea and 0.05% Tween 20. It was necessary to standardize rigidly the handling of the samples prior to analysis, since the apparent cTHP concentration varied depending on the preanalysis protocols. Using the sample handling protocol of freezing urine at -70 degrees C before dialysis, urinary cTHP was quantified in male cats with no history of urolithiasis ("normal" cats) and in male cats with a history of urolith formation ("urolithiasis" cats). The mean cTHP concentration in adult, male "normal" cats of 49.2 +/- 35.5 micrograms/ml (N = 23) was significantly lower than the mean cTHP concentration of 95.4 +/- 34.1 micrograms/ml (N = 9) in "urolithiasis" cats (p < 0.01, Students' T-test). These findings indicate a correlation between urolithiasis and high urine cTHP concentrations in male cats which warrants further investigation.}, number={1-10}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Rhodes, D.C.J. and Hinsman, E.J. and Rhodes, J.A. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1992}, month={Feb}, pages={621–634} }
 @article{boll_suckow_hawkins_1991, title={Bilateral ureteral calculi in a guinea pig}, volume={1}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Boll, R. and Suckow, M.A. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1991}, pages={60–63} }
 @article{hamilton_hawkins_denicola_1991, title={Bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal wash in determining lung involvement in a cat with cryptococcosis}, volume={198}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hamilton, T.A. and Hawkins, E.C. and DeNicola, D.B.}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={655–656} }
 @article{bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal wash to determine lung involvement in a cat with cryptococcosis._1991, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1991}, month={Feb} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1991, place={Philadelphia}, title={Diagnostic approach to polyphagia and weight loss}, booktitle={Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={August, J.R.Editor}, year={1991}, pages={237–242} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1991, place={Philadelphia}, title={Investigation and management of neutropenia}, booktitle={Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, editor={August, J.R.Editor}, year={1991}, pages={343–348} }
 @article{hawkins_1991, title={Saliva and tear tests for feline leukemia virus}, volume={199}, number={10}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={1382–1385} }
 @article{saliva and tear tests for feline leukemia virus._1991, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1991}, month={Nov} }
 @article{hawkins_denicola_kuehn_1990, title={Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Disease in the Dog and Cat}, volume={4}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03120.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03120.x}, abstractNote={Bronchoalveolar lavage is a diagnostic procedure used to obtain specimens representative of disease processes involving the deep lung. Saline is instilled into an airway in sufficient volumes to bathe the alveoli dependent on that airway. The saline is retrieved by suction along with cellular and acellular material lining the epithelial surfaces of the lung. Cytologic and microbiologic evaluation of the fluid can be used to characterize pulmonary diseases in the dog and cat.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hawkins, Eleanor C. and DeNicola, Dennis B. and Kuehn, Ned F.}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={267–274} }
 @article{scott‐moncrieff_hawkins_cook_1990, title={Canine muscle disorders}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Scott‐Moncrieff, J.C. and Hawkins, E.C. and Cook, J.R., Jr.}, year={1990}, pages={31–39} }
 @inproceedings{hawkins_1990, place={Vernon, CA}, title={Chronic viral upper respiratory disease in cats}, booktitle={Sheba Feline Medicine Symposium}, publisher={Kal Kan Foods, Inc}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1990}, pages={17–26} }
 @article{hawkins_denicola_1990, title={Cytologic analysis of tracheal wash specimens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the diagnosis of mycotic infections in dogs}, volume={197}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and DeNicola, D.B.}, year={1990}, month={Jul}, pages={79–83} }
 @article{cytologic analysis of tracheal wash specimens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the diagnosis of mycotic infections in dogs._1990, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1990}, month={Jul} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1989, place={Philadelphia}, title={Alternative testing procedures for FeLV}, booktitle={Current Veterinary Therapy X}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.}, editor={Kirk, R.W.Editor}, year={1989}, pages={1065–1068} }
 @article{collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in cats, using an endotracheal tube._1989, journal={American journal of veterinary research}, year={1989}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hawkins_denicola_1989, title={Collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the cat through an endotracheal tube}, volume={50}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and DeNicola, D.B.}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={855–859} }
 @inbook{hawkins_1989, place={Philadelphia}, edition={3rd}, title={Diseases of the lower respiratory tract}, booktitle={Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={WB Saunders Co}, author={Hawkins, E.}, editor={Ettinger, S.J.Editor}, year={1989}, pages={816–853} }
 @article{hawkins_1989, title={FeLV vaccines – when are they indicated?}, volume={164}, journal={Purdue Veterinary Notes}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1989}, pages={3} }
 @article{hawkins_1989, title={Feline heartworm disease}, volume={8}, journal={Kal Kan Forum}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1989}, pages={2–7} }
 @article{short colon in two cats and a dog._1989, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1989}, month={Jul} }
 @article{fluke_hawkins_elliott_blevins_1989, title={Short colon in two cats and one dog}, volume={195}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Fluke, M.H. and Hawkins, E.C. and Elliott, G.S. and Blevins, W.E.}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={87–89} }
 @article{dimski_hawkins_1988, title={Canine systemic hypertension}, volume={10}, journal={Compendium Continuing Education Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Dimski, D.S. and Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1988}, pages={1152–1159} }
 @article{hawkins_1988, title={Chronic viral upper respiratory infections in the cat: differential diagnoses and management}, volume={10}, journal={Compendium Continuing Education Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1988}, pages={1003–1013} }
 @inbook{meric_hawkins_turrel_1988, place={New York}, title={Hyperthyroidism}, booktitle={Handbook of Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Churchill Livingstone, Inc}, author={Meric, S. and Hawkins, E. and Turrel, J.}, editor={Morgan, R.Editor}, year={1988}, pages={512–517} }
 @inbook{turrel_hawkins_meric_1988, place={New York}, title={Thyroid tumors not causing hyperthyroidism}, booktitle={Handbook of Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Churchill Livingstone, Inc}, author={Turrel, J. and Hawkins, E. and Meric, S.}, editor={Morgan, R.Editor}, year={1988}, pages={517–520} }
 @article{hawkins_1988, place={Portland}, title={Use of saliva and tear samples in FeLV testing}, volume={1}, journal={Diagnostic Citations}, author={Hawkins, E.C.}, year={1988}, pages={1} }
 @article{hawkins_denicola_1987, title={Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lower respiratory disease in the dog and cat}, volume={155}, journal={Purdue Veterinary Notes}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and DeNicola, D.B.}, year={1987}, pages={3–4} }
 @article{hawkins_meric_washabau_feldman_turrel_1986, title={Digestion of bentiromide and absorption of xylose in healthy cats and absorption of xylose in cats with infiltrative intestinal disease}, volume={47}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Meric, S.M. and Washabau, R.J. and Feldman, E.C. and Turrel, J.M.}, year={1986}, month={Mar}, pages={567–569} }
 @article{digestion of bentiromide and absorption of xylose in healthy cats and absorption of xylose in cats with infiltrative intestinal disease._1986, journal={American journal of veterinary research}, year={1986}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hawkins_feldman_blanchard_1986, title={Immunoglobulin A myeloma in a cat with pleural effusion and hyperviscosity}, volume={188}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Feldman, B.F. and Blanchard, P.}, year={1986}, month={Apr}, pages={876–878} }
 @article{immunoglobulin a myeloma in a cat with pleural effusion and serum hyperviscosity._1986, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1986}, month={Apr} }
 @article{hawkins_murphy_1986, title={Inconsistencies in the absorptive capacities of Schirmer tear test strips}, volume={188}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Murphy, C.J.}, year={1986}, month={Mar}, pages={511–513} }
 @article{inconsistencies in the absorptive capacities of schirmer tear test strips._1986, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1986}, month={Mar} }
 @article{serum thyroxine concentrations after radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism._1986, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1986}, month={May} }
 @article{meric_hawkins_washabau_turrel_feldman_1986, title={Serum thyroxine concentrations following radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism}, volume={188}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Meric, S.M. and Hawkins, E.C. and Washabau, R.J. and Turrel, J.M. and Feldman, E.C.}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={1038–1040} }
 @article{hawkins_johnson_pedersen_winston_1986, title={Use of tears for diagnosis of feline leukemia virus infection}, volume={188}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E.C. and Johnson, L. and Pedersen, N.C. and Winston, S.}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={1031–1033} }
 @article{use of tears for diagnosis of feline leukemia virus infection._1986, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, year={1986}, month={May} }