@article{havrylyuk_heidary_glazer_2024, title={The Impact of Inorganic Systems and Photoactive Metal Compounds on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Metabolism: From Induction to Inhibition}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/4/441}, DOI={10.3390/biom14040441}, abstractNote={While cytochrome P450 (CYP; P450) enzymes are commonly associated with the metabolism of organic xenobiotics and drugs or the biosynthesis of organic signaling molecules, they are also impacted by a variety of inorganic species. Metallic nanoparticles, clusters, ions, and complexes can alter CYP expression, modify enzyme interactions with reductase partners, and serve as direct inhibitors. This commonly overlooked topic is reviewed here, with an emphasis on understanding the structural and physiochemical basis for these interactions. Intriguingly, while both organometallic and coordination compounds can act as potent CYP inhibitors, there is little evidence for the metabolism of inorganic compounds by CYPs, suggesting a potential alternative approach to evading issues associated with rapid modification and elimination of medically useful compounds.}, journal={Biomolecules}, author={Havrylyuk, Dmytro and Heidary, David K. and Glazer, Edith}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{cole_roque_lifshits_hodges_barrett_havrylyuk_heidary_ramasamy_cameron_glazer_et al._2021, title={Fine‐Feature Modifications to Strained Ruthenium Complexes Radically Alter Their Hypoxic Anticancer Activity}, volume={98}, ISSN={0031-8655 1751-1097}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.13395}, DOI={10.1111/php.13395}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Photochemistry and Photobiology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cole, Houston D. and Roque, John A., III and Lifshits, Liubov M. and Hodges, Rachel and Barrett, Patrick C. and Havrylyuk, Dmytro and Heidary, David and Ramasamy, Elamparuthi and Cameron, Colin G. and Glazer, Edith C. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={73–84} }
 @article{ryan_havrylyuk_stevens_moore_kim_blackburn_heidary_selegue_glazer_2020, title={Avobenzone incorporation in a diverse range of Ru(<scp>ii</scp>) scaffolds produces potent potential antineoplastic agents}, volume={49}, ISSN={1477-9226 1477-9234}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02016h}, DOI={10.1039/d0dt02016h}, abstractNote={Four structurally distinct classes of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes containing avobenzone exhibited low micromolar and submicromolar potencies in cancer cells, and were up to 273-fold more active than the parent ligand.}, number={35}, journal={Dalton Transactions}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Ryan, Raphael T. and Havrylyuk, Dmytro and Stevens, Kimberly C. and Moore, L. Henry and Kim, Doo Young and Blackburn, Jessica S. and Heidary, David K. and Selegue, John P. and Glazer, Edith C.}, year={2020}, pages={12161–12167} }
 @article{bis-tridentate n-heterocyclic carbene ru(ii) complexes are promising new agents for photodynamic therapy._2020, url={https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00686}, DOI={10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00686}, abstractNote={Ruthenium(II) complexes developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) are almost exclusively tris-bidentate systems with C2 or D3 symmetry. This is due to the fact that this structural framework commonly produces long-lived excited states, which, in turn, allow for the generation of large amounts of singlet oxygen (1O2) and other reactive oxygen species. Complexes containing tridentate ligands would be advantageous for biological applications as they are generally achiral (D2d or C2v symmetry), which eliminates the possibility of multiple isomers which could exhibit potentially different interactions with chiral biological entities. However, Ru(II) complexes containing tridentate ligands are rarely studied as candidates for photobiological applications, such as PDT, since they almost exclusively exhibit low quantum yields and very short excited-state lifetimes and, thus, are not capable of generating sufficient 1O2 or engaging in electron transfer reactions. Here, we report a proof-of-concept approach to make bis-tridentate Ru(II) complexes useful for PDT applications by altering their photophysical properties through the inclusion of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Three NHC and two terpyridine ligands were studied to evaluate the effects of structural and photophysical modulations of bis-substituted Ru(II) complexes. The NHC complexes were found to have superior excited-state lifetimes, 1O2 production, and photocytotoxicity. To the best of our knowledge, these complexes are the most potent light-activated bis-tridentate complexes reported.}, journal={Inorganic chemistry}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{sun_heidary_zhang_richards_glazer_2018, title={Bacterial Cytological Profiling Reveals the Mechanism of Action of Anticancer Metal Complexes}, volume={15}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048084670&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00407}, abstractNote={Target identification and mechanistic studies of cytotoxic agents are challenging processes that are both time-consuming and costly. Here we describe an approach to mechanism of action studies for potential anticancer compounds by utilizing the simple prokaryotic system, E. coli, and we demonstrate its utility with the characterization of a ruthenium polypyridyl complex [Ru(bpy)2dmbpy2+]. Expression of the photoconvertible fluorescent protein Dendra2 facilitated both high throughput studies and single-cell imaging. This allowed for simultaneous ratiometric analysis of inhibition of protein production and phenotypic investigations. The profile of protein production, filament size and population, and nucleoid morphology revealed important differences between inorganic agents that damage DNA vs more selective inhibitors of transcription and translation. Trace metal analysis demonstrated that DNA is the preferred nucleic acid target of the ruthenium complex, but further studies in human cancer cells revealed altered cell signaling pathways compared to the commonly administrated anticancer agent cisplatin. This study demonstrates E. coli can be used to rapidly distinguish between compounds with disparate mechanisms of action and also for more subtle distinctions within in studies in mammalian cells.}, number={8}, journal={Molecular Pharmaceutics}, author={Sun, Y. and Heidary, D.K. and Zhang, Z. and Richards, C.I. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2018}, pages={3404–3416} }
 @article{geronimo_denning_heidary_glazer_payne_2018, title={Molecular Determinants of Substrate Affinity and Enzyme Activity of a Cytochrome P450<inf>BM3</inf> Variant}, volume={115}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85053223100&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.026}, abstractNote={Cytochrome P450BM3 catalyzes the hydroxylation and/or epoxidation of fatty acids, fatty amides, and alcohols. Protein engineering has produced P450BM3 variants capable of accepting drug molecules normally metabolized by human P450 enzymes. The enhanced substrate promiscuity has been attributed to the greater flexibility of the lid of the substrate channel. However, it is not well understood how structurally different and highly polar drug molecules can stably bind in the active site nor how the activity and coupling efficiency of the enzyme may be affected by the lack of enzyme-substrate complementarity. To address these important aspects of non-native small molecule binding, this study investigated the binding of drug molecules with different size, charge, polar surface area, and human P450 affinity on the promiscuous R47L/F87V/L188Q/E267V/F81I pentuple mutant of P450BM3. Binding free energy data and energy decomposition analysis showed that pentuple mutant P450BM3 stably binds (i.e., negative ΔGb°) a broad range of substrate and inhibitor types because dispersion interactions with active site residues overcome unfavorable repulsive and electrostatic effects. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that 1) acidic substrates tend to disrupt the heme propionate A-K69 salt bridge, which may reduce heme oxidizing ability, and 2) the lack of complementarity leads to high substrate mobility and water density in the active site, which may lead to uncoupling. These factors must be considered in future developments of P450BM3 as a biocatalyst in the large-scale production of drug metabolites.}, number={7}, journal={Biophysical Journal}, author={Geronimo, I. and Denning, C.A. and Heidary, D.K. and Glazer, E.C. and Payne, C.M.}, year={2018}, pages={1251–1263} }
 @article{havrylyuk_deshpande_parkin_glazer_2018, title={Ru(ii) complexes with diazine ligands: Electronic modulation of the coordinating group is key to the design of "dual action" photoactivated agents}, volume={54}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055791130&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/c8cc05809a}, abstractNote={Coordination complexes can be used to photocage biologically active ligands, providing control over the location, time, and dose of a delivered drug.}, number={88}, journal={Chemical Communications}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Havrylyuk, Dmytro and Deshpande, Megha and Parkin, Sean and Glazer, Edith C.}, year={2018}, pages={12487–12490} }
 @article{havrylyuk_howerton_nease_parkin_heidary_glazer_2018, title={Structure-activity relationships of anticancer ruthenium(II) complexes with substituted hydroxyquinolines}, volume={156}, ISSN={0223-5234}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.044}, DOI={10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.044}, abstractNote={8-Hydroxyquinolines (HQ), including clioquinol, possess cytotoxic properties and are widely used as ligands for metal-based anticancer drug research. The number and identity of substituents on the HQ can have a profound effect on activity for a variety of inorganic compounds. Ruthenium complexes of HQ exhibit radically improved potencies, and operate by a new, currently unknown, mechanism of action. To define structure-activity relationships (SAR), a family of 22 Ru(II) coordination complexes containing mono-, di- and tri-substituted hydroxyquinoline ligands were synthesized and their biological activity evaluated. The complexes exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against a cancer cell line, and the SAR data revealed the 2- and 7-positions as key sites for the incorporation of halogens to improve potency. The Ru(II) complexes potently inhibited translation, as demonstrated by an in-cell translation assay. The effects were seen at 2-15-fold higher concentrations than those required to observe cytotoxicity, suggesting that prevention of protein synthesis may be a primary, but not the exclusive mechanism for the observed cytotoxic activity.}, journal={European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Havrylyuk, Dmytro and Howerton, Brock S. and Nease, Leona and Parkin, Sean and Heidary, David K. and Glazer, Edith C.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={790–799} }
 @article{pillar-little_wanninayake_nease_heidary_glazer_kim_2018, title={Superior photodynamic effect of carbon quantum dots through both type I and type II pathways: Detailed comparison study of top-down-synthesized and bottom-up-synthesized carbon quantum dots}, volume={140}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85054768152&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.004}, abstractNote={Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been extensively studied for bioimaging and photodynamic applications due to their low cost, excellent biocompatibility, rich surface chemistry and controllable optical properties. However, the detailed mechanism of the photodynamic activity has been rarely reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of (i) a systematic comparison of differently synthesized CQDs to unveil a relationship between chemical structure and photodynamic effect, and (ii) their detailed mechanism of action in photodynamic effects. CQDs prepared by top-down and bottom-up methods and their post-synthesis modification were compared in this study. CQDs prepared by a top-down method exhibited superior light-activated cell cytotoxicity compared to those by a bottom-up approach. The photodynamic index of CQDs was found to be 40–150 times larger than commercial photodynamic agents. It was concluded that both structural defects in sp2-carbon domains and oxygen-containing chemical groups have a crucial role in the excellent photodynamic performance. Measurements with selective quenchers of 1O2 and radical species indicated that the photodynamic mechanism of CQDs is through the combination of both type I (radical species production) and type II (singlet oxygen production) pathways.}, journal={Carbon}, author={Pillar-Little, T.J. and Wanninayake, N. and Nease, L. and Heidary, D.K. and Glazer, E.C. and Kim, D.Y.}, year={2018}, pages={616–623} }
 @article{heidary_fox_richards_glazer_2017, title={A high-throughput screening assay using a photoconvertable protein for identifying inhibitors of transcription, translation, or proteasomal degradation}, volume={22}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85021633019&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/2472555216684333}, abstractNote={Dysregulated transcription, translation, and protein degradation are common features of cancer cells, regardless of specific genetic profiles. Several clinical anticancer agents take advantage of this characteristic vulnerability and interfere with the processes of transcription and translation or inhibit protein degradation. However, traditional assays that follow the process of protein production and removal require multistep processing and are not easily amenable to high-throughput screening. The use of recombinant fluorescent proteins provides a convenient solution to this problem, and moreover, photoconvertable fluorescent proteins allow for ratiometric detection of both new protein production and removal of existing proteins. Here, the photoconvertable protein Dendra2 is used in the development of in-cell assays of protein production and degradation that are optimized and validated for high-throughput screening. Conversion from the green to red emissive form can be achieved using a high-intensity light-emitting diode array, producing a stable pool of the red fluorescent form of Dendra2. This allows for rates of protein production or removal to be quantified in a plate reader or by fluorescence microscopy, providing a means to measure the potencies of inhibitors that affect these key processes.}, number={4}, journal={SLAS Discovery}, author={Heidary, D.K. and Fox, A. and Richards, C.I. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2017}, pages={399–407} }
 @article{wachter_moyá_glazer_2017, title={Combining a Ru(II) “Building Block” and Rapid Screening Approach to Identify DNA Structure-Selective “Light Switch” Compounds}, volume={19}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85012284428&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/acscombsci.6b00119}, abstractNote={A chemically reactive Ru(II) "building block", able to undergo condensation reactions with substituted diamines, was utilized to create a small library of luminescent "light switch" dipyrido-[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (dppz) complexes. The impact of substituent identity, position, and the number of substituents on the light switch effect was investigated. An unbiased, parallel screening approach was used to evaluate the selectivity of the compounds for a variety of different biomolecules, including protein, nucleosides, single stranded DNA, duplex DNA, triplex DNA, and G-quadruplex DNA. Combining these two approaches allowed for the identification of hit molecules that showed different selectivities for biologically relevant DNA structures, particularly triplex and quadruplex DNA.}, number={2}, journal={ACS Combinatorial Science}, author={Wachter, E. and Moyá, D. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2017}, pages={85–95} }
 @article{glazer_2017, title={Panchromatic Osmium Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy: Solutions to Existing Problems and New Questions}, volume={93}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85027119309&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/php.12796}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Photochemistry and Photobiology}, author={Glazer, E.C.}, year={2017}, pages={1326–1328} }
 @article{havrylyuk_heidary_nease_parkin_glazer_2017, title={Photochemical Properties and Structure–Activity Relationships of Ru<sup>II</sup> Complexes with Pyridylbenzazole Ligands as Promising Anticancer Agents}, volume={2017}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013661498&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ejic.201601450}, abstractNote={Ruthenium complexes capable of light‐triggered cytotoxicity are appealing potential prodrugs for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Two groups of (polypyridyl)RuII complexes with 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzazole ligands were synthesized and investigated for their photochemical properties and anticancer activity to compare strained and unstrained systems that are likely to have different biological mechanisms of action. The structure–activity relationship was focused on the benzazole‐core bioisosterism and replacement of coligands in RuII complexes. Strained compounds rapidly ejected the 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzazole ligand after light irradiation, and possessed strong toxicity in the HL‐60 cell line both under dark and light conditions. In contrast, unstrained RuII complexes were nontoxic in the absence of light, induced cytotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations after light irradiation, and were capable of light‐induced DNA damage. The 90–220‐fold difference in light and dark IC50 values provides a large potential therapeutic window to allow for selective targeting of cells by exposure to light.}, number={12}, journal={European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry}, author={Havrylyuk, Dmytro and Heidary, David K. and Nease, Leona and Parkin, Sean and Glazer, Edith C.}, year={2017}, pages={1687–1694} }
 @article{kohler_nease_vo_garofolo_heidary_thummel_glazer_2017, title={Photochemical and Photobiological Activity of Ru(II) Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Complexes Containing Methylated Bipyridyl-type Ligands}, volume={56}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85031734887&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01642}, abstractNote={Light-activated compounds are powerful tools and potential agents for medical applications, as biological effects can be controlled in space and time. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes can induce cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms, including acting as photosensitizers for singlet oxygen (1O2) production, generating other reactive oxygen species (ROS), releasing biologically active ligands, and creating reactive intermediates that form covalent bonds to biological molecules. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was performed on a series of Ru(II) complexes containing isomeric tetramethyl-substituted bipyridyl-type ligands. Three of the ligand systems studied contained strain-inducing methyl groups and created photolabile metal complexes, which can form covalent bonds to biomolecules upon light activation, while the fourth was unstrained and resulted in photostable complexes, which can generate 1O2. The compounds studied included both bis-heteroleptic complexes containing two bipyridine ligands and a third, substituted ligand and tris-homoleptic complexes containing only the substituted ligand. The photophysics, electrochemistry, photochemistry, and photobiology were assessed. Strained heteroleptic complexes were found to be more photoactive and cytotoxic then tris-homoleptic complexes, and bipyridine ligands were superior to bipyrimidine. However, the homoleptic complexes exhibited an enhanced ability to inhibit protein production in live cells. Specific methylation patterns were associated with improved activation with red light, and photolabile complexes were generally more potent cytotoxic agents than the photostable 1O2-generating compounds.}, number={20}, journal={Inorganic Chemistry}, author={Kohler, L. and Nease, L. and Vo, P. and Garofolo, J. and Heidary, D.K. and Thummel, R.P. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2017}, pages={12214–12223} }
 @article{zamora_denning_heidary_wachter_nease_ruiz_glazer_2017, title={Ruthenium-containing P450 inhibitors for dual enzyme inhibition and DNA damage}, volume={46}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013339711&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/C6DT04405K}, abstractNote={A light-activated prodrug delivers both a DNA damaging metal center and a cytochrome P450 inhibitor to prevent drug resistance.}, number={7}, journal={Dalton Transactions}, author={Zamora, A. and Denning, C.A. and Heidary, D.K. and Wachter, E. and Nease, L.A. and Ruiz, J. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2017}, pages={2165–2173} }
 @article{wachter_glazer_parkin_brock_2016, title={An exceptional 5:4 enantiomeric structure}, volume={72}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84963610910&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1107/S205252061600127X}, abstractNote={The only crystals that could be grown from racemic solutions of the PF6−salt of the resolvable cation [Ru(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)2(dipyrido[3,2-d:2′,3′-f]quinoxaline)]2+have translational symmetry only (space groupP1), contain nine independent sets of ions, and include numerous independent solvent molecules (11 acetone, one diethyl ether and possibly several water molecules). Layers of hydrophobic cations alternate with layers containing most of the anions and solvent molecules. All nine cations have the same basic conformation, which is distorted by the presence of the methyl substituents on the two 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. Four pairs of enantiomeric cations within a layer are related by approximate inversion centers; the ninth cation, which shows no sign of disorder, makes the layer chiral. Within the cation layers stripes parallel to [110] of six cations alternate with stripes of three; the local symmetry and the cation orientations are different in the two stripes. These stripes are reflected in the organization of the anion/solvent layer. Theca80:20 inversion twinning found indicates that enantiomeric preference is transmitted less perfectly across the anion/solvent layer than within the cation layer. The structure is exceptional in having nine independent formula units and an unbalanced set (ratio 4:5) of resolvable enantiomers. The difficulty in growing crystals of this material is consistent with its structural complexity.}, number={2}, journal={Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials}, author={Wachter, E. and Glazer, E.C. and Parkin, S. and Brock, C.P.}, year={2016}, pages={223–231} }
 @article{geronimo_denning_rogers_othman_huxford_heidary_glazer_payne_2016, title={Effect of Mutation and Substrate Binding on the Stability of Cytochrome P450<inf>BM3</inf> Variants}, volume={55}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84976473908&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00183}, abstractNote={Cytochrome P450BM3 is a heme-containing enzyme from Bacillus megaterium that exhibits high monooxygenase activity and has a self-sufficient electron transfer system in the full-length enzyme. Its potential synthetic applications drive protein engineering efforts to produce variants capable of oxidizing nonnative substrates such as pharmaceuticals and aromatic pollutants. However, promiscuous P450BM3 mutants often exhibit lower stability, thereby hindering their industrial application. This study demonstrated that the heme domain R47L/F87V/L188Q/E267V/F81I pentuple mutant (PM) is destabilized because of the disruption of hydrophobic contacts and salt bridge interactions. This was directly observed from crystal structures of PM in the presence and absence of ligands (palmitic acid and metyrapone). The instability of the tertiary structure and heme environment of substrate-free PM was confirmed by pulse proteolysis and circular dichroism, respectively. Binding of the inhibitor, metyrapone, significantly stabilized PM, but the presence of the native substrate, palmitic acid, had no effect. On the basis of high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations, the lid domain, β-sheet 1, and Cys ligand loop (a β-bulge segment connected to the heme) are the most labile regions and, thus, potential sites for stabilizing mutations. Possible approaches to stabilization include improvement of hydrophobic packing interactions in the lid domain and introduction of new salt bridges into β-sheet 1 and the heme region. An understanding of the molecular factors behind the loss of stability of P450BM3 variants therefore expedites site-directed mutagenesis studies aimed at developing thermostability.}, number={25}, journal={Biochemistry}, author={Geronimo, I. and Denning, C.A. and Rogers, W.E. and Othman, T. and Huxford, T. and Heidary, D.K. and Glazer, E.C. and Payne, C.M.}, year={2016}, pages={3594–3606} }
 @article{wachter_zamora_heidary_ruiz_glazer_2016, title={Geometry matters: Inverse cytotoxic relationship for: Cis / trans -Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes from cis / trans -[PtCl<inf>2</inf>(NH<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>]}, volume={52}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84981313916&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/c6cc04813g}, abstractNote={Two thermally activated ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes, cis-Ru(bpy)2Cl2 and trans-Ru(qpy)Cl2 were investigated to determine the impact of the geometric arrangement of the exchangable ligands on the potential of the compounds to act as chemotherapeutics.}, number={66}, journal={Chemical Communications}, author={Wachter, E. and Zamora, A. and Heidary, D.K. and Ruiz, J. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2016}, pages={10121–10124} }
 @article{dickerson_howerton_bae_c. glazer_2016, title={Light-sensitive ruthenium complex-loaded cross-linked polymeric nanoassemblies for the treatment of cancer}, volume={4}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84954067244&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/c5tb01613d}, abstractNote={Cross-linked polymeric nanoassemblies are potential carrier systems for cytotoxic ruthenium complexes, and exhibit a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the metal complexes that impact release rates, release percentages, and biological activity.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Materials Chemistry B}, author={Dickerson, M. and Howerton, B. and Bae, Y. and C. Glazer, E.}, year={2016}, pages={394–408} }
 @article{wachter_moyá_parkin_glazer_2016, title={Ruthenium Complex "Light Switches" that are Selective for Different G-Quadruplex Structures}, volume={22}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84953776217&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/chem.201503203}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Chemistry - A European Journal}, author={Wachter, E. and Moyá, D. and Parkin, S. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2016}, pages={550–559} }
 @article{magde_magde_glazer_2016, title={So-called "dual emission" for <sup>3</sup>MLCT luminescence in ruthenium complex ions: What is really happening?}, volume={306}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949321709&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ccr.2015.01.003}, abstractNote={Dual emission is a reality in many, but not all, ruthenium complex ions, even at room temperature and in fluid solution. It requires significantly different ligands and is more obvious in rigid media such as glasses at low temperature and crystalline powders. However, there are not just two unique lifetimes. Rather, there is a continuum of similar but slightly different lifetimes drawn from a bimodal distribution. In some of the cases that do not show dual emission, there still seems to be a continuum within a unimodal distribution. After reviewing a wide range of data, we describe possible interpretations. Most novel, but in our view most attractive, is a major role for ion pairing. If one admits that ions near charge transfer orbitals should have a stabilizing effect, and if one doubts that there would be any unique configuration for ion pairs, then it would seem that a continuous variation of excited state behavior is mandatory. This mechanism accounts for the fact that highly asymmetric substitutions at the 4-position of the phen ligand that most affects charge transfer always show dual emission and offer the most exaggerated differences between the two emissions. Other possibilities remain, given the data available at this time.}, journal={Coordination Chemistry Reviews}, author={Magde, D. and Magde, M.D. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2016}, pages={447–467} }
 @article{heidary_glazer_2014, title={A light-activated metal complex targets both DNA and RNA in a fluorescent in vitro transcription and translation assay}, volume={15}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896736882&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/cbic.201300681}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={ChemBioChem}, author={Heidary, D.K. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2014}, pages={507–511} }
 @article{wachter_howerton_hall_parkin_glazer_2014, title={A new type of DNA "light-switch": A dual photochemical sensor and metalating agent for duplex and G-quadruplex DNA}, volume={50}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84889256925&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/c3cc47269h}, abstractNote={Ru(bpy)2dppz, a well studied "light-switch" metal complex, transforms into a photochemical "light-switch" and DNA damaging agent by incorporating structural strain. This distorted compound is photoreactive and ejects a ligand upon binding duplex and G-quadruplex DNA, producing a reactive metal center that metalates the DNA.}, number={3}, journal={Chemical Communications}, author={Wachter, E. and Howerton, B.S. and Hall, E.C. and Parkin, S. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2014}, pages={311–313} }
 @article{heidary_howerton_glazer_2014, title={Coordination of hydroxyquinolines to a ruthenium bis-dimethyl-phenanthroline scaffold radically improves potency for potential as antineoplastic agents}, volume={57}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84923832140&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/jm501043s}, abstractNote={A series of ruthenium coordination complexes containing hydroxyquinoline ligands were synthesized that exhibited radically improved potencies up to 86-fold greater than clioquinol, a known cytotoxic compound. The complexes were also >100-fold more potent than clioquinol in a tumor spheroid model, with values similar to currently used chemotherapeutics for the treatment of solid tumors. Cytotoxicity occurs through rapid processes that induce apoptosis but appear to be mediated by cell-cycle independent mechanisms. The ruthenium complexes do not inhibit the proteasome at concentrations relevant for cell death, and contrary to previous reports, clioquinol and other hydroxyquinoline compounds do not act as direct proteasome inhibitors to induce cell death.}, number={21}, journal={Journal of Medicinal Chemistry}, author={Heidary, D.K. and Howerton, B.S. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2014}, pages={8936–8946} }
 @article{wachter_glazer_2014, title={Mechanistic study on the photochemical "light switch" behavior of [Ru(bpy)<inf>2</inf>dmdppz]<sup>2+</sup>}, volume={118}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929347362&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/jp504249a}, abstractNote={[Ru(bpy)2dmdppz](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dmdppz = 3,6-dimethyl dipyridylphenazine), a strained Ru(II) polypyridyl complex, is a derivative of the well-known luminescent "light switch", [Ru(bpy)2dppz](2+) (dppz = dipyridylphenazine). [Ru(bpy)2dmdppz](2+) is of interest because it acts as a photochemical sensor and metalating agent for DNA. Here we report a detailed study to elucidate the mechanism of ligand substitution by investigating the photochemical reaction in a variety of solvents and by determining the effects of different incoming ligands, the incoming ligand concentration, and the temperature dependence. Results from these studies indicate that the mechanism of substitution is associative or interchange associative, in contrast with the dissociative mechanism of other photolabile Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes.}, number={45}, journal={Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, author={Wachter, E. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2014}, pages={10474–10486} }
 @article{dickerson_sun_howerton_glazer_2014, title={Modifying charge and hydrophilicity of simple Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes radically alters biological activities: Old complexes, surprising new tricks}, volume={53}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907828262&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ic5013796}, abstractNote={Compounds capable of light-triggered cytotoxicity are appealing potential therapeutics, because they can provide spatial and temporal control over cell killing to reduce side effects in cancer therapy. Two simple homoleptic Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes with almost-identical photophysical properties but radically different physiochemical properties were investigated as agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The two complexes were identical, except for the incorporation of six sulfonic acids into the ligands of one complex, resulting in a compound carrying an overall −4 charge. The negatively charged compound exhibited significant light-mediated cytotoxicity, and, importantly, the negative charges resulted in radical alterations of the biological activity, compared to the positively charged analogue, including complete abrogation of toxicity in the dark. The charges also altered the subcellular localization properties, mechanism of action, and even the mechanism of cell death. The incorporation of negative charged ligands provides a simple chemical approach to modify the biological properties of light-activated Ru(II) cytotoxic agents.}, number={19}, journal={Inorganic Chemistry}, author={Dickerson, M. and Sun, Y. and Howerton, B. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2014}, pages={10370–10377} }
 @article{hidayatullah_wachter_heidary_parkin_glazer_2014, title={Photoactive Ru(II) complexes with dioxinophenanthroline ligands are potent cytotoxic agents}, volume={53}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84907821901&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ic5017164}, abstractNote={Two novel strained ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes containing a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxino[2,3-f]-1,10-phenanthroline (dop) ligand selectively ejected a methylated ligand when irradiated with >400 nm light. The best compound exhibited a 1880-fold increase in cytotoxicity in human cancer cells upon light-activation and was 19-fold more potent than the well-known chemotherapeutic, cisplatin.}, number={19}, journal={Inorganic Chemistry}, author={Hidayatullah, A.N. and Wachter, E. and Heidary, D.K. and Parkin, S. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2014}, pages={10030–10032} }
 @article{glazer_2013, title={Light-activated metal complexes that covalently modify DNA}, volume={53}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84879501715&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/ijch.201300019}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6-7}, journal={Israel Journal of Chemistry}, author={Glazer, E.C.}, year={2013}, pages={391–400} }
 @article{wachter_heidary_howerton_parkin_glazer_2012, title={Light-activated ruthenium complexes photobind DNA and are cytotoxic in the photodynamic therapy window}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865677118&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1039/c2cc33359g}, abstractNote={Incorporation of biquinoline ligands into Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes produces light-activated systems that eject a ligand and photobind DNA after irradiation with visible and near-IR light. Structural analysis shows that distortion facilitates the photochemistry, and gel shift and cytotoxicity studies prove the compounds act as anti-cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents in the tissue penetrant region.}, number={77}, journal={Chemical Communications}, author={Wachter, E. and Heidary, D.K. and Howerton, B.S. and Parkin, S. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2012}, pages={9649–9651} }
 @article{howerton_heidary_glazer_2012, title={Strained ruthenium complexes are potent light-activated anticancer agents}, volume={134}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84861395922&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ja3009677}, abstractNote={Strained ruthenium (Ru) complexes have been synthesized and characterized as novel agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The complexes are inert until triggered by visible light, which induces ligand loss and covalent modification of DNA. An increase in cytotoxicity of 2 orders of magnitude is observed with light activation in cancer cells, and the compounds display potencies superior to cisplatin against 3D tumor spheroids. The use of intramolecular strain may be applied as a general paradigm to develop light-activated ruthenium complexes for PDT applications.}, number={20}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Howerton, B.S. and Heidary, D.K. and Glazer, E.C.}, year={2012}, pages={8324–8327} }
 @article{lee_glazer_wilson_stout_goodin_2011, title={Three clusters of conformational states in P450cam reveal a multistep pathway for closing of the substrate access channel}, volume={50}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952092257&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/bi101726d}, abstractNote={Conformational changes in the substrate access channel have been observed for several forms of cytochrome P450, but the extent of conformational plasticity exhibited by a given isozyme has not been completely characterized. Here we present crystal structures of P450cam bound to a library of 12 active site probes containing a substrate analogue tethered to a variable linker. The structures provide a unique view of the range of protein conformations accessible during substrate binding. Principal component analysis of a total of 30 structures reveals three discrete clusters of conformations: closed (P450cam-C), intermediate (P450cam-I), and fully open (P450cam-O). Relative to P450cam-C, the P450cam-I state results predominantly from a retraction of helix F, while both helices F and G move in concert to reach the fully open P450cam-O state. Both P450cam-C and P450cam-I are well-defined states, while P450cam-O shows evidence of a somewhat broader distribution of conformations and includes the open form recently seen in the absence of substrate. The observed clustering of protein conformations over a wide range of ligand variants suggests a multistep closure of the enzyme around the substrate that begins by conformational selection from an ensemble of open conformations and proceeds through a well-defined intermediate, P450cam-I, before full closure to the P450cam-C state in the presence of small substrates. This multistep pathway may have significant implications for a full understanding of substrate specificity, kinetics, and coupling of substrate binding to P450 function.}, number={5}, journal={Biochemistry}, author={Lee, Y.-T. and Glazer, E.C. and Wilson, R.F. and Stout, C.D. and Goodin, D.B.}, year={2011}, pages={693–703} }
 @article{glazer_le nguyen_gray_goodin_2008, title={Probing inducible nitric oxide synthase with a pterin-ruthenium(II) sensitizer wire}, volume={47}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38549093580&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/anie.200703743}, abstractNote={Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is the primary biological source of the ubiquitous signaling molecule, nitric oxide (•NO). The enzyme utilizes tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) as an essential cofactor, where it plays a key role in the catalytic conversion of L-arginine to citrulline and •NO.1 The pterin has been shown to serve both structural and catalytic roles in the enzyme by affecting the monomer to dimer transition, promoting protein stability, and forming a radical cation during catalytic turnover.2}, number={5}, journal={Angewandte Chemie - International Edition}, author={Glazer, E.C. and Le Nguyen, Y.H. and Gray, H.B. and Goodin, D.B.}, year={2008}, pages={898–901} }
 @book{contakes_nguyen_gray_glazer_hays_goodin_2007, title={Conjugates of heme-thiolate enzymes with photoactive metal-diimine wires}, volume={123}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34249775229&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/430_2006_039}, abstractNote={Heme-thiolate enzymes, notably cytochromes P450 and nitric oxide synthases, use dioxygen to oxygenatesubstrates. Photoactive metal-diimine molecular wires that are capable of effecting rapid redox state changesat buried active sites have been developed to generate intermediates in the catalytic cycles of these enzymes.Wires that feature a photoactive head group tethered to an active-site ligand bind P450CAM and induciblenitric oxide synthase (iNOS) primarily by hydrophobic interactions. The wire-binding specificity of eachenzyme is critically dependent on the structural flexibility of the protein. P450CAM:wire conjugates canadopt open or partially open conformations, thereby accommodating a wide range of wires, whereas onlylong wires with smaller [Re(CO)3(bpy)Im]+ head groupsare able to bind tightly in the rigid active-site channel of iNOS. Dansyl-terminated molecular wires functionas highly sensitive and isoform specific fluorescent sensors for P450CAM.}, journal={Structure and Bonding}, author={Contakes, S.M. and Nguyen, Y.H.L. and Gray, H.B. and Glazer, E.C. and Hays, A.-M. and Goodin, D.B.}, year={2007}, pages={177–203} }
 @article{glazer_magde_tor_2007, title={Ruthenium complexes that break the rules: Structural features controlling dual emission}, volume={129}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34447509732&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ja071124f}, abstractNote={A family of heteroleptic RuII coordination complexes containing substituted 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands with extended conjugation was found to exhibit two simultaneously emissive excited states at room temperature in fluid solution. These systems demonstrate a breakdown of the standard nonradiative decay pathways that normally lead to a single, dominant, lowest energy emissive excited state in RuII complexes and most other chromophores. The structural requirements for dual emission were explored through the synthesis and characterization of isomeric systems. Two features were found to be primarily responsible for resolvable dual emission. Extended conjugation at the 4-position of the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand was identified as an essential feature, and asymmetry in the phenanthroline ligand substitutions appears to greatly facilitate the production of these two nonequilibrated emissive states. Additional complexes were studied which displayed "tunable" emissive characteristics for the two excited states as a function of covalent and noncovalent modification.}, number={27}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Glazer, E.C. and Magde, D. and Tor, Y.}, year={2007}, pages={8544–8551} }
 @article{jouvenot_glazer_tor_2006, title={Photodimerizable ditopic ligand}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33744737271&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ol060253i}, abstractNote={[reaction: see text] The synthesis, photophysical properties, and structural characterization of a photodimerizable ditopic ligand are described. Upon irradiation at 366 nm, ligand 1 dimerizes to the head-to-tail tetra-bpy ligand 2. This thermally stable photodimer can be dissociated back to 1 using higher energy irradiation (254 nm).}, number={10}, journal={Organic Letters}, author={Jouvenot, D. and Glazer, E.C. and Tor, Y.}, year={2006}, pages={1987–1990} }
 @article{glazer_belyea_tor_2005, title={A simple synthesis of isotopically pure 2,2′-dipyridyl-d<inf>8</inf>}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-18844433827&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.inoche.2005.03.011}, abstractNote={Isotopically pure bpy-d8 is formed via a dehydrogenation reaction of pyridine-d5 in a process that is convenient and safe.}, number={6}, journal={Inorganic Chemistry Communications}, author={Glazer, E.C. and Belyea, B. and Tor, Y.}, year={2005}, pages={517–519} }
 @article{glazer_magde_tor_2005, title={Dual emission from a family of conjugated dinuclear Ru<sup>II</sup> complexes}, volume={127}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-16244407376&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ja0440304}, abstractNote={Dual emission is observed from a family of simple acetylene-linked dinuclear RuII complexes, where two MLCT excited states coexist at room temperature and in fluid solution. This unique behavior is attributed to a specific substitution pattern on the bridging ligand and provides the opportunity to investigate the structural and electronic features that result in decoupling of standard nonradiative decay pathways.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Glazer, E.C. and Magde, D. and Tor, Y.}, year={2005}, pages={4190–4192} }
 @article{udit_belliston-bittner_glazer_le nguyen_gillan_hill_marletta_goodin_gray_2005, title={Redox couples of inducible nitric oxide synthase}, volume={127}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-23844434855&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1021/ja0520114}, abstractNote={We report direct electrochemistry of the iNOS heme domain in a DDAB film on the surface of a basal plane graphite electrode. Cyclic voltammetry reveals FeIII/II and FeII/I couples at -191 and -1049 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). Imidazole and carbon monoxide in solution shift the FeIII/II potential by +20 and +62 mV, while the addition of dioxygen results in large catalytic waves at the onset of FeIII reduction. Voltammetry at higher scan rates (with pH variations) reveals that the FeIII/II cathodic peak can be resolved into two components, which are attributable to FeIII/II couples of five- and six-coordinate hemes. Digital simulation of our experimental data implicates water dissociation from the heme as a gating mechanism for ET in iNOS.}, number={32}, journal={Journal of the American Chemical Society}, author={Udit, A.K. and Belliston-Bittner, W. and Glazer, E.C. and Le Nguyen, Y.H. and Gillan, J.M. and Hill, M.G. and Marletta, M.A. and Goodin, D.B. and Gray, H.B.}, year={2005}, pages={11212–11213} }
 @article{aldrich-wright_brodie_glazer_luedtke_elson-schwab_tor_2004, title={Symmetrical dinuclear complexes with high DNA affinity based on Ru(dpq)<inf>2</inf>(phen)<sup>2+</sup>}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2442536689&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={8}, journal={Chemical Communications}, author={Aldrich-Wright, J. and Brodie, C. and Glazer, E.C. and Luedtke, N.W. and Elson-Schwab, L. and Tor, Y.}, year={2004}, pages={1018–1019} }
 @article{luedtke_hwang_glazer_gut_kol_tor_2002, title={Eilatin Ru(II) complexes display anti-HIV activity and enantiomeric diversity in the binding of RNA}, volume={3}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036903957&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/1439-7633(20020802)3:8<766::AID-CBIC766>3.0.CO;2-X}, abstractNote={Eilatin‐containing octahedral ruthenium complexes inhibit HIV‐1 replication in CD4+ HeLa cells and in human peripheral blood monocytes with IC50 values of approximately 1 μM. Similar metal complexes that lack eilatin display 15–100‐fold lower anti‐HIV activities. [Ru(bpy)2“pre‐eilatin”]2+, a complex that contains a nonplanar analogue of eilatin, shows significantly lower nucleic acid binding and lower anti‐HIV activity than eilatin complexes. This result indicates that the extended planar surface presented by eilatin is important for both activities. Rev peptide and ethidium bromide displacement assays are used to probe the nucleic acid affinity and specificity of Λ‐ and Δ‐[Ru(bpy)2eilatin]2+. Two HIV‐1 RNA sites are compared and a significant binding preference for the Rev response element over the transactivation response region is found. Simple DNA duplexes show a consistent selectivity for Λ‐[Ru(bpy)2eilatin]2+ compared to Δ‐[Ru(bpy)2eilatin]2+, while RNAs show more diverse enantiomeric selectivities.}, number={8}, journal={ChemBioChem}, author={Luedtke, N.W. and Hwang, J.S. and Glazer, E.C. and Gut, D. and Kol, M. and Tor, Y.}, year={2002}, pages={766–771} }
 @article{glazer_tor_2002, title={Ru<sup>II</sup> complexes of "large-surface" ligands}, volume={41}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037020554&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1002/1521-3773(20021104)41:21<4022::AID-ANIE4022>3.0.CO;2-1}, abstractNote={The fabrication of RuII–polypyridyl complexes with “large-surface” ligands can be achieved by utilizing metal coordination to facilitate a dehydrogenation reaction (see scheme). This modular methodology efficiently yields biologically active eilatin-containing complexes, as well as RuII complexes of previously unknown ligands. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2002/z19186_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.}, number={21}, journal={Angewandte Chemie - International Edition}, author={Glazer, E.C. and Tor, Y.}, year={2002}, pages={4022–4026} }
 @article{díaz-garcía_wright_casperson_smith_glazer_moerner_sukhomlinova_twieg_2000, title={High speed PVK-based photorefractive polymer composites}, volume={25}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0034454642&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1-4}, journal={Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section B: Nonlinear Optics}, author={Díaz-García, M.A. and Wright, D. and Casperson, J.D. and Smith, B. and Glazer, E. and Moerner, W.E. and Sukhomlinova, L.I. and Twieg, R.J.}, year={2000}, pages={189–194} }
 @inproceedings{glazer_tor_1999, title={Chiral metal-containing polymers}, volume={40}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0033089595&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={1}, booktitle={American Chemical Society, Polymer Preprints, Division of Polymer Chemistry}, author={Glazer, Edith C. and Tor, Yitzhak}, year={1999}, pages={513–514} }
 @article{díaz-garcía_wright_casperson_smith_glazer_moerner_sukhomlinova_twieg_1999, title={Photorefractive properties of poly(N-vinyl carbazole)-based composites for high-speed applications}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0001188375&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={7}, journal={Chemistry of Materials}, author={Díaz-García, M.A. and Wright, D. and Casperson, J.D. and Smith, B. and Glazer, E. and Moerner, W.E. and Sukhomlinova, L.I. and Twieg, R.J.}, year={1999}, pages={1784–1791} }
 @inproceedings{moerner_grunnet-jepsen_wright_casperson_glazer_declue_siegel_twieg_1999, title={Understanding trapping in photorefractive polymer composites for optical processing applications}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032645912&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={IQEC, International Quantum Electronics Conference Proceedings}, author={Moerner, W.E. and Grunnet-Jepsen, A. and Wright, D. and Casperson, J. and Glazer, E. and DeClue, M. and Siegel, J.S. and Twieg, R.J.}, year={1999}, pages={186–187} }