@article{burkholder_kinder_allen_2023, title={Watershed Development and Eutrophying Potable Source-Water Reservoirs in a Warming Temperate/Subtropical Region}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2073-4441"]}, DOI={10.3390/w15224007}, abstractNote={Reservoirs are increasingly valuable worldwide as potable source waters, yet in many geographic regions, their limnology and trophic status are poorly known. We characterized 14 drinking water reservoirs and their watersheds across the warming temperate/subtropical southeastern USA. Selected reservoirs had at least three years of accessible summer water quality data during 2010–2020, including Secchi depth, nutrients, and algal biomass as chlorophyll a, and depth profiles for temperature and dissolved oxygen. Most watersheds, including lands within a 10-km radius of the reservoirs, had sustained substantial urbanization and/or intensive industrialized animal production, in some cases including the discharge of partially treated human sewage or livestock slaughterhouse wastes near or into the reservoirs. Five reservoirs were assessed as mesotrophic; the others were eutrophic. Most were stratified, but ephemeral near-surface thermoclines were common, and many were too shallow (median depth 5.0 m) to maintain uniform temperatures in the relatively warm hypolimnia. Bottom-water hypoxia/anoxia occurred throughout the summers but, surprisingly, in 8 of 14 reservoirs hypoxia commonly extended to surface waters. In the Southeast as in many regions, drinking water reservoirs are poorly protected and degrading as livestock production and/or urban development increasingly characterize their watersheds. The eutrophication trajectory of these valuable resources should be used as an indicator of ecosystem health and water quality in developing more protective management and policy actions.}, number={22}, journal={WATER}, author={Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Kinder, Carol A. and Allen, Elle H.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{burkholder_kinder_dickey_reed_arellano_james_mackenzie_allen_lindor_mathis_et al._2022, title={Classic indicators and diel dissolved oxygen versus trend analysis in assessing eutrophication of potable-water reservoirs}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1939-5582"]}, DOI={10.1002/eap.2541}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}, author={Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Kinder, Carol A. and Dickey, David A. and Reed, Robert E. and Arellano, Consuelo and James, Jennifer L. and Mackenzie, Linda M. and Allen, Elle H. and Lindor, Nicole L. and Mathis, Joshua G. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{shalygin_huang_allen_burkholder_zimba_2019, title={Odorella benthonica gen. & sp. nov. (Pleurocapsales, Cyanobacteria): an odor and prolific toxin producer isolated from a California aqueduct}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1529-8817"]}, DOI={10.1111/jpy.12834}, abstractNote={Pleurocapsales are one of the least understood groups of cyanobacteria in terms of molecular systematics and biochemistry. Considering the high number of cryptic taxa within the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales, it is likely that such taxa also occur in the Pleurocapsales. The new genus described in our research is the first known pleurocapsalean cryptic taxon. It produces off‐flavor and a large number of bioactive metabolites (n = 38) some of which can be toxic including four known microcystins. Using a polyphasic approach, we propose the establishment of the genus Odorella with the new species O. benthonica from material originally isolated from the California Aqueduct near Los Angeles.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY}, author={Shalygin, Sergei and Huang, I-Shuo and Allen, Elle H. and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Zimba, Paul V.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={509–520} }
 @article{burkholder_touchette_allen_alexander_rublee_2008, title={Environmental conditions, cyanobacteria and microcystin concentrations in potable water supply reservoirs in North Carolina, USA}, volume={619}, journal={Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms: state of the science and research needs}, author={Burkholder, J. M. and Touchette, B. W. and Allen, E. H. and Alexander, J. L. and Rublee, P. A.}, year={2008}, pages={293–294} }
 @article{touchette_burkholder_allen_alexander_kinder_brownie_james_britton_2007, title={Eutrophication and cyanobacteria blooms in run-of-river impoundments in North Carolina, USA}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1040-2381"]}, DOI={10.1080/07438140709353921}, abstractNote={Abstract We compared monthly data taken during the dry summer growing season of 2002 in 11 potable water supply reservoirs (19–85 years old based on year filled) within the North Carolina Piedmont, including measures of watershed land use, watershed area, reservoir morphometry (depth, surface area, volume), suspended solids (SS), nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen, TN; total Kjeldahl nitrogen, TKN; nitrate + nitrite, NO3− + NO2−; total phosphorus, TP; total organic carbon), phytoplankton chlorophyll a (chla) concentrations, cyanobacteria assemblages, and microcystin concentrations from monthly data taken during the dry summer 2002 growing season. The reservoirs were considered collectively or as two subgroups by age as “mod.” (moderate age, 19–40 years post-fill, n = 5) and “old” (74–85 yr post-fill, n = 6). The run-of-river impoundments were meso-/eutrophic and turbid (means 25–125 μg TP/L, 410–1,800 μg TN/L, 3–70 μg chla/L and 5.7–41.9 mg SS/L). Under drought conditions in these turbid systems, there was a positive relationship between chla and both TN and TP, supported by correlation analyses and hierarchical ANOVA models. The models also indicated significant positive relationships between TN and TP, and between SS and both TP and TN. Agricultural land use was positively correlated with TKN for the reservoirs considered collectively, and with TN, TKN, TP, and chla in mod. reservoirs. In models considering the reservoirs by age group, TN:TP ratios were significantly lower and NO3− + NO2− was significantly higher in old reservoirs, and these relationships were stronger when reservoir age was used as a linear predictor. Cyanobacteria assemblages in the two reservoir age groups generally were comparable in abundance and species composition, and comprised 60–95% (up to 1.9 × 106 cells/mL) of the total phytoplankton cell number. Potentially toxic taxa were dominated by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and C. philippinensis. Although known microcystin producers were low in abundance, microcystin (< 0.8 μg/L) was detected in most samples. TP and chla were significant predictors of total cyanobacterial abundance. The data suggest that at present these turbid, meso-/eutrophic reservoirs have moderate cyanobacteria abundance and low cyanotoxin (microcystin) levels over the summer growing season, even in low-precipitation seasons that favor cyanobacteria. Accelerated eutrophication from further watershed development is expected to promote increased cyanobacterial abundance and adversely affect the value of these reservoirs as potable water supplies.}, number={2}, journal={LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT}, author={Touchette, Brant W. and Burkholder, Joann M. and Allen, Elie H. and Alexander, Jessica L. and Kinder, Carol A. and Brownie, Cavell and James, Jennifer and Britton, Clay H.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={179–192} }
 @misc{burkholder_g. m._g._a._h. a._d. w._m. w._m. j._p. v._e. h._et al._2007, title={Phytoplankton and bacterial assemblages in ballast water of US military ships as a function of port of origin, voyage time, and ocean exchange practices}, volume={6}, number={4}, journal={Harmful Algae}, author={Burkholder, J. M. and G. M., Melia and G., Cohen and A., Bowers and H. A., Oldach and D. W., Parrow and M. W., Sullivan and M. J., Zimba and P. V., Allen and E. H., Kinder and et al.}, year={2007}, pages={486–518} }
 @article{zimba_camus_allen_burkholder_2006, title={Co-occurrence of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, mortalities and microcystin toxin in a southeastern USA shrimp facility}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.037}, abstractNote={Various freshwater and marine algal toxins are known to affect plants, fishes, mammals, and invertebrates. During recent mortality events in Texas white shrimp aquaculture ponds, water and shrimp tissue samples were analyzed for cyanobacterial toxins and found to contain microcystin-LR. Cyanoprokaryota dominated the phytoplankton assemblage in water from the affected pond, particularly Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena sp. Water samples from the affected pond also contained high levels of microcystin-LR (45 μg/l), whereas adjacent ponds had a diatom-green algal assemblage and no measurable toxin. Unialgal isolates of M. aeruginosa from the affected pond produced microcystin-LR. Free microcystin-LR concentrations in dead shrimp hepatopancreas determined by HPLC were 55 μg/g total shrimp weight, whereas shrimp hepatopancreas from the adjacent pond without shrimp mortalities had no measurable toxin. Muscle toxin concentration was below 0.1 μg/g.}, number={3}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Zimba, Paul V. and Camus, Al and Allen, Elle H. and Burkholder, JoAnn M.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={1048–1055} }
 @article{marshall_hargraves_burkholder_parrow_elbraechter_allen_knowlton_rublee_hynes_egerton_et al._2006, title={Taxonomy of Pfiesteria (Dinophyceae)}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1878-1470"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.hal.2006.05.001}, abstractNote={The dinoflagellate species originally described as Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow et Burkholder, recently transferred to a new genus, Pseudopfiesteria Litaker et al., is reclassified into the redefined genus Pfiesteria Steidinger et Burkholder, as Pfiesteria shumwayae within the order Peridiniales. This change is based upon consideration of a compilation of previous and new morphological analyses and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Morphological analysis with scanning and transmission electron microscopy supports previous findings except in the sulcal area. In the cells examined, the sulcus is partly concealed by the peduncle cover plate (p.c.), which originates at the right side of the sulcus along the left side of the 6c and 5‴ plates. The fine structure of the p.c. appears similar to that of other thecal plates. The 1″ plate can also extend slightly over the sulcus. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Pfiesteria shumwayae can have at least six sulcal plates; the number remains uncertain and may vary. The sulcal plates of this small, delicately thecate species have not been clearly discerned by scanning electron microscopy of membrane-stripped and/or suture-swollen cells. The Kofoidian thecal plate formula for the genus Pfiesteria is Po, cp, X, 4′, la, 5–6″, 6c, p.c., ?s, 5‴, 0p, 2‴′. The monophyletic grouping of “pfiesteria-like” taxa within the order Peridiniales, as well as the grouping of Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae within the same genus, is also supported by the preponderance of previous molecular evidence, and by the phylogenetic trees contributed in the present analysis. Pfiesteria appears to be closely related to as-yet informally described cryptoperidiniopsoids and calcareous dinoflagellates such as Thoracosphaera; thus, the family classification requires revision that is beyond the scope of this study.}, number={5}, journal={HARMFUL ALGAE}, author={Marshall, Harold G. and Hargraves, Paul E. and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Parrow, Matthew W. and Elbraechter, Malte and Allen, Elle H. and Knowlton, Valerie M. and Rublee, Parke A. and Hynes, Wayne L. and Egerton, Todd A. and et al.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={481–496} }
 @article{parrow_elbraechter_krause_burkholder_deamer_htyte_allen_2006, title={The taxonomy and growth of a Crypthecodinium species (Dinophyceae) isolated from a brackish-water fish aquarium}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1814-232X"]}, DOI={10.2989/18142320609504145}, abstractNote={An unidentified heterotrophic dinoflagellate found growing in abundance in a brackish-water fish aquarium was isolated and serially cultivated using a fish cell line as the food source. Prominent characteristics of this dinoflagellate included a cingulum that did not fully encircle the motile cell, cell division in non-motile cysts, and a theca composed of thin but structured plates. Morphological analysis of flagellate cells by scanning electron microscopy revealed a Kofoid thecal plate tabulation of 4', 4a, 4", 'X', 5 or 6c, ?s, 5"', 1p, 1"", most consistent with the original description of Crypthecodinium setense Biecheler. This Crypthecodinium species exhibited a high maximum division rate (3.2 divisions day−1) and cell yield (>106 cells ml−1) when fed cultured fish cells. Small sub-unit rDNA phylogenetic analyses supported relatedness with a previously studied Crypthecodinium-like dinoflagellate, but a significant difference in aligned gene sequences was found. This study provides the first clear demonstration of the plate tabulation of a Crypthecodinium species since the original description over 60 years ago, allowing the original morphological conception of Crypthecodinium to be linked with molecular phylogenetic information.}, number={2}, journal={AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Parrow, M. W. and Elbraechter, M. and Krause, M. K. and Burkholder, J. M. and Deamer, N. J. and Htyte, N. and Allen, E. H.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={185–191} }