@article{levine_rentko_austin_hardie_davis_fubini_katzman_wells_yaxley_marcovici_et al._2021, title={Assessment and Revision of the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program Standardized Letter of Reference}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2019-0104}, abstractNote={ The Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) recently revised its electronic standardized letter of reference (SLOR) to improve the quality and usefulness of the data obtained from it and to enhance the relevance of non-cognitive and cognitive candidate attributes assessed. We used a stepwise process including a broad survey of SLOR readers and writers, analysis of past SLORs, and a multi-wave iterative revision that included key stakeholders, such as residency and internship program directors from academia and private practice. Data from the SLOR survey and analysis of past SLOR responses identified opportunities to improve applicant differentiation, mitigate positive bias, and encourage response consistency. The survey and other analytics identified and confirmed performance domains of high relevance. The revised SLOR assesses four performance domains: knowledge base and clinical skills, stress and time management, interpersonal skills, and personal characteristics. Ratings within the revised SLOR are predominantly criterion-referenced to enhance discernment of candidate attributes contained within each domain. Questions assessing areas of strength and targeted mentoring were replaced with free-text boxes, which allow writers to comment on positive and neutral/negative ratings of attributes within domains. Minor revisions were made to certain questions to enhance readability, streamline responses, or address targeted concerns identified in the SLOR survey or stakeholder review. The revised SLOR was deployed in the 2020 VIRMP; data from a survey of writers ( n = 647) and readers ( n = 378) indicate that the redesign objectives were achieved. }, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Levine, Jonathan M. and Rentko, Virginia T. and Austin, Jonathan and Hardie, Elizabeth and Davis, Elizabeth G. and Fubini, Susan L. and Katzman, Scott A. and Wells, Katherine L. and Yaxley, Page E. and Marcovici, Oded and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={528–532} }
 @article{hanley_kedrowicz_hammond_hardie_2019, title={Impact of Team Communication Training on Performance and Self-Assessment of Team Functioning during Sophomore Surgery}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0317-046r1}, abstractNote={ Collaboration and teamwork are important skills for veterinary professionals that affect relationship development, health and well-being, financial success, and clinical outcomes. This study explores the impact of team communication training on performance and assessment of team functioning during second-year surgery by comparing two different classes. The class of 2017 (control group) received no formal training in team communication before their participation in surgery, and the class of 2018 (treatment group) participated in training offered through a dedicated team communication course. Results showed that team training increased surgical preparation times and had a positive impact on perceptions of competence in some teamwork behaviors. Both cohorts identified similar challenges and solutions associated with teamwork, although the team-trained students responded to challenges differently than the control group. Team communication training had a positive impact on students’ ability to plan and organize their experiences, navigate team dynamics in the moment, and respond to stress in a positive manner. These findings suggest that team training does, in fact, make a difference in students’ abilities to navigate a team task productively. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hanley, Amanda and Kedrowicz, April A. and Hammond, Sarah and Hardie, Elizabeth M.}, year={2019}, pages={45–55} }
 @article{royal_hardie_2018, title={Is verification of peer review service necessary to support scientific growth?}, volume={216}, ISSN={0002-9610}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.AMJSURG.2017.11.028}, DOI={10.1016/J.AMJSURG.2017.11.028}, abstractNote={•Many journals are experiencing greater difficulty finding peer reviewers. •Despite numerous incentives, peer review fails to keep pace with submission volume. •Performing peer review is a professional expectation of the research community. •Peer review is difficult to quantify and difficult for evaluators to substantiate. •Greater scrutiny of peer review service is necessary for advancing science.}, number={2}, journal={The American Journal of Surgery}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Hardie, Elizabeth M.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={202–203} }
 @article{royal_schoenfeld-tacher_kedrowicz_hardie_flammer_2015, title={Measuring Factors that Influence Decisions to Become a Veterinarian}, volume={4}, ISSN={2322-2719}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/rdme.2015.004}, DOI={10.15171/rdme.2015.004}, abstractNote={Introduction: Veterinary medical education; Psychometrics; Career influence; The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, we sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed instrument designed to measure factors incoming veterinary medical students indicated were important (or not) in their decision to become a veterinarian. Second, we sought to produce a measure of these factors by utilizing a state-of-the-art psychometric modeling technique to produce an empirical hierarchy that illustrates the construct of interest and make appropriate inferences about the findings. Methods: The Career Influence Factors Survey (CIFS) was administered to an incoming class of veterinary medical students. Data were analyzed via the Rasch Rating Scale Model. The psychometric properties of the instrument were evaluated according to Messick’s framework of construct validity. Results: Results indicate the Career Influence Factors Survey is a psychometrically-sound instrument capable of accurately and reliably measuring veterinary medical students’ motivations for becoming a veterinarian. Substantive results indicated issues pertaining to animal welfare were the most important in making the decision to become a veterinarian. Previous exposure to a particular animal or family pet was only moderately influential in students’ decision to pursue a career in veterinary medicine. Factors such as a desire to work on food production issues and anticipated earning potential tend to be of lesser importance to incoming students. Conclusion: We encourage others to utilize the instrument and/or adopt the methodology to evaluate the psychometric properties of other instruments. Substantive findings generally corroborated findings from previous studies, but may identify new insights for improving the recruitment of veterinary medical students.}, number={1}, journal={Research and Development in Medical Education}, publisher={International Society for Phytocosmetic Sciences}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Schoenfeld-Tacher, Regina and Kedrowicz, April A. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Flammer, Keven}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={23–29} }
 @misc{lascelles_gruen_vaden_hansen_roe_hardie_2014, title={Chronic kidney disease in cats}, volume={244}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gruen, M. and Vaden, S. and Hansen, B. and Roe, S. and Hardie, L.}, year={2014}, pages={775–776} }
 @article{hardie_2014, title={Pancreatic surgery}, journal={Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, 5th Edition}, author={Hardie, E.}, year={2014}, pages={341–345} }
 @article{benito_hansen_depuy_davidson_thomson_simpson_roe_hardie_lascelles_2013, title={Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index: Responsiveness and Testing of Criterion Validity}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12077}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12077}, abstractNote={BackgroundProgress in establishing if therapies provide relief to cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD)‐associated pain is hampered by a lack of validated owner‐administered assessment methods.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Benito, J. and Hansen, B. and DePuy, V. and Davidson, G. S. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hardie, E. and Lascelles, B. D. X.}, year={2013}, pages={474–482} }
 @article{benito_depuy_hardie_zamprogno_thomson_simpson_roe_hansen_lascelles_2013, title={Reliability and discriminatory testing of a client-based metrology instrument, feline musculoskeletal pain index (FMPI) for the evaluation of degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats}, volume={196}, ISSN={1090-0233}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.015}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to test the readability, reliability, repeatability and discriminatory ability of an owner-completed instrument to assess feline degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated pain (feline musculoskeletal pain index, FMPI). Readability was explored using four different formulas (Flesch, Fry, SMOG and FOG) and the final FMPI instrument was produced. To assess the instrument, client-owned cats that were defined as normal (normal group) or as having DJD-associated pain and mobility impairment (pain-DJD group) were recruited. A total of 32 client-owned cats were enrolled in the study (normal, n=13; pain-DJD, n=19). Owners completed the FMPI on two occasions, 14days apart. Internal consistency (reliability) and repeatability (test-retest) were explored using Cronbach's α and weighted κ statistic, respectively. Data from the two groups were compared using analysis of covariance (controlling for age) to evaluate discriminatory ability. The FMPI was constructed with 21 questions covering activity, pain intensity and overall quality of life. It had a 6th grade readability score. Reliability of the FMPI was excellent (Cronbach's α>0.8 for all groupings of questions in normal and pain-DJD cats) and repeatability was good (weighted κ statistic >0.74) for normal and pain-DJD cats. All components of the FMPI were able to distinguish between normal cats and cats with DJD (P<0.001 for all components). This initial evaluation of the FMPI suggests that this instrument is worthy of continued investigation.}, number={3}, journal={The Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Benito, J. and DePuy, V. and Hardie, E. and Zamprogno, H. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hansen, B. and Lascelles, B.D.X.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={368–373} }
 @article{hardie_lascelles_meuten_davidson_papich_hansen_2011, title={Evaluation of intermittent infusion of bupivacaine into surgical wounds of dogs postoperatively}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1090-0233"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.008}, abstractNote={Thirty-one dogs were randomised to receive intermittent wound infusion of bupivacaine or saline after surgery. Wound pressure sensitivity, pain scores, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, analgesic drugs administered, time to walking and time to eating after surgery were recorded. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations were measured. The relative frequency distributions of the non-interventional and interventional pain scores, but not the relative frequency distributions of palpation pain scores or wound pressure sensitivity, were significantly different between groups following surgery. There was a significant difference between groups in the time to eating and in the amount and timing of analgesic drugs administered. Measured plasma bupivacaine concentrations demonstrated systemic absorption of the drug. Bupivacaine infusion into surgical wounds after surgery may improve post-operative recovery, but no effect on wound tenderness was demonstrated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Meuten, Travis and Davidson, Gigi S. and Papich, Mark G. and Hansen, Bernie D.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={287–289} }
 @article{zamprogno_hansen_bondell_sumrell_simpson_robertson_brown_pease_roe_hardie_et al._2010, title={Item generation and design testing of a questionnaire to assess degenerative joint disease–associated pain in cats}, volume={71}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.71.12.1417}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.71.12.1417}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Zamprogno, Helia and Hansen, Bernie D. and Bondell, Howard D. and Sumrell, Andrea Thomson and Simpson, Wendy and Robertson, Ian D. and Brown, James and Pease, Anthony P. and Roe, Simon C. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1417–1424} }
 @article{cherry_diniz_maggi_hummel_hardie_behrend_rozanski_defrancesco_cadenas_breitschwerdt_et al._2009, title={Isolation or Molecular Detection of Bartonella  henselae and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii from Dogs with Idiopathic Cavitary Effusions}, volume={23}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0246.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0246.x}, abstractNote={There are a substantial number of pathophysiologic causes for effusions in dogs.1 Previously, using an insect cell culture medium (Bartonella alpha-proteobacteria growth medium—BAPGM), our laboratory isolated Mycobacterium kansasii from a dog with therapeutically intractable pleural effusion.2 Recently, we developed a combined assay incorporating BAPGM pre-enrichment culture, so as to increase Bartonella bacterial numbers, followed by PCR amplification of organism-specific DNA sequences.3 The combined assay has substantially increased the sensitivity of molecular detection of Bartonella infection.3-5 This pre-enrichment culture medium has also isolated numerous other bacterial species of undetermined pathogenicity from human patients in our laboratory.4 In the past decade, several Bartonella species, including B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, B. clarridgeiae, B. elizabethae, B. washoensis, and B. quintana, have been found to infect dogs.6 Currently, case-based evidence suggests that occult infection with these bacteria may contribute to a wide range of disease manifestations in dogs, humans, and potentially other animals.6B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii have been reported in association with granulomatous lymphadenitis, hepatic disease,7 and endocarditis in dogs.8 Between July 2004 and December 2007, blood and effusion samples from 20 dogs of varying breeds and ages, were submitted for BAPGM culture by veterinarians at Auburn University, North Carolina State University and Tufts University's Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, of which 5 were found to be infected with a Bartonella spp. Using a previously described approach, DNA was extracted directly from EDTA-anticoagulated blood or thoracic and abdominal effusion samples, from BAPGM pre-enrichment liquid blood and effusion cultures, and from pooled bacterial subculture isolates.3-5, 9 Extracted DNA was screened by PCR with Bartonella genus primers, targeting the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (ITS), which has a detection limit of 2–3 genomic copies per reaction.9 ITS amplicons were sequenced to confirm the Bartonella species and strain.5, 9 This study provides the first molecular and microbiologic evidence to support infection with B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in dogs with idiopathic cavitary effusions or constrictive pericarditis. An 8-year-old-female spayed Labrador mix was referred to Tufts for evaluation of recurrent pleural effusion. Thoracic fluid cytology was consistent with a transudate with a specific gravity of 1.019, total protein of 2.6 g/dL and 255 cells/μL. No bacterial growth or neoplastic cells were documented. A CBC, serum biochemical profile, coagulation profile, and urinalysis were unremarkable except for mild hyperbilirubinemia and hematuria. A torsed lung lobe was surgically removed. Postoperatively despite administration of azathioprine, prednisone, and spironolactone, thoracocentesis was required for 10 consecutive months. When immunosuppressive therapy was tapered, pleural effusion rapidly recurred. Antibiotics, including doxycycline, azithromycin, or enrofloxacin, did not decrease the rate of fluid accumulation, which had become a modified transudate. The dog underwent an exploratory thoracotomy and died postoperatively. B. henselae strain Houston-I was isolated and sequenced from the thoracic fluid and B. henselae strain Houston-I and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype II were isolated from a BAPGM blood culture. Bartonella serology was not requested. A 3-year-old-female spayed Leonberger was referred to Auburn for evaluation of lethargy, anorexia, weight loss (11 kg), and cervical pain. The only central nervous system abnormality was mild pain on cervical flexion. A possible abdominal mass was noted. There were no hematologic abnormalities. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased alkaline phosphatase (130 U/L; reference range, 4–95) and alanine amino transferase activities (385 U/L; reference range, 26–200), increased serum creatinine concentration (1.5 mg/dL; reference range, 0.68–1.45), and hypoglobulinemia (2.1 g/dL; reference range, 2.6–5.0). Urinalysis was within normal limits and urine culture failed to grow bacteria. Thoracic radiographs indicated moderate pleural effusion. Ultrasonographic abnormalities included a thickened, stiff stomach wall, abdominal effusion, and irregular kidney margins. An echocardiogram identified no cardiac abnormalities. Pleural fluid analysis was consistent with a modified transudate with a specific gravity of 1.026, total protein of 3.9 g/dL, and 670 total cells/μL. Serum antibodies were not detected to Neospora caninum, Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia rickettsii, Toxoplasma gondii, canine distemper virus, and Pythium insidiosum. Abdominal exploratory surgery identified a large volume of grossly pink peritoneal fluid. No histologic lesions were found in stomach, liver, omentum, duodenum, mesenteric, and pyloric lymph nodes, kidney, pancreas, and jejunum. B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antibodies were not detected, but B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype II was sequenced from the BAPGM pre-enrichment blood culture and the subculture isolate. Azithromycin 250 mg daily and doxycycline 100 mg PO q12 h were administered for 14 days. Nine days after beginning treatment, the dog was eating and drinking normally but pleural effusion failed to resolve. Antibiotics were continued for 2 more weeks. During the next year, the cervical pain continued. The dog was euthanized because of severe peripheral edema with spontaneous fluid extravasation 2 years later. An insulin-dependent diabetic 12-year-old-male castrated Vizsla was evaluated for coughing, gagging, and lethargy. Idiopathic chylothorax initially was diagnosed by the referring veterinarian based on cytological evaluation, which was confirmed by pleural fluid analysis at NCSU-VTH as chylous with a specific gravity of 1.023, total protein of 3.3 g/dL, and 1,940 total cells/μL. A CBC was normal. Biochemical abnormalities included hyperglycemia (serum glucose concentration 258 g/dL; reference range, 73–116), and increased SAP (270 U/L; reference range, 15–156), and ALT activities (100 U/L; reference range, 16–73). Abdominal and thoracic ultrasonography, an echocardiogram, and a helical computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax and anterior abdomen with lymphangiography were unremarkable, except for pleural effusion. Thoracic duct ligation and partial pericardectomy were performed. The dog recovered uneventfully but continued to accumulate lesser quantities of thoracic fluid, consistently characterized as a modified transudate. Two months postsurgery, the dog developed lethargy, inability to rise, and edema involving the neck, sternum, and right front leg. Urine and pleural fluid cultures failed to grow bacteria. Pleural fluid again was classified as a modified transudate, containing atypical mesothelial cells. A seroma, accompanied by spontaneous leakage of fluid, formed in the ventral neck region. The owner elected euthanasia before availability of the BAPGM culture results. B. henselae DNA was amplified and sequenced directly from the pleural fluid and from the BAPGM enrichment culture. After subculture, an Arthrobacter spp. was isolated, as defined by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Serology was not requested. At necropsy, no cause was identified for the severe emaciation, pleural effusion, and subcutaneous edema. A 5-year-old-female spayed Pomeranian was referred to the NCSU-VTH for diagnostic evaluation of panhypoproteinemia. The owners reported infrequent bouts of diarrhea and poorly localized abdominal pain. Serum total protein concentration (2.6 g/dL; reference range, 5.1–7.4), albumin (1.3 g/dL; reference range, 2.8–4.0), and globulin concentrations (1.3 g/dL; reference range, 2.0–4.1) were low. Hematologic abnormalities included lymphopenia (283 lymphocytes/μL; reference range, 480–3,762) and neutrophilia (13,745 neutrophils/μL; reference range, 2,529–12,876). With the exception of bilirubinuria, urinalysis was unremarkable, urine protein/creatinine ratio was normal, and urine culture was negative. Radiographs confirmed thoracic and abdominal effusion. Ultrasonography identified bicavitary anechoic effusion, consistent with a transudate, a collapsed right lung lobe, and portal vein thrombosis. The liver was hypoechoic, abdominal lymph nodes slightly enlarged, and the intestinal lumen was distended with fluid. Echocardiography did not identify pericardial effusion or support a diagnosis of right-sided heart failure. By abdominocentesis, a clear transudative fluid with a specific gravity of 1.005 was obtained. Aerobic and anaerobic culture of the abdominal fluid failed to grow bacteria. Endoscopic gastric biopsies were unremarkable, whereas the duodenum was moderately infiltrated with lymphocytes and plasma cells, accompanied by multifocal lymphangiectasia. A heartworm antigen test was negative. Antibodies to B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, R. rickettsii, E. canis, and Babesia canis were not detected by IFA testing. B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotype II was isolated from pleural fluid and B. henselae from the blood. Protein-losing enteropathy, accompanied by a portal vein thrombosis, was diagnosed. Treatment consisted of a high protein, low residue diet and metronidazole 10.5 mg/kg PO q8h for 4 weeks. Within 2 weeks, the portal vein thrombosis was no longer visible by ultrasonography. Serum protein concentrations increased progressively and were within reference ranges (total protein, 5.8 g/dL; albumin, 3.6 g/dL; globulin, 2.2 g/dL) by 3 months after initial evaluation. Effusion resolved and did not recur during a 3-year follow-up period. A 6-year-old-female spayed Labrador Retriever was referred for diagnostic evaluation of abdominal effusion. Historically, the dog had remained alert and active. Six liters of serosanguineous, modified transudate with a specific gravity of 1.026, total protein of 4 g/dL and 770 total cells/μL was aspirated from the abdomen. There were no hematologic or coagulation abnormalities, except hypocholesterolemia (134 mg/dL; reference range, 138–317). Central venous pressure was slightly increased (8–9 mmHg). Abdominal and thoracic CT scans identified distention of the hepatic veins and the cranial and caudal vena cava, indicative of right-sided heart failure. By echocardiography, minimal pericardial effusion and hypokinetic left ventricle free wall were documented. Catheterization of the right side of the heart detected a cranial vena cava pressure of 16.1 mmHg, right atrial pressure of 17.4 mmHg, right ventricle pressure at the end of the diastole of 15.6 mmHg and wedge pressure of 17.4 mmHg. The tracing of the right atrial pressure, with prominent x and y descents, was consistent with constrictive pericarditis. Subtotal pericardectomy was performed. On histopathology, the pericardium was variably thickened (up to 0.5 cm) with densely packed collagen fibers, containing few blood vessels and rare hemosiderin-laden macrophages. No etiologic agents were seen, no fungal species were isolated and aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures were negative. On day 8 postpericardectomy, the dog became febrile (T 104°F), vomited, and had diarrhea. A CBC was unremarkable. Two liters of serosanguineous fluid, removed by thoracocentesis, was classified cytologically as an inflammatory sterile effusion containing neutrophils, some phagocytosed by macrophages, and large, atypical mesothelial cells. Anaerobic and aerobic cultures again were negative, potentially because amoxicillin-clavulanate was started by the referring veterinarian 36 hours before sample collection. The treatment regimen was changed to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and metoclopramide. Pleural fluid, cultured in BAPGM, resulted in the isolation of Bartonella spp., which was not successfully sequenced. Serum was not available for Bartonella IFA testing. Once culture results became available, treatment with azithromycin (7.8 mg/kg PO q2h) was begun for 5 weeks. At reevaluation 1 month later, the dog was eating normally, active, and alert, and there was no radiographic evidence of thoracic or abdominal effusion. Nine months postpericardectomy, the dog remained healthy with normal exercise tolerance when running and swimming. In this study, we detected infection with B. henselae, B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii or both organisms in 5 dogs ranging in age from 3 to 12 years that were diagnosed with pleural, pericardial (constrictive pericarditis), or abdominal effusion. Clinical signs generally were nonspecific and included lethargy, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distention, lameness, and cervical pain. DNA was not amplified directly from 3 of 3 blood samples or from 2 of 3 effusion samples, but was amplified from pre-enrichment BAPGM blood and effusion cultures and from subculture isolates, a finding that further supports the utility of the enrichment process before PCR for more optimal detection of infection with a Bartonella spp.3, 5, 9 In humans, thoracic effusions have been reported as infrequent sequelae of Cat Scratch Disease, caused by B. henselae and due to infection with B. quintana.10 Unfortunately, BAPGM cultures often were established after administration of antibiotics. If blood and effusion samples had been cultured earlier in the course of illness and before antibiotic therapy, enhanced detection of Bartonella or other fastidious bacteria may have been achieved in other cases. As extravascular accumulation of fluid is always caused by a pathologic process and as dogs can be chronically infected with B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii for at least a year,11 microbiologic and molecular documentation of infection with this genus of bacteria may reflect an opportunistic role, a cofactor in disease expression or a primary pathogenic role in various patients with cavitary effusion. Exudates are the expected inflammatory response induced by bacterial infection, but this paradigm may not apply to Bartonella spp. Recently, the lipopolysaccharide of B. quintana was shown to have anti-inflammatory rather than proinflammatory properties.12 In addition, previous experimental infection studies in dogs suggest that B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is associated with organism-induced immunosuppression.11 These and other unknown factors potentially could contribute to the development of an effusion in the absence of a strong host inflammatory response. Recent experimental studies using rodent models emphasize the ability of Bartonella spp. to invade vascular endothelial cells.13 In immunocompromised people, endothelial infection with B. henselae induces single or multiple vasoproliferative lesions (peliosis hepatis and bacillary angiomatosis).14, 15 Therefore, it is plausible that vascular endothelial infection contributes to increased vascular permeability and aberrant fluid accumulation. Despite isolation or molecular detection of B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in these dogs, no direct cause and effect association can be implicated. However, our results may be clinically relevant because most idiopathic effusions obtained from dogs generally are considered aseptic based on conventional microbiological culture approaches. Two dogs in this study, for which serum was available for testing, were not seroreactive to B. henselae and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antigens by IFA testing, as described previously.9 Antigenic variability among B. henselae test strains previously has resulted in false negative B. henselae IFA results in human patients with suspected cat scratch disease,16 and a similar occurrence may explain discrepant serology and PCR results. The concept that bacterial infection in transudates or modified transudates obtained from dogs is an infrequent occurrence should be reassessed in the context of Bartonella infection. This research was supported by the State of North Carolina and in part through graduate student stipend support provided to NA Cherry by Novartis Animal Health, and salary support provided by IDEXX Laboratories and Bayer Corporation. We thank Mrs Tonya Lee for editorial assistance.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cherry, N. A. and Diniz, P. P. V. P. and Maggi, Ricardo and Hummel, J. B. and Hardie, E. M. and Behrend, E. N. and Rozanski, E. and DeFrancesco, T. C. and Cadenas, M. B. and Breitschwerdt, Edward and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={186–189} }
 @article{stepnik_mehl_hardie_kass_reimer_campbell_mison_schmiedt_gregory_hobson_2009, title={Outcome of permanent tracheostomy for treatment of upper airway obstruction in cats: 21 cases (1990-2007)}, volume={234}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.234.5.638}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Stepnik, Matthew W. and Mehl, Margo L. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Kass, Philip H. and Reimer, S. Brent and Campbell, Bonnie G. and Mison, Michael B. and Schmiedt, Chad W. and Gregory, Clare R. and Hobson, H. Phil}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={638–643} }
 @article{hardie_2009, title={Surgical views}, volume={31}, number={8}, journal={Compendium-Continuing Education for Veterinarians}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={2009}, pages={350–350} }
 @article{turnwald_stone_bristol_fuentealba_hardie_hellyer_jaeger_kerwin_kochevar_lissemore_et al._2008, title={Assessing Clinical Competency: Reports from Discussion Groups}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.35.3.343}, abstractNote={ This report describes proposed new models for assessment of eight of the nine clinical competencies the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education requires for accreditation. The models were developed by discussion groups at the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges’ Clinical Competency Symposium. Clinical competencies and proposed models (in parentheses) are described. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Turnwald, Grant and Stone, Elizabeth and Bristol, David and Fuentealba, Carmen and Hardie, Lizette and Hellyer, Peter and Jaeger, Laurie and Kerwin, Sharon and Kochevar, Deborah and Lissemore, Kerry and et al.}, year={2008}, pages={343–353} }
 @article{hardie_linder_pease_2008, title={Aural Cholesteatoma in Twenty Dogs}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00455.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To determine the clinical course in dogs with aural cholesteatoma.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Linder, Keith E. and Pease, Anthony P.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={763–770} }
 @article{scherrer_kyles_samii_hardie_kass_gregory_2008, title={Computed tomographic assessment of vascular invasion and resectability of mediastinal masses in dogs and a cat}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0048-0169"]}, DOI={10.1080/00480169.2008.36855}, abstractNote={Abstract AIMS: To assess the sensitivity of non-angiographic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) to determine the presence of vascular invasion of cranial mediastinal masses in dogs and a cat, and to evaluate the association between vascular invasion and peri-operative mortality. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 25 dogs and one cat. CT scans were completed with slices ranging from 2 to 10 mm. CT images were evaluated by a board-certifi ed radiologist blinded to previous diagnoses and surgical fi ndings. Each CT study was evaluated for vascular invasion, defi ned as disruption of the vessel wall and extension of the mass into the vessel lumen. Data retrieved from the surgery reports included surgical approach, whether vascular invasion was present, the surgeon's decision on operability, and post-operative complications. RESULTS: Computed tomographic evaluation revealed 25/26 masses had no evidence of vascular invasion. During surgical exploration, 10/26 masses were found to invade major regional vasculature; the cranial vena cava (CVC) was the vessel most commonly invaded (7/10 animals), and 4/7 (57%) patients with invasion of the CVC were euthanised or died in the perioperative period, from surgical or disease-related problems, which was signifi cantly higher than patients without vascular invasion (p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Non-angiographic contrast-enhanced CT was signifi cantly less sensitive for detecting vascular invasion of cranial mediastinal masses when compared with surgical evaluation. If the CVC was invaded by a tumour there was a signifi cant risk of death peri-operatively when compared with non-invasive cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Due to the signifi cantly higher mortality risk associated with invasion of the CVC, a more sensitive method than CT should be investigated to determine vascular invasion of mediastinal masses pre-operatively.}, number={6}, journal={NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Scherrer, W. E. and Kyles, A. E. and Samii, V. F. and Hardie, E. M. and Kass, P. H. and Gregory, C. R.}, year={2008}, pages={330–333} }
 @article{hardie_2008, title={Current Methods in Use for Assessing Clinical Competencies: What Works?}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.35.3.359}, abstractNote={An online survey was used to capture qualitative descriptions of methods used by a veterinary college to assess clinical competencies in its students. Each college was specifically asked about use of the methods detailed in the Toolbox of Assessment Methods developed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Medical Specialties. Additionally, each college was asked to detail the methods used to ensure competency in each of the nine areas specified by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education. Associate deans of academic affairs or their equivalents at veterinary colleges in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Caribbean were contacted by e-mail and asked to complete the survey. Responses were obtained from 24 of 32 colleges. The methods most often used were review of students’ medical records (16), checklist evaluation of must-learn skills (16), procedural logs (11), multiple-choice skill examinations (11), case simulations using role-playing (7), short-answer skill examinations (7), global rating of live or recorded performance (7), case simulations using computerized case simulations (7), 360-degree evaluation of clinical performance (4), and standardized patient or client examination (3). Additional methods used included medical record portfolio review, paper-and-pencil branching problems, chart-stimulated oral exams, externship mentor evaluation, performance rubrics for clinical rotations, direct observation and query on cases, video evaluation, case correlation tasks, and an employer survey. Non-realistic models were used more often for skill evaluation than realistic models. One college used virtual-reality models for testing.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M.}, year={2008}, pages={359–368} }
 @article{hardie_2008, title={Spaying: One technique no longer fits all}, volume={30}, number={8}, journal={Compendium-Continuing Education for Veterinarians}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={2008}, pages={416-} }
 @article{davis_hardie_martin_zhu_brownie_2007, title={Correlation between perioperative factors and successful outcome in fibrosarcoma resection in cats}, volume={161}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.161.6.199}, abstractNote={FELINE fibrosarcoma (FSA) is one of the most common subcutaneous neoplasms in cats. Typically, FSA is a locally aggressive tumour, with a moderate metastatic rate of 11 to 22·5 per cent (Brown and others 1978, Cronin and others 1998, Hershey and others 2000, Cohen and others 2001, Kobayashi and others 2002) and recurrence rates as high as 67 per cent (Davidson and others 1997). Aggressive surgical excision and radiation therapy are the recommended treatments for FSA (Davidson and others 1997, Cronin and others 1998, Hershey and others 2000, Kobayashi and others 2002). Despite advances that have improved long-term outcomes, little research has been conducted to address the effects of various forms of perioperative support on acute morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this short communication was to identify perioperative factors affecting immediate surgical outcome in cats undergoing wide or radical en bloc reconstructive surgery for fibrosarcoma. This retrospective study evaluated 153 cats with histologically confirmed fibrosarcoma that were presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between October 1990 and November 2004. Inclusion criteria were a histological diagnosis of FSA and en bloc surgical resection of the mass. Success was defined as the absence of perioperative complications or death. Fisher’s exact test was used for qualitative variables. Unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the potential effects of qualitative clinical variables on the success of surgery. Success was recorded in 123 cats (80·4 per cent). Twentyfour cats (15·7 per cent) experienced non-fatal complications identified as causes of postoperative morbidity: 24 had wound complications, two had pain, one had hypovolaemic shock with central nervous system ischaemia and one had acute renal failure. Four cats had multiple complications. Seroma was the most common wound complication (10 cats), followed by dehiscence in six, infection in five and subcutaneous emphysema in two. Seven cats (4·6 per cent) died: two as a result of cardiac arrest, two of peritonitis, two of pancreatitis and one because of haemolysis. The median age of all the cats was eight years. Forty-eight cats (31·4 per cent) had coexistent non-neoplastic disease. No vital parameters (age, sex, breed, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, packed-cell volume, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and glucose) were significantly correlated with success. In total, 127 cats (83 per cent) had a previously resected fibrosarcoma. The tumours were found at various sites: 58 were intrascapular, 31 were in a limb, 25 were in a flank, 21 were paraspinal, 15 were in the chest, two were in both the intrascapular and scapular regions and one was in the head. Previous resection and tumour location were not significantly correlated with success. Fourteen cats did not receive any preoperative neoadjunctive treatment. All neoadjunctive therapy was administered before surgery. Of those that did receive neoadjunctive therapy, 73 received radiation alone, 55 had radiation combined with chemotherapy and 11 had chemotherapy alone. No variables associated with neoadjunctive therapy were significantly correlated with success. The mean length of surgery was 106·5 minutes. Length of surgery was the only surgical factor that was significantly correlated with increased wound complications (P<0·005). Length of surgery was also positively correlated with length of hospitalisation, with longer surgeries resulting in longer hospitalisations (P<0·005). Most cats (81) received two types of analgesic perioperatively, while 41 cats received three types of analgesic. Narcotics were the most common analgesics administered (in 149 cats), followed by ketamine in 111, local anaesthetics in 43, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 42 and α2-adrenoceptor agonists in 20. Local analgesic wound infusion catheters were used in 19 cases. Using a wound infusion catheter significantly decreased the length of hospitalisation (P=0·039). The choice of analgesics and the numbers of analgesics administered (multimodality) did not correlate with success. The mean length of time to eating after surgery was 28·6 hours. The mean length of hospitalisation was 3·2 days. One large epidemiological veterinary study demonstrated a significant risk of postoperative wound infection with prolonged surgical and anaesthetic times (Nicholson and others 2002). Animals undergoing a 90-minute surgical procedure are twice as likely to develop wound infections as animals undergoing a 60-minute procedure (Brown and others 1997). Cats in the present study had a mean operative time of 106·5 minutes, which would have predisposed them to developing wound complications. Longer surgery was also correlated with a longer duration of hospitalisation. However, longer surgery time is an indicator of the complexity of the resection. In such cases, longer hospitalisation may have been due to a prolonged need for analgesia or more time required to manage wound complications. Cats receiving local analgesics infused through wound catheters (Wolfe and Muir 2003) spent significantly less time in hospital than those that did not, suggesting that the cats became mobile more quickly and took less time to start eating than those on other analgesic regimens. Further investigation is needed to evaluate this potentially beneficial effect in cats. In conclusion, wound complications and longer hospitalisation periods were most frequent in cats that underwent prolonged surgery. Using a wound infusion catheter significantly decreased the length of hospitalisation.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Davis, K. M. and Hardie, E. M. and Martin, F. R. and Zhu, J. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={199–200} }
 @article{davis_hardie_lascelles_hansen_2007, title={Feline fibrosarcoma: Perioperative management}, volume={29}, number={12}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Davis, K. M. and Hardie, E. M. and Lascelles, B. D. X. and Hansen, B.}, year={2007}, pages={712-} }
 @misc{duncan_lascelles_court_hardie_robertson_2007, title={Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00322.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00322.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To review the evidence regarding the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in cats.


DATABASES USED
PubMed, CAB abstracts.


CONCLUSIONS
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used with caution in cats because of their low capacity for hepatic glucuronidation, which is the major mechanism of metabolism and excretion for this category of drugs. However, the evidence presented supports the short-term use of carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen, meloxicam and tolfenamic acid as analgesics in cats. There were no data to support the safe chronic use of NSAIDs in cats.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Duncan, B. and Lascelles, X. and Court, Michael H. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Robertson, Sheilah A.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={228–250} }
 @article{hardie_2007, title={Osteoarthritis and chronic kidney disease are NSAIDs okay?}, volume={29}, number={7}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Hardie, L.}, year={2007}, pages={412–413} }
 @article{chanoit_kyles_weisse_hardie_2007, title={Surgical and interventional radiographic treatment of dogs with hepatic arteriovenous fistulae}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2007.00263.x}, abstractNote={Objective—To report outcome after surgical and interventional radiographic treatment of hepatic arteriovenous fistulae (HAVF) in dogs.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Chanoit, Guillaume and Kyles, Andrew E. and Weisse, Chick and Hardie, Elizabeth M.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={199–209} }
 @article{fujii_keene_mathews_atkins_defrancesco_hardie_wakao_2006, title={Coil occlusion of residual shunts after surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00222.x}, abstractNote={Objective— To describe use of coil embolization to occlude residual flow through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after incomplete surgical ligation.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Fujii, Yoko and Keene, Bruce W. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Atkins, Clarke E. and Defrancesco, Teresa C. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Wakao, Yoshito}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={781–785} }
 @article{mathews_hardie_murphy_2006, title={Subtotal Ear Canal Ablation in 18 Dogs and One Cat With Minimal Distal Ear Canal Pathology}, volume={42}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420371}, DOI={10.5326/0420371}, abstractNote={A modified technique for performing total ear canal ablations is described. This technique requires less dissection than the standard technique and maintains a portion of the distal vertical ear canal. Subtotal ear canal ablations were performed in 18 dogs and one cat for the treatment of otitis externa or masses of the horizontal ear canal. Animals with otitis externa had minimal involvement of the distal ear canal. Dermatological problems associated with the remaining ear canal and pinnae occurred in eight animals and resolved with medical management. Normal ear carriage was maintained in all animals with erect ears. Further investigation is required before the procedure can be recommended as a treatment for otitis externa not caused by masses or anatomical abnormalities of the horizontal ear canal in dogs with pendulous ears.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Mathews, Kyle G. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Murphy, K. Marcia}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={371–380} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_wooden_adin_stone_gregory_mathews_cowgill_vaden_nyland_et al._2005, title={Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.932}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={932–936} }
 @article{mehl_kyles_hardie_kass_adin_flynn_de cock_gregory_2005, title={Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for treatment for single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 168 cases (1995-2001)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.2020}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Mehl, ML and Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Kass, PH and Adin, CA and Flynn, AK and De Cock, HE and Gregory, CR}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={2020–2030} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_wooden_adin_stone_gregory_mathews_cowgill_vaden_nyland_et al._2005, title={Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984-2002)}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.937}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Wooden, BG and Adin, CA and Stone, EA and Gregory, CR and Mathews, KG and Cowgill, LD and Vaden, S and Nyland, TG and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={937–944} }
 @article{hardie_2005, title={NSAIDs and corticosteroids are a risky combination}, volume={100}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={2005}, pages={472} }
 @article{jaeger_early_munana_hardie_2004, title={Lumbosacral disc disease in a cat}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1055/s-0038-1636482}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology}, author={Jaeger, G. H. and Early, P. J. and Munana, K. R. and Hardie, E. M.}, year={2004}, pages={104–106} }
 @article{hardie_kyles_2004, title={Management of ureteral obstruction}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1878-1306"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.008}, abstractNote={The most common cause of ureteral obstruction in dogs and cats is ureteral calculi. Common clinical signs associated with ureteral obstruction include abnormalities in urination, persistent urinary tract infection, abdominal pain, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss,and depression or lethargy. Medical management of ureteral obstruction includes fluid diuresis, muscle relaxants, and treatment of azotemia using nephrostomy tubes or hemodialysis. Surgical techniques used to restore patency to the ureter include ureterotomy,partial ureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy, and ureteral resection and anastomosis. Lithotripsy has been used in dogs to remove ureteral calculi. Renal function can be preserved if complete ureteral obstruction is relieved within several days of onset.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Hardie, EM and Kyles, AE}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={989-+} }
 @article{pintar_breitschwerdt_hardie_spaulding_2003, title={Acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen in the dog: A retrospective analysis of 39 cases (1987-2001)}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0390518}, abstractNote={The medical records of 39 dogs with acute nontraumatic hemoabdomen were identified and reviewed. Anemia and hypoalbuminemia were identified in 36/37 (97%) and 25/33 (76%) dogs, respectively. Coagulopathies were identified in 26/31 (84%) dogs. When a definitive diagnosis was obtained, malignant neoplasia was diagnosed most frequently and occurred in 24/30 (80%) dogs. Hemangiosarcoma accounted for 21/30 (70%) diagnoses. Sixteen dogs underwent exploratory laparotomy, of which seven (44%) survived the perioperative period. Of the dogs that did not undergo surgery, 9/23 (39%) survived to be discharged from the hospital.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Pintar, J and Breitschwerdt, EB and Hardie, EM and Spaulding, KA}, year={2003}, pages={518–522} }
 @article{kyles_feldman_de cock_kass_mathews_hardie_nelson_ilkiw_gregory_2003, title={Surgical management of adrenal gland tumors with and without associated tumor thrombi in dogs: 40 cases (1994-2001)}, volume={223}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.223.654}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Feldman, EC and De Cock, HEV and Kass, PH and Mathews, KG and Hardie, EM and Nelson, RW and Ilkiw, JE and Gregory, CR}, year={2003}, month={Sep}, pages={654–662} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_mehl_gregory_2002, title={Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for the management of single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in cats: 23 cases (1996-2001)}, volume={220}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.1341}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Mehl, M and Gregory, CR}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={1341–1347} }
 @article{pressler_hardie_pitulle_hopwood_sontakke_breitschwerdt_2002, title={Isolation and identification of Mycobacterium kansasii from pleural fluid of a dog with persistent pleural effusion}, volume={220}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1336}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.1336}, abstractNote={A 3-year-old spayed female Whippet was examined for cough and respiratory distress. Lung lobe torsion with pleural effusion was diagnosed, and lung lobectomy was performed. Pleural effusion recurred during the following 27 months; conventional bacteriologic cultures of pleural effusion did not result in bacterial growth. A second lung lobectomy, pleuroperitoneal shunt placement. and pericardectomy were subsequently performed. Mycobacterium kansasii was eventually isolated from pleural fluid and identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing. The dog was euthanatized before therapeutic response could be evaluated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. kansasii infection in a dog. Additionally, this is the first report of mycobacterial isolation from pleural fluid, and one of few reports of antemortem mycobacterial isolation from a body fluid, as opposed to identification in specimens during histologic examination. Routine bacteriologic culture methods are insufficient to isolate mycobacterial agents, and special methods are indicated in dogs with persistent pleural effusion.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Pressler, Barrak M. and Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Pitulle, Christian and Hopwood, Robin M. and Sontakke, Sushama and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={1336–1340} }
 @article{kobayashi_hauck_dodge_page_price_williams_hardie_mathews_thrall_2002, title={Preoperative radiotherapy for vaccine associated sarcoma in 92 cats}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01036.x}, abstractNote={Medical records for 92 cats with a vaccine associated sarcoma receiving preoperative irradiation, with or without chemotherapy, between December 1985 and September 1998 were reviewed. The purposes were to quantify response to treatment and to attempt identify‐cation of factors associated with favorable response. Variables evaluated for a relationship to outcome included signalment, tumor location, presence of gross vs. microscopic tumor, radiation field size, irradiation technique, type of surgical procedure, completeness of excision, and chemotherapy (none, carboplatin alone, and others). Time to first event was calculated for the first day of treatment until local tumor recurrence or metastasis, or the date of euthanasia or death. Median time to first event for all 92 cats was 584 days. Only completeness of surgical excision was related to the time to first event. Median time to first event in cats having complete surgical excision was 986 days compared to 292 days for cats with incomplete excision (P = 0.004). Cats requiring bone removal to effect tumor removal had earlier failure than cats having other types of surgery. There was not a significant relationship between administration of chemotherapy or chemotherapy type and time to first event although outcome in cats receiving carboplatin was better than all other treatment groups. Carboplatin addition to preoperative irradiation appears worthy of further study. Pre‐operative irradiation is an effective treat‐ment for cats with vaccine associated sarcoma, especially if complete excision can be accomplished following irradiation.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Kobayashi, T and Hauck, ML and Dodge, R and Page, RL and Price, GS and Williams, LE and Hardie, EM and Mathews, KG and Thrall, DE}, year={2002}, pages={473–479} }
 @article{hardie_roe_martin_2002, title={Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease in geriatric cats: 100 cases (1994-1997)}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.628}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hardie, EM and Roe, SC and Martin, FR}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={628–632} }
 @article{whittemore_preston_kyles_hardie_feldman_2001, title={Nontraumatic rupture of an adrenal gland tumor causing intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage in four dogs}, volume={219}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2001.219.329}, abstractNote={Diagnosis and surgical management of intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage in 4 dogs with rupture of an adrenal gland tumor were determined. All 4 dogs were lethargic and weak with pale mucous membranes on initial examination. Three dogs did not have any history of clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism or pheochromocytoma prior to examination. In 3 of the dogs, a mass in the area of the adrenal gland was identified with ultrasonography prior to surgery. All dogs developed ventricular premature contractions before or during anesthesia. Three dogs survived adrenalectomy; 1 dog was euthanatized during surgery because of an inability to achieve adequate hemostasis. The remaining 3 dogs all survived more than 5 months after surgery; 1 was euthanatized 9 months after surgery because of rupture of a hepatic mass. On the basis of these results, we suggest that hemodynamic stabilization followed by adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice for dogs with nontraumatic rupture of an adrenal gland tumor and resulting life-threatening hemorrhage.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Whittemore, JC and Preston, CA and Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Feldman, EC}, year={2001}, month={Aug}, pages={329–333} }
 @article{lee_papich_hardie_2000, title={Comparison of pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in cats}, volume={61}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.672}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Lee, DD and Papich, MG and Hardie, EM}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={672–677} }
 @inbook{hardie_2000, title={Pain: Management}, ISBN={0721672566}, booktitle={Textbook of veterinary internal medicine : diseases of the dog and cat (5th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={2000}, pages={23} }
 @inbook{hardie_2000, title={Recognition of pain behaviour in animals}, ISBN={9058050300}, booktitle={Animal pain : a practice-oriented approach to an effectve pain control in animals}, publisher={Utrecht, Netherlands : W. van der Wees}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={2000}, pages={51} }
 @inbook{hardie_2000, title={Therapeutic management of sepsis}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={2000}, pages={272} }
 @article{anderson_burrows_fetrow_franks_friendship_gaughan_hardie_jones_macintire_mathews_et al._1999, title={On the horizon ... veterinary controversies}, volume={21}, number={12}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Anderson, D. E. and Burrows, C. F. and Fetrow, J. and Franks, P. T. and Friendship, R. and Gaughan, E. and Hardie, E. M. and Jones, A. and MacIntire, D. K. and Mathews, N. and et al.}, year={1999}, pages={1104} }
 @article{hardie_spodnick_gilson_benson_hawkins_1999, title={Tracheal rupture in cats: 16 cases (1983-1998)}, volume={214}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hardie, E. M. and Spodnick, G. J. and Gilson, S. D. and Benson, J. A. and Hawkins, E. C.}, year={1999}, pages={508–512} }
 @article{hardie_ramirez_clary_kornegay_correa_feimster_robertson_1998, title={Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows: Stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02123.x}, abstractNote={The thoracic bellows mechanism consists of the rib cage and the diaphragm. The purpose of this study was to determine if nontraumatically acquired lesions of the bellows were secondary to underlying disease. Abnormalities of the bellows, specifically stress fractures of the ribs and hiatal hernia, were found in 21 dogs and cats with underlying cardiopulmonary disease, neuromuscular disease, or metabolic disease. A case‐control study of Bulldogs demonstrated that hiatal hernia was associated with the more severe manifestations of brachycephalic syndrome. Stress fractures occurred mostly in females and in cats, and involved multiple ribs. Fractures were usually related to severe respiratory effort, but also occurred in association with metabolic disease. Hiatal hernia was also associated with severe respiratory effort, but may be exacerbated if a neuromuscular disorder affecting the diaphragm is present. Abnormalities of the thoracic bellows, such as rib stress fractures and hiatal hernia, may be signs of underlying disease, rather than being primary causes of disease.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Hardie, EM and Ramirez, O and Clary, EM and Kornegay, JN and Correa, MT and Feimster, RA and Robertson, ER}, year={1998}, pages={279–287} }
 @article{mcgaughey_gould_gelernter_1998, title={Bt resistance management}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1087-0156"]}, DOI={10.1038/nbt0298-144}, number={2}, journal={NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={McGaughey, WH and Gould, F and Gelernter, W}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={144–146} }
 @article{kyles_hardie_hansen_papich_1998, title={Comparison of transdermal fentanyl and intramuscular oxymorphone on post-operative behaviour after ovariohysterectomy in dogs}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0034-5288"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0034-5288(98)90151-5}, abstractNote={The effects of transdermal fentanyl and im oxymorphone on behavioural and physiological responses, after ovariohysterectomy in dogs, were investigated. The study involved three groups of 10 dogs: fentanyl/surgery (FS), oxymorphone/surgery (OS), fentanyl/control (FC). A transdermal fentanyl delivery system (50 μg hour−1) (FS and FC) was applied 20 hours before surgery, or IM oxymorphone (Os) was administered. After ovariohysterectomy (FS and OS) or anaesthesia alone (FC), dogs were continuously videotaped for 24 hours and a standardised hourly interaction with a handler performed. The videotapes were analysed, and interactive and non-interactive behaviours evaluated. In addition, pain and sedation scores, pulse and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, plasma cortisol and plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured. This study showed that transdermal fentanyl and IM oxymorphone (0·05 mg kg−1) produced comparable analgesic effects over a 24 hour recording period. IM oxymorphone produced significantly more sedation and lower rectal temperatures than transdermal fentanyl. There were no significant differences between groups in respiratory and heart rates, and arterial blood pressures.}, number={3}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Kyles, AE and Hardie, EM and Hansen, BD and Papich, MG}, year={1998}, pages={245–251} }
 @article{hardie_hansen_carroll_1997, title={Behavior after ovariohysterectomy in the dog: What's normal?}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0168-1591"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01078-7}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to establish the post-operative behavior of caged dogs after ovariohysterectomy. Twenty dogs in the Control Group were anesthetized, but did not undergo surgery. Twenty-two dogs in the Surgery Group underwent laparotomy and ovariohysterectomy. Dogs in the Control and Surgery Groups were further assigned on a random basis to either the Oxymorphone or Placebo Groups (Group O or P). Dogs in Group O received oxymorphone (2.5 mg m−2 intramuscularly) as a pre-anesthetic and 6, 12 and 18 h later, while dogs in Group P received isovolumetric doses of sterile saline. The dogs were videotaped for 24 h after anesthesia, during which time a handler interacted with the dog once each hour. At each interaction the handler recorded a sedation and a pain score, using a numerical scoring system. Interactive and non-interactive behavior was observed and quantitated by a single observer using the videotapes. Surgery resulted in an increase in pain score, sedation score and time spent sleeping. During interactions with caregivers, greeting behaviors were decreased after surgery. Differences between Surgery Group dogs given analgesics and those given placebo drugs were readily measured using quantitative behavioral measurements, but were not apparent using the numerical scoring system.}, number={1-2}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Hardie, EM and Hansen, BD and Carroll, GS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={111–128} }
 @article{hardie_1997, title={Management of osteoarthritis in cats}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0195-5616"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(97)50088-X}, abstractNote={Osteoarthritis is a condition most frequently recognized in the geriatric cat but may occur in any cat suffering from joint abnormality or injury. Clinical signs include weight loss, anorexia, depression, urinating outside the litter box, poor grooming, and lameness. Radiographs and synovial fluid analysis are used to distinguish this disease from the various forms of inflammatory arthritis that affect the cat. Management consists mainly of envirorunental manipulation and medical management. Agents used for the medical management of painful osteoarthritis in cats include aspirin, butorphanol, corticosteroids, and oral nutritional supplements.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Hardie, EM}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={945-&} }
 @article{hansen_hardie_carroll_1997, title={Physiological measurements after ovariohysterectomy in dogs: What's normal?}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1872-9045"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01079-9}, abstractNote={Twenty-two pet dogs presented to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective ovariohysterectomy were treated with oxymorphone 2.5 mg m−2 (Surgery-O group, n = 11) or placebo (Surgery-P group, n = 11) immediately before the induction of anesthesia and 6, 12 and 18 h later. Seventeen random source dogs assigned to a control group that underwent anesthesia alone for 2 h received identical treatment with oxymorphone (Control-O group, n = 9) or placebo (Control-P group, n = 8). The heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and blood pressure were measured preoperatively, at the time of skin incision (or 1 h after anesthetic induction of controls), at extubation and at hours 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 after extubation. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured preoperatively, at extubation and at hours 3, 6 and 12. Treatment with oxymorphone reduced the heart rate and body temperature in both the Surgery-O and Control-O groups, but no differences in physical findings suggesting an analgesic effect of the drug were identified. Elevated plasma cortisol concentrations were found at hours 3 and 6 in both surgery groups, whereas the plasma cortisol concentration in the control groups did not change. The plasma cortisol concentration was reduced in the Surgery-O group compared to the Surgery-P group at hours 3–12, suggesting an analgesic effect of the drug. We conclude that routinely monitored physiological signs are not sensitive indicators of a stress response to ovariohysterectomy, or of an analgesic effect of oxymorphone.}, number={1-2}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Hansen, BD and Hardie, EM and Carroll, GS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={101–109} }
 @article{hardie_gilson_1997, title={Use of colostomy to manage rectal disease in dogs}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1997.tb01498.x}, abstractNote={Objective— The purpose of this study was to develop a diverting colostomy technique for use in dogs.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Hardie, EM and Gilson, SD}, year={1997}, pages={270–274} }
 @article{hardie_1995, title={Life-threatening bacterial infection}, volume={17}, number={6}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Hardie, E. M.}, year={1995}, pages={763} }
 @article{hardie_kyles_1995, title={PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAIN AND INFECTION IN THE SURGICAL ONCOLOGY PATIENT}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0195-5616"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0195-5616(95)50006-3}, abstractNote={Surgical oncology patients are often high-risk patients that require careful perioperative management for a successful outcome. Prophylactic antibiotics are needed to prevent infection in tissues compromised by disease, radiation, or chemotherapy. Pain control is needed to prevent the stress response to surgery from worsening the outcome and to aid in the maintenance of patient comfort.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={HARDIE, EM and KYLES, AE}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={77–96} }
 @article{hardie_jayawickrama_duff_becker_1995, title={Prognostic indicators of survival in high-risk canine surgery patients}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.1995.tb00026.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (Online)}, author={Hardie, E. M. and Jayawickrama, J. and Duff, L. C. and Becker, K. M.}, year={1995}, pages={42} }
 @article{hardie_vaden_spaulding_malarkey_1995, title={Splenic Infarction in 16 Dogs: A Retrospective Study}, volume={9}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03287.x}, abstractNote={Sixteen dogs with splenic infarction due to causes other than splenic torsion were identified. Dogs with splenic infarction often had multiple concurrent diseases, and surgical management of splenic infarction was associated with high mortality. Splenic infarction occurred in dogs with hypercoagulable conditions associated with liver disease, renal disease, and hyperadrenocorticism, or as a consequence of uniform splenomegaly, neoplasia, or thrombosis associated with cardiovascular disease. Clinical signs and common laboratory findings generally reflected the underlying disease process. A variety of splenic abnormalities were detected by abdominal ultrasound in 15 dogs, with the ventral extremity of the spleen being most often abnormal. Four dogs were euthanized or died because of the presence of severe systemic disease, whereas 12 dogs underwent laparotomy. Complete splenectomy was performed in 9 dogs and partial splenectomy was performed in 2 dogs. Seven dogs died in the immediate postoperative period, 3 required chronic veterinary care, and 2 had uncomplicated long‐term recoveries. Splenic infarction should be regarded as a sign of altered blood flow and coagulation, rather than as a primary disease, and surgical management should be reserved for patients with life‐threatening complications such as hemoabdomen or sepsis.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Spaulding, Kathy and Malarkey, David E.}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={141–148} }
 @article{hardie_rottman_levy_1994, title={SCLEROSING ENCAPSULATING PERITONITIS IN 4 DOGS AND A CAT}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00454.x}, abstractNote={Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) was diagnosed in four dogs and one cat. Clinical signs included vomiting, abdominal pain, palpable abdominal mass, and ascites. The abdominal fluid was red‐tinged and contained large numbers of red blood cells, macrophages, mixed inflammatory cells, reactive mesothelial cells, and fibroblasts. At surgery, the typical appearance was of multiple surfaces covered with granulation tissue or fibrous tissue or both. Multiple adhesions were often present. Causes of SEP included steatitis, fiberglass ingestion, and bacterial infection. Treatment included administration of antibiotic, corticosteroid, and diuretic medications. The major long‐term management problems were chronic weight loss, ascites, and progression of concurrent disease.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={HARDIE, EM and ROTTMAN, JB and LEVY, JK}, year={1994}, pages={107–114} }
 @article{hardie_armstrong_1991, title={DEVELOPMENT OF A GASTRO-JEJUNAL TUBE FOR THE DOG}, volume={121}, ISSN={["0022-3166"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/121.suppl_11.s154}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={HARDIE, EM and ARMSTRONG, PJ}, year={1991}, month={Nov}, pages={S154–S154} }
 @article{hardie_page_williams_fischer_1991, title={Effect of time of cisplatin administration on its toxicity and pharmacokinetics in dogs}, volume={52}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Hardie, E. M. and Page, R. L. and Williams, P. L. and Fischer, W. D.}, year={1991}, pages={1821} }
 @misc{hardie_kruseelliott_1990, title={ENDOTOXIC-SHOCK .1. A REVIEW OF CAUSES}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03119.x}, abstractNote={Endotoxic shock is a complex phenomenon resulting from systemic release of inflammatory mediators. Endotoxin interacts with inflammatory cells, platelets, and vascular endothelium. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukins, and lipid mediators (platelet activating factor, thromboxane, prostacylin, leukotrienes) are released. These primary mediators act synergistically to cause many of the harmful effects associated with endotoxemia. Multiple secondary mediators are released in response to the primary mediators, compounding the damage. The end result is the species‐specific clinical syndrome recognized as endotoxemia.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={HARDIE, EM and KRUSEELLIOTT, K}, year={1990}, pages={258–266} }
 @article{hardie_kruseelliott_1990, title={ENDOTOXIC-SHOCK .2. A REVIEW OF TREATMENT}, volume={4}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03128.x}, abstractNote={Treatment of endotoxemia is difficult because of the numerous mediators involved in the body's response to endotoxin. There are three possible approaches in treating endotoxemia. The interaction of endotoxin with target cells can be blocked by inducing tolerance, decreasing plasma endotoxin concentrations, or interfering with endotoxin binding. Once endotoxin has interacted with target cells, endogenous mediators can be blocked with a huge variety of drugs. The effects of corticosteroids, cyclooxy‐genase blockers, leukotriene blockers, platelet activating factor blockers, tumor necrosis factor blockers, oxygen radical scavengers, opiate antagonists, antihistamines, calcium channel blockers are detailed. Supportive care of the endotoxemic patient continues to be a critical aspect of treatment. Controversies regarding solutions to use for volume support, vasoactive and cardiostimulant drugs, metabolic support, and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation are reviewed.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={HARDIE, EM and KRUSEELLIOTT, K}, year={1990}, pages={306–314} }
 @article{hardie_stone_spaulding_cullen_1990, title={SUBTOTAL CANINE PROSTATECTOMY WITH THE NEODYMIUM - YTTRIUM-ALUMINUM-GARNET LASER}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0161-3499"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950X.1990.tb01205.x}, abstractNote={A technique was developed for subtotal prostatectomy in dogs with the neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. In six normal dogs, full‐thickness necrosis of the prostate occurred if the central‐lateral region within 5 mm of the urethra was photoablated at 60 watts for 1 second. Moderate to superficial necrosis occurred when the prostate within 5 mm of the urethra was photoablated at 35 watts for 2 seconds or 60 watts for 0.5 second. At necropsy, leakage of the urethra occurred in two dogs at sites treated at 60 watts for 1 second. In a clinical study, complications associated with subtotal prostatectomy with the Nd:YAG laser (n‐6) were compared with complications associated with prostatic drainage (n = 6) in dogs with prostatic disease. Intraoperative death (2/6 dogs) and nocturnal incontinence (4/4 surviving dogs) occurred with subtotal prostatectomy. Uncontrolled prostatic infection (2/6 dogs) occurred with prostatic drainage and resulted in the death of one dog on day 11. Four of five dogs surviving prostatic drainage developed recurrent urinary tract infection.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={HARDIE, EM and STONE, EA and SPAULDING, KA and CULLEN, JM}, year={1990}, pages={348–355} }