@article{harms_piniak_eckert_stringer_2014, title={Sedation and anesthesia of hatchling leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) for auditory evoked potential measurement in air and in water}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0183R.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0183r.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Sedation or anesthesia of hatchling leatherback sea turtles was employed to acquire auditory evoked potential (AEP) measurements in air and in water to assess their hearing sensitivity in relation to potential consequences from anthropogenic noise. To reduce artifacts in AEP collection caused by muscle movement, hatchlings were sedated with midazolam 2 or 3 mg/kg i.v. for in-air (n = 7) or in-water (n = 11) AEP measurements; hatchlings (n = 5) were anesthetized with ketamine 6 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 30 μg/kg i.v. reversed with atipamezole 300 μg/kg, half i.m. and half i.v. for in-air AEP measurements. Midazolam-sedated turtles were also physically restrained with a light elastic wrap. For in-water AEP measurements, sedated turtles were brought to the surface every 45–60 sec, or whenever they showed intention signs for breathing, and not submerged again until they took a breath. Postprocedure temperature-corrected venous blood pH, pCO2, pO2, and HCO3− did not differ among groups, although for the midazolam-sedated in-water group, pCO2 trended lower, and in the ketamine–dexmedetomidine anesthetized group there was one turtle considered clinically acidotic (temperature-corrected pH = 7.117). Venous blood lactate was greater for hatchlings recently emerged from the nest than for turtles sedated with midazolam in air, with the other two groups falling intermediate between, but not differing significantly from the high and low lactate groups. Disruptive movements were less frequent with anesthesia than with sedation in the in-air group. Both sedation with midazolam and anesthesia with ketamine–dexmedetomidine were successful for allowing AEP measurements in hatchling leatherback sea turtles. Sedation allowed the turtle to protect its airway voluntarily while limiting flipper movement. Midazolam or ketamine–dexmedetomidine (and reversal with atipamezole) would be useful for other procedures requiring minor or major restraint in leatherback sea turtle hatchlings and other sea turtles, although variable susceptibilities may require dose adjustments.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Piniak, Wendy E. D. and Eckert, Scott A. and Stringer, Elizabeth M.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={86–92} }
 @article{stringer_de voe_linder_troan_mccalla-martin_loomis_2012, title={VESICULOBULLOUS SKIN REACTION TEMPORALLY RELATED TO FIROCOXIB TREATMENT IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM)}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0128.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  A 40 yr-old female white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) suffered from chronic nail-bed abscesses. Due to worsening of clinical signs, the animal's nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment was switched to firocoxib. Approximately 7 days after this change, the animal developed multifocal vesicles and bullae along the lateral aspects of the thorax and abdomen, the dorsum, and the proximal limbs. Cytology and culture did not identify an infectious etiology. Histologically, the lesions consisted of a severe, subacute vesiculobullous dermatitis with intraepidermal to subepidermal clefting with areas of individual keratinocyte necrosis and minor neutrophilic epidermal infiltrates. These findings are similar to those seen in some drug reactions in people; therefore an adverse drug reaction to the firocoxib was suspected.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Linder, Keith and Troan, Brigid and McCalla-Martin, Amy and Loomis, Michael R.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={186–189} }
 @article{anderson_harms_stringer_cluse_2011, title={Evaluation of Hematology and Serum Biochemistry of Cold-Stunned Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in North Carolina, USA}, volume={42}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2010-0217.1}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0217.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Hypothermia or cold-stunning is a condition in which the body temperature of an animal decreases below normal physiologic range and which has been linked to severe morbidity in sea turtles. Reports have focused on the physiologic changes caused by cold-stunning in Kemp's Ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), but few have evaluated the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). This study evaluated hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of cold-stunned green sea turtles in North Carolina, USA. When compared with healthy, free-ranging juvenile green turtles from the same region, cold-stunned turtles exhibited hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia (both total and ionized calcium), hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevations in uric acid and blood urea nitrogen. These findings contrast with some previously reported changes in cold-stunned Kemp's Ridley and loggerhead sea turtles. These results emphasize the importance of basing therapeutic regimens on biochemical analyses in cold-stunned sea turtles.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Anderson, Eric T. and Harms, Craig A. and Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Cluse, Wendy M.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={247–255} }
 @article{stringer_kennedy-stoskopf_chitwood_thompson_deperno_2011, title={HYPEHRKALEMIA IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.307}, abstractNote={Sixty adult and yearling female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were collected in July 2008 (n=30) and March 2009 (n=30) from eastern North Carolina as part of a population health assessment. During July 2008, standard serum analyses revealed hyperkalemia in all deer sampled. In March, the effect of processing time as a possible source of the hyperkalemia was investigated. For a subset of deer (n=10), blood tubes were centrifuged and processed at four time points (0, 30, 60, and 120 min) postcollection. Delayed centrifugation and plasma separation did not affect potassium (K+) concentration over time, indicating that a shift in intracellular K+ did not occur and the hyperkalemia was not due to improper sample handling. Potassium levels were negatively correlated with age and varied across collection periods. Also, K+ levels were positively correlated with glucose and not correlated with creatine kinase (CK). No single variable indicated a strong enough relationship to explain the hyperkalemia in the study.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne and Chitwood, M. Colter and Thompson, Jeffrey R. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={307–313} }
 @article{ardente_chinnadurai_de voe_stringer_webb_ireland_saker_2011, title={Relationship between gastrointestinal transit time and anesthetic fasting protocols in the captive chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1600-0684"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00468.x}, abstractNote={Background  Lengthy social separation and prolonged fasting time contribute to increased risks associated with anesthesia in captive primates. This study is an initial attempt to identify a safe pre‐anesthetic fasting procedure by identifying gastric emptying time (GET) and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) of captive chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Ardente, A. and Chinnadurai, S. and De Voe, R. and Stringer, E. and Webb, T. and Ireland, J. and Saker, K.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={181–187} }
 @article{stringer_de voe_loomis_2011, title={SUSPECTED ANAPHYLAXIS TO LEUPROLIDE ACETATE DEPOT IN TWO ELF OWLS (MICRATHENE WHITNEYI)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2010-0145.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Two adult female elf owls (Micrathene whitneyi) were treated with leuprolide acetate depot injections to prevent egg laying. The birds were treated for several years without complications. Several years into the treatment regimen, both birds died immediately after receiving an injection of leuprolide acetate. Remaining drug was analyzed, revealing 95.7% potency. We suspect that either an immediate Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction occurred or a contaminant was present, resulting in the fatalities of these elf owls. No reports of anaphylaxis to leuprolide acetate in birds were identified in the literature. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of anaphylaxis when administering this medication to avian patients.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Loomis, Michael R.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={166–168} }
 @article{stringer_de voe_valea_toma_mulvaney_pruitt_troan_loomis_2010, title={Medical and surgical management of reproductive neoplasia in two western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)}, volume={39}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Medical Primatology}, author={Stringer, E. M. and De Voe, R. S. and Valea, F. and Toma, S. and Mulvaney, G. and Pruitt, A. and Troan, B. and Loomis, M. R.}, year={2010}, pages={328–335} }
 @article{alpi_stringer_devoe_stoskopf_2009, title={Clinical and research searching on the wild side: exploring the veterinary literature}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1536-5050"]}, DOI={10.3163/1536-5050.97.3.005}, abstractNote={Zoological medicine furthers the health and well-being of captive and free-ranging wild animals. Effective information retrieval of the zoological medicine literature demands searching multiple databases, conference proceedings, and organization websites using a wide variety of keywords and controlled vocabulary. Veterinarians, residents, students, and the librarians who serve them must have patience for multiple search iterations to capture the majority of the available knowledge. The complexities of thorough literature searches are more difficult for nondomestic animal clinical cases and research reviews as demonstrated by three search requests involving poisonous snakes, a gorilla, and spiders. Expanding and better disseminating the knowledgebase of zoological medicine will make veterinary searching easier.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION}, author={Alpi, Kristine M. and Stringer, Elizabeth and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={169–177} }
 @article{stringer_garner_proudfoot_ramer_bowman_heng_bradway_2009, title={PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS OF THE CARAPACE IN AN ALDABRA TORTOISE (GEOCHELONE GIGANTEA)}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0035.1}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult male Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) presented with a deep flaking area of the carapace, and histologic examination of biopsies from this area revealed phaeohyphomycosis of the superficial keratinized layers. The disease progressed rapidly and spread to numerous sites on the carapace. After several weeks of regular debridement, deep bone involvement was evident and was confirmed through histologic examination. Fungal culture was attempted but was unsuccessful at isolating the infectious agent. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of extracted DNA from the fixed tissue block identified the fungus as Exophiala oligosperma. Initial treatment included weekly debridement and oral and topical antifungal agents. A nuclear scintigraphy bone scan was performed to determine the extent and status of the infection. Multiple foci of uptake of the radiopharmaceutical marker were present within the carapace, indicating active lesions. The tortoise was maintained on oral antifungal treatment, and lesions resolved over several months. A repeat bone scan performed 1 yr after initial presentation showed reduction in marker uptake, indicating a response to treatment in the deeper lesions. Phaeohyphomycosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cases of shell lesions in chelonians.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Stringer, Elizabeth M. and Garner, Michael M. and Proudfoot, Jeffry S. and Ramer, Jan C. and Bowman, Michelle R. and Heng, Hock Gan and Bradway, Daniel S.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={160–167} }