@article{hurley-sanders_harms_christiansen_clarke_law_2015, title={Exuberant granulation tissue response associated with Neobenedenia sp. (Monogenea: Capsalidae) infestation in two cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus)}, volume={39}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12360}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.12360}, abstractNote={AbstractMonogenean parasite infestations are common in captive marine teleosts, and are generally found on the skin and gills. This report describes an unusual pathological presentation of exuberant granulation tissue of the gills, suspected to be related to Neobenedenia infestation in two cobia housed together at a North Carolina aquarium.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hurley-Sanders, J and Harms, C and Christiansen, E and Clarke, E, III and Law, J}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={277–283} }
 @article{harms_mclellan_moore_barco_clarke_thayer_rowles_2014, title={Low residue euthanasia of stranded mysticetes}, volume={50}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-03-074}, DOI={10.7589/2013-03-074}, abstractNote={Abstract Euthanasia of stranded large whales poses logistic, safety, pharmaceutical, delivery, public relations, and disposal challenges. Reasonable arguments may be made for allowing a stranded whale to expire naturally. However, slow cardiovascular collapse from gravitational effects outside of neutral buoyancy, often combined with severely debilitating conditions, motivate humane efforts to end the animal's suffering. The size of the animal and prevailing environmental conditions often pose safety concerns for stranding personnel, which take priority over other considerations. When considering chemical euthanasia, the size of the animal also necessitates large quantities of euthanasia agents. Drug residues are a concern for relay toxicity to scavengers, particularly for pentobarbital-containing euthanasia solutions. Pentobarbital is also an environmental concern because of its stability and long persistence in aquatic environments. We describe a euthanasia technique for stranded mysticetes using readily available, relatively inexpensive, preanesthetic and anesthetic drugs (midazolam, acepromazine, xylazine) followed by saturated KCl delivered via custom-made needles and a low-cost, basic, pressurized canister. This method provides effective euthanasia while moderating personnel exposure to hazardous situations and minimizing drug residues of concern for relay toxicity.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Harms, Craig A. and McLellan, William A. and Moore, Michael J. and Barco, Susan G. and Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Thayer, Victoria G. and Rowles, Teresa K.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={63–73} }
 @article{clarke_harms_law_flowers_williams_ring_mcginty_hopper_sullivan_2012, title={Clinical and Pathological Effects of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean, Gamacallum macroura in White Bass}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1080/08997659.2012.713889}, abstractNote={AbstractAn aquaculture research facility experienced high mortality rates in white bass Morone chrysops associated with a monogenean infestation of the gills, but not in striped bass Morone saxatilis in the same facility. All mortalities had pale gills. Monogeneans, identified as Gamacallum macroura (MacCallum and MacCallum 1913) Unnithan 1971, were found on the gills. Pale‐gilled and healthy white bass were selected with no particular attention to condition for venipuncture and euthanasia for postmortem examination, including parasite counts from gills. The median packed cell volume (PCV) of fish with gill pallor was 12.5% (range 9–37%) while PVC of fish with more normal color was 30% (27–33%). Association between the PCV and gill pallor score was statistically significant, as was the association between PCV and the number of monogeneans found on the gills of each fish. Median estimated white blood cell count of fish with gill pallor, at 12.05 × 103/μL (range 3.8–24.7), was significantly lower than of apparently healthy fish: 24.7 × 103/μL (17.3–31.5). Histopathology of the gill arches of pale‐gilled fish revealed multifocal moderate to severe branchitis, focal areas of dilated hyperplastic lamellae occluded by fibrin, and monogeneans attached to the lamellae. Fish that were apparently healthy had grossly similar histologic lesions, but at lower frequency and severity.Received May 27, 2011; accepted July 12, 2012}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Harms, Craig A. and Law, J. McHugh and Flowers, James R. and Williams, Valerie N. and Ring, Brad D. and McGinty, Andrew S. and Hopper, Michael and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={251–257} }
 @article{minter_clarke_gjeltema_archibald_posner_lewbart_2011, title={EFFECTS OF INTRAMUSCULAR MELOXICAM ADMINISTRATION ON PROSTAGLANDIN E2 SYNTHESIS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN BULLFROG (RANA CATESBEIANA)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0126.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Meloxicam is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in veterinary medicine, but its use in amphibians has not been reported in the literature. NSAIDs are known to act by providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the intramuscular administration of meloxicam would decrease the circulating serum PGE2 levels in the North American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) following tissue trauma induced by a punch biopsy. Eighteen adult North American bullfrogs were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg i.m.) and control (0.9% saline i.m.). Blood was obtained via cardiocentesis immediately prior to administration of the two treatment regimes and serum was frozen. A 4-mm punch biopsy was taken from the right triceps femoris muscle to induce an inflammatory response. Twenty-four hours later, a second blood sample was collected and serum was harvested and frozen. Serum PGE2 concentrations were measured using a commercial PGE2 enzyme assay (EIA) kit. Twenty-four hours following the biopsy, the mean circulating PGE2 levels of animals treated with meloxicam was 57.79 ± 12.35 pg/ml, which did not differ significantly from animals that were treated with saline (85.63 ± 17.55 pg/ml, P ≥ 0.05). The calculated means of the absolute change between the circulating baseline PGE2 levels and the postinjury circulating PGE2 levels were significantly lower in animals treated with meloxicam (13.11 ± 17.31 pg/ml) than in control animals treated with saline (46.14 ± 38.02 pg/ml) (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that the systemic administration of meloxicam at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg once daily suppresses circulating serum PGE2 levels postinjury in the North American bullfrog.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Minter, Larry J. and Clarke, Elsburgh O. and Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and Archibald, Kate E. and Posner, Lysa P. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={680–685} }
 @article{clarke_devoe_2011, title={OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY OF THREE VAMPIRE BATS (DESMODUS ROTUNDUS)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0026.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: Three sexually mature female common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) housed at the North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, North Carolina, were selected for surgical ovariohysterectomy. All animals were induced and maintained with isoflurane anesthetic gas. Magnification loop glasses were worn by the surgeon for the procedure. A ventral midline incision was made into the abdominal cavity. Simple micro-ophthalmic surgical packs along with hemoclips were used to perform the ovariohysterectomies. The linea alba and muscular layers were closed using a simple continuous suture pattern with 4-0 polydioxanone suture. The skin was apposed using a horizontal mattress suture pattern with 4-0 polydioxanone suture. Animals recovered with minimal deleterious side effects. Animals were housed together in a recovery chamber and administered meloxicam at 0.2 mg/kg placed in their blood meal once daily for 7 days postoperatively, after which they were returned to their normal enclosures.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and DeVoe, Ryan S.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={755–758} }
 @article{mccain_flatland_schumacher_clarke_fry_2010, title={Comparison of chemistry analytes between 2 portable, commercially available analyzers and a conventional laboratory analyzer in reptiles}, volume={39}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, author={McCain, S. L. and Flatland, B. and Schumacher, J. P. and Clarke, E. O. and Fry, M. M.}, year={2010}, pages={474–479} }
 @article{anderson_stoskopf_morris_clarke_harms_2010, title={Hematology, Plasma Biochemistry, and Tissue Enzyme Activities of Invasive Red Lionfish Captured off North Carolina, USA}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/h10-029.1}, abstractNote={AbstractThe red lionfishPterois volitansis important not only in the aquarium trade but also as an invasive species in the western Atlantic. Introduced to waters off the southeastern coast of the United States, red lionfish have rapidly spread along much of the East Coast and throughout Bermuda, the Bahamas, and much of the Caribbean. Hematology and plasma biochemistry were evaluated in red lionfish captured from the offshore waters of North Carolina to establish baseline parameters for individual and population health assessment. Blood smears were evaluated for total and differential white blood cell counts, and routine clinical biochemical profiles were performed on plasma samples. To improve the interpretive value of routine plasma biochemistry profiles, tissue enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], γ glutamyl transferase [GGT], lactate dehydrogenase [LD], and creatine kinase [CK]) were analyzed from liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, gastrointestinal tract, and heart tissues from five fish. The hematological and plasma biochemical values were similar to those of other marine teleosts except that the estimated white blood cell counts were much lower than those routinely found in many species. The tissue enzyme activity findings suggest that plasma LD, CK, and AST offer clinical relevance in the assessment of red lionfish.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Anderson, E. T. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Morris, J. A., Jr. and Clarke, E. O. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={266–273} }