@misc{zegre-hemsey_cheskes_johnson_rosamond_cunningham_arnold_schierbeck_claesson_2024, title={Challenges & barriers for real-time integration of drones in emergency cardiac care: Lessons from the United States, Sweden, & Canada}, volume={17}, ISSN={["2666-5204"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100554}, abstractNote={Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US and Europe (∼600,000 incident events annually) and around the world (∼3.8 million). With every minute that passes without cardiopulmonary resuscitation or defibrillation, the probability of survival decreases by 10%. Preliminary studies suggest that uncrewed aircraft systems, also known as drones, can deliver automated external defibrillators (AEDs) to OHCA victims faster than ground transport and potentially save lives. To date, the United States (US), Sweden, and Canada have made significant contributions to the knowledge base regarding AED-equipped drones. The purpose of this Special Communication is to explore the challenges and facilitators impacting the progress of AED-equipped drone integration into emergency medicine research and applications in the US, Sweden, and Canada. We also explore opportunities to propel this innovative and important research forward. In this narrative review, we summarize the AED-drone research to date from the US, Sweden, and Canada, including the first drone-assisted delivery of an AED to an OHCA. Further, we compare the research environment, emergency medical systems, and aviation regulatory environment in each country as they apply to OHCA, AEDs, and drones. Finally, we provide recommendations for advancing research and implementation of AED-drone technology into emergency care. The rates that drone technologies have been integrated into both research and real-life emergency care in each country varies considerably. Based on current research, there is significant potential in incorporating AED-equipped drones into the chain of survival for OHCA emergency response. Comparing the different environments and systems in each country revealed ways that each can serve as a facilitator or barrier to future AED-drone research. The US, Sweden, and Canada each offers different challenges and opportunities in this field of research. Together, the international community can learn from one another to optimize integration of AED-equipped drones into emergency systems of care.}, journal={RESUSCITATION PLUS}, author={Zegre-Hemsey, Jessica K. and Cheskes, Sheldon and Johnson, Anna M. and Rosamond, Wayne D. and Cunningham, Christopher J. and Arnold, Evan and Schierbeck, Sofia and Claesson, Andreas}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{starks_blewer_chow_sharpe_vleet_arnold_buckland_joiner_simmons_green_et al._2024, title={Incorporation of Drone Technology Into the Chain of Survival for OHCA: Estimation of Time Needed for Bystander Treatment of OHCA and CPR Performance}, url={https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.010061}, DOI={10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.010061}, abstractNote={
            BACKGROUND:
            Drone-delivered automated external defibrillators (AEDs) hold promises in the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Our objective was to estimate the time needed to perform resuscitation with a drone-delivered AED and to measure cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality.
          }, journal={Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes}, author={Starks, Monique A. and Blewer, Audrey L. and Chow, Christine and Sharpe, Edward and Vleet, Lee Van and Arnold, Evan and Buckland, Daniel M. and Joiner, Anjni and Simmons, Denise and Green, Cynthia L. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{johnson_cunningham_arnold_rosamond_zegre-hemsey_2021, title={Impact of Using Drones in Emergency Medicine: What Does the Future Hold?}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1179-1500"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S247020}, DOI={10.2147/OAEM.S247020}, abstractNote={Abstract The use of unmanned aerial vehicles or “drones” has expanded in the last decade, as their technology has become more sophisticated, and costs have decreased. They are now used routinely in farming, environmental surveillance, public safety, commercial product delivery, recreation, and other applications. Health-related applications are only recently becoming more widely explored and accepted. The use of drone technology in emergency medicine is especially promising given the need for a rapid response to enhance patient outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the main current and expanding applications of drone technology in emergency medicine and to describe challenges and future opportunities. Current applications being studied include delivery of defibrillators in response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, blood and blood products in response to trauma, and rescue medications. Drones are also being studied and actively used in emergency response to search and rescue operations as well as disaster and mass casualty events. Current challenges to expanding their use in emergency medicine and emergency medical system (EMS) include regulation, safety, flying conditions, concerns about privacy, consent, and confidentiality, and details surrounding the development, operation, and maintenance of a medical drone network. Future research is needed to better understand end user perceptions and acceptance. Continued technical advances are needed to increase payload capacities, increase flying distances, and integrate drone networks into existing 9-1-1 and EMS systems. Drones are a promising technology for improving patient survival, outcomes, and quality of life, particularly for those in areas that are remote or that lack funds or infrastructure. Their cost savings compared with ground transportation alone, speed, and convenience make them particularly applicable in the field of emergency medicine. Research to date suggests that use of drones in emergency medicine is feasible, will be accepted by the public, is cost-effective, and has broad application.}, journal={OPEN ACCESS EMERGENCY MEDICINE}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Johnson, Anna and Cunningham, Christopher and Arnold, Evan and Rosamond, Wayne and Zegre-Hemsey, Jessica}, year={2021}, pages={487–498} }
 @article{zegre-hemsey_grewe_johnson_arnold_cunningham_bogle_rosamond_2020, title={Delivery of Automated External Defibrillators via Drones in Simulated Cardiac Arrest: Users' Experiences and the Human-Drone Interaction}, volume={157}, ISSN={["1873-1570"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.10.006}, abstractNote={Background Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the United States is approximately 10%. Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) are effective when applied early, yet public access AEDs are used in <2% of OHCAs. AEDs are often challenging for bystanders to locate and are rarely available in homes, where 70% of OHCAs occur. Drones have the potential to deliver AEDs to bystanders efficiently; however, little is known about the human-drone interface in AED delivery. Objectives To describe user experiences with AED-equipped drones in a feasibility study of simulated OHCA in a community setting. Methods We simulated an OHCA in a series of trials with age-group/sex-matched participant pairs, with one participant randomized to search for a public access AED and the other to call a mock 9-1-1 telephone number that initiated the dispatch of an AED-equipped drone. We investigated user experience of 17 of the 35 drone recipient participants via semi-structured qualitative interviews and analyzed audio-recordings for key aspects of user experience. Results Drone recipient participants reported largely positive experiences, highlighting that this delivery method enabled them to stay with the victim and continue cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Concerns were few but included drone arrival timing and direction as well as bystander safety. Participants provided suggestions for improvements in the AED-equipped drone design and delivery procedures. Conclusion Participants reported positive experiences interacting with an AED-equipped drone for a simulated OHCA in a community setting. Early findings suggest a role for drone-delivered AEDs to improve bystander AED use and improve outcomes for OHCA victims.}, journal={RESUSCITATION}, author={Zegre-Hemsey, Jessica K. and Grewe, Mary E. and Johnson, Anna M. and Arnold, Evan and Cunningham, Christopher J. and Bogle, Brittany M. and Rosamond, Wayne D.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={83–88} }
 @article{rosamond_johnson_bogle_arnold_cunningham_picinich_williams_zègre-hemsey_2020, title={Drone Delivery of an Automated External Defibrillator}, volume={383}, url={https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1915956}, DOI={10.1056/NEJMc1915956}, abstractNote={Drone Delivery of an Automated External Defibrillator Delivery of an AED by drone was compared with on-the-ground retrieval of a fixed-location AED for simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in s...}, number={12}, journal={New England Journal of Medicine}, publisher={Massachusetts Medical Society}, author={Rosamond, Wayne D. and Johnson, Anna M. and Bogle, Brittany M. and Arnold, Evan and Cunningham, Christopher J. and Picinich, Michael and Williams, Billy M. and Zègre-Hemsey, Jessica K.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={1186–1188} }
 @article{semke_allen_tabassum_mccrink_moallemi_snyder_arnold_stott_wing_2017, title={Analysis of Radar and ADS-B Influences on Aircraft Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2226-4310"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85042691842&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3390/aerospace4030049}, abstractNote={Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems are complex communication and locational technologies comprising multiple independent components. DAA technologies support communications between ground-based and space-based operations with aircraft. Both manned and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) rely on DAA communication and location technologies for safe flight operations. We examined the occurrence and duration of communication losses between radar and automatic dependent surveillance–broadcast (ADS-B) systems with aircraft operating in proximate airspace using data collected during actual flight operations. Our objectives were to identify the number and duration of communication losses for both radar and ADS-B systems that occurred within a discrete time period. We also investigated whether other unique communication behavior and anomalies were occurring, such as reported elevation deviations. We found that loss of communication with both radar and ADS-B systems does occur, with variation in the length of communication losses. We also discovered that other unexpected behaviors were occurring with communications. Although our data were gathered from manned aircraft, there are also implications for UAS that are operating within active airspaces. We are unaware of any previously published work on occurrence and duration of communication losses between radar and ADS-B systems.}, number={3}, journal={AEROSPACE}, author={Semke, William and Allen, Nicholas and Tabassum, Asma and McCrink, Matthew and Moallemi, Mohammad and Snyder, Kyle and Arnold, Evan and Stott, Dawson and Wing, Michael G.}, year={2017}, month={Sep} }