@article{bailey-hall_estrada_2022, title={Private Immigration Detention without the Immigrants: The Subtle Use of Controlling Images in the Contemporary Era}, ISSN={["1552-3381"]}, DOI={10.1177/00027642221083537}, abstractNote={ Scholars have well-established the socio-political and legal history of immigrant detention as a form of racialized social control in the United States. In recent years, private prison companies have benefited financially from this system, amassing sizeable profits in spite of vast criticisms and concerns. For this project, we focus on how private immigration detention—as a modern-day form of racialized social control—is normalized. Using the theoretical concept of controlling images, we examine how private prison companies frame the people they detain. Results from our analysis of 143 press releases indicate that private prisons rarely talk about the people they detain. Instead, the companies make vague and indirect references using inanimate objects which dehumanizes them. When the companies do reference migrants, they often characterize them as wards of the state, and in doing so, private prison companies are infantilizing people in lockup in subtle ways. Companies also engage in a significant amount of rhetoric that champions their organizations as they bolster their business amidst scandals and allegations. We conclude that these controlling images, while appearing race neutral, are quite effective in contributing to the invisibility of these groups and maintenance of the status quo. These actions further their exploitable quality by reproducing the oppression of racial others and simultaneously function to legitimize the business practices of private prison companies. }, journal={AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST}, author={Bailey-Hall, Miara L. and Estrada, Emily P.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{ebert_liao_estrada_2020, title={Apathy and Color-Blindness in Privatized Immigration Control}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2332-6505"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219846140}, DOI={10.1177/2332649219846140}, abstractNote={Despite several widely covered scandals involving the role of for-profit corporations in administering immigration policy, the privatization of immigration control continues apace with the criminalization of immigration. How does this practice sustain its legitimacy among the public amid so much controversy? Recent studies on the criminalization of immigration suggest that supporters would explicitly vilify immigrants to defend the privatization of immigration control. Research on racialized social control, on the other hand, implies that proponents would avoid explicit racism and vilification and instead rely on subtler narratives to validate the practice. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of over 600 frames derived from nearly 200 news media articles spanning over 20 years, we find that journalists and their sources rarely vilify immigrants to justify the privatization of immigration control. Instead, they frame the privatization of immigration detention as a normal component of population management and an integral part of the U.S. economy through what we call the apathy strategy—a pattern of void in which not only the systematic oppression of immigrants is underplayed, immigrant themselves also become invisible.}, number={4}, journal={SOCIOLOGY OF RACE AND ETHNICITY}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Ebert, Kim and Liao, Wenjie and Estrada, Emily P.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={533–547} }
 @article{ebert_estrada_lore_2014, title={WHEN ORGANIZATIONS MATTER Threatening Demographics, Supportive Politics, and Immigration Lawmaking}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1742-0598"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x14000125}, DOI={10.1017/s1742058x14000125}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={DU BOIS REVIEW-SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON RACE}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Ebert, Kim and Estrada, Emily P. and Lore, Michelle Halla}, year={2014}, pages={387–417} }
 @article{estrada_tsai_chandler_2008, title={Assimilation and discriminatory perceptions and experiences: The case of Hispanics in the United States}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-5355"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.soscij.2008.09.013}, abstractNote={AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between assimilation and discriminatory practices encountered by Hispanic-Americans. Theories of intergroup relations have typically assumed that as members of minority ethnic groups assimilate to a dominant group, they perceive and experience lower degrees of discrimination directed against them. In reviewing theories of majority–minority relations, we have called this the “assimilationist” model. This view has been opposed by some scholars who argue that as minority ethnics assimilate and become more knowledgeable of the larger society, they perceive and experience higher levels of discrimination against them and their group. We have termed this the “conflict model” of interethnic relations. Using data from the 2002 National Survey of Latinos, conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center, we test opposing hypotheses based on these two models. Our findings, while exploratory, largely support the assimilationist model, with a few contradictory results. We discuss these findings and their implications for understanding the current situation of Hispanics in the United States. Notes1 98.8% of the sample is Mexican-American with Puerto Ricans and Cubans comprising the rest.2 Control variables include time spent in US, generational status, country of ancestry, degree of urbanization, and region; they are omitted from further discussion for clarity.}, number={4}, journal={SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Estrada, Emily P. and Tsai, Yung-Mei and Chandler, Charles R.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={673–681} }