@article{fudge_wedegaertner_cupo_sigmon_beckstead_edens_chen_2024, title={Role of stressors in histomoniasis transmission and development in turkeys}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.japr.2024.100405}, abstractNote={The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of stressors on histomoniasis development and lateral transmission of H. meleagridis. In the following experiments, half of the birds in each pen were inoculated with H. meleagridis to study disease transmission and progression. Birds were infected at 5-weeks of age (experiment 1&3) or at 2 weeks of age (experiment 2). Disease progression was evaluated by infection rate, mortality rate and pathological lesions in the ceca and liver. Reported results were applicable for directly infected birds as lateral transmission was not induced in these experiments. In experiment 1, the results showed high electrolyte, low-density diet (HE + LD), feed withdrawal (FW), caused higher infection rates and increase lesion scores in the liver and ceca compared to con. Experiment 2 further investigated the influence of low-density diet (LD) in conjunction with coccidiosis (LD + C) or feed withdrawal (LD + FW). All treatments had higher infection rates, mortality rates, ceca and liver scores compared to PC. In experiment 3, birds were fed diets containing naturally occurring aflatoxin at 0 ppb (AFLB1), 6.26 ppb (AFLB1 Low), or 19.82 ppb (AFLB1 High). No significant differences among treatments were observed. Though lateral transmission was not induced by theses stressors, the results of these experiments demonstrated that low-density diets, feed withdrawal and/or coccidial infection facilitated more severe histomoniasis infection.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fudge, C. and Wedegaertner, O. and Cupo, K. and Sigmon, C. and Beckstead, R. and Edens, F. and Chen, C.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{edens_siegel_beckstead_honaker_hodgson_2024, title={Tissue cytokines in chickens from lines selected for high or low humoral antibody responses, given supplemental <i>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</i> and challenged with <i>Histomonas meleagridis</i>}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1664-042X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fphys.2023.1294560}, abstractNote={Histomonas meleagridis, a protozoan parasite, induces blackhead disease (histomoniasis) in poultry. During hatching, chicks from lines divergently selected for high (HAS) and low (LAS) antibody responses to sheep red blood cells were divided into two groups, each of HAS and LAS, and placed in pens with wood shavings as litter. Feed and water were allowed ad libitum. Half of the chicks from each line had Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) inoculated to their drinking water. On day 18, all chicks were given a transcloacal inoculation of 100,000 H. meleagridis cells. Then, 10 days later, they were euthanized, followed by collection of tissues from the brain, cecal tonsil, ceca, liver, thymus, and spleen for qPCR analyses of cytokines involved in immunological development. Changes in cytokine expressions were most numerous in the cecal tonsil, ceca, and liver. In the absence of a functional medication for control of histomoniasis, L. reuteri and/or its secretory product, reuterin, might serve, in some genetic populations, as a means to reduce the impact of histomoniasis in chickens. The data demonstrate that L. reuteri treatment had tissue specificity between the two genetic lines, in which the effects were targeted primarily toward the cecal tonsil, ceca, and liver, which are the primary tissue targets of the parasite (H. meleagridis), as well as the thymus and spleen. However, interactions among main effects reflect that responses to inflammatory markers observed in tissues for one genetic line may not be observed in another.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Edens, Frank W. and Siegel, Paul B. and Beckstead, Robert B. and Honaker, Christa F. and Hodgson, Dellila}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{nolin_taylor jr_edens_siegel_ashwell_2023, title={Combining supervised machine learning with statistics reveals differential gene expression patterns related to energy metabolism in the jejuna of chickens divergently selected for antibody response to sheep red blood cells}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102751}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.102751}, abstractNote={Since the 1970s, 2 lines of White Leghorn chickens, HAS and LAS, have been continuously divergently selected for 5-day postinjection antibody titer to injection with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Antibody response is a complex genetic trait and characterizing differences in gene expression could facilitate better understanding of physiological changes due to selection and antigen exposure. At 41 d of age, randomly selected HAS and LAS chickens, which had been coraised from hatch, were either injected with SRBC (HASI and LASI) or kept as the noninjected cohort (HASN and LASN). Five days later, all were euthanized, and samples collected from the jejunum for RNA isolation and sequencing. Resulting gene expression data were analyzed combining traditional statistics with machine learning to obtain signature gene lists for functional analysis. Differences in ATP production and cellular processes were observed in the jejunum between lines and following SRBC injection. HASN vs. LASN exhibited upregulation of ATP production, immune cell motility, and inflammation. LASI exhibits upregulation of ATP production and protein synthesis vs. LASN, reflective of what was observed in HASN vs. LASN. In contrast, no corresponding upregulation of ATP production was observed in HASI vs. HASN, and most other cellular processes appear inhibited. Without exposure to SRBC, gene expression in the jejunum indicates HAS generates more ATP than LAS, suggesting HAS maintains a "primed" system; and gene expression of HASI vs. HASN further suggests this basal ATP production is sufficient for robust antibody responses. Conversely, LASI vs. LASN jejunal gene expression implies a physiological need for increased ATP production with only minimal correlating antibody production. The results of this experiment provide insight into energetic resource needs and allocations in the jejunum in response to genetic selection and antigen exposure in HAS and LAS which may help explain phenotypic differences observed in antibody response.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Nolin, Shelly J. and Taylor Jr, Robert L. and Edens, Frank W. and Siegel, Paul B. and Ashwell, Christopher M.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{joardar_livingston_edens_nusairat_qudsieh_livingston_brake_2020, title={Effect of Limestone Particle Size and Potassium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Physiology, and Breast Muscle Myopathy of Male Broiler Chickens}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.603284}, abstractNote={The experiment investigated the effects of limestone particle size and dietary potassium (K) on live performance, blood physiology, and muscle myopathies in broilers raised to 35 days of age. A total of 384 Ross male broilers were placed in 24 floor pens and fed four diets during the starter (0–16 days of age) and grower (17–33 days of age) periods containing two limestone particle sizes (fine: 0.2 mm and coarse: 0.9 mm), and amended with either 0% basal K (K–) or 0.2% added dietary K (K+) as potassium carbonate to complete the 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Live performance was measured from 1–33 days of age. Blood physiology, woody breast (WB), and white striping (WS) scores were measured at 35 days of age. The K+ dietary treatment reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake and BWG when compared to K– during the starter and grower period. The K+ dietary treatment decreased blood Na (mmol/L), blood glucose (mg/dl), ionized blood Ca (mg/dl), TCO2 (mmol/L), blood HCO3 (mmol/L), and base excess in extracellular fluid (mmol/L) when compared to K– birds of similar body weight at 35 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). Fine limestone diets tended to reduce WB scores (3.0 vs. 2.59) when compared to coarse limestone diets at 35 days of age (P = 0.08). This study demonstrated that using 0.2% of K as potassium carbonate did not negatively affect FCR even though FI and BWG were reduced. Furthermore, fine limestone has the potential to reduce WB in breast muscle tissues; however, further research is needed to confirm these outcomes.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Joardar, Dinabandhu and Livingston, Kimberly A. and Edens, Frank W. and Nusairat, Basheer and Qudsieh, Rasha and Livingston, Matthew L. and Brake, John}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{edens_sefton_2016, title={A role for Sel-Plex™, a source of organic selenium in selenised yeast cell wall protein, as a factor that influences meat stability}, volume={4}, ISSN={2049-257X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2016.6}, DOI={10.1017/JAN.2016.6}, abstractNote={Selenium is an important mineral required in the antioxidant system in animals, which is involved with oxidative stability in tissues, particularly membranes, and is involved in various aspects of meat quality and stability on the shelf, due to its protective properties on lipids, preventing rancidity. Se can be supplied in an inorganic or chemically organic form, and it is well known that the latter has beneficial properties and improved functionality in physiological systems compared to the former. Research has shown that organic Se is associated with increased tenderness and the prevention of certain problems in pale exudative meat, discolouration and off-flavours and odours in meat, although this depends on other components of the antioxidant system, such as vitamin E, being present as well. The change in prominence of glutathione peroxidase forms in their interaction with vitamin E in cell membranes is also noted. The following review (the third in a series) details the research that has been conducted into the role of Se in meat stability and related factors, with specific focus on organic forms of Se, namely the commercial product Sel-Plex ™ (Alltech Inc, Nicholasville, KY, USA), which is derived from yeast and in which selenium replaces sulphur in methionine forming selenomethionine in yeast protein.}, journal={Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Edens, F. W. and Sefton, A. E.}, year={2016} }
 @article{edens_sefton_2016, title={Organic selenium in animal nutrition – utilisation, metabolism, storage and comparison with other selenium sources}, volume={4}, ISSN={2049-257X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2016.5}, DOI={10.1017/JAN.2016.5}, abstractNote={The importance of selenium as a key component of antioxidant systems in animals is well recognised due to much research about this mineral in many species. Selenium is required as part of the antioxidant enzyme structure and plays a major role in various protective systems in animal physiology, including immunity, cellular stability and DNA protection. The following review is the first in a series of three which details the importance of selenium in animal nutrition, and how the chemically organic form, which is akin to the form of the mineral in natural feed materials, can provide increased benefits in utilisation, storage and metabolism compared to inorganic sources.}, journal={Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Edens, F. W. and Sefton, A. E.}, year={2016} }
 @article{edens_sefton_2016, title={Sel-Plex™, a source of organic selenium in selenised yeast protein, as a factor that influences meat quality}, volume={4}, ISSN={2049-257X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2016.8}, DOI={10.1017/JAN.2016.8}, abstractNote={The storage and cooking quality of meat is dictated by the ability of muscle cells to effectively hold water. If this ability is diminished, then presentation at time of purchase is poorer, as the packaging fills with watery exudates (termed ‘drip loss’), which is detrimental to sales. In addition, these losses affect cooking and eating sensory qualities. It is known that antioxidants play a major role in ensuring robustness of the cell membrane in muscle, and within this, selenium (Se) plays a major part, being an essential component within an antioxidant enzyme system and its interaction with vitamin E within membranes. The following review examines the body of evidence for Se as an antioxidant to preserve water holding capacity, especially with reference to using a chemically organic form of the mineral which is akin to those forms found in natural feed materials.}, journal={Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Edens, F. W. and Sefton, A. E.}, year={2016} }
 @article{ebrahimi_qotbi_seidavi_edens_laudadio_tufarelli_2016, title={Selected plasma constituents of broiler chickens fed different levels of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peels}, volume={26}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences}, author={Ebrahimi, A. and Qotbi, A. A. A. and Seidavi, A. and Edens, F. W. and Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V.}, year={2016}, pages={949–955} }
 @article{edens_ort_ludescher_2014, title={Improved early performance of turkey poults given an Aloe ferox leaf extract with bentonite}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1466-1799"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2014.945898}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. AT-402 (20 g/kg), a proprietary blend of Aloe ferox leaf extract and calcium bentonite, had no adverse effect on poult body weights at 3 weeks of age. 2. Lower body weights and lower feed consumption were observed in 4-week-old poults given 10 and 20 g/kg of AT-402 compared to poults given 0 or 5 g/kg. 3. Floor-reared poults, given either 5 or 10 g/kg AT-402 to 4 weeks of age, were significantly heavier than controls (0 g/kg AT-402), and feed conversion ratios for AT-402 given poults were improved. 4. Xylose uptake in 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults was significantly greater than in poults given AT-402 at 0 and 10 g/kg, reflecting increased body weights of 5 g/kg AT-402-fed poults. 5. Delayed access by poults to the AT-402 until 10 d of age also improved 4-week body weights, suggesting that the AT-402 might improve performance as soon as it is given. 6. AT-402 at 5 g/kg was most efficacious as demonstrated by improved body weights and feed conversions.}, number={5}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, F. W. and Ort, D. T. and Ludescher, B. L.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={675–683} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_2012, title={Breeder age affects small intestine development of broiler chicks with immediate or delayed access to feed}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1466-1799"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2011.652596}, abstractNote={1. The relationship between breeder age and chick gastrointestinal tract development to 21 days of age, as influenced by immediate or delayed access to feed, was examined in three consecutive trials. 2. Ross 708 chicks, derived from breeder flocks at 31 (young), 40 (middle) and 63 (old) weeks of age were placed randomly into either a control group with immediate access to feed and water, or a 48 h feed delayed (FD) group with free access to water. 3. FD negatively affected body weight (BW) of chicks derived from young and old flocks through the first and second weeks of age, respectively. Chicks from the older flock absorbed more yolk in the first 48 h with no FD effect. When feed was made available, chicks from the FD group showed a large increase in small intestine weight relative to BW, surpassing (P < 0·05) the control groups across all breeder flock ages. 4. Morphological measurements in all intestinal sections had higher values in chicks derived from the middle age breeder flock. FD to newly hatched chicks from the young breeder flock shortened villi (P < 0·01), decreased crypt depth and villus surface area (P < 0·001) in the duodenum through the first week post hatch. 5. Crypt depths were maximised between 7 and 14 d post-hatch in chicks from young and old breeder flocks, but crypt depths in chicks from the middle aged flocks continued to deepen. 6. The increased crypt depth may augment the number of enterocytes available for villus growth, and facilitate longer villi and greater villus surface area, in chicks from the middle age flocks. Intestinal morphological variation was associated with breeder flock age, which accounted for differential growth in chicks derived from young, middle, and old aged breeder flocks.}, number={1}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Mahmoud, K. Z. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2012}, pages={32–41} }
 @article{dinev_denev_edens_2012, title={Comparative clinical and morphological studies on the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia as a cause of lameness in three commercial lines of broiler chickens}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2010-00303}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is the most common skeletal anomaly associated with fast growth in broiler and turkey lines and often results in the occurrence of bone deformation and lameness. It is a fairly common cartilage defect associated with the prehypertrophic cartilage of the growth plate being retained in the metaphysis. The objective of this investigation was to determine, through the use of pathomorphological methods, the prevalence of TD lesions that lead to lameness in 3 commercial broiler lines grown in Bulgaria. The study involved 20 broiler flocks with approximately 17,000 birds per flock and included flocks of Ross 308, Cobb 500, and Pureline broiler chickens. The initial age-related occurrence of TD-associated lesions averaged 23.7 d for Ross 308 flocks from 18 to 34 d of age, 19.6 d for Cobb 500 flocks from 16 to 23 d of age, and 28.8 d for Pureline flocks from 22 to 34 d of age. The number of observed macroscopic TD lesions in the Ross 308 broilers was 355 (24.22%), of which 203 (13.74%) were found in males and 152 (10.28%) were found in females; the number of lesions for Cobb 500 broilers was 185 (24.22%), of which 73 (10.48%) were found in males and 112 (16.09%) were found in females; and the number for Pureline was 313 (27.7%), of which 187 (16.54%) were found in males and 126 (11.16%) were found in females. A comparatively high prevalence of TD lesion-associated deformities was found in the proximal tibial metaphysis. There was a relatively low prevalence of TD lesion-associated proximal tibiotarsal fractures. We suggest, based on the results of our field investigation, that macroscopic TD lesions are developing at younger ages than reported previously. In the commercial broilers involved in the study, the prevalence of TD lesion-associated proximal tibiotarsal deformities was relatively high, and this condition involving TD lesion development potentially has severe consequences leading to lameness in broiler chickens.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Dinev, I. and Denev, S. A. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={637–644} }
 @article{de wit_dam_de laar_biermann_verstegen_edens_schrier_2011, title={Detection and characterization of a new astrovirus in chicken and turkeys with enteric and locomotion disorders}, volume={40}, ISSN={0307-9457 1465-3338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2011.596813}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2011.596813}, abstractNote={In the present paper, we report the unexpected discovery of a new virus in samples from chicken and turkey flocks with clinical disorders such as tenosynovitis, enteric problems, or runting and/or stunting-like conditions. Since 1987, several virus isolation attempts on samples from these flocks resulted in the same macroscopic characteristic lesions in embryonated specific pathogen free eggs, being mortality with bright-red discolouration of legs and wing-tips, a swollen dark-red liver and oedema. Initial work suggested the presence of an agent with characteristics of a non-enveloped RNA virus. Further work, which is described in this paper, showed that the isolated strains formed a new group of avian nephritis viruses, which is genetically and antigenically distinct from known avian astroviruses. Inoculation of a representative strain (isolate 19) of this new group of avian nephritis viruses, provisionally named avian nephritis virus-3, in specific pathogen free layer chicks resulted in diarrhoea, runting and stunting, and even mortality.}, number={5}, journal={Avian Pathology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={de Wit, J. J. and Dam, G. B. ten and de Laar, J. M. A. M. van and Biermann, Y. and Verstegen, I. and Edens, F. and Schrier, C. C.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={453–461} }
 @article{upton_edens_ferket_2009, title={The effects of dietary oxidized fat and selenium source on performance, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity in broiler chickens}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00019}, abstractNote={Abstract Normal or elevated selenium status of broilers, which is influenced by dietary selenium sources, improves the bird’s ability to overcome the adverse effects of reactive oxygen metabolites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding graded levels of peroxidized poultry fat on blood and hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and hepatic glutathione reductase activity in broiler chickens fed either inorganic sodium selenite (SEL) or organic selenium enriched in the organic selenium yeast product Sel-Plex (SP). Nine starter diets, varying in levels of oxidized fat (0, 3, and 6 mEq/kg) and dietary selenium sources, were fed to 360 male chicks from hatch to 21 d of age. Sel-Plex or SEL was added to the basal diet to provide either 0 or 0.2 ppm of supplemental selenium in the diets. Blood and hepatic samples were obtained for each treatment group at 21 d of age. Neither peroxidized fat nor selenium source significantly altered the activity of hepatic glutathione reductase (P ≤ 0.05). Blood GSH-Px was influenced significantly by both fat and selenium source (P ≤ 0.05), but the fat × selenium source interaction was not significant (P ≥ 0.3). A selenium source effect on the hepatic GSH-Px activity (P ≤ 0.05) was evidenced by higher GSH-Px activity, even in the basal diet with no added peroxidized fat. An increase in GSH-Px activity was seen in the erythrocyte and hepatic samples in both the SEL and SP treatments when peroxidized fat was given at 3 mEq/kg, but in the erythrocytes and in the hepatic tissues from SEL-supplemented birds, there was an apparent inhibition of GSH-Px activity. This inhibition was not seen in the hepatic tissue samples from SP-fed birds. Because elevated GSH-Px activity is indicative of oxidative stress, it was concluded that dietary SP supplementation resulted in better selenium and redox status in broilers than did SEL. These results indicate that the dietary selenium supplied in an organic form (selenium yeast as SP) improved the selenium and redox status in broilers, leading to greater resistance to oxidative stress than when the inorganic form of selenium (SEL) was fed.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Upton, J. R. and Edens, F. W. and Ferket, P. R.}, year={2009}, pages={193–202} }
 @article{chichlowski_croom_edens_mcbride_qiu_chiang_daniel_havenstein_koci_2007, title={Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.6.1121}, abstractNote={Direct-fed microbials (DFM) could serve as a potential alternative to the feeding of antibiotics in poultry production. In this study, the effects of providing a DFM were compared with the feeding of salinomycin on intestinal histomorphometrics, and microarchitecture was examined. Broiler chicks (n=18 per treatment; trials 1 and 2) were fed a standard starter diet (control), control+PrimaLac (DFM; 0.3% wt/wt), and control+salinomycin (SAL; 50 ppm) from hatch to 21d. The birds were euthanized on d 21, and the ileal, jejunal, cecal, and colon tissues were dissected. Samples were examined by light microscopy (jejunum and ileum; trial 1) and scanning electron microscopy (ileum, cecum, and colon; trial 2). Feeding of the DFM increased intestinal muscle thickness (P<0.05) up to 33% compared with the control treatment. The DFM group also had increased villus height and perimeter (P=0.009 and 0.003, respectively) in jejunum. Segmented filamentous-like bacteria were less numerous in DFM-treated chicks than in the control chicks. Very few segmented filamentous-like bacteria were found near other microbes in the ileum. The DFM chicks had a larger number of bacteria positioned over or near goblet cells and in intervilli spaces. Bacteria in the colon were observed to be attached primarily around and within the crypts. Mucous thickness was less, and the density of bacteria embedded in the mucous blanket appeared to be lower in DFM-treated animals than in the control in all intestinal segments. The birds fed SAL had fewer bacteria and enterocytes in the ileum than in the control-and DFM-treated birds, and they had thicker and fewer microvilli. Because gastrointestinal track colonization by the DFM organisms can prevent the attachment of pathogens to the epithelium, spatial relationships, in this study, demonstrate the functionality of DFM and probiotics in preventing disease. It also supports previous observations that the feeding of salinomycin may alter intestinal function.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chichlowski, M. and Croom, W. J. and Edens, F. W. and McBride, B. W. and Qiu, R. and Chiang, C. C. and Daniel, L. R. and Havenstein, G. B. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1121–1132} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_2005, title={Influence of organic selenium on hsp70 response of heat-stressed and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-challenged broiler chickens (Gallus gallus)}, volume={141}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cca.2005.05.005}, abstractNote={The effect of dietary selenium yeast, a source of organic selenium, on heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) responses, redox status, growth and feed utilization were evaluated either in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-challenged (EPEC) or in heat-stressed (HS) male broiler chickens grown to 42 days of age. One day-old chicks in experiment 1 were challenged orally with EPEC (106 cfu/chicken on day 1 and boosted by water application on days 2, 3, and 4) and fed diets with or without selenium yeast. Body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and total mortality were determined at 42 days of age, and this was followed by collection of ileal tissue for the quantification of total glutathione (TGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and hsp70 in randomly selected chickens from each treatment. In experiment 2, male broiler chickens were fed diets with or without selenium yeast under a thermoneutral rearing condition. At four weeks of age, blood and hepatic tissue were collected from chickens maintained in the thermoneutral environment and from chickens subjected to HS (40 °C for 1 h) and analyzed for TGSH, GSH, GSSG, and hsp70. Selenium yeast improved BW, FCR, and decreased mortality in both control and EPEC-challenged chicks. Selenium yeast significantly attenuated hsp70 expression in EPEC-challenged chickens and in those subjected to HS. The EPEC challenge increased TGSH and GSSG levels and decreased GSH / GSSG ratio. However, GSSG level accumulated in chickens fed diets without selenium supplementation resulting in a lower GSH / GSSG ratio in the selenium yeast-fed group. Heat stress increased GSSG level and decreased GSH / GSSG ratio. Selenium yeast-fed groups maintained higher levels of GSSG before and after HS with a resultant lower GSH / GSSG ratio. The hsp70 response was significantly less in those chickens fed selenium yeast and challenged with either EPEC or HS than in those chickens given no supplemental selenium. The results of this study suggest that selenium yeast supplementation had imparted resistance to oxidative stress associated with enteric bacteria infection and to high temperature exposure. It is believed that the resistance to the stressors was due to an improved redox status of the selenium yeast-fed chickens.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Mahmoud, KZ and Edens, FW}, year={2005}, month={May}, pages={69–75} }
 @article{rivera_christensen_edens_wineland_2005, title={Influence of selenium on heat shock protein 70 expression in heat stressed turkey embryos (Meleagris gallopavo)}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.09.006}, abstractNote={Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family of proteins, which functions as molecular chaperones, has been associated with tolerance to stressors in avian species. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral incorporated into the selenoenzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx). GSHpx reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the GSH/GSSG antioxidant system and protects cells from oxidative damage. This study was conducted to examine if the relationship between dietary supplementation of selenium to turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) hens and the embryonic exspression of hsp70 and GSHpx activity in heat stressed embryos. Livers of embryos developing in eggs from turkey hens fed diets with or without supplemental Se were analyzed for hsp70 concentration and GSHpx activity before and after recovery from a heating episode. Before heat stress, hsp70 concentrations were equivalent in each treatment, but GSHpx activity was maximized in the SE treatment group. After recovery from the heating episode, hsp70 concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the non-Se-supplemented groups, but in the Se-supplemented groups the hsp70 concentrations were not different from pre-stress concentrations. In the pre-stress Se-supplemented group, liver GSHpx activity was significantly higher than GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented embryo livers, and in the livers from embryos recovering from heat stress, GSHpx activity in the non-Se-supplemented group was lower than the pre-stress activity and significantly lower than the GSHpx activity in liver from Se-supplemented embryos recovering from heat distress. Se supplementation to the dams resulted in a significant increase in their embryos and that condition would facilitate a decreased incidence of oxidative damage to cells. A more reduced redox status in embryos from Se-supplemented dams decreased the need for cellular protection attributed to stress induced hsp70 and presumably allows heat distressed embryos to resume normal growth and development than embryos from dams with inadequate selenium nutrition.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Rivera, RE and Christensen, VL and Edens, FW and Wineland, MJ}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={427–432} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_eisen_havenstein_2004, title={Ascorbic acid decreases heat shock protein 70 and plasma corticosterone response in broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) subjected to cyclic heat stress}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1096-4959"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.09.013}, abstractNote={It is known that ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation can ameliorate the chicken's responses to heat stress. The influence of AA on heart heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and plasma corticosterone (CS) was evaluated in young male broiler chickens fed either no AA (N-AA) or 500 mg AA /kg (AA) and exposed to cyclic high temperatures (21 to 30 to 21 degrees C) over a 3.5 h period on three consecutive days. Dietary AA supplementation elevated plasma AA and maintained it at high levels after heating, but in N-AA birds, only heat elevated plasma AA. In N-AA fed chickens, plasma CS was elevated and was further increased by heat stress as compared with AA-fed birds. Heart hsp70 expression was greater in N-AA-fed chickens compared to AA-fed chickens, and heat stress further elevated hsp70 in both N-AA- and AA-fed birds. The hsp70 increase after heat was two-fold greater in N-AA- vs. AA-fed birds. Plasma CS and heart hsp70 were positively correlated, plasma AA and heart hsp70 were negatively correlated, and plasma CS and AA were negatively correlated. It was concluded that chickens experience a less severe stress response after exposure to high temperatures when they are provided dietary AA.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Mahmoud, KZ and Edens, FW and Eisen, EJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={35–42} }
 @article{santos_ferket_grimes_edens_2004, title={Dietary pentosanase supplementation of diets containing different qualities of wheat on growth performance and metabolizable energy of turkey poults}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.33.45}, abstractNote={Wheat varies in apparent metabolizable energy N-corrected (AMEn) due to the presence of non- starch polysaccharides (NSP), which can be improved by dietary enzyme supplementation. Poults from 0-17 d-age were fed diets containing various wheat sources (WS) with or without Natugrain Blend® (NB) (BASF, Germany). Five replicate cages of 10 poults were assigned to each eight-soybean-meal/wheat treatment diets and a control soybean-meal/corn diet. The treatments were a factorial arrangement of 4 WS (A, B, C, D) and 2 enzyme levels (0 and 200 mg NB/kg). The WS differed by the degree of frost damage during seed development. Regardless of the source of wheat, NB increased 17 d BW (351 vs 381 g, P < 0.001) , decreased 1-17 d FCR (1.55 vs 1.49, P < 0.05), increased AMEn (2,204 vs 2,455 kcal/kg, P < 0.001), and increased apparent nitrogen retention (ANR) (35.0 vs 41.4 %, P < 0.05). No effects of WS were seen on growth performance, but WS A and B had higher (P < 0.05) AMEn than sources C and D (2,396 and 2,460 vs 2,246 and 2,216 kcal/kg, respectively). Gut viscosity was higher (P < 0.05) in poults fed wheat-based diets than the control diet. Enzyme supplementation to the wheat-based diets decreased viscosity (5.57 vs 3.98 cP, P < 0.05) to a level similar to the corn-based control diet, and it resulted in equivalent growth performance. Viscosities were negatively correlated with AMEn. The results demonstrated a positive effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and performance of turkeys.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Santos, A. A. and Ferket, Peter and Grimes, J. L. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2004}, pages={33} }
 @article{santos_ferket_grimes_edens_2004, title={Dietary supplementation of endoxylanases and phospholipase for turkeys fed wheat-based rations}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.20.32}, abstractNote={The adverse effects of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on turkeys fed wheat-based diets may be alleviated by dietary supplementation of endoxylanase (to reduce the adverse effects of digesta viscosity) or phospholipase (to improve the digestibility of fat). BUTA toms were fed wheat-based diets containing one of 5 enzyme treatments: unsupplemented control, Natugrain Blend® (> 5,500 EXU/kg diet; NB), Lyxasan®-50 (> 2,250 EXU/kg diet; LX50), Lyxasan®-100 (> 5,500 EXU/kg diet; LX100), and Phospholipase (> 500 PLU/kg diet; PL) (BASF, Germany). Each treatment group was assigned to 8 pens containing 12 birds to evaluate growth performance (1-128 d), and 2 pens of 12 birds (excluding LX50) for the apparent metabolizable energy N-corrected (AMEn) and ileum viscosity determination (56-128 d). All enzyme treatments improved growth performance. In comparison to the control, dietary enzyme increased (P < 0.05) BW and decreased 1-128 d feed/gain (2.45 vs 2.37, P < 0.005). PL was most effective in reducing feed/gain during the starting phase and LX100 during the finishing phase, while NB had intermediate benefits throughout the experiment. PL increased AMEn from 9 to 12 wk, while NB and LX-100 resulted in the highest AMEn during the later finishing period. Viscosity was significantly higher for PL than the other treatments (13.5 vs 7.07 cP, P < 0.001). Growth performance and energy utilization of turkeys fed wheat-based diets can be significantl y enhanced by phospholipase supplementation of starter feeds and endoxylanase supplementation of growing and finishing feeds. However, enzyme blends may provide a positive response regardless of turkey age.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Santos, A. A. and Ferket, Peter and Grimes, J. L. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2004}, pages={20} }
 @article{thompson_young_edens_olmstead_leblanc_hodgson_roe_2004, title={Non-target toxicology of a new mosquito larvicide, trypsin modulating oostatic factor}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1095-9939"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pestbp.2004.06.009}, abstractNote={Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a peptide hormone originally isolated from the ovaries of adult Aedes aegypti, is currently under commercial development as a new pesticide chemistry with a novel mode of action for the control of larval mosquitoes. The objective of the current research is to evaluate potential risks of the use of TMOF as an insecticide on non-target organisms. TMOF (YDPAP6) was degraded in vitro (as determined by HPLC and LC/MS) to DPAP6, PAP6, and then AP6 by leucine aminopeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme found in the digestive system of vertebrates. The rate of degradation of TMOF and PAP6 was significantly greater than that of DPAP6, while no metabolism of AP6 was found. TMOF technical insecticide was produced on a commercial scale by recombinant yeast (heat-killed before application). The technical TMOF when administered in a single dose by gavage to male and female mice at 2000 mg dry weight/kg body weight produced no negative effects as compared to controls up to 12 days after treatment. When male and female mallard ducks were treated by gavage with 1250 mg dry weight of technical TMOF/kg body weight each day for 5 days, again no toxic effects were noted through 35 days after the last treatment. TMOF technical insecticide was also applied to the shaved skin of male and female rabbits at the rate of 2000 mg/kg for 1–2 days, with no effect. The end point observations in these in vivo experiments were mortality; changes in growth rate, behavior, body structure, and color; and possible lesions observed during necropsy. Finally, Daphnia incubated with technical TMOF in rearing water at the level of 1.0 × 106 yeast cells/ml (10 mg/ml) also demonstrated no negative effects on mortality, growth, molting, time to first brood, and production of viable neonates. It appears from these studies that TMOF can be degraded by vertebrate digestive proteases and technical TMOF is not toxic to the non-target organisms examined.}, number={3}, journal={PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Thompson, DM and Young, HP and Edens, FW and Olmstead, AW and LeBlanc, GA and Hodgson, E and Roe, RM}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={131–142} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_eisen_havenstein_2004, title={The effect of dietary phosphorus on heat shock protein mRNAs during acute heat stress in male broiler chickens (Gallus gallus)}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cca.2003.10.013}, abstractNote={A 2 x 2 factorially arranged completely randomized experimental design was used to study the relationship between inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and heat shock protein (HSP) mRNA expression in different organs of commercial broiler cockerels during acute heat stress (HS). Brain, heart, liver and spleen were assayed for hsp70, hsp90alpha and hsp90beta mRNA. At 1 day of age, chickens were assigned randomly to two dietary Pi treatment groups (Pi-: 0.16%; Pi+: 0.5%). At 3 weeks of age, half of the chickens in each Pi group were subjected to HS (Ta=41 degrees C, 60 min) while the other half was maintained in a thermoneutral environment (CN, Ta=25 degrees C). The results showed inter-organ variation in the expression of HSP mRNAs. Brain expressed the most HSP mRNAs while spleen expressed the least. When broilers were subjected to HS, the expression of HSP mRNAs was influenced positively by the consumption of the Pi+ diet. However, analysis of variance revealed that Ta influenced HSP transcription more than phosphorus availability. Thermal stress caused induction of hsp90alpha and hsp90beta in heart, liver and spleen, but hsp90alpha and hsp9beta mRNA levels were stable in brain. Transcription of hsp70 increased (P< or =0.05) in all organs from chickens in HS groups when compared to chickens in CN groups. Although Pi+ did not show any significant increases in the expression of hsp mRNAs, there were consistently larger HSP mRNA values in liver and spleen tissues. The high expression of hsp90alpha and hsp90beta in brain of chicks in both CN and HS conditions could be due to the involvement of hsp90 in steroid hormone receptors or the high metabolic activity of neurons in the central nervous system.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Mahmoud, KZ and Edens, FW and Eisen, EJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={11–18} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_2003, title={Influence of selenium sources on age-related and mild heat stress-related changes of blood and liver glutathione redox cycle in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus)}, volume={136}, ISSN={["1096-4959"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00288-4}, abstractNote={Selenium is an essential trace element that up-regulates a major component of the antioxidant defense mechanism by controlling the body's glutathione (GSH) pool and its major Se-containing antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Evidence has emerged suggesting that organic selenium, natural seleno-amino acids found in plants, grains and selenized yeast, maintains the antioxidant defense system more efficiently than inorganic selenium. Inorganic selenium is a pro-oxidant, whereas organic selenium possesses antioxidant properties itself. As a pro-oxidant, inorganic selenium is not suitable for animals or humans. Therefore, we examined the GSH-GPX system in broiler chickens and determined that organic selenium was indeed more beneficial than inorganic selenium. Chickens fed the organic selenium as Sel-Plex, a selenized yeast, had elevated GPX activity in both blood and liver in a thermoneutral environment and after heat distress. More importantly, the ability to reduce the oxidized glutathione (GSSG to 2 GSH) was enhanced and facilitated by maintenance of glutathione reductase activity. Organic selenium-fed chickens were less affected by mild heat distress than inorganic selenium-fed chickens, and this assessment was based upon less induction of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) in organic selenium-fed chickens. Our results clearly show that heat distress, a potent inducer of oxidative stress and hsp70, can be partially ameliorated by feeding organic selenium. We attribute this observation to an enhanced GSH-GPX antioxidant system in organic selenium-fed chickens.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Mahmoud, KZ and Edens, FW}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={921–934} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_ferket_havenstein_sefton_2002, title={A demonstration of postpellet application of dry phytase to broiler diets}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/11.1.34}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A comparison of performance and P reduction in litter and manure from broilers fed rations with and without phytase enzyme was made with chickens reared on litter or in cages. Low-activity phytase supplemented as a dry powder to mash diets did not affect performance, but litter P accumulation was decreased 14 to 21% in the finisher phase. Manure P content of broilers in cages was reduced 14 to 19% during the starter and grower phases. Liquid phytase applied postpelleting to diets with 0.5% total P (0.3% available P) reduced litter P accumulation (14 to 19%) and reduced manure P content in starter, grower, and finisher phases of the study. Phosphorus content in raw manure was decreased by 55% during the finisher phase. Feed conversions of broilers in cages and on conventional litter-covered floors were improved significantly with postpellet application of liquid phytase. Feed conversion improvement was greater in birds in cages. Postpellet application of dry phytase was shown to be feasible based upon performance and reduction in litter P accumulation. Feed conversions were improved by 7 to 8 points (P < 0.05) when compared to those of birds given a normal P level (0.72% total P) diet without phytase. Litter P accumulation was reduced between 20.5 and 28.5% with dry phytase applied postpelleting. With liquid phytase applied postpelleting, litter P accumulation was reduced 26.6%. These reductions in litter P content represent about 4 lb of P per ton of litter.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Ferket, PR and Havenstein, GB and Sefton, AE}, year={2002}, pages={34–45} }
 @article{roy_edens_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_2002, title={Influence of a propionic acid feed additive on performance of turkey poults with experimentally induced poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.7.951}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) has multiple etiological agents associated with its occurrence, including two viruses and at least three Escherichia coli isolates. Myco Curb (MC) contains organic acids and is used as a feed additive to inhibit growth of many bacteria and toxin-producing molds but not viruses. Studies evaluating the influence of MC on BW, feed conversion, and mortality indicate that turkey poults tolerate MC at 1.25% but not 2.50%, but higher MC content in feed provides greater suppression of growth of bacterial isolates commonly associated with PEMS. In two PEMS experiments, 1.25% MC was blended into poult starter feed and was maintained in the feed for the duration of the 3-wk experiments. In these experiments, 1-d-old commercial poults were placed into battery brooders and were given turkey starter feed and water ad libitum. At 6 d posthatch, PEMS-designated poults were given a 1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. BW depression due to PEMS was not alleviated by MC, although there was less variation in mean BW of the MC-fed poults, and there was a highly significant reduction in mortality (68% in PEMS-exposed with MC vs. 32.5% in PEMS-exposed without MC). The reduction in mortality in the MC-fed poults was attributed to decreased bacterial content of the gut and to maintenance of packed cell volume and hemoglobin content. It was concluded that MC might be a potential nutritional intervention during PEMS.
 
}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Roy, RD and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={951–957} }
 @article{edens_2002, title={Involvement of Sel-Plex in physiological stability and performance of broiler chickens}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={4}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Edens, F. W.}, year={2002}, pages={38} }
 @article{heggen-peay_qureshi_edens_sherry_wakenell_ph o'connell_schat_2002, title={Isolation of a reovirus from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome and its pathogenicity in turkey poults}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0032:IOARFP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an acute, infectious intestinal disease of turkey poults, characterized by high mortality and 100% morbidity, that decimated the turkey industry in the mid-1990s. The etiology of PEMS is not completely understood. This report describes the testing of various filtrates of fecal material from control and PEMS-affected poults by oral inoculation into poults under experimental conditions, the subsequent isolation of a reovirus, ARV-CU98, from one of the PEMS fecal filtrates, and in vivo and in vitro studies conducted to determine the pathogenicity of ARV-CU98 in turkey poults. In order to identify a filtrate fraction of fecal material containing a putative etiologic agent, poults were challenged in two independent experiments with 220- and 100-nm filtrates of fecal material from PEMS-negative and PEMS-positive poults. The 100-nm filtrate was chosen for further evaluation because poults inoculated with this filtrate exhibited mortality and significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) body weight and relative bursa weight, three clinical signs associated with PEMS. These results were confirmed in a third experiment with 100-nm fecal filtrates from a separate batch of PEMS fecal material. In Experiment 3, body weight and relative bursa and thymus weights were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in poults inoculated with 100-nm filtrate of PEMS fecal material as compared with poults inoculated with 100-nm filtrate of control fecal material. Subsequently, a virus was isolated from the 100-nm PEMS fecal filtrate and propagated in liver cells. This virus was identified as a reovirus on the basis of cross-reaction with antisera against avian reovirus (FDO strain) as well as by electrophoretic analysis and was designated ARV-CU98. When inoculated orally into poults reared under controlled environmental conditions in isolators, ARV-CU98 was associated with a higher incidence of thymic hemorrhaging and gaseous intestines. In addition, relative bursa and liver weights were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in virus-inoculated poults as compared with controls. Virus was successfully reisolated from virus-challenged poults but not from control birds. Furthermore, viral antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in liver sections from virus-challenged poults at 3 and 6 days postinfection and virus was isolated from liver at 6 days postinfection, suggesting that ARV-CU98 replicates in the liver. In addition to a decrease in liver weight, there was a functional degeneration as indicated by altered plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in virus poults as compared with controls. Although this reovirus does not induce fulminating PEMS, our results demonstrated that ARV-CU98 does cause some of the clinical signs in PEMS, including intestinal alterations and significantly lower relative bursa and liver weights. ARV-CU98 may contribute directly to PEMS by affecting the intestine, bursa, and liver and may contribute indirectly by increasing susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens that facilitate development of clinical PEMS.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen-Peay, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Sherry, B and Wakenell, PS and PH O'Connell and Schat, KA}, year={2002}, pages={32–47} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_jones_wineland_edens_sefton_2001, title={Effects of hen age, Bio-Mos,(R) and Flavomycin (R) on poult susceptibility to oral Escherichia coli challenge}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.5.562}, abstractNote={The effects of hen age, Escherichia coli, and dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin on poult performance from 1 to 21 d were studied. Day-of-hatch BUTA (BIG-6) male poults were gavaged orally (1 mL) with approximately 10(8) cfu/mL E. coli composed of four serotypes or sterile carrier broth. A mixture of the same E. coli cultures was added to the poults' water troughs to attain a concentration of approximately 10(6) cfu/mL on a weekly basis to ensure a continuous bacterial challenge. Within each E. coli split plot treatment group, poults from hens of different ages (33 and 58 wk of age) were fed diets containing Bio-Mos (1 g/kg feed), Flavomycin (2.2 mg active ingredient/kg feed), Bio-Mos plus Flavomycin, or a control diet, in a randomized complete block design. This experiment yielded eight treatments per challenge group. At Weeks 1 and 3, eight birds from each treatment from the E. coli challenged and unchallenged groups were randomly chosen for bacterial sampling of liver and intestinal tissue for coliforms, aerobic bacteria, and Lactobacillus spp. E. coli isolates from tissue samples were O serotyped. During E. coli challenge, dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin improved poult BW and BW gains (P < or = 0.05). When poults were not challenged with E. coli, poults from old hens had improved BW and cumulative BW gains over poults from young hens (P < or = 0.05). Cumulative 3-wk BW gains for unchallenged poults from young hens were improved by Bio-Mos and Flavomycin (P < or = 0.05) alone and in combination when compared to the control diet. Two of the four E. coli serotypes administered were recovered. Several serotypes were recovered that were not administered. It may be concluded that dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin can improve the overall performance of poults, especially when they are faced with an E. coli challenge.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Jones, FT and Wineland, MJ and Edens, FW and Sefton, AE}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={562–571} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_havenstein_sefton_2001, title={Housing and selenium influences on feathering in broilers}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/10.2.128}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A majority of the broilers produced around the world are sexed on the basis of rapid-feathering females or slow-feathering males, which is facilitated by the presence of the sex-linked, auto-sexing, slow-feathering K gene in males. Recent advances in materials have allowed development of a caging system that is a viable alternative to the traditional floor-rearing regimen. In this study, a comparison was made between the traditional floor- and cage-rearing environments and their influence on feathering of auto-sexing, sex-linked male and female broilers fed at 0.2 mg/kg of feed either NaSe or an organic selenium yeast (OR). Feed conversion ratios, BW, and mortality were not affected by Se source. Feather tracts on the back, breast, thigh, wing, neck, and wing were scored subjectively based on feather size and skin surface covered. Feather scores ranged from 0 (no feathering) to 5 (best feathering) for each tract. The OR induced more rapid whole body feathering in the slow-feathering males as well as in the normal-feathering females. The influence of OR was evident from 21 through 42 d of age. Females had a faster feathering rate than did males. Females approached full feathering at 35 d of age, but males lagged behind females even at 42 d. Feathering of broilers in the conventional house was slightly faster than the feathering of broilers in the cage house. The mechanism for improved feathering rate in normal-feathering females and slow-feathering males given OR has not been determined.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Sefton, AE}, year={2001}, pages={128–134} }
 @article{qureshi_saif_heggen-peay_edens_havenstein_2001, title={Induction of functional defects in macrophages by a poult enteritis and mortality syndrome-associated turkey astrovirus}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592865}, abstractNote={The interaction of a poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS)-turkey astrovirus-Ohio State University (TAst-OSU) with the mononuclear phagocytic system cells, namely macrophages, was examined after in vitro and in vivo exposure. In vitro exposures were performed by incubating adherent turkey macrophages with various volumes of 10(6) 50% embryo infective dose (EID50)/ml TAst-OSU stock, whereas for in vivo challenge, poults were given a 200 microl inoculum of 10(6) EID50/ml TAst-OSU stock at 7 days of age. Results show that TAst-OSU in vitro exposure reduced macrophage viability relative to controls (P < 0.05) and decreased phagocytosis (P < 0.05) and intracytoplasmic killing of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) after a 42-48-hr exposure. Poults challenged with TAst-OSU in vivo recruited almost 50% fewer Sephadex-elicited inflammatory cells in the abdominal cavity (P < 0.05) as compared with the sham controls. Similar to in vitro exposure, macrophages isolated from in vivo TAst-OSU-challenged poults exhibited reduced percentage of phagocytic macrophages (P < 0.05) as well as fewer intracytoplasmic E. coli per phagocytic macrophage (P < 0.05). TAst-OSU-challenged poults had a greater number of viable E. coli in their spleens (P < 0.05) after an intravenous E. coli challenge as compared with the non-TAst-OSU-challenged control poults. Macrophage-mediated cytokines and metabolites were also examined during this study. Both in vitro and in vivo TAst-OSU challenge resulted in reduced interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 activity. On the contrary, nitrite levels in macrophage culture supernatant fraction of TAst-OSU-challenged macrophages were significantly higher (P < or = 0.05). The findings of these studies indicated that TAst-OSU challenge induced defects in macrophage effector functions, implying that PEMS-turkey astrovirus can potentially impair the immune response of turkeys, thereby leading to enhanced susceptibility of turkeys to secondary, perhaps even fatal, bacterial infections.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Qureshi, MA and Saif, YM and Heggen-Peay, CL and Edens, FW and Havenstein, GB}, year={2001}, pages={853–861} }
 @article{heggen_qureshi_edens_barnes_2000, title={Alterations in macrophage-produced cytokines and nitrite associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592508}, abstractNote={Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an acute, transmissible, infectious intestinal disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in turkey poults. Earlier studies demonstrated immune dysfunction, involving both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, associated with PEMS. The current study examined cytokines and metabolites produced by macrophages from poults exposed to PEMS agent(s). Six trials were conducted with six separate hatches of poults. Poults in the PEMS group were exposed to PEMS agent(s) via contact exposure at 7 days of age whereas uninfected poults served as control poults. Abdominal macrophages were harvested from control (uninfected) and PEMS poults at various times postexposure and cultured for 18-24 hr in the presence of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) bioactivities and nitrite levels in macrophage culture supernatants were quantified. Macrophage supernatants from PEMS poults had greater IL-1-mediated stimulation index compared with the macrophage supernatants from uninfected control poults in both trials. However, this increase was significant only in trial 1. IL-6 activity tested in three separate trials was significantly higher in PEMS macrophage supernatants over the controls. On the contrary, TNF-alpha production by macrophages was decreased in PEMS macrophage culture supernatants. Nitrite levels in PEMS macrophage culture supernatants were significantly higher in two out of three trials. These findings suggest that the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokine/metabolites by activated macrophages in PEMS poults may be responsible, at least in part, for the physiological intestinal inflammation, gut motility, and anorexia that characterize this disease.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Barnes, HJ}, year={2000}, pages={59–65} }
 @article{doerfler_cain_edens_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_2000, title={D-xylose absorption as a measurement of malabsorption in poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.5.656}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Severe wasting of body tissues, diarrhea, high morbidity and mortality, and stunting are all characteristics of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). The wasting of musculature and loss of nearly all adipose tissue suggested that even though the PEMS-infected poults were eating some feed, nutrient intake was not sufficient to meet body requirements for maintenance and growth. Because epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be a target of the undefined etiological agent (or agents) that causes PEMS, a study was conducted in which PEMS-infected poults were evaluated for malabsorption through 3 wk of age. D-Xylose, a poorly metabolized pentose, was given per os as a bolus, and blood samples were obtained from the ulnar vein in the wing of control and PEMS-infected poults over a 3-h period to estimate intestinal absorption. D-Xylose absorption in control poults peaked 30 to 60 min after the oral treatment, similar to results reported earlier. The PEMS-infected poults did not show a peak in absorption. The PEMS-infected poults showed significant delays in D-xylose absorption at 4, 7, and 11 d after PEMS challenge. The severe malabsorption and metabolic deficiency problem associated with PEMS was postulated to be a direct effect of the undefined infectious agent or agents that cause the disease.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Cain, LD and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={656–660} }
 @article{engle_spears_l._edens_2000, title={Dietary copper effects on lipid metabolism and circulating catecholamine concentrations in finishing steers}, volume={78}, DOI={10.2527/2000.78102737x}, abstractNote={Forty-eight Angus and Hereford x Angus steers were used to determine the effects of copper (Cu) on lipid and catecholamine metabolism. Steers were stratified by weight within breed and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0 (control, no supplemental Cu), 10, or 40 mg of supplemental Cu (from Cu2(OH)3Cl)/kg DM. Steers were fed a corn silage-soybean meal-based growing diet for 42 d. Animals were then switched to a high-concentrate finishing diet and remained on the same dietary treatments. On d 70, indwelling jugular catheters were nonsurgically inserted into five steers per treatment. Blood samples were obtained from steers after a 24-h period of feed withdrawal, 1 h after feeding, and after i.v. administration of norepinephrine and were subsequently analyzed for nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and catecholamine concentrations. Average daily gain over the finishing period was higher (P < 0.06) in steers receiving supplemental Cu. Serum total cholesterol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) on d 84 and 112 in steers supplemented with Cu. Serum norepinephrine (P < 0.14) and NEFA concentrations following feed withdrawal tended (P < 0.12) to be higher in Cu-supplemented steers. Postfeeding norepinephrine concentrations tended to be higher (P < 0.14) in Cu-supplemented steers. Nonesterifled fatty acid concentrations were lower (P < 0.10) in Cu-supplemented steers after norepinephrine administration. Backfat depth was decreased (P < 0.10) and longissimus muscle polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages were increased (P < 0.10) in steers receiving supplemental Cu. These results indicate that Cu addition to a finishing diet containing 5 mg Cu/kg DM alters lipid metabolism. The reduction in backfat depth may be due to copper altering catecholamine metabolism in steers.}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Engle, T. E. and Spears, J. W. and L. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2000}, pages={2737–2744} }
 @article{edens_carter_parkhurst_sefton_2000, title={Effect of selenium source and litter type on broiler feathering}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.3.407}, abstractNote={Abstract Inorganic sodium selenite (NaSe; 0.1 and 0.3 ppm) and organic selenium yeast (Sel Plex 50: OR; 0.1 and 0.3 ppm) were provided in the diets of broilers placed on four different litter types: 1) ACR paper (diced recycled low-density fiber paper treated with boric acid, 4.5%), 2) shavings (pine wood shavings), 3) diced/cross-cut news print, or 4) 50% mixture of ACR and shavings, in a 32-pen broiler house with curtain side walls. Subjective body feathering scores ranging from 0 (no feathers) to 5 (best) were determined at 3, 5, and 6 wk of age. In experiment 1, feather scores at 6 wk of age were improved significantly with OR supplementation at 0.3 ppm compare to all other selenium treatments, and in Experiment 2 both levels of OR supplementation were associated with improved feathering compared to NaSe supplementation. ACR paper caused reduced feathering in both experiments, and neither NaSe nor OR were sufficient to overcome the problem. In both experiments, OR was associated with better feathering for broilers on all litters at all ages. Performance parameters such as feed conversion ratios were not affected by selenium source even though feathering, an energetically expensive function, was improved in the OR-fed birds.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edens, FW and Carter, TA and Parkhurst, CR and Sefton, AE}, year={2000}, pages={407–413} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_mcmurtry_qureshi_parkhurst_havenstein_2000, title={Influence of Biochrome (R) on the response of metabolic hormones in PEMS-infected poults}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.5.661}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS), a disease that affects turkeys between 7 and 28 d of age, causes a severe inflammation of the intestinal tract and is characterized in poults by severe diarrhea, high morbidity, mortality, and stunting. The PEMS-associated mortality and growth depression is related to malabsorption and decreased metabolic activity caused, in part, by a possible insulin deficiency or insensitivity. Insulin receptors are stimulated by the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) that incorporates Cr. Body Cr deficiency can be exacerbated by dietary deficiency and by increased excretion due to stress associated with a diarrheal disease such as PEMS. BioChrome® (BC) contains natural, preformed GTF, the bioactive form of Cr. Experiments were conducted in which BC was blended into poult starter feed at 400 ppb during the first 21 d posthatch. Body weights were determined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d of age, and weekly feed conversions were calculated for each treatment group (control, BC, PEMS, and BC+PEMS). At 6 d post-hatch, each PEMS-designated poult was given a 0.1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. Blood samples were taken via cardiac puncture from four birds per treatment group at 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 d of age. Radioimmunoassays were conducted for plasma insulin, glucagon, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma insulin levels were depressed in PEMS-infected poults from Days 10 through 17, but plasma glucagon levels in the PEMS-infected poults were significantly elevated at 14 and 17 d, after which they returned to control levels in both of the PEMS-infected groups. The T3 and T4 levels were depressed through Day 21 in PEMS-infected poults, but with BC treatment these blood hormone levels rebounded by Day 21. Body weights of PEMS-infected poults were increased significantly by the BC treatment but not to the level of noninfected controls.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Edens, FW and McMurtry, JP and Qureshi, MA and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={661–668} }
 @article{edens_doerfler_1999, title={Controlling poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={15}, number={2}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Edens, F. W. and Doerfler, R. E.}, year={1999}, pages={48} }
 @article{edens_yersin_simmons_1999, title={Tryptophan methylester modulation of poult responses to Bordetella avium}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.3.327}, abstractNote={On the day of hatching, four groups of poults [Control, L-tryptophan methylester (LTME), Bordetella avium-infected, and B. avium-infected plus LTME] were established and placed into heated metal brooding batteries. Bordetella avium infection caused a significant depression in body temperature within 24 h after intranasal challenge with the W strain, and the hypothermia persisted through 21 d of age. L-Tryptophan methylester, a water-soluble form of tryptophan, was given by oral gavage daily in saline at a concentration of 50 mg per poult beginning 4 d after hatch. Within 2 d after initiation of LTME treatments, colonic temperature of B. avium-infected poults was elevated to the level of Controls and remained at that level throughout the experimental period. The BW of B. avium-infected poults were reduced significantly. The LTME treatment caused a significant BW increase in the B. avium-infected poults, but the increase was not to the level of Controls. The anti-sheep red blood cell antibody titers in B. avium-infected poults were not affected significantly. However, LTME treatment induced a significant increase in anti-sheep red blood cell antibody titers in both the infected and Control poults. Based upon data reported herein, it was concluded that feed intake depression associated with development of bordetellosis caused the poults to react more specifically to a mild tryptophan deficiency than to other nutrient deficiencies. The tryptophan deficiency caused a growth depression that was only partially alleviated by daily supplementation of LTME. The physiological responses to daily supplementation of LTME to B. avium-infected poults suggested that growth depression and poor performance was not limited to dietary deficiency of tryptophan.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Yersin, AG and Simmons, DG}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={327–335} }
 @article{heggen_qureshi_edens_barnes_havenstein_1998, title={Alterations in the lymphocytic and mononuclear phagocytic systems of turkey poults associated with exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592706}, abstractNote={In vivo and in vitro mononuclear phagocytic system functions, expression of lymphocyte subset cell surface markers in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and lymphocyte subset dynamics during the course of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) were examined. PEMS is an acute, transmissible, infectious intestinal disease accompanied by high mortality and morbidity. The etiology of this multifactorial disease remains to be elucidated; however, turkey coronavirus was initially assumed to be one of the primary agents involved. Further investigation demonstrated that turkey coronavirus was not always detectable in poults exhibiting PEMS symptoms, and, thus, PEMS poults began to be identified as positive or negative for turkey coronavirus. In each trial, uninfected hatchmate controls were compared with turkey poults that were contact exposed to PEMS poults at 7 days of age. Following intravenous inoculation, control poults cleared Escherichia coli from their circulation by 60 min, whereas viable E. coli were still present in the circulation of PEMS poults at 60 min postinoculation. Inflammatory response measured by Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cell recruitment and the adherence potential of abdominal exudate cells was not significantly different between uninfected and PEMS poults. The percentage of glass-adherent abdominal exudate macrophages was higher in PEMS poults. However, the ability of these macrophages to phagocytize sheep red blood cells and the average number of sheep red blood cells per phagocytic macrophage were both lower compared with uninfected controls. CD4+ expression in thymic tissue of PEMS poults at 9 days postinfection was significantly lower. The CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood leukocytes from coronavirus-negative PEMS poults was lower than that from both uninfected and coronavirus-positive PEMS poults at 14 days postinfection. In the spleen, the CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio was higher in coronavirus-positive PEMS poults as compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, immune system dysfunction in PEMS is associated with impaired mononuclear phagocytic system function and alterations in lymphocyte populations.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Barnes, HJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={1998}, pages={711–720} }
 @article{edens_joyce_parkhurst_havenstein_qureshi_1998, title={Effect of litter moisture and brooding temperature on body weights of turkey poults experiencing poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.3.411}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the interactions among litter moisture (high [HiM]> or =40% vs low [LoM]< or =20%), brooding temperature (high [HiB] = 38 C vs normal [NrB] = 34 C), and development of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) as indicated by body weights, relative weights of lymphoid organs, and mortality in Control [C] vs Infected [I] groups. There was a significant interaction between litter moisture and brooding temperature that had a significant influence on BW. The brooding temperature main effect was not significant, but there was a significant litter moisture effect on BW. Body weights were suppressed by PEMS infection, but infected poults brooded at HiB on LoM had significantly greater BW than those brooded at NrB and HiB on HiM. Main effects showed that there were significant litter moisture- and brooding temperature-mediated responses for BW. Relative weights of lymphoid organs revealed significant disease main effects but no effect due to brooding temperature and litter moisture. There was a significant effect of disease and brooding temperature with regard to mortality. The results from this study suggest that litter moisture influences productivity and mortality associated with PEMS, but brooding temperature has the greatest influence on PEMS-associated mortality. Therefore, higher brooding temperature for turkey poults being placed into a facility where they may be at risk for PEMS exposure is recommended.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Joyce, KA and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={411–415} }
 @article{edens_1998, title={Feathering rate affects male broiler performance. The influence of dietary selenium source and litter type}, volume={14}, number={6}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Edens, F. W.}, year={1998}, pages={20} }
 @article{wang_edens_1998, title={Heat conditioning induces heat shock proteins in broiler chickens and turkey poults}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.11.1636}, abstractNote={Peripheral leukocyte heat shock proteins (HSP: HSP90, HSP70, and HSP23) from broiler chickens and turkey poults were induced by in vitro and in vivo high temperature exposure. Heat conditioning, via a daily 1 h exposure to 41 C, enhanced in vitro HSP expression in leukocytes from chickens heat-conditioned for 1 to 2 wk, and a similar response was found in turkey poults with 3 wk of heat conditioning causing the greatest HSP expression. In vivo heat exposure trials caused maximization of HSP expression after 1 wk of daily heat conditioning exposures in broilers, but no additional enhancement was seen in chickens heat conditioned for 2 wk. Enhancement in HSP expression was evident for periods up to 4 wk after termination of the daily heat conditioning episodes.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Wang, SY and Edens, FW}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1636–1645} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_parkhurst_havenstein_qureshi_1998, title={Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and hypothyrosis associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.8.1103}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 A metabolic dysfunction contributes to the poor performance and mortality associated with Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). Within 2 d after contact-exposed poults were removed from the presence of PEMS-infected poults and returned to their respective treatment rooms to infect experimental poults, the experimental poults began to huddle together and show signs of the disease. When separated from the huddle, body temperatures of exposure poults were depressed significantly. Body temperatures decreased progressively through 8 d after exposure with a maximum depression of 2 C and returned to a normal level at 18 d after PEMS exposure. Similar decreasing patterns in serum glucose, inorganic phosphorus, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were observed, with maximum decreases in these serum constituents being found between 8 and 13 d after PEMS exposure. There were significant correlations among decreasing body temperatures, decreasing serum constituents, and mortality in the PEMS-exposed poults. Daily mortality rates associated with PEMS began at 6 d and peaked at 9 d after PEMS exposure. Mortality rates decreased from 9 to 15 d after experimental PEMS exposure. Depressions in serum constituents, body temperature, and increased mortality rates did not coincide with decreased feed intake associated with PEMS. Therefore, it was concluded that the agent(s) causing PEMS may have a direct effect on energy metabolism in afflicted poults.
 
}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1103–1109} }
 @article{yersin_edens_simmons_1998, title={The effects of Bordetella avium infection on elastin and collagen content of turkey trachea and aorta}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.11.1654}, abstractNote={Turkey poults were inoculated at hatch with the "W" isolate of Bordetella avium. At 17 d of age, serum copper levels and ceruloplasmin activities were determined. The trachea and aorta were analyzed for collagen and elastin content in an attempt to relate these structural proteins to the clinical observations of tracheal ring distortion and cardiac dysfunction associated with bordetellosis. Serum copper levels and ceruloplasmin activity were elevated in the B. avium-infected poults and indicated enzyme activity sufficient for elastin and collagen cross-link formation. In the infected poults, crude elastin content was increased significantly (0.67% infected vs 0.59% control) in the trachea but not in the aorta (13.12% infected vs 12.68% control). However, collagen content in infected poults (69.7 hydroxyproline residues per 1,000 amino acid residues) was decreased in the trachea compared to the controls (97 hydroxyproline residues per 1,000 amino acid residues), whereas collagen and elastin cross-links (HLNL, hydroxy-lysinohydroxy-norleucine, moles per mole of collagen per 300 residues hydroxyproline) were increased in the trachea of infected poults (2.85 in infected vs 1.80 in control) and also increased (DHLNL, dihydroxy-lysinohydroxy-norleucine, moles/mole of collagen/300 residues hydroxyproline) in the aorta (0.49 in infected vs 0.39 in control) of infected poults. The differences in collagen and elastin content, in association with differences in the cross-linking, appeared to be the cause of tracheal collapse that is characteristic of B. avium infection and also may have an adverse influence on cardiovascular function.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Yersin, AG and Edens, FW and Simmons, DG}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1654–1660} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_qureshi_casas_havenstein_1997, title={Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.7.952}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) Control: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease.
 
}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Casas, IA and Havenstein, GB}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={952–960} }
 @article{edens_qureshi_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_casas_1997, title={Characterization of two Escherichia coli isolates associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.12.1665}, abstractNote={Two colonial types (1 and 2) of Escherichia coli are represented predominantly in cultures isolated from turkey poults with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). Biotype codes determined using two systems (BBL: 36570 and 34560 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively; API-20E: 5144572 and 5144512 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively) clearly establish these organisms as E. coli. These isolates were not clearly divergent from the general profile for E. coli, but colony type 2 differs from colony type 1 with regard to its negative reactions for ornithine decarboxylase and the fermentation of dulcitol, rhamnose, sucrose, and melibiose, suggesting that it is atypical. Colony type 1 is nonserotypable and nonmotile, whereas colony type 2 is serotyped as O136: motile because it has H antigens associated with flagella. Capsular antigens were not found, but thin capsules were seen on cells from both colony types in stained preparations. Cultural morphology was different with colony type 1 having a circular, mucoid, raised morphology and colony type 2 having an irregular, flat, rough morphology. Colony type 1 has a doubling time at 37 C of about 20 min, whereas colony type 2 doubles in 30 min. Furthermore, colony type 1 is a potent colicin producer, but colony type 2 is not a colicin producer. Both E. coli isolates have resistance profiles for multiple antibiotics. Each strain responds to third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics by changing their biotypes and become resistant after culturing once in their presence. These E. coli are proposed as possible etiological links in the complex series of events that take place in poults susceptible to PEMS.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Qureshi, RA and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB and Casas, IA}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1665–1673} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_mann_parkhurst_havenstein_1997, title={Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum glucose in turkeys with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, number={suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Doerfler, R. E. and Edens, F. W. and Mann, S. E. and Parkhurst, C. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={1997}, pages={538} }
 @article{qureshi_edens_havenstein_1997, title={Immune system dysfunction during exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome agents}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.4.564}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS) is a condition of yet undefined etiology. Affected flocks may exhibit 100% morbidity with mortality up to 50% or more between 2 to 4 wk of age. The current study reports the immune status of poults experimentally infected with PEMS agent(s) in various trials. When compared with the unchallenged controls, PEMS-infected poults had significant atrophy of the bursa (up to 2-fold), thymus (up to 11-fold), and spleen (up to 2-fold) (P < or = 0.05). When challenged with SRBC, PEMS-infected poults had 1 to 2 log2 lower anti-SRBC antibody titers than the controls (P < or = 0.05). Responsiveness to a mitogenic lectin, phytohemagglutinin-P, was reduced significantly in PEMS poults (P < or = 0.05). These data show that the immune system of the poults is compromised significantly during PEMS infection in terms of lymphoid organ integrity and humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These findings imply, therefore, that immune dysfunction may contribute to the mortality observed during PEMS outbreaks.
 
}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Havenstein, GB}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={564–569} }
 @article{edens_1997, title={Potential for organic selenium to replace selenite in poultry diets}, volume={20}, number={1}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Edens, F. W.}, year={1997}, pages={28} }
 @misc{edens_parkhurst_casas_dobrogosz_1997, title={Principles of ex ovo competitive exclusion and in ovo administration of Lactobacillus reuteri}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.1.179}, abstractNote={The data that have been presented indicate that the in ovo use of competitive exclusion (CE) agents is feasible for both chickens and turkeys. However, there are many pitfalls that await the use of in ovo application of CE agents, including the use of nonspecies-specific intestinal microbes and the use of harmful proteolytic, gas-producing and toxin-producing intestinal microbes. Of the potential CE agents that have posthatch application, only Lactobacillus reuteri has been shown to be safe and effective in terms of not affecting hatchability and in having a prolonged effect in the hatched chick or poult. Lactobacillus reuteri administration in ovo increases its rate of intestinal colonization and decreases the colonization of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in both chicks and poults. Additionally, mortality due to in-hatcher exposure to E. coli or Salmonella is reduced with in ovo L. reuteri. Use of antibiotics in ovo may preclude the use of co-administered CE agents, but Gentamicin and L. reuteri are a compatible mixture when administered in ovo in separate compartments. Nevertheless, the intestinal morphology can be affected by both the CE agent and by antibiotics. Lactobacillus reuteri both in ovo and ex ovo will increase villus height and crypt depth, and Gentamicin in ovo causes a shortening and blunting of the villus. Both Gentamicin and L. reuteri in ovo suppress potentially pathogenic enteric microbes, but with diminished antibiotic effects shortening and blunting of the intestinal villi does not correct itself. Goblet cell numbers increase significantly on the ileum villus of chicks treated with Gentamicin in ovo, and this is presumably due to the increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract. Diminishing antibiotic effects posthatch would then negatively affect the absorption of nutrients and reduce growth at least in a transitory manner. Thus, L reuteri administration in ovo singly or in combination with Gentamicin followed by L reuteri via drinking water or feed appears to have potential to control many enteric pathogens in poultry. Additional work in the use of in ovo CE cultures is mandated because there is a world-wide movement to reduce antibiotic use in poultry due to increased microbial resistance to antibiotics. Use of naturally occurring intestinal bacterial cultures, either in mixed culture or as single well-defined cultures, has potential for immediate use in the poultry industry.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Casas, IA and Dobrogosz, WJ}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={179–196} }
 @article{edens_qureshi_mann_parkhurst_havenstein_1997, title={The evolvement of Eosinophils in the pathogenesis of poult enteritis mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, number={suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Edens, F. W. and Qureshi, M. A. and Mann, S. E. and Parkhurst, C. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={1997}, pages={535} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_1994, title={PLASMA GROWTH-HORMONE AND PROLACTIN RESPONSE TO FK-33-824, A SYNTHETIC OPIOID AGONIST, IN BROILER-CHICKENS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731746}, abstractNote={A synthetic opioid agonist, FK 33-824 ([D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Met-(O)5-ol]- enkephalin), was administered intramuscularly at levels of 0, 1, 25, or 625 micrograms/kg of body weight to 4-wk-old Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres broiler cockerels. All levels of FK 33-824 caused the birds to be sedated, with the highest dose causing deep sedation over the 240-min test period. A significant time by treatment interaction was seen for plasma growth hormone (GH). At 30 min after treatment, a significant increase in GH occurred, but this transitory increase returned to control levels at 60 min. A secondary GH peak was observed in the 240-min samples from cockerels given the 625 micrograms/kg dose. Significant treatment and time effects and a time by treatment interaction were seen in the plasma prolactin (PRL) response to FK 33-824. Prolactin was increased at 30 and 60 min after treatment with 1 microgram/kg, whereas higher doses seemed to suppress PRL concentrations. Over the 240-min experimental period, PRL concentrations tended to increase in all treatments except in the treatment with the lowest FK 33-824 dose, but the largest transitory increase was observed at 240 min in the birds given the 625 micrograms/kg dose. These results suggest that FK 33-824 affected GH and PRL secretion in chickens in a manner different from other opioid agonists. This difference was probably due to the ability of FK 33-824 to bind to multiple opiate receptors, with the highest affinity for mu receptors and lesser affinity for delta receptors, whereas other opioids have high affinity for delta receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={EDENS, FW and PARKHURST, CR}, year={1994}, month={Nov}, pages={1746–1754} }
 @article{edens_hill_wang_1992, title={HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN RESPONSE IN PHOSPHORUS-DEFICIENT HEAT-STRESSED BROILER-CHICKENS}, volume={103}, ISSN={["0305-0491"]}, DOI={10.1016/0305-0491(92)90200-B}, abstractNote={1. During acute in vivo heat stress, a normal heat shock protein (HSP) response was not inducible in chickens deficient in inorganic phosphorus (P(i)-deficient). 2. Small quantities of HSP 70 and HSP 90 were induced, but little or no HSP 23 was induced in P(i)-deficient chickens compared to P(i)-adequate chickens. 3. Increased susceptibility of P(i)-deficient chickens to acute heat stress was attributed to their inability to produce an adequate HSP response.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={EDENS, FW and HILL, CH and WANG, SY}, year={1992}, month={Dec}, pages={827–831} }
 @article{edens_may_yersin_brownborg_1991, title={EFFECT OF FASTING ON PLASMA THYROID AND ADRENAL-HORMONE LEVELS IN TURKEY POULTS INFECTED WITH BORDETELLA AVIUM}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591187}, abstractNote={Plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and corticosterone (CS) were measured in fasted and nonfasted control and Bordetella avium-infected poults. The stress of B. avium infection increased plasma CS, and fasting for 24 hours caused a further significant increase in CS levels. Plasma T3 was not affected by the infection, but fasting caused a significant reduction in both control and infected poults. Plasma T4 of fasted poults was increased in both control and infected groups, but infection attenuated the plasma T4 response. Total iodothyronines were increased in the control-fasted poults more than in infected-fasted poults, indicating a reduced responsiveness to stress by the thyroids of infected poults. Changes in plasma thyroid hormones and CS partially explain the decreased body weight gain and decreased body temperature after exposure to B. avium.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={EDENS, FW and MAY, JD and YERSIN, AG and BROWNBORG, HM}, year={1991}, pages={344–347} }
 @article{edens_laskey_1990, title={SERUM CHEMISTRIES OF COTURNIX-COTURNIX-JAPONICA GIVEN DIETARY MANGANESE OXIDE (MN3O4)}, volume={97}, ISSN={["0742-8413"]}, DOI={10.1016/0742-8413(90)90184-b}, abstractNote={1. Plasma creatinine and inorganic phosphorus were increased in manganese oxide (Mn3O4)-treated adult male Coturnix quail, but BUN, BUN/creatinine ratio, uric acid, and total calcium were decreased. 2. Serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase) were elevated in Mn3O4-treated adult male Coturnix quail, but creatine phosphokinase was not affected. 3. Dietary Mn3O4 at 5000 ppm did not produce overt signs of toxicosis.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY}, author={EDENS, FW and LASKEY, JW}, year={1990}, pages={139–142} }
 @article{edens_1983, title={EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON MALE REPRODUCTION}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0621676}, abstractNote={Abstract INTRODUCTION The environment in which an animal exists is composed of many interacting factors, each capable, in great enough magnitude, of eliciting a defensive reaction in the animal's biochemical and physiological constitution (Selye, 1963). The environment includes all external factors (temperature, population density, nutrition, light, etc.) as well as internal factors (pathogenic organisms, parasites, or any other foreign substance). Any change in the “environment” will cause both specific and nonspecific responses that are directed at re-establishing a state of homeostasis in the animal. Siegel (1980) presented a general review of physiological stress in birds and pointed out the differences between specific and nonspecific physiological reactions to environmental stressors. Specific reactions are elicited in response to a particular stressor. For example, when an animal becomes hypovolemic there is a decrease in cardiac output, stroke volume, and arterial pressure. The primary compensating mechanisms then are increased heart rate, increased pulse pressure, increased …}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={EDENS, FW}, year={1983}, pages={1676–1689} }