@article{bonello_campbell_cipollini_conrad_farinas_gandhi_hain_parry_showalter_villari_et al._2020, title={Invasive Tree Pests Devastate Ecosystems-A Proposed New Response Framework}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2624-893X"]}, DOI={10.3389/ffgc.2020.00002}, abstractNote={Maintenance and restoration of forest ecosystems will be key to achieving necessary carbon sequestration goals, protecting biodiversity, and supporting healthy economies and societies. Forest ecosystems are increasingly threatened by non-native forest insects and pathogens. A portion of these pests are able to overcome prevention and containment efforts and become established in naïve ecosystems. Once established these pests pose a long-term large-scale threat to forest ecosystems, which current policy and response frameworks are poorly equipped to address. We propose the creation of a federal Center for Forest Pest Control and Prevention to implement end-to-end responses to forest pest invasions using an ecologically-informed framework that fully integrates host tree resistance development and deployment.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE}, author={Bonello, Pierluigi and Campbell, Faith T. and Cipollini, Don and Conrad, Anna O. and Farinas, Coralie and Gandhi, Kamal J. K. and Hain, Fred P. and Parry, Dylan and Showalter, David N. and Villari, Caterina and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{mester_lucia_frampton_hain_2016, title={Physico-Chemical Responses of Fraser Fir Induced by Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) Infestation}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/jes15-24.1}, abstractNote={The balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), is a major pest in Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir, Christmas tree plantations in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Shortly after eclosion, A. piceae larvae insert their stylets into intercellular bark tissue to ensure a constant feeding source from cortical parenchyma cells (Balch 1952, Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. No. 867, 76 pp.). Thereafter, the developing adelgid is attached at that site for the remainder of its life (Balch and Carroll 1956, Can. Dept. Agric. Publ. No. 977, 7 pp.). Insects that use a piercing-sucking mode of feeding, such as adelgids, elicit a response similar to that of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens (Walling 2000, J. Plant Growth Regul. 19: 195–216; Bernards and Spohr 2008, Pp. 189–211, In Schaller, A. (ed.), Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory, Springer Science, Stuttgart, Germany). The synthesis of new compounds or structural barriers after herbivore-induced damage occurs, including the accumulation of proteins and secondary metabolites, are characteristics of induced defenses (Bernards and Spohr 2008). For example, the formation of cell wall modifications can be induced by wounding and herbivory (Ginzberg 2008, Pp. 131–146, In Schaller, A. (ed.), Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory, Springer Science, Stuttgart, Germany). Host resistance mechanisms include rapid accumulation of monoterpene and juvabione-related compounds, the production of secondary periderm (Mullick 1975, Can. J. Bot. 53: 2443–2457; Hain et al. 1991, Pp. 271–287, In Baranchikov, Y.N., Mattson, W.J., Hain, F.P., Payne, T.L. (eds.), Forest Insect Guilds: Patterns of}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Mester, Erin C. and Lucia, Lucian and Frampton, John and Hain, Fred P.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={94–97} }
 @article{mester_frampton_hain_2015, title={Assessment of environmental conditions and preferences for rearing the balsam woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on host material}, volume={50}, DOI={10.18474/jes14-32.1}, abstractNote={The optimal environmental conditions for rearing the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), on its natural host, Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir, was determined by varying temperature, photoperiod, and humidity as well as by evaluating texture and geotaxic preferences. Five locations with a set temperature and relative humidity (RH) were chosen to test for optimal environmental conditions: three environmental chambers maintained at 17, 20, and 25°C with 75% RH; an insectary maintained at 21.1°C and 72% RH; and a greenhouse with varying temperature and RH levels. Overall, 20°C appeared to be the optimal temperature for development, and 25°C was the least favorable of the temperatures tested. Comparing Fraser fir cuttings to seedlings, seedlings (15.51/cm) were five times more infested than cuttings (3.02/cm), and the percentage of adult survival was higher on seedlings (67%) than on cuttings (17%). The highest percentage of adelgids reaching full development occurred in adelgids that inserted around the buds. Although the numbers were very low, full development was reached on logs in all five environments. Texture of the bark plays a role in A. piceae preference, with twice the number of crawlers inserting into medium-textured bark compared to rough-textured bark. Adelges piceae showed positive geotaxis preference, with the most favorable insertion sites on the bottom sides of vertical bark discs. Future rearing of adelgids in the laboratory should be on logs or seedlings in an area of sufficient size to permit adequate airflow at 20°C and 75% RH.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, author={Mester, E. C. and Frampton, J. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2015}, pages={157–167} }
 @article{oten_cohen_hain_2014, title={Stylet Bundle Morphology and Trophically Related Enzymes of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1938-2901"]}, DOI={10.1603/an13168}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA}, author={Oten, Kelly L. F. and Cohen, Allen C. and Hain, Fred P.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={680–690} }
 @article{williams_hain_2013, title={Seasonal occurrence of Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in North Carolina Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poiret) Christmas tree plantations}, volume={48}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-48.4.317}, abstractNote={Abstract The overwintering sites and seasonal abundance of phytoseiid mites were determined in North Carolina Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations. Potential overwintering sites for the mites include Fraser fir branches, Fraser fir bark, surface litter composed of Fraser fir needles, a mixture of fescue grass (Festuca spp.) and nimblewill (Mhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmelin.), mixed herbaceous debris from the previous growing season, and a monocultural cover crop of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Twelve species of mites (n = 414) in the family Phytoseiidae were collected. Arrenoseius morgani (Chant) (n = 160), Typhlodromips sessor (DeLeon) (n = 156), and Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) (n = 34) were the most abundant. During the spring and summer Fraser fir plantations with a ground cover consisting of white clover were compared with plantations with bare ground to assess the abundance and species composition of phytoseiid mites. A total of 512 phytoseiids representing 8 species was collected. Phytoseiid mite abundance was not significantly different between clover ground cover and bare ground plantations. Typhlodromips sessor (DeLeon), Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma), and Arrenoseius morgani (Chant) were the most abundant species in both plantation types.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, author={Williams, L. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2013}, pages={317–326} }
 @article{williams_hain_orr_2011, title={Influence of Four Ground Cover Vegetation Types Used in North Carolina Fraser Fir Christmas Tree Plantations on Abundance and Species Composition of Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-46.3.216}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to determine the utility of ground cover vegetation in managing the natural enemies of spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi) in Fraser fir production areas in 2 locations in North Carolina (Laurel Springs, Waynesville). Predatory phytoseiid mites were sampled by collecting vegetation from 4 ground cover species in experimental Fraser fir plots: white Dutch clover (Trifolium repens L.), mammoth red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), birdfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and fescue (Festuca spp.). The most abundant phytoseiid mite species were Typhlodromips sessor(DeLeon), Arrenoseius morgani(Chant), Proprioseiopsis solens (DeLeon), and Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma). There were no statistical differences in the effects of ground cover vegetation on phytoseiid mite abundance or diversity.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Williams, Logan and Hain, Fred P. and Orr, David}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={216–222} }
 @article{jetton_monahan_hain_2011, title={Laboratory studies of feeding and oviposition preference, developmental performance, and survival of the predatory beetle, Sasajiscymnus tsugae on diets of the woolly adelgids, Adelges tsugae and Adelges piceae}, volume={11}, journal={Journal of Insect Science (Tucson, AZ)}, author={Jetton, R. M. and Monahan, J. F. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2011} }
 @article{duehl_bishir_hain_2011, title={Predicting County-Level Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks From Neighborhood Patterns}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/en08275}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most destructive insect in southern forests. States have kept county-level records on the locations of beetle outbreaks for the past 50 yr. This study determined how accurately patterns of county-level infestations in preceding years could predict infestation o ccurrence in the current year and if there were emergent patterns that correlated strongly with beetle outbreaks. A variety of methods were tested as infestation predictors, including quantification of either the exact locations of infested grid cells during one or two preceding years, or the neighborhood infestation intensity (number of infested cells in a neighborhood) in these years. The methods had similar predictive abilities, but the simpler methods performed somewhat better than the more complex ones. The factors most correlated with infestations in future years were infestation in the current year and the number of surrounding counties that were infested. Infestation history helped to predict the probability of future infestations in a region, but county-level patterns alone left much of the year-to-year variability unexplained.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Duehl, Adrian and Bishir, John and Hain, Fred P.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={273–280} }
 @article{duehl_koch_hain_2011, title={Southern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape, climate and infestation history}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1872-7042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.032}, abstractNote={The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis, SPB) is the major insect pest of pine species in the southeastern United States. It attains outbreak population levels sufficient to mass attack host pines across the landscape at scales ranging from a single forest stand to interstate epidemics. This county level analysis selected and examined the best climatic and landscape variables for predicting infestations at regional scales. The analysis showed that, for a given county, the most important factor in predicting outbreaks was that the county was classified as in outbreak status in the previous year. Other important factors included minimum winter temperature and the greatest difference between the average of daily minimums and a subsequent low temperature point, precipitation history either seasonally in the previous year or difference from average over the previous 2 years, the synchronizing effect of seasonal temperatures on beetle populations and the relative percentage of total forest area composed of host species. The statistical models showed that climatic variables are stronger indicators of outbreak likelihood than landscape structure and cover variables. Average climatic conditions were more likely to lead to outbreaks than extreme conditions, supporting the notion of coupling between a native insect and its native host. Still, some extreme events (i.e., periods of very low temperature or very high precipitation) did precede beetle infestation. This analysis suggested that there are predisposing and inciting factors at the large scale but the driving factors leading to individual infestations operate at smaller scales.}, number={3}, journal={FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Duehl, Adrian J. and Koch, Frank H. and Hain, Fred P.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={473–479} }
 @article{newton_frampton_monahan_goldfarb_hain_2011, title={Two novel techniques to screen Abies seedlings for resistance to the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae}, volume={11}, journal={Journal of Insect Science (Tucson, AZ)}, author={Newton, L. and Frampton, J. and Monahan, J. and Goldfarb, B. and Hain, F.}, year={2011} }
 @article{jetton_hain_dvorak_frampton_2008, title={Infestation Rate of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Among Three North American Hemlock (Tsuga) Species Following Artificial Inoculation}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-43.4.438}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Jetton, Robert M. and Hain, Fred P. and Dvorak, William S. and Frampton, John}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={438–442} }
 @article{mangini_hain_2007, title={Phytoseiidae (Acari : Mesostigmata) from cover crops in western North Carolina}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-42.3.415}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Mangini, Alex C. and Hain, Fred P.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={415–420} }
 @article{hain_2006, title={New threats to forest health require quick and comprehensive research response}, volume={104}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Hain, F.}, year={2006}, pages={182–186} }
 @article{klepzig_robison_fowler_minchin_hain_allen_2005, title={Effects of mass inoculation on induced oleoresin response in intensively managed loblolly pine}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1758-4469"]}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/25.6.681}, abstractNote={Oleoresin flow is an important factor in the resistance of pines to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., and its associated fungi. Abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply and water relations, have the potential to modify this plant-insect-fungus interaction; however, little is known of the effects of inoculation with beetle-associated fungi on oleoresin flow. We observed that constitutive and induced resin yield in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were affected by either fungal inoculation (with the southern pine beetle-associated fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. & P. Sydow) or silvicultural treatment. The effects of mass wounding (400 wounds m(-2)) and mass wounding and inoculation with O. minus were assessed by comparison with untreated (control) trees. The treatments were applied to trees in a 2 x 2 factorial combination of fertilizer and irrigation treatments. Fertilization did not significantly affect constitutive resin yield. Even as long as 105 days post-treatment, however, mass-inoculated trees produced higher induced resin yields than control or wounded-only trees, indicating a localized induced response to fungal inoculation. We noted no systemic induction of host defenses against fungal colonization. Although beetles attacking previously attacked trees face a greater resinous response from their host than beetles attacking trees that had not been previously attacked, the effect of an earlier attack may not last more than one flight season. Despite mass inoculations, O. minus did not kill the host trees, suggesting that this fungus is not a virulent plant pathogen.}, number={6}, journal={TREE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Klepzig, KD and Robison, DJ and Fowler, G and Minchin, PR and Hain, FP and Allen, HL}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={681–688} }
 @article{philip_orr_hain_2005, title={Evaluation of biological and biorational control tactics for suppression of nantucket pine tip moth damage in Virginia pine Christmas trees}, volume={98}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.2.409}, abstractNote={A study was performed to evaluate the potential of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the newly registered insect growth regulator (IGR) tebufenozide (ConÞrm), and a modiÞed spray technique (top whorl only pesticide application) for suppression of Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), damage in Virginia pine, Pinus virginiana Mill., Christmas trees. Augmentative releases of T. exiguum failed to increase parasitism levels in release plots compared with controls, and signiÞcant reduction in tip moth damage did not occur. High predation levels on released T. exiguummay have contributed to the failure of parasitoid augmentations. Whole-tree and top whorl tebufenozide treatments provided signiÞcantly greater damage control than corresponding applications of acephate (Orthene), a commonly used pesticide in Christmas trees. Damage to trees receiving whole-tree chemical applications did not differ signiÞcantly from trees receiving top whorl treatments for most measurements of damage. Top whorl chemical treatments resulted in a 67% reduction in time required for application and a 70% reduction in pesticide used.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Philip, M. M. and Orr, D. B. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2005}, pages={409–414} }
 @article{jetton_frampton_hain_2005, title={Vegetative propagation of mature eastern and Carolina hemlocks by rooted softwood cuttings}, volume={40}, number={5}, journal={HortScience}, author={Jetton, R. M. and Frampton, J. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2005}, pages={1469–1473} }
 @article{gillock_hain_2004, title={Gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) sterile egg mass augmentation increases Entomophaga maimaiga density}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.291}, abstractNote={Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Hilary H. Gillock, Fred P. Hain; Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Sterile Egg Mass Augmentation Increases Entomophaga maimaiga Density. Journal of Entomological Science 1 April 2004; 39 (2): 291–293. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.291 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Gillock, HH and Hain, FP}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={291–293} }
 @article{roberds_strom_hain_gwaze_mckeand_lott_2003, title={Estimates of genetic parameters for oleoresin and growth traits in juvenile loblolly pine}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1208-6037"]}, DOI={10.1139/X03-186}, abstractNote={In southern pines of the United States, resistance to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is believed to principally involve flow of oleoresin to beetle attack sites. Both environmental and genetic factors are known to affect the quantity of oleoresin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., but little is known about the genetic contribution to phenotypic variation in this trait. Here we report estimates of genetic variation in oleoresin flow and growth traits for a population of this species. Oleoresin yield, total height, and diameter were measured on 10- and 11-year-old trees from an experimental test in Santa Rosa County, Florida. Trees were from 72 full-sib families produced by mating 48 parents according to a disconnected partial diallel mating design. Resin yield was determined from breast-height samples collected at two times: once in the summer of 1999 when latewood was being produced (summer resin flow), and once in the spring of 2000 during earlywood formation (spring resin flow). All traits studied were found to be highly genetically variable and to have much greater additive than dominance variance. Estimates of narrow-sense heritability for spring and summer resin flow were in the moderate range and are comparable to values obtained for the growth traits. Additive genetic correlations between oleoresin yield and the growth traits were positive and moderately high, suggesting that directional selection to improve growth in loblolly pine will also result in increased production of oleoresin.}, number={12}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH}, author={Roberds, JH and Strom, BL and Hain, FP and Gwaze, DP and McKeand, SE and Lott, LH}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={2469–2476} }
 @article{hastings_hain_odell_2002, title={A survey of parasitoids and other organisms affecting gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriia dispar L.) along the leading edge of its southward movement}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-37.2.207}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Hastings, FL and Hain, FP and Odell, TM}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={207–209} }
 @article{gillock_hain_2002, title={Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales : entomophthoraceae) infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera : lasiocampidae) in North Carolina}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.363}, abstractNote={Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Hilary H. Gillock, Fred P. Hain; Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) Infects Malacosoma americanum (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in North Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science 1 October 2002; 37 (4): 363–365. doi: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.363 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Gillock, HH and Hain, FP}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={363–365} }
 @article{hastings_hain_smith_cook_monahan_2002, title={Predation of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) pupae in three ecosystems along the southern edge of infestation}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-31.4.668}, abstractNote={Abstract The predation potential of small mammals, in particular mice, Peromyscus spp., and invertebrates, was evaluated from 1992 to 1995 near the leading edge of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), spread into the southeastern United States. Two study sites were established in each of three geographic areas: the coastal plain, Piedmont, and mountains. All sites were mixed hardwood stands with varying amounts of oak, Quercus spp., and all were classified for gypsy moth susceptibility. Small mammal density was estimated using Sherman live-traps and pitfall traps within these 4.68-ha sites in early and late summer. Each site contained 75 trapping stations located on a 25-m grid. Predation was measured by offering freeze-dried gypsy moth pupae near trapping stations at four heights (0, 0.25, 1.0, and 2.0 m) on different tree boles. Pupal predation was monitored for three consecutive nights. Vertebrate predation was positively correlated with good mast production in the previous autumn. Predation data showed that when mice were at high densities they were the major source of pupal predation. However, within these southern sites, when densities of Peromyscus spp. were low, predation by invertebrates was occasionally greater than predation by vertebrates. These data suggest that in some years invertebrates may retard gypsy moth buildup when small mammals are scarce due to mast crop failures.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hastings, FL and Hain, FP and Smith, HR and Cook, SP and Monahan, JF}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={668–675} }
 @article{gillock_hain_2002, title={Spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales : entomophthoraceae) from initial introduction areas in North Carolina}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0749-8004"]}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.366}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE}, author={Gillock, HH and Hain, FP}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={366–369} }
 @article{gillock_hain_2001, title={A historical overview of North American gypsy moth controls, chemical and biological, with emphasis on the pathogenic fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga}, volume={4}, ISBN={1382-6980}, number={1}, journal={Reviews in Toxicology}, author={Gillock, H. H. and Hain, F. P.}, year={2001}, pages={105} }
 @article{fowler_zhang_hain_manville_2001, title={The distribution pattern of two juvenile hormone related compounds in Fraser fir and the induced response to a balsam woolly adelgid infestation}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x01-077}, abstractNote={Two juvenile hormone related compounds (JRCs), juvabione and dehydrojuvabione, were isolated from Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poirit. Both juvabione and dehydrojuvabione concentrations had large variations across the tested trees and within trees. Juvabione, but not dehydrojuvabione, was much higher in stemwood then in branchwood. There was no significant difference in either chemical in relation to high, low, or middle branch position. To determine if juvabione concentration was influenced by an infestation of balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae Ratz., branches from infested and uninfested 11-year-old Abies fraseri with were sampled at the bottom, middle, and top branches of each tree. While mean juvabione concentrations for each infested fir were higher than their uninfested counterparts, only the infested middle tree sections had mean juvabione values that were substantially higher (p = 0.078) than the corresponding uninfested tree section of all the infested firs. The two infested Abies fraseri that maintained apical dominance demonstrated the highest upper branch levels of juvabione of all the infested. These results indicate that juvabione may be induced in small Abies fraseri in response to adelgid attack. Trees that produce large quantities of this compound may possess tolerance to the adelgid. Further research is needed to elucidate this possibility.}, number={10}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={Fowler, G and Zhang, J and Hain, FP and Manville, JF}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1701–1707} }
 @article{wallace_hain_2000, title={Field surveys and evaluation of native and established predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera : Adelgidae) in the southeastern United States}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-29.3.638}, abstractNote={Abstract There has been little research conducted on the effects of native or established predators on populations of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand. This study used field surveys and cage exclusion experiments to examine the relationship between established predators and A. tsugae in the southeastern United States. Predators were collected in very low densities in both years. Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae), and gall gnats (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) represented 81% of the total predators collected in 1998. Cage exclusion experiments revealed no significant predator effects in all three sites in 1997 and 1998. It is unlikely that established predators are exhibiting any significant control on adelgid populations because of the low densities of predators that were encountered at a time when adelgids were abundant. Therefore, controlled releases of non-native predators into these sites should be considered.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Wallace, MS and Hain, FP}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={638–644} }
 @article{hain_arthur_1985, title={The role of atmospheric deposition in the latitudinal variation of Fraser fir mortality caused by the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Hemipt., Adelgidae): A hypothesis}, volume={99}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0418.1985.tb01972.x}, abstractNote={AbstractA hypothesis is presented that atmospheric deposition is predisposing Fraser fir to balsam woolly adelgid (BWA)‐caused mortality and that the amount of mortality in six Fraser fir zones is a reflection of the amount of atmospheric deposits in each zone. We argue that Fraser fir is a highly sensitive species to atmospheric pollutants, that BWA increases that sensitivity, and that the Fraser fir ecosystem is a primary depository of such pollutants. Alternative hypotheses are also discussed. It is likely that a number of factors, including patterns of atmospheric deposits, contribute to Fraser fir mortality patterns in the southern Appalachians.}, number={2}, journal={Zeitschrift fu?r Angewandte Entomologie}, author={Hain, F. P. and Arthur, F. H.}, year={1985}, pages={145} }
 @article{hain_mawby_cook_arthur_1983, title={Host conifer reaction to stem invasion}, volume={96}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0418.1983.tb03666.x}, abstractNote={AbstractKnowledge of host‐insect interactions is essential for understanding host‐tree mortality patterns over large areas. The response of a conifer to stem invasion is a dynamic process that consists of three components: 1. wound cleansing by the resin canal system, 2. containment of the infection by the hypersensitive response, and 3. wound healing by the formation of wound periderm. Xylem tissue is frequently rendered non‐conductive by the build‐up of terpenes and other compounds frequently associated with normal heartwood. In order for a tree to successfully resist or tolerate an attack, the entire response process must be completed with minimum interference from the invading organisms. Depending upon the triggering agent, particular components of the response system may be of primary importance in a successful host defense.}, number={3}, journal={Zeitschrift fu?r Angewandte Entomologie}, author={Hain, F. P. and Mawby, W. D. and Cook, S. P. and Arthur, F. H.}, year={1983}, pages={247} }
 @article{hain_mcclelland_pope_pulley_foltz_coulson_1978, title={STANDARDIZED WITHIN-TREE SAMPLING FOR POPULATIONS OF DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/7.1.157}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of procedures for sampling and estimating within-tree populations of Dendroctonus frontalis in North Carolina. The procedures developed under epidemic conditions in Texas were applied to declining populations in North Carolina. Despite the differences in total population numbers, the within-tree distributions of all D. frontalis life stages were similar for both states. Infested surface area estimates using tree geometry tables developed from the Texas data base were satisfactory for North Carolina. Hence the “tree geometry-proportional density function” procedures for estimating total within-tree life stages are applicable in 2 widely separated regions of D. frontalis ' range and under extremely different population sizes.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={HAIN, FP and MCCLELLAND, WT and POPE, DN and PULLEY, PE and FOLTZ, JL and COULSON, RN}, year={1978}, pages={157–164} }