@article{liu_coronell_call_2020, title={Effect of cross-chamber flow electrode recirculation on pH and faradaic reactions in capacitive deionization}, volume={492}, ISSN={["1873-4464"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.desal.2020.114600}, abstractNote={Mitigating faradaic reactions is critical for improving charge efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and protecting electrodes from degradation during desalination in capacitive deionization (CDI). In this study, we examined the influence of recirculating flow electrodes (FEs) within their respective anode and cathode chambers [within-chamber (WC)] or across them [cross-chamber (CC)] on pH, faradaic reactions, and energy demand under constant current operation. By changing from WC to CC (without FEs), the difference in pH between the anode and cathode chambers decreased from 10 to 4.5 units. Adding FEs to CC recirculation further reduced the pH gradient between anode and cathode chambers and resulted in the most stable pH (10.4 ± 0.08) of all treatments. We attributed the improvements in CC recirculation to faradaic consumption of anode-generated H+ at the cathode and neutralization of H+ and OH− via water formation. The capacitive behavior of FEs reduced several faradaic reactions by decreasing the whole-cell voltage. The energy consumption by the electrodes was reduced by 25% for the anode and 35% for the cathode when FEs were operated in CC instead of WC recirculation. These findings indicate that continuously recirculating FEs across the anode and cathode chambers can minimize detrimental faradaic reactions and pH changes in FE-CDI.}, journal={DESALINATION}, author={Liu, Fei and Coronell, Orlando and Call, Douglas F.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{liu_zhang_ou-yang_sales_sun_liu_zhao_2017, title={Capacitive Neutralization Dialysis for Direct Energy Generation}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.7b01426}, abstractNote={Capacitive neutralization dialysis energy (CNDE) is proposed as a novel energy-harvesting technique that is able to utilize waste acid and alkaline solutions to produce electrical energy. CNDE is a modification based on neutralization dialysis. It was found that a higher NaCl concentration led to a higher open-circuit potential when the concentrations of acid and alkaline solutions were fixed. Upon closing of the circuit, the membrane potential was used as a driving force to move counter ions into the electrical double layers at the electrode-liquid interface, thereby creating an ionic current. Correspondingly, in the external circuit, electrons flow through an external resistor from one electrode to the other, thereby generating electrical energy directly. The influence of external resistances was studied to achieve greater energy extraction, with the maximum output of 110 mW/m2 obtained by employing an external resistance of 5 Ω together with the AC-coated electrode.}, number={16}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Liu, Yue and Zhang, Yi and Ou-Yang, Wei and Sales, Bruno Bastos and Sun, Zhuo and Liu, Fei and Zhao, Ran}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={9363–9370} }
 @article{kingsbury_liu_zhu_boggs_armstrong_call_coronell_2017, title={Impact of natural organic matter and inorganic solutes on energy recovery from five real salinity gradients using reverse electrodialysis}, volume={541}, ISSN={["1873-3123"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.038}, abstractNote={“Blue energy” technologies such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) have received significant research attention over the last several years as a means of generating clean electricity from natural salinity gradients (e.g., seawater and river water). To date, however, knowledge of RED is largely based on synthetic sodium chloride solutions that simulate natural waters. Accordingly, in this work we measured the RED performance of five real water pairs, including seawater, river water, desalination brine, saline wastewater from a pickling plant, and treated wastewater. We compared the performance of each real water pair with that of synthetic control waters to investigate the individual impacts of inorganic constituents (e.g., multivalent ions) and natural organic matter (NOM). Our results indicate that the presence of NOM has a larger impact on power density than ionic composition. Specifically, NOM reduced power densities by up to 43%, while inorganic constituents reduced power densities by up to 8% compared to control waters. Furthermore, UV-absorbing NOM present in the dilute compartment of the RED stack was strongly associated with reduced membrane permselectivity and energy efficiency. Taken together, our findings highlight the important role of organic matter in determining the RED performance of real waters.}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE}, author={Kingsbury, R. S. and Liu, F. and Zhu, S. and Boggs, C. and Armstrong, M. D. and Call, D. F. and Coronell, O.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={621–632} }