@article{cicero_lett_flatt_benson_epps_2023, title={Transgender Adults From Minoritized Ethnoracial Groups in the US Report Greater Subjective Cognitive Decline}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbad012}, abstractNote={Abstract
               
                  Objectives
                  Investigate subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among 4 study groups consisting of cisgender and transgender adults who are from minoritized ethnoracial groups (i.e., minoritized ethnoracial transgender, minoritized ethnoracial cisgender) and White cisgender and transgender adults aged 45+ (i.e., White transgender, White cisgender) to determine the odds of SCD by group and to test for group differences.
               
               
                  Methods
                  Data from the 2015–2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used in a modified case–control approach to perform an intercategorical intersectional study. Each transgender participant was matched to 2 cisgender men and 2 cisgender women, on state, ethnoracial identity, and age. Multivariable logistic regressions modeled SCD odds by group and post hoc contrasts estimated pairwise odds ratios comparing the SCD odds for each combination of groups.
               
               
                  Results
                  SCD prevalence was highest among minoritized ethnoracial transgender (21.6%), followed by White transgender (15.0%), minoritized ethnoracial cisgender (12.0%), and White cisgender (9.0%). After accounting for age, education, and survey year, the odds of SCD were higher in minoritized ethnoracial transgender when compared to White cisgender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.59–3.96) and minoritized ethnoracial cisgender (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.16–3.09). The odds of SCD were higher in White transgender compared to White cisgender (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.20–2.30).
               
               
                  Discussion
                  When considering the intersection of transgender and ethnoracial identities, we found that transgender adults from minoritized ethnoracial groups reported higher odds of SCD when compared to cisgender adults from minoritized ethnoracial groups. Additional studies are needed to understand the relationship between racialized and gendered inequities in cognitive impairment and how specific mechanisms of systemic transphobia and racism may contribute to this inequity.
               }, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Cicero, Ethan C. and Lett, Elle and Flatt, Jason D. and Benson, G. Perusi and Epps, Fayron}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{drewnoski_poore_benson_2011, title={Effect of frequency of supplementation of a soyhulls and corn gluten feed blend on hay intake and performance of growing steers (vol 164, pg 38, 2011)}, volume={168}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.056}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Drewnoski, M. E. and Poore, M. H. and Benson, G. A.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={144–144} }
 @article{drewnoski_poore_benson_2011, title={Effect of frequency of supplementation of a soyhulls and corn gluten feed blend on hay intake and performance of growing steers}, volume={164}, ISSN={["0377-8401"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.022}, abstractNote={Abstract Feeding supplements less frequently can reduce labor costs and increase profitability. However reducing the frequency of delivery of grain based supplements can negatively affect fiber digestion in the rumen because more grain must be fed per feeding potentially causing decreased ruminal pH and/or an insufficiency of ruminal nitrogen. Using supplements that have a moderate crude protein (CP) level, and that are low in starch, might alleviate negative effects on fiber digestion and therefore decrease negative effects associated with supplementing energy supplements less frequently. Corn gluten feed and soybean hulls are high in metabolizable energy but low in fat and starch, and corn gluten feed is also a good source of ruminally degradable CP. The objective of this study was to determine effects of reducing supplementation frequency during a weekly cycle on steer performance when supplementing medium quality hay with a blend of soybean hulls and corn gluten feed (SH/CGF). The 86 d feeding experiment was replicated over 4 years. Each year, 40 steers (BW = 263 ± 2.5, 281 ± 2.5, 271 ± 2.9, 229 ± 2.9 kg for years 1–4, respectively) were stratified by body weight and assigned to 8 groups which were randomly assigned to treatment. During years 1 and 2, treatments consisted of ad libitum medium quality fescue hay (70–100 g/kg CP and 340–410 g/kg acid detergent fiber) that was either not supplemented (HAY), supplemented daily (7X) with 2.73 kg/hd, or supplemented on Monday, Wednesday and Friday (3X) with 6.36 kg/hd. During years 3 and 4, an additional treatment was added in which steers were supplemented on Monday and Thursday with 9.55 kg/hd of SH/CGF (2X). Average daily gain was higher (P}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Drewnoski, M. E. and Poore, M. H. and Benson, G. A.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={38–44} }
 @article{white_benson_washburn_green_2002, title={Milk production and economic measures in confinement or pasture systems using seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74057-5}, abstractNote={This 4-yr study examined total lactation performance of dairy cows in two feeding systems: pasture-based and confinement. Spring and fall calving herds were used and each seasonal herd had 36 cows on pasture and 36 cows in confinement with 282 Holstein and 222 Jersey cows included over seven seasonal replicates. Pasture-fed cows received variable amounts of grain and baled haylage depending upon pasture availability. Confinement cows received a total mixed ration with corn silage as the primary forage. Data were collected on milk production, feed costs, and other costs. Pasture-fed cows produced 11.1% less milk than confinement cows. Across treatments, Jerseys produced 23.3% less milk than Holsteins, but calving season and various interactions were not significant. Feed costs averaged $0.95/cow per day lower for pastured cows than confinement cows. Feed costs were lower for Jerseys than Holsteins and for cows calving in spring. Income over feed costs averaged $7.05 +/- 0.34 for confinement Holsteins, $6.89 +/- 0.34 for pastured Holsteins, $5.68 +/- 0.34 for confinement Jerseys, and $5.36 +/- 0.34 for pastured Jerseys; effects of breed were significant but treatment, season, and interactions were not. Economic factors such as labor for animal care, manure handling, forage management, and cow culling rates favored pastured cows. Higher fertility and lower mastitis among Jerseys partially offsets lower income over feed cost compared with Holsteins. Milk production was lower in this study for pasture-based systems but lower feed costs, lower culling costs, and other economic factors indicate that pasture-based systems can be competitive with confinement systems.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={White, SL and Benson, GA and Washburn, SP and Green, JT}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={95–104} }
 @article{washburn_white_green_benson_2002, title={Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinement or pasture systems}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74058-7}, abstractNote={Dairy cows in confinement and pasture-based feeding systems were compared across four spring-calving and three fall-calving replicates for differences in reproduction, mastitis, body weights, and body condition scores. Feeding systems and replicates included both Jersey and Holstein cows. Cows in confinement were fed a total mixed ration, and cows on pasture were supplemented with concentrates and provided baled hay or haylage when pasture supply was limiting. Breeding periods were for 75 d in spring or fall. Reproductive performance did not differ significantly due to feeding system or season. Jerseys had higher conception rates (59.6 vs. 49.5 +/- 3.3%) and higher percentages of cows pregnant in 75 d (78.1 vs. 57.9 +/- 3.9%) than Holsteins. Cows in confinement had 1.8 times more clinical mastitis and eight times the rate of culling for mastitis than did cows on pasture. Jerseys had half as many clinical cases of mastitis per cow as Holsteins. Only 41 +/- 5% of confinement Holsteins remained for a subsequent lactation, starting within the defined calving season compared with 51 +/- 5% of pastured Holsteins and 71 and 72 +/- 5% of Jerseys, respectively. Body weights and condition scores were generally higher for confinement cows than pastured cows, and Jerseys had higher condition scores and lower body weights than Holsteins. In summary, pastured cows had fewer clinical cases of mastitis, lower body condition scores, and lower body weights than confinement cows. Holsteins were less likely to rebreed, had more mastitis, higher culling rates, and lower body condition scores than Jerseys.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Washburn, SP and White, SL and Green, JT and Benson, GA}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={105–111} }
 @book{benson_1992, title={North Carolina dairy termination program participants' plans}, number={2}, journal={North Carolina dairy termination program participants' plans}, publisher={Raleigh, N.C. : Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University}, author={Benson, G. A.}, year={1992}, pages={21} }