@article{heniff_petritz_carpenter_lewbart_balko_2024, title={Anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in eastern box turtles<i> (Terrapene</i><i> carolina</i><i> carolina)</i> is enhanced with the addition of midazolam and when administered in the forelimb versus the hindlimb}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.23.10.0226}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Carpenter, Rachel G. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Balko, Julie. A.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{gorges_balko_lathan_gregory_heniff_lewbart_2024, title={DEVELOPMENT OF A HEMOLYMPH COLLECTION TECHNIQUE AND REPORT OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF HEMOLYMPH IN A MANAGED POPULATION OF FEMALE THORNY DEVIL STICK INSECTS (<i>EURYCANTHA CALCARATA</i>)}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2023-0063}, abstractNote={Insects are increasingly common in households, zoological collections, research, and food industries. Increased knowledge of insect health parameters is necessary to ensure proper welfare. The study goal was to develop a hemolymph collection technique and report hemolymph serum biochemical parameters for the thorny devil stick insect (Eurycantha calcarata). Clinically healthy adult stick insects (5 males and 14 females, 15.1-24.7 g) were enrolled. Four collection techniques were evaluated. Hemolymph collection was unsuccessful in males, but was successful in females by using a single technique. The insect was manually restrained in an elevated position and an 18-ga × 2.54-cm needle was used to puncture the membrane just caudal to the third pair of legs. With the puncture site directed ventrally, ≤1 ml of hemolymph was collected via gravity and allowed to visibly clot. The sample was then centrifuged, and the serum was separated. Serum samples were individually analyzed (Avian/Reptilian Profile Plus, VetScan VS2, Abaxis, Inc, Union City, CA 94587, USA). Fourteen samples (0.2-1.0 ml) were collected from 14 females. Median (minimum-maximum) parameters included the following: aspartate aminotransferase 12 (0-45) U/L, creatinine kinase 25 (0-76) U/L, uric acid 7.5 (3.1-13.7) mg/dl, glucose 12 (8-22) mg/dl, calcium 18.6 (17.2-19.4) mg/dl, phosphorus 15.0 (n = 1) or >30.0 (n = 13) mg/dL, total protein 2.7 (1.6-2.9) g/dL, albumin 0.9 (0.2-1.2) g/dL, globulin 1.7 (1.6-1.8) g/dL (n = 6) or not quantified (n = 8), potassium 10.6 (9.0-11.8) mmol/L, sodium < 100 mmol/L, and bile acids 0 lmol/L. This is the first report of biochemistry parameters in clinically healthy female stick insects. Larger sample sizes are needed to establish statistically valid reference ranges. Hemolymph collection techniques for male stick insects warrant further investigation.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gorges, Melinda A. and Balko, Julie A. and Lathan, Andrew W. and Gregory, Taylor M. and Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2024}, month={Mar}, pages={22–30} }
 @article{lehner_rebolloso_calle_ingerman_lewbart_munoz-perez_valle_buchweitz_2024, title={Dried blood spot analysis for elements of nutritional concern as demonstrated in studies of Galapagos land iguanas (<i>Conolophus</i> species)}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1878-3252"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127322}, abstractNote={Dried blood spot (DBS) technology is valuable in providing simple means of storing blood samples from wildlife with small blood volumes. Methods designed for heavy metal analysis on DBS become more useful if extended to elements of nutritional significance. (1) Development of procedures for measuring Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo in DBS; (2) use the designed methods in health assessments of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus species). Elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following acid digestion of whole blood or DBS from the same animal for direct comparison. Study animals comprised free-ranging iguanas from separate islands in the Galápagos archipelago. DBS spikes (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo) demonstrated accuracy to ∼100 ppb; reporting limits were set there except for Fe and Zn which were set at 1000 ppb. Plasma samples – generally preferable for nutritional element diagnostics – were submitted from Galápagos land iguanas along with DBS as part of a large-scale health assessment. In plasma versus DBS concentration comparisons, Fe, Cu, Se and Mn correlated well with R^2 values of 0.799, 0.818, 0.896 and 0.899, respectively, and slopes ranging 0.88 – 1.3. Co and Zn showed greater scatter. Mo had insufficient points above its reporting limit and offered advantages for toxicity assessments. Bland-Altman diagrams showed flat scatter between 2x standard deviation boundaries with no undue trends except for Mn which had few points above its reporting limit. Bias, defined as the average difference [DBS – plasma] divided by the average value, was relatively low throughout, with values of − 19.3 % (Fe), − 48.7 % (Co), − 19.6 % (Cu), − 6.9 % (Zn), − 21.4 % (Se) and + 40.7 % (Mn). Normal distribution assessment of iguana Cu, Zn, Se and Fe plasma values showed unanticipated divergences between two species. The DBS approach for nutritional element analysis offers a suitable methodology for determining crucial elements Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo in veterinary samples. Analyses of samples from Conolophus species revealed interesting divergences particularly for Cu, Zn, Se and Fe, elements generally associated with defense against oxidative stress.}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY}, author={Lehner, Andreas F. and Rebolloso, Sarah and Calle, Paul P. and Ingerman, Karen and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Munoz-Perez, Juan Pablo and Valle, Carlos A. and Buchweitz, John P.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{garizio_gargano_colosimo_gratton_gerber_lewbart_sevilla_gentile_2024, title={First evidence of recruitment in critically endangered Galápagos pink land iguanas (<i>Conolophus marthae</i>)}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2578-4854"]}, DOI={10.1111/csp2.13108}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE}, author={Garizio, Lorenzo and Gargano, Marco and Colosimo, Giuliano and Gratton, Paolo and Gerber, Glenn Philip and Lewbart, Gregory and Sevilla, Christian and Gentile, Gabriele}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{stratton_davis_lewbart_2024, title={Gastrotomy for removal of a gastric fishhook foreign body in a blue catfish (<i>Ictalurus furcatus</i>)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.918}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult blue catfish ( Ictalurus furcatus ) presented for ingestion of a fishing lure. Manual retrieval of the fishing lure was attempted via palpation of the stomach through the oral cavity and oesophagus. The lure was palpable within the lumen of the stomach, but it could not be safely extracted, as one of the treble‐barb hooks on the lure had perforated the gastric wall. The lure was surgically removed via gastrotomy. Six weeks following surgery, the patient experienced dehiscence of the skin incision, which was left open for healing by second intention. The patient made a complete recovery. This is the first documented gastrotomy for successful removal of a gastric fishhook foreign body in a teleost fish.}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Stratton, Hayley S. and Davis, Ragon and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{colosimo_montemuro_lewbart_gentile_gerber_2024, title={Hand grab or noose pole? Evaluating the least stressful practice for capture of endangered Turks and Caicos Rock Iguanas Cyclura carinata}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.17171}, abstractNote={As the analysis of blood metabolites has become more readily accessible thanks to the use of point-of-care analyzers, it is now possible to evaluate stress level of wild animals directly in the field. Lactate is receiving much attention as a good stress level proxy in individuals subjected to capture, manual restraint, and data sampling in the wild, and appropriate protocols to maintain lactate values low should be preferred. In this study we compare how two different capture methodologies, hand grab vs. noose pole, affect the variation of blood lactate values in Cyclura carinata iguanas when captured for sampling. We used blood lactate concentration, measured immediately upon- and 15 min after-capture, as a proxy for stress level. While the primary goal of this work is to determine the least stressful capture methodology to be favored when sampling this and other wild iguanas, we also evaluated additional baseline physiological parameters relevant to the health and disease monitoring for this species. Our results show that while initial lactate values level-out in sampled individuals after 15 min in captivity, regardless of the capture methodology, rock iguanas captured by noose pole showed significantly higher lactate concentration and increased heartbeat rate immediately after capture. While the overall health evaluation determined that all analyzed individuals were in good health, based on our results we recommend that, when possible, hand capture should be preferred over noose pole when sampling wild individuals.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Colosimo, Giuliano and Montemuro, Gwyneth and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Gentile, Gabriele and Gerber, Glenn}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gargano_colosimo_garizio_gratton_lewbart_gerber_loreti_catini_bracciale_de luca_et al._2024, title={Locating Nesting Sites for Critically Endangered Galápagos Pink Land Iguanas (<i>Conolophus marthae</i>)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/12/1835}, DOI={10.3390/ani14121835}, abstractNote={Invasive alien species control is recognized worldwide as a priority action to preserve global biodiversity. However, a lack of general life history knowledge for threatened species can impede the effectiveness of conservation actions. Galápagos pink land iguanas (Conolophus marthae) are endemic to Wolf Volcano, Galápagos, Ecuador. These iguanas are threatened by invasive alien species, particularly feral cats, that may affect their small population size. To guarantee the long-term survival of C. marthae, the Galápagos National Park Directorate is considering, along with an ongoing campaign of feral cat control, the implementation of a head-start program. However, the success of this management strategy necessarily relies on the identification of pink iguana nesting grounds, which were still unknown at the onset of this study. We modeled the movement patterns of male and female iguanas during the reproductive season, using location data collected from custom-made remote tracking devices installed on adult pink iguanas in April 2021. We first calculated for each individual the vector of distances from its starting location, which was defined as net displacement. We then used net displacement as the response variable in a generalized additive mixed model with day of the year as the predictor. Based on the hypothesis that males and females may behaviorally differ after mating, we looked for female-specific migratory behavior suggesting females were moving toward nesting areas. The results obtained confirmed our hypothesis, as females exhibited a distinct migratory behavior, reaching a small plateau area inside of Wolf Volcano’s caldera and ca. 400 m below the volcano’s northern rim. Moreover, once inside the caldera, females displayed a more aggregated distribution pattern. The movement data obtained allowed Galápagos National Park rangers to locate individual pink iguana nests and subsequently to sight and collect the first observed hatchlings of the species. This work constitutes a necessary baseline to perform dedicated studies of pink iguana nests and emerging hatchling iguanas, which is an essential step toward the development of an effective head-start program.}, number={12}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Gargano, Marco and Colosimo, Giuliano and Garizio, Lorenzo and Gratton, Paolo and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Gerber, Glenn P. and Loreti, Pierpaolo and Catini, Alexandro and Bracciale, Lorenzo and De Luca, Massimiliano and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{nieto-claudin_sacristan_deem_lewbart_colosimo_esperon_sevilla_gentile_2024, title={Novel herpesvirus in the critically endangered Galapagos pink land iguana}, volume={252}, ISSN={["1873-6254"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107127}, abstractNote={Virus surveillance in wildlife is important to understanding ecosystem health, taxonomy, and evolution. Nevertheless, viruses in reptiles, and specifically in squamates, continue to be understudied. Herein, we conducted a health assessment on the critically endangered Galapagos pink land iguana (Conolophus marthae) and the vulnerable Galapagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus). We collected oral and/or cloacal swabs from 47 clinically healthy iguanas and tested for adenovirus (cloacal swabs, n = 47) and herpesvirus (oral swabs, n = 45) using broad-spectrum PCRs. Two out of 38 (5.3 %) Galapagos pink land iguanas tested positive for herpesvirus, while no herpesvirus was detected in all Galapagos land iguanas (n = 7). Both herpesviral sequences were identical between them and divergent (61.9 % amino acid identity) when compared to the closest herpesvirus sequences available in GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ. The genetic distance between this and other herpesviruses is consistent with its classification as a novel virus species. All iguanas were negative for adenovirus. This is the first description of a herpesvirus in iguanas of the Galapagos islands, and the first report of a potential pathogen for the iconic Galapagos pink land iguana. Further research is needed to understand the implications of this virus in the conservation and management of one of the most endangered iguana species in the world.}, journal={ACTA TROPICA}, author={Nieto-Claudin, Ainoa and Sacristan, Carlos and Deem, Sharon L. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Colosimo, Giuliano and Esperon, Fernando and Sevilla, Christian and Gentile, Gabriele}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{lewbart_zachariah_2023, title={Aquatic and Terrestrial Invertebrate Welfare}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/21/3375}, DOI={10.3390/ani13213375}, abstractNote={Invertebrates are a diverse group of animals that make up the majority of the animal kingdom and encompass a wide array of species with varying adaptations and characteristics. Invertebrates are found in nearly all of the world’s habitats, including aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments. There are many misconceptions about invertebrate sentience, welfare requirements, the need for environmental enrichment, and overall care and husbandry for this amazing group of animals. This review addresses these topics and more for a select group of invertebrates with biomedical, economical, display, and human companionship importance.}, number={21}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Zachariah, Trevor T.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{rhea_camacho_amoriello_correa_lewbart_cruz_velez_castillo_pairis-garcia_2023, title={Assessing Livestock Production Practices on Small-Scale Multi-Species Farms Located on Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/4/686}, DOI={10.3390/ani13040686}, abstractNote={Globally to date, established international standards for animal welfare, a priority of sustainable agriculture, have primarily focused on large-scale producers. However, across Latin America, including in Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands, smallholder farms play a critical role in food safety and security. We assessed five basic animal welfare measures (feed and water access, shelter availability and housing systems, animal health management, animal behavior, and timely euthanasia) for poultry, pigs, and cattle on Floreana Island, Galápagos. Utilizing assessment standards from multiple US sources and international standards, we developed a questionnaire and used it to conduct in-depth interviews during 4–5 July 2022 with eight participating producers, representing 75% of animal agriculture on Floreana. While we identified opportunities to enhance competencies in animal health management and timely euthanasia, farms performed well in the other assessed measures. Future work should promote knowledge transfer and in-country capacity building in farm biosecurity, access to veterinary care, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and euthanasia methods. Efforts to positively impact smallholder farm livelihoods in Galápagos—one of the most biodiverse and protected ecosystems on the planet—will sustainably support human health through the interconnected realms of animal health and welfare, wildlife and environmental health, and food safety and security.}, number={4}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Rhea, Sarah and Camacho, Blanca E. and Amoriello, Carrisa W. and Correa, Maria and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Cruz, Marilyn and Velez, Alberto and Castillo, Paulina and Pairis-Garcia, Monique}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kirby_balko_goertz_lewbart_2023, title={Characterization of Current Husbandry and Veterinary Care Practices of the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Using an Online Survey}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2306-7381"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/7/448}, DOI={10.3390/vetsci10070448}, abstractNote={Giant Pacific octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) (GPOs) are commonly housed in zoos or aquaria, and sedation, anesthesia, and/or euthanasia may be indicated for a variety of reasons. Despite this need, evidence-based data on best practices is limited and focuses on smaller or more tropical species. The objectives of this study were to survey the aquatic community regarding the husbandry and veterinary care of GPOs, with a specific focus on anesthetic and euthanasia protocols. A two-part web-based survey was distributed to four aquatic and/or veterinary email listservs. Individuals from fifty-two institutions participated in phase one. Results documented that 40 (78 percent) participating institutions currently house GPOs, with most housing one and nine institutions housing two to three GPOs. The median (range) habitat volume is 5405 (1893–16,465) L, and 78 percent of systems are closed. Of the institutions surveyed, 23 have anesthetized or sedated a GPO for nonterminal procedures, including wound care, biopsies, and hemolymph collection. Reported methods of sedation or anesthesia include magnesium chloride, ethanol, isoflurane, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), magnesium sulfate, benzocaine, and dexmedetomidine. Drugs or methods used for euthanasia include magnesium chloride, ethanol, mechanical decerebration, pentobarbital, isoflurane, MS-222, magnesium sulfate, benzocaine, potassium chloride, dexmedetomidine, and freezing. Reported observed side effects include ineffectiveness or inadequate sedation, inking, prolonged drug effects, and behavior changes. Survey data have the potential to guide the husbandry and veterinary care of GPOs and build the framework for future prospective studies on GPO sedation and anesthesia.}, number={7}, journal={VETERINARY SCIENCES}, author={Kirby, Ashley J. and Balko, Julie A. and Goertz, Caroline E. C. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gregory_livingston_hawkins_loyola_cave_vaden_deresienski_breen_riofrio-lazo_lewbart_et al._2023, title={Dirofilaria immitis Identified in Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki): A Wildlife Health and Conservation Concern}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/JWD-D-22-00119}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), an endemic and endangered pinniped, faces an increasing threat due to infectious diseases related to domestic animals. Dirofilaria immitis, the parasite responsible for canine heartworm disease, is one such threat, as canine infections on the archipelago have been documented. We used a canine heartworm antigen test kit to analyze the blood from 25 juvenile Galapagos sea lions for D. immitis. Two (8%) sea lions tested positive for D. immitis antigen. Using morphologic and genetic assessments, we evaluated 20 filarial-like worms collected from within the heart of an adult male Galapagos sea lion during a previous routine postmortem examination. The intracardiac worms were morphologically consistent with adult D. immitis, and sequence analysis of targeted PCR amplicons confirmed their identity. This is the first report of D. immitis infection in Galapagos sea lions, which could become a major health problem for these pinnipeds. Further studies are necessary to confirm the level of threat from this parasite; however, widespread adoption of routine heartworm testing, prevention, and treatment in the canine population, and the control of mosquitos, could potentially reduce the disease impact on this endangered pinniped species.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Livingston, Isabella and Hawkins, Eleanor C. and Loyola, Andrea and Cave, Ashley and Vaden, Shelly L. and Deresienski, Diane and Breen, Matthew and Riofrio-Lazo, Marjorie and Lewbart, Gregory A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={487–494} }
 @article{heniff_gorges_lewbart_balko_2023, title={Evaluation of Targeted Injections of Ivermectin or Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized Thorny Devil Stick Insects (<i>Eurycantha calcarata</i>)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-5636"]}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4010020}, abstractNote={Insects are commonly utilized in biomedical research and have become increasingly popular in museum collections and as pets. Despite this, objective evaluation of insect euthanasia is scarce. This study investigated the effectiveness of targeted injections of ivermectin or potassium chloride (KCl) for the euthanasia of anesthetized thorny devil stick insects (Eurycantha calcarata). Ten clinically healthy mature insects (six males, four females) were enrolled. Insects were weighed and anesthetized via exposure to a cotton ball soaked with 1.6 mL of liquid isoflurane in a 1 L sealed chamber until loss of righting reflex and response to stimulation (induction). Insects then received one of three treatments: ivermectin 100 mg/kg (n = 4), KCl 200 mEq/kg (n = 4), or 0.9% sodium chloride 100 mL/kg (n = 2) injected along the ventral thoracic midline between the first leg plate and the caudal adjacent plate. Following injection, insects were serially monitored for return of spontaneous movement and righting reflex. Death was defined as the absence of spontaneous movement for 48 h. Median (range) induction time and isoflurane concentration at induction was 36 (22–39) min (n = 9) and 22 (19–22)%, respectively. Euthanasia was successful in 4/4, 3/4, and 0/2 isoflurane-anesthetized insects receiving ivermectin, KCl, or 0.9% sodium chloride, respectively. Recovery was prolonged at 10.5 (sodium chloride female), 11.0 (KCl male), and 18.0 (sodium chloride male) hours. This is the first prospective investigation of euthanasia in adult E. calcarata. In this preliminary study, ivermectin 100 mg/kg via ventral midline injection was effective for euthanasia of thorny devil stick insects.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS}, author={Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={231–239} }
 @article{mones_santangelo_gorges_lewbart_gerard_harrison_2023, title={Evaluation of lidocaine for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.003}, abstractNote={To evaluate latency and duration of a brachial plexus block technique in eastern box turtles performed with 2% lidocaine at three dose rates.Prospective, randomized, blinded crossover study.Adult eastern box turtles, two for drug dose evaluation and a group of six (three male, three female) weighing 432 ± 40 g (mean ± standard deviation) for the main study.Animals were randomly assigned to four brachial plexus blocks with lidocaine at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1 or 0.9% saline (treatments LID5, LID10, LID20 and CON, respectively), separated by 1 week. Treatment side was randomized and blocks were performed unilaterally. Baseline observations of mentation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), skin temperature and limb response to manipulation or toe pinch were evaluated. Assessments were made every 10 minutes until 1 hour of normal sensory and motor function to the treated thoracic limb, or for a total of 2 hours if no block was evident.Motor and sensory blockade was achieved in treatments LID10 and LID20 in one turtle, with a latency of 10 minutes and duration of 50 minutes for both doses. Raising of the ipsilateral lower palpebra occurred with both blocks. Turtles administered lidocaine experienced higher HR compared with CON, and HR decreased over time for all individuals. Mentation and fR were not changed with any lidocaine dose.The technique was unreliable in producing brachial plexus motor and sensory blockade at the lidocaine doses evaluated in this study. HR was higher in lidocaine-administered turtles but remained within normal limits for the species. No change in mentation or fR was observed among treatments.General anesthesia with systemic analgesia is recommended for surgical procedures involving the chelonian thoracic limb. Further studies are needed to optimize a brachial plexus block in this species.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Santangelo, Stephen M. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Gerard, Mathew P. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={98–101} }
 @article{skehel_ulloa_deresienski_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_passingham_castaneda_lewbart_et al._2023, title={Health status of the red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus) determined by hematology, biochemistry, blood gases, and physical examination}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.15713}, abstractNote={The red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus, is a species of seabird native to the Galápagos archipelago, and widely distributed across the neotropics. General health, blood chemistry, and haematology parameters have not been published for this species. Blood analyses were performed on samples drawn from 51 clinically healthy red-billed tropicbirds captured from their burrows at Islote Pitt on San Cristóbal Island in July, 2016 (21) and Daphne Major Island in June, 2017 (30). In the field, a point of care blood analyser (iSTAT) was used to obtain results for HCO3-, pH, pCO2, pO2, TCO2, iCa, Na, K, Cl, Hb, HCT, anion gap, creatinine, glucose and urea nitrogen. Additionally, a portable Lactate PlusTM analyser was used to measure blood lactate, and blood smears were also created in situ. The blood slides were used to estimate leukocyte counts and 100-cell differentials. Alongside these biochemistry and haematology parameters, average heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature and scaled mass index (calculated from weight and a body measurement) were compared to determine the standard measurements for a healthy individual. The baseline data, and reference intervals reported in this paper are essential to detecting changes in the health of red-billed tropicbirds in the future.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Skehel, Alice and Ulloa, Catalina and Deresienski, Diane and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan Pablo and Garcia, Juan Augusto and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Passingham, Ronald K. and Castaneda, Jason Steve and Lewbart, Gregory A. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hepps keeney_waltzek_oliveira viadanna_frasca_reinhardt_lovy_lewbart_2023, title={Myxobolus lentisuturalis infection in a farmed population of goldfish Carassius auratus from the USA}, volume={154}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao03735}, abstractNote={Myxobolus lentisuturalis is a myxozoan parasite of piscine muscle that has been described in goldfish Carassius auratus and Prussian carp Carassius gibelio. This report documents a naturally occurring infection of M. lentisuturalis in a population of farmed goldfish in the USA. Postmortem examination was performed on 4 affected goldfish. Gross findings included large cystic cavities along the dorsal midline filled with caseous exudate. Histopathology revealed myxozoan plasmodia and spores in the epaxial muscles with varying degrees of granulomatous and necrotizing myositis accompanied by lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis. Spore morphology and dimensions were consistent with M. lentisuturalis, as observed by light microscopy. PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA of infected muscle samples from 2 goldfish confirmed the parasite to have 99-100% nucleotide identity to M. lentisuturalis sequences recovered from similar cases of this parasite infecting goldfish in China and Italy and Prussian carp in China. This is the first reported case of M. lentisuturalis in the USA and furthers the understanding of the pathogenicity of this under-described parasite.}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Hepps Keeney, Caitlin M. and Waltzek, Thomas B. and Oliveira Viadanna, Pedro H. and Frasca, Salvatore, Jr. and Reinhardt, Emily and Lovy, Jan and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={7–14} }
 @article{strobel_baker_berliner_tang_keeney_lewbart_2023, title={NALTREXONE AS A PROMISING TREATMENT FOR CLINICAL SIGNS OF LATERAL LINE DEPIGMENTATION IN PALETTE SURGEONFISH (PARACANTHURUS HEPATUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0022}, abstractNote={Abstract: Lateral line depigmentation (LLD) is a common condition in managed tropical saltwater fish, and treatment is somewhat elusive. Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, enhances epithelial cell replication, cytokine production, and angiogenesis to stimulate wound healing in mice. A treatment trial with 11 palette surgeonfish with LLD was performed. Seven fish underwent a single topical treatment of a mixture of 4 mg naltrexone and 10 g iLEX petroleum paste applied topically to LLD lesions. Four additional fish served as controls: two received only topical iLEX and two received no treatment. Severity of disease was scored on a 0–3 scale. Inflammatory response was gauged on a separate 0–3 scale for 5 d after treatment based on severity of erythema, as seen in a clinical case performed prior to this study. After 11 days, four affected animals that lacked an inflammatory response after naltrexone topical treatment were administered a single dose of intralesional 0.04% naltrexone (4 mg diluted into 10 ml saline). Lesions on all fish were photographed and measured at day 33. Clinical improvements in lesion size and pigmentation were apparent following topical naltrexone therapy in fish with severe lesions. Although these cases are promising, more data are needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of naltrexone 0.04% in treating LLD lesions in palette surgeonfish.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Strobel, Megan M. and Baker, Kendra C. and Berliner, Aimee L. and Tang, Karisa N. and Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={137–142} }
 @article{rhea_gensler_atlaw_pairis-garcia_lewbart_valentine_cruz_castillo_velez_trueba_et al._2023, title={Presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Food-Producing and Companion Animals and Wildlife on Small-Holder Farms of Floreana Island, Galapagos Islands}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1557-7759"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2023.0044}, DOI={10.1089/vbz.2023.0044}, abstractNote={Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AR) has led to increasing human and animal morbidity and mortality and negative consequences for the environment. AR among Escherichia coli (EC) is on the rise, with serious concerns about extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC). In the Galápagos Islands, where antimicrobials are available without a prescription, growing demands for food production can drive antimicrobial use. Food producing animals are at the interface of wildlife and environmental health on the smallest human-inhabited Galápagos Island, Floreana. We sought to determine if ESBL-EC were present in Floreana Island farm animal species and nearby wildlife and the relatedness of ESBL-EC isolates identified. Materials and Methods: During July 4-5, 2022, we visited 8 multispecies farms, representing 75% of food-producing animal production on Floreana, and collected 227 fecal samples from farm animals and wildlife. Each sample was plated on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (4 μg/mL). Results: ESBL-EC was isolated from 20 (9%) fecal samples collected from pigs (N = 10), chickens (N = 6), wildlife (N = 3), and dog (N = 1). All ESBL-EC isolates were from samples taken at three (38%) of the eight farms. Fifteen (75%) of the ESBL-EC isolates were from a single farm. All ESBL-EC isolates were multidrug resistant. The most prevalent ESBL genes belonged to the blaCTX-M group. Among the typeable isolates from the farm with the largest proportion of ESBL-EC isolates (N = 14), we observed nine unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, with identical patterns present across pig and chicken isolates. PFGE patterns in the three farms with ESBL-EC isolates were different. Conclusions: These results lend support for future routine AR monitoring activities at the livestock-wildlife interface in Galápagos to characterize potential interspecies transmission of AR bacteria and AR genes in this unique protected ecosystem, and the related human, animal, and environmental health impacts, and to formulate interventions to reduce AR spread in this setting.}, journal={VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES}, author={Rhea, Sarah and Gensler, Catherine and Atlaw, Nigatu and Pairis-Garcia, Monique and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Valentine, Alyssa and Cruz, Marilyn and Castillo, Paulina and Velez, Alberto and Trueba, Gabriel and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{mosquera_valle_nieto-claudin_fessl_lewbart_deresienski_bouazzi_zapata_villena_poulle_2023, title={Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos birds: Inference of risk factors associated with diet}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0287403}, abstractNote={Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular parasite of particular concern in the conservation of wildlife due to its ability to infect all homeotherms and potentially cause acute fatal disease in naive species. In the Galapagos (Ecuador), an archipelago composed of more than a hundred islets and islands, the presence of T. gondii can be attributed to human-introduced domestic cats, but little is known about its transmission in wildlife populations. We compared the prevalence of antibodies against T. gondii in sympatric Galapagos wild bird species that differ in diet and contact with oocyst-contaminated soil to determine the relative importance of trophic habits as an exposure factor. Plasma samples were obtained from 163 land birds inhabiting Santa Cruz, one of the cat-inhabited islands, and from 187 seabirds breeding in cat-free surrounding islands (Daphne Major, North Seymour, and South Plaza). These samples were tested for the presence of T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT ≥ 1:10). All seven species of land birds and 4/6 species of seabirds presented seropositive results. All great frigatebirds (Fregata minor) (N = 25) and swallow-tailed gulls (Creagrus furcatus) (N = 23) were seronegative. Prevalence ranged from 13% in Nazca boobies (Sula granti) to 100% in Galapagos mockingbirds (Mimus parvulus). It decreased from occasional carnivores (63.43%) to granivores-insectivores (26.22%), and strict piscivores (14.62%). These results indicate that the consumption of tissue cysts poses the highest risk of exposure to T. gondii for Galapagos birds, followed by the ingestion of plants and insects contaminated by oocysts as important transmission pathways.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Mosquera, Juan and Valle, Carlos A. and Nieto-Claudin, Ainoa and Fessl, Birgit and Lewbart, Gregory and Deresienski, Diane and Bouazzi, Leila and Zapata, Sonia and Villena, Isabelle and Poulle, Marie-Lazarine}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gaudette_ladouceur_troan_whitehurst_dombrowski_lewbart_linder_passingham_christian_schreeg_2023, title={Retrospective analysis of histologic lesions in captive arachnids}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/03009858231162948}, abstractNote={Invertebrates, including arachnids, are a common taxon in zoological collections. Invertebrate medicine and pathology are emerging subspecialties, but there is limited reference material or published resources describing histologic lesions in arachnids. Histopathology of 26 captive arachnids (20 spiders and 6 scorpions) from institutional collections was reviewed. Most animals were found dead with limited clinical signs. Tissues evaluated included body wall (cuticle and epidermis), skeletal muscle, book lungs, digestive tract (pharynx, esophagus, sucking stomach, midgut tube, midgut diverticula, and stercoral pocket), central and peripheral nervous system, heart, hemolymph vessels and sinuses, Malpighian tubules, coxal glands, and gonads. Inflammation was frequent (24/26, 92%), and seen in multiple organs (18/24, 75%) with the midgut diverticulum most commonly affected (14/24, 58%) followed by the book lungs (13/24 arachnids, 54%), and body wall (8/24 arachnids, 33%). Inflammation comprised hemocyte accumulation, hemocytic coagula, melanization, and nodulation. Infectious agents, including bacteria (11/26, 42%), fungi (10/26, 38%), and parasites (2/26, 8%), were seen within inflammatory aggregates. Coinfection with multiple infectious agents was common (6/24, 25%). No etiologic agent was identified in 7/24 (29%) cases with inflammatory lesions. Lesions suggestive of decreased nutritional status or increased metabolic rate included midgut diverticula atrophy in 11/26 (42%) animals and skeletal muscle atrophy in 6/26 (23%) animals. Atrophic lesions were seen in combination with infection (8/11, 73%), pregnancy (2/11, 18%), male sex (2/11, 18%), or without other lesions (1/11, 9%). Other suspected contributors to death included dysecdysis-associated trauma (2/26, 8%) and uterine intussusception (1/26, 4%). No animals had neoplasia.}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Gaudette, Chris and LaDouceur, Elise E. B. and Troan, Brigid V. and Whitehurst, Nathan and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Linder, Keith E. and Passingham, Kent and Christian, Larry S. and Schreeg, Megan E.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{murillo_anderson_capobianco_lewbart_wiederhold_canete-gibas_watanabe_2023, title={Systemic Exophiala equina infection in an Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina): a case report and literature review}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2023.1158393}, abstractNote={Phaeohyphomycosis is an infection caused by melanized fungi. This disease has been reported in several animal species including invertebrates, cold-blooded vertebrates, mammals, and humans. Melanized fungi have similar phenotypical features and confirmation requires culture and molecular diagnostics. To exemplify this we present a case of a 333 g adult of unknown age, free-ranging, male Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) that was referred to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University for evaluation of multilobulated masses occupying the entire left orbit and at the right forelimb on the plantarolateral aspect of the foot. A fine needle aspirate cytologic examination of the mass on the right forelimb revealed large numbers of inflammatory cells and fungal organisms. Histopathology of the skin biopsies from the right forefoot was consistent with phaeohyphomycosis. A course of antifungal medication was started (Fluconazole 21 mg/kg loading dose IV then 5 mg/kg PO SID q 30 days). Due to concern for the patient's quality of life and the lack of a curative treatment plan, humane euthanasia was elected. Gross and histological postmortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple coelomic masses similar in appearance to those observed in the left orbit and right forefoot indicating disseminated phaeohyphomycosis. A swab of the periocular mass was submitted for fungal culture and phenotypic identification. The isolate was later identified as Exophiala equina through a combination of phenotypic characterization and sequencing of the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA. Exophiala is a genus in the family Herpotrichiellaceae, order Chaetothyriales and is considered an opportunistic “black yeast” causing infection in aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals including humans. Exophiala equina is infrequently reported in animals, with only three cases in the literature including the herein report.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Murillo, Daniel Felipe Barrantes and Anderson, Stephanie and Capobianco, Christian and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Wiederhold, Nathan P. and Canete-Gibas, Connie F. and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{lewbart_munoz perez_paez-rosas_valle_alarcon-ruales_hirschfeld_deresienski_lohmann_2023, title={Ten Years of Wildlife Health and Conservation in the Galapagos, 2013-2022}, ISBN={["978-3-031-28091-7", "978-3-031-28088-7"]}, ISSN={["2195-1055"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-031-28089-4_20}, abstractNote={In June of 2013, our team embarked on the first of what would be many projects investigating the health of Galápagos wildlife. With a permit from the Galápagos National Park (PNG) in progress, and the support of the Galápagos Science Center (GSC), three of us (Greg Lewbart, Max Hirschfeld, Ken Lohmann), along with PNG Ranger Juan Garcia and several GSC volunteers, initiated and completed a 2-day health assessment of 28 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and a single hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). While waiting for our research permit and our aviso de campo (field permit) to be finalized, we had almost a week to explore San Cristóbal and think about future projects related to veterinary medicine and wild animal welfare. A literature search turned up hundreds of articles on wildlife evolution, natural history, ecology, genetics, invasive species eradication, anatomy, and physiology. The veterinary literature was limited to about five dozen publications, most focused on avian species. Many avian taxa were covered and included topics such as parasites, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, pollution, and baseline health assessments (Calle et al. 2017). Very few papers addressed health and diseases of reptiles, and we decided this would be a good area to focus.}, journal={ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Munoz Perez, Juan Pablo and Paez-Rosas, Diego and Valle, Carlos and Alarcon-Ruales, Daniela and Hirschfeld, Maximilian and Deresienski, Diane and Lohmann, Kenneth J.}, year={2023}, pages={291–317} }
 @article{hale_kapp_robertson_lewbart_ozawa_2023, title={The clinical features and treatment of fishhook injuries in freshwater turtles: 126 cases from 1997-2022}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.03.0146}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Hale, Lily M. and Kapp, Sabrina L. and Robertson, James B. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Ozawa, Sarah M.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={1829–1837} }
 @article{keeney_cohen_lewbart_ozawa_2023, title={ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF COELOMIC FLUID IN HEALTHY CORN SNAKES (PANTHEROPHIS GUTTATUS)}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2022-0102}, abstractNote={Abstract: Free coelomic fluid can be a physiologic or pathologic finding in snakes. In this study, ultrasonography was used to assess the presence, volume, and type of coelomic fluid in 18 (16 females, 2 males) clinically healthy corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) using a semiquantitative scoring system. Each snake was divided into five equal regions (R1–R5) by length (from rostrum to vent) and fluid volume was scored on a scale of 0 to 4. Coelomic fluid was sampled when possible and cytologic analysis was performed. The majority of snakes (16/18) were found to have some degree of free coelomic fluid. The coelomic fluid samples that were collected (n= 6) were classified as transudates, acellular or primarily lymphocytic. Fluid was most likely to be found in R3 compared with all other regions and least likely to be found in R1 compared with R2, R3, and R4. A higher score of volume was found in R3 compared with R1 and R5. This study describes the distribution and abundance of coelomic fluid in snakes, as well as a method for point of care ultrasound (POCUS) in this species.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Keeney, Caitlin M. Hepps and Cohen, Eli B. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Ozawa, Sarah M.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={65–72} }
 @article{lewbart_colosimo_gaudette_watanabe_parker_sevilla_gerber_gentile_2023, title={When pink is a question: Comparative gross and microscopic skin structure analyses reveal the histological basis of skin colour in Galápagos pink land iguanas (<i>Conolophus marthae</i>)}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1463-6395"]}, DOI={10.1111/azo.12488}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ACTA ZOOLOGICA}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Colosimo, Giuliano and Gaudette, Christopher and Watanabe, Tatiane T. Negrao and Parker, Joshua and Sevilla, Christian and Gerber, Glenn P. and Gentile, Gabriele}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @article{colosimo_gentile_vera_sevilla_gerber_westermeyer_lewbart_2022, title={Conservation of a flagship species: Health assessment of the pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0257179}, abstractNote={The pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae, is one of four species of iguanas (three terrestrial and one marine) in the Galápagos Islands, and the only one listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. The species can only be found on the north-west slopes of the highest volcano on Isabela Island and was first described to science in 2009. As part of a population telemetry study, a health assessment was authorized by the Galápagos National Park. Wild adult iguanas were captured on Wolf Volcano in September 2019 and April 2021 to record morphological and physiological parameters including body temperature, heart rate, intraocular pressures, tear formation, and infrared iris images. Blood samples were also collected and analyzed. An i-STAT portable blood analyzer was used to obtain values for base excess in the extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HctPCV), hemoglobin (Hb), ionized calcium (iCa), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), percent oxygen saturation (sO2%), pH, potassium (K), and sodium (Na). When possible, data were compared to previously published and available data for the other Galápagos iguanas. The results reported here provide baseline values that will be useful in detecting changes in health status among pink land iguanas affected by climate change, invasive species, anthropogenic threats, or natural disturbances. The collected data also provide an invaluable resource for conservation scientists planning to implement conservation strategies, like translocations, that may temporarily alter these baseline values.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Colosimo, Giuliano and Gentile, Gabriele and Vera, Carlos A. and Sevilla, Christian and Gerber, Glenn P. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2022} }
 @article{gregory_heniff_gorges_lathan_lewbart_balko_2022, title={Development and Evaluation of a Serum Transfusion Process in the Thorny Devil Stick Insect (Eurycantha calcarata)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.847043}, abstractNote={The thorny devil stick insect (Eurycantha calcarata) is a common invertebrate maintained under human care. Blood (hemolymph) transfusions are a widely used therapeutic tool in other species, but investigation in terrestrial arthropods remains scarce. Study objectives were development and evaluation of a serum transfusion process in the thorny devil stick insect. Twenty-five clinically healthy adult insects (9.9–23.0 g) were enrolled and baseline body weights were collected. Hemolymph collection was not successful in males, thus, all were recipient only (n = 12, MR). Females were divided into donor (n = 4, FD) or donor and recipient (n = 9, FDR) groups. Females were manually restrained and up to 1 mL of hemolymph was collected from the abdominal segment caudal to the proximal hindlimb using an 18 g hypodermic needle and passive collection via gravity. Hemolymph was quantified, centrifuged, and the serum separated. Insects were then injected superficially at the lateral aspect of the abdomen with 0.01 mL/g FD serum (MR), lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) equal to collected hemolymph volume (FD), or a combination of FDR serum and LRS equal to collected hemolymph volume (FDR). Response to stimulation, surface temperature, and righting reflex and mortality were serially assessed for up to 24 h and 7 days, respectively, following injection. In FD, median (range) injected LRS dose was 0.04 (0.03–0.06) mL/g. In FDR, median (range) injected serum, LRS, and combined serum and LRS dose was 0.03 (0.02–0.04), 0.01 (0–0.04), and 0.04 (0.02–0.06) mL/g, respectively. A mild temperature increase (maximum +2.9°C) (MR n = 10, FD n = 3, FDR n = 8) and delayed righting reflex (MR n = 4, FD n = 3, FDR n = 7) occurred in a subset of insects following injection. Two deaths occurred at 2 min (n = 1, FDR) and 96 h (n = 1, FD) post-injection. This is the first report of serum transfusions in thorny devil stick insects, and while largely successful, minor to severe transfusion reactions may occur.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lathan, Andrew W. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gorges_martinez_labriola_phillips_christian_chen_posner_lewbart_dombrowski_2022, title={EFFECTS OF TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE IN A MANAGED COLLECTION OF MOON JELLYFISH (AURELIA AURITA)}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2021-0028}, abstractNote={Abstract: The moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) is a scyphozoan frequently maintained in public and private aquaria. Little research has been conducted to investigate the effects of various drugs, such as anesthetics, in this species. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), a common immersion anesthetic for fish and amphibians, was evaluated in a managed population of moon jellyfish. Twenty-four clinically healthy jellyfish were assigned into three groups of eight for trials of 0.3 g/L MS-222 (low concentration [LC]), 0.6 g/L MS-222 (high concentration [HC]), and a saltwater control. The goal was to evaluate the effects of MS-222 administration on moon jellyfish movement and response to stimuli. Movement and response to stimuli were measured via rocking and probe stimulus tests and observations of bell contraction quality and body tone. These tests were performed at baseline and throughout both drug exposure and recovery periods. A threshold drug effect was defined based on systematic scoring criteria. Additionally, elastomer tags were administered to four of eight animals in each MS-222 group to evaluate response to tag placement after drug exposure. Threshold drug effect was achieved in six of eight individuals in the LC group and eight of eight individuals in the HC group. The LC group had median threshold and recovery times of 12.2 and 10.1 min, respectively, while the HC group had median threshold and recovery times of 4.0 and 19.9 min, respectively. The HC group had significantly faster time to threshold drug effect (P < 0.001) and longer recovery times (P= 0.005) than the LC group. In both the LC and HC tagged group, three of four jellyfish had no reaction to tag placement. All animals recovered uneventfully, and there were no mortalities. MS-222 at 0.3 and 0.6 g/L decreased movement and response to stimuli in moon jellyfish.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gorges, Melinda A. and Martinez, Kassandra M. and Labriola, Nicholas F. and Phillips, Brianne E. and Christian, Larry Shane and Chen, Emile P. and Posner, Lysa P. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Dombrowski, Daniel S.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={100–107} }
 @article{gregory_hubbard_schlake_mejia_passingham_lewbart_harrison_2022, title={EVALUATION OF PROGNOSTIC INDICATORS FOR INJURED TURTLES PRESENTING TO A WILDLIFE CLINIC}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0200}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine currently sees over 500 chelonian cases a year. Each turtle receives a thorough physical examination as the main evaluation of its health because further diagnostics are cost prohibitive in a donation-based facility. Thus, there is a need to further understand how a few economical diagnostics can evaluate the prognosis of chelonians. The objectives were to evaluate lactate, PCV, total solids, glucose, temperature, and HR as prognostic indicators in multiple chelonian species and to determine how the change in lactate concentrations over a 24 h period affects prognosis. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), river cooters (Pseudemys concinna), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), and common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) were evaluated because of prevalence of presentation to the TRT, differences in habitat, and differences in physiology. Hyperlactatemia, an increased lactate over 24 h when the initial lactate concentration was greater than 5 mM/L, and anemia were determined to be significant prognostic indicators of mortality for all turtles, and hypoglycemia was a significant prognostic indicator of mortality for male turtles (P < 0.05).}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Hubbard, Cassidy and Schlake, Emily and Mejia, Daniel and Passingham, Kent R. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={209–213} }
 @article{swanepoel_loyola_flowers_lewbart_garrett_yabsley_2022, title={Infection with a novel pentastome (Raillietiella sp.) in a juvenile endangered Gal acute accent apagos tortoise (Chelonoidis niger)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2405-9390"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100782}, abstractNote={Pentastomes are crustacean endoparasites in the lungs of herpetofauna and rarely mammals and birds. To date, the only pentastomes reported in chelonians, all aquatic turtles, are Diesingia megastomum from Brazil and Pelonia africana from South Africa. In March 2021, 185 juvenile tortoises (Chelonoidis niger) were confiscated after an attempted illegal exportation from the Galápagos. It is believed the tortoises were removed from nests on Santa Cruz Island. The young tortoises were individually wrapped in plastic and at seizure ten were dead and another 25 tortoises subsequently died. One of the tortoises, estimated to be 3 months old, had 11 pentastomes in the lungs. The pentastomes were identified as a Raillietiella sp. based on morphology. The specimens had a claviform body that tapers into a bifid tail, a 165.3 μm × 92.1 μm buccal cadre, and sharp tipped anterior and posterior hooks with the posterior hooks being larger than the anterior. The males have smooth copulatory spicules with a rounded, smooth base. All females were gravid. Molecular analysis confirmed that the parasites were a Raillietiella sp. Based on the COI gene, it was most similar (82.7% identical) to an undescribed Raillietiella species from a Caribbean anole (Anolis cristatellus) found in Florida followed by R. hebitihamata (81%), R. indica (80.7%), and R. orientalis (78.8-80.7%). Based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence (1799 bp), it was most similar (99.3% identical) to two undescribed Raillietiella species followed by R. aegypti from a berber skink (Eumeces schneideri) from Saudia Arabia. Phylogenetically, with both molecular targets, the Raillietiella sp. from the Galápagos tortoise grouped with other Raillietiella spp. and was basal within the group. Currently, the origin of this parasite (native to Galápagos or introduced) and the life cycle are unknown. Because some pentastome species, especially when in aberrant hosts, can be pathogenic, additional studies of parasites in native and introduced reptile and amphibian species in the Galápagos are needed to better understand the risk this parasite poses to Galápagos tortoises.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS}, author={Swanepoel, Liandrie and Loyola, Andrea and Flowers, James and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Garrett, Kayla B. and Yabsley, Michael J.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cherukuri_scott -cruz_lewbart_petrovich_ozawa_2022, title={Intravenous regional antibiotic perfusion as an adjunctive therapy to treat osteomyelitis in a common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.487}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={VetRecord CaseReports}, author={Cherukuri, A. and Scott -Cruz, S. and Lewbart, G. and Petrovich, N. and Ozawa, S.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={e487} }
 @article{rasche_parker_lewbart_petritz_watanabe_2022, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.21.07.0328}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Rasche, Brittany L. and Parker, Maryanna and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={305–307} }
 @article{wahltinez_stacy_hadfield_harms_lewbart_newton_nunamaker_2022, title={Perspective: Opportunities for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.973376}, abstractNote={Welfare considerations and regulations for invertebrates have lagged behind those for vertebrates, despite invertebrates comprising more than 95% of earth's species. Humans interact with and use aquatic invertebrates for exhibition in zoos and aquaria, as pets, research subjects, and important food sources. Recent research has indicated that aquatic invertebrates, in particular cephalopod mollusks and decapod crustaceans, experience stress and may be able to feel pain. With this article, we present results of a survey on attitudes of aquatic animal health professionals toward aquatic invertebrate welfare and provide practical recommendations for advancing aquatic invertebrate welfare across four areas of opportunity: use of anesthesia, analgesia, and euthanasia; development of less invasive diagnostic and research sampling methods based on 3R principles; use of humane slaughter methods for aquatic invertebrates; and reducing impacts of invasive procedures in aquaculture and fisheries. We encourage consideration of these opportunities to achieve far-reaching improvements in aquatic invertebrate welfare.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Wahltinez, Sarah J. and Stacy, Nicole I. and Hadfield, Catherine A. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Newton, Alisa L. and Nunamaker, Elizabeth A.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{heniff_lewbart_applegate_2022, title={Removal of malignant melanophoroma with intramuscular invasion in a bowfin fish (Amia calva)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.474}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Heniff, Ashlyn C. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{marin_lewbart_stowe_2022, title={What is your diagnosis? Coelomic fluid in an Eastern River Cooter (
            <i>Pseudemys concinna concinna
            )}, volume={8}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.13142}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.13142}, abstractNote={An adult male intact Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna) was presented by a good Samaritan to North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital's Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) after presumably being hit by a motor vehicle. The patient suffered from a carapace fracture of the left bridge (see Figure 2), prefemoral lacerations cranial to the left hind leg, and partial externalization of the intestines. The injuries appeared to be acute in nature. A shell repair was performed, and supportive care was initiated while the patient was dry docked. Blood work was not performed at the time of intake. Approximately 2 months following admittance, the patient was placed in water submersion due to the development of plastron pressure sores secondary to dry-docking. A week later, the patient reportedly had become very lethargic and appreciably edematous. The patient's packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma protein by refractometry at this time were 19% and 8.0 g/dL, respectively (the reference interval [RI] for related species, PCV 14%-26%, total protein 2.3-3.8 g/dL).1 Gross plasma abnormalities, such as hemolysis, were not appreciated. A coelomocentesis was performed, and approximately 35 ml of yellow, slightly cloudy fluid was removed from the coelomic cavity via fine-needle aspiration, which was then submitted for cytologic evaluation only (Figure 1); a total leukocyte count and total protein by refractometry were not performed. Low cellularity fluid with spermatozoa. The cellularity of the effusion was estimated to be low, along with low numbers of erythrocytes and few thrombocytes. Nucleated cells consisted predominantly of variably intact heterophils and macrophages. Outnumbering the leukocytes were several variably intact spermatozoa. Spermatozoa had deeply basophilic staining vermiform-shaped heads, which were elongate and tapered to a point, and variably appreciable, poorly staining midpieces and tails (Figure 2). No intracellular spermatozoa were definitively seen. No infectious agents were identified. Following water submersion and cytologic findings, the patient underwent both a computed tomography (CT) scan and coelomic laparoscopy to re-evaluate the overall extent of injuries due to trauma. The most notable finding on the CT scan included multiple severe comminuted fractures of the pelvis bilaterally, with moderate left sacroiliac subluxation and marked accumulation of coelomic fluid. While there were no obvious abnormalities in the gonads, this region was directly adjacent to the spinal luxation. The CT scan was performed without contrast. Together with the amount of coelomic fluid, any trauma to the gonads may have been inadvertently overlooked. Coelomic laparoscopy revealed a large amount of fluid with free-floating particulate matter, suspected to be plant material. Following the presumptive diagnosis of GI perforation (due to free-floating plant material), euthanasia was elected. On necropsy, a duodenal perforation and ruptured bladder, both with fibrinous adhesions, were discovered. Grossly visible gonadal trauma was not appreciated. Histopathology was not performed. Descriptive texts and images of the cytomorphology of mature turtle spermatozoa are limited.3, 4 Since cytopathology is more commonly used as a diagnostic tool in exotic and wildlife animal medicine; it is advantageous to have accessible resources with both routine and unusual findings that one might encounter as a cytopathologist. Many mammals and birds are seasonal and continuous breeders with synchronous reproductive events. In contrast, turtles located in temperate zones have a unique reproductive cycle in which spermatogenesis in male turtles is asynchronous with ovulation in the female. Spermatogenesis in the male turtle occurs episodically, starting in early summer and ending in autumn, with spermatozoa leaving the testes and entering the epididymis.5 Asynchrony of reproduction events necessitates methods for spermatozoa storage in both male and female turtles.3 In spring-breeding turtles, such as the Eastern River Cooter, spermatozoa are stored in the ductus epididymis of the male. In a study by Gist et al, spermatozoa were found in the ductus epididymis of painted turtles throughout the year, even when the testes were completely regressed in the spring.5 The spermatozoa were observed to be relatively impervious to deterioration over time (as long as 5 months), when evaluated both within and outside of the epididymis. While an official total leukocyte count and protein by refractometry was not performed, a low cellularity fluid suggestive of a transudate was considered most likely. In this case, chief uncertainties included how both the fluid and spermatozoa came to be free within the coelomic cavity. The patient was not hypoproteinemic at the time of water submersion; thus, decreased oncotic pressure was not considered to be a likely cause for the increased presence of coelomic fluid. Given that the fluid accumulation in the coelomic cavity appeared to occur simultaneously with water submersion, a postulation for the coelomic fluid was that water from the patient's enclosure had entered the coelom through the patient's wounds. The testis and epididymis are both located ventral to the kidneys and cranial to the accessory urinary bladder in the male turtle.3 Spermatozoa are a normal finding in the urine of clinically normal male turtles, as well as female turtles that have been in contact with males.6 Therefore, considerations for the presence of spermatozoa in the coelomic fluid include both traumatization to the gonads and/or contamination from the ruptured urinary bladder. An interesting observation made during the cytologic evaluation of the coelomic effusion was the relatively minimal inflammatory response. While heterophils and macrophages were present in low numbers, the spermatozoa appeared practically untouched. In small domesticated animals, the testes are considered an immune-privileged site; if exposed to surrounding tissues, a robust inflammatory response (predominantly macrophages) is anticipated (eg, sperm granuloma).2 Medications administered during the patient's hospitalization at various time points included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketorolac and ketoprofen), as well as antibiotics (ceftazidime). Postulation for the lack of a significant inflammatory response includes anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects of these medications. The timing of duodenal and urinary bladder perforations is not clear; neither plant-like material nor bacteria were observed at the time of cytologic evaluation; however, fibrinous adhesions described during necropsy suggest a degree of chronicity. Given the necessity for spermatozoa storage in both male and female turtles,3 not only traumatic mating but trauma, such as vehicular trauma, to reproductive organs in either sex may lead to spermatozoa leakage into the coelomic cavity year-round. While the presence of spermatozoa in the coelomic fluid was not a primary issue for the patient, this case allowed for the documentation of the cytologic features of spermatozoa from the Eastern River Cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna). The authors thank Sabrina Kapp for the coordination and supervision of the patient's care. The authors have indicated that they have no affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in, or in financial competition with, the subject matter or materials discussed in this article.}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Marin, Jessica and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Stowe, Devorah}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{mones_gorges_santangelo_lewbart_harrison_gerard_2021, title={Feasibility of a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina): a cadaver study}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2021.04.007}, abstractNote={Objective To describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), develop a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade and evaluate the distribution of three volumes of new methylene blue dye for injection in cadavers. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded cadaveric study. Animals A total of 24 frozen-thawed box turtle cadavers; two turtles identified with shoulder injuries were subsequently excluded from the study. The remaining 22 turtles weighed 397 (190–581) g, median (range). Methods The brachial plexus and regional anatomy were identified by dissection of seven cadavers to determine anatomic landmarks for a perineural injection technique. This technique was tested by randomizing 15 cadavers into one of three groups to be injected bilaterally with one of three volumes (0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mL) of methylene blue dye 1% aqueous solution. Investigators blinded to the assigned group dissected cadavers 15 minutes after injection and used staining of the four cervical spinal nerves (C5–C8; 25% for each nerve) to record a staining score of the brachial plexus (0–100%). Results Based on descriptions of the anatomy of the brachial plexus, an injection technique was designed. Injections of 0.1 mL methylene blue dye resulted in nine/10 injections with 100% nerve stained, and one/10 injection with 50% (two) nerves stained. All injections of 0.2 or 0.3 mL of methylene blue dye resulted in 100% nerves stained. Conclusions and clinical relevance Perineural injection of the brachial plexus with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mL methylene blue dye was successful in 29/30 injections in box turtle cadavers weighing 190–581 g. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum volume of injectate that can be successfully used for this technique, and to evaluate its application and efficacy in live turtles.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Santangelo, Stephen M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harrison, Tara M. and Gerard, Mathew P.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={789–797} }
 @article{tucker-retter_velsey-gross_deresienski_ulloa_munoz-perez_skehel_passingham_castaneda_lewbart_valle_2021, title={HEALTH STATUS OF NAZCA BOOBIES (SULA GRANTI) ON DAPHNE MAJOR ISLAND IN THE GALAPAGOS DETERMINED BY HEMATOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0136}, abstractNote={Abstract: Island species are particularly vulnerable to environmental disturbances and introduced pathogens. Conducting health assessments of wild populations in the Galápagos improves the ability of wildlife managers and veterinarians to detect deteriorations in health status. Seabirds in particular are useful species to monitor due to their colonial breeding and wide migration range. Nazca boobies (Sula granti) in a breeding colony at Daphne Major (n = 30) were given physical examinations, and blood samples were collected for hematology and biochemistry using an iSTAT Portable Clinical Analyzer. Female boobies had longer wing length than males, as well as lower blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and white blood cell counts. This could be attributed to sexual dimorphism or differences in foraging and mating strategies between the sexes. The time between capture and blood collection had a significant inverse relationship on plasma sodium, potassium, hemoglobin, anion gaps, and lymphocyte counts, suggesting that blood sampling in Nazca boobies should be done in less than 5 m to avoid the impacts of stress on hematological parameters. This is the first health assessment on the breeding colony of Nazca boobies at Daphne Major, and the results can inform future monitoring in this species as well as other sulids.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Tucker-Retter, Emily K. and Velsey-Gross, Zoe and Deresienski, Diane and Ulloa, Catalina and Munoz-Perez, Juan-Pablo and Skehel, Alice and Passingham, Ronald K. and Castaneda, Jason and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Valle, Carlos A.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={671–679} }
 @article{wright_stacy_yanong_juhl_lewbart_2021, title={Hematology and Biochemistry Panel Reference Intervals for Captive Saddleback Clownfish Amphiprion polymnus and Tomato Clownfish A. frenatus}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1002/aah.10114}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Wright, Sarah E. and Stacy, Nicole I and Yanong, Roy P. and Juhl, Reilee N. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={3–16} }
 @article{mccallion_petersen_dombrowski_christian_lewbart_dillard_2021, title={ISOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN THE MADAGASCAR HISSING COCKROACH (GROMPHADORHINA PORTENTOSA)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2020-0153}, abstractNote={Abstract: This study investigated the efficacy of isoflurane in Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa). Cockroaches (n = 12) were placed in a 2-L anesthesia chamber with isoflurane initiated at 5% at 2 L/m. Movement of antennae, mandibles, and legs and righting reflex were assessed, with full induction achieved when all responses had ceased for 2 m. Cockroach movement became ataxic on average (±SD) 3.5 ± 0.9 m after isoflurane treatment, and induction occurred on average 18.7 ± 4.4 m after treatment. Loss of righting reflex was the most consistent indication of full induction. Cockroaches fully recovered on average 16.2 ± 5.6 m after removal of isoflurane inhalant. Induction was uneventful, and no mortality or obvious morbidity was observed in treated cockroaches up to 30 d posttreatment. The authors conclude that the use of inhalant isoflurane is both safe and effective for anesthesia of Madagascar hissing cockroaches.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={McCallion, Kathleen and Petersen, Kate and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Christian, Larry Shane and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Dillard, Jacqueline}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={710–714} }
 @article{mones_gruber_harms_lohmann_lohmann_lewbart_2021, title={LACTIC ACIDOSIS INDUCED BY MANUAL RESTRAINT FOR HEALTH EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF TWO POINT-OF-CARE ANALYZERS IN HEALTHY LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2021-0029}, abstractNote={Abstract: Sea turtles are often restrained manually for brief periods during veterinary evaluation and care in rescue, rehabilitation, research, and aquarium settings. Blood gas values and lactate are routinely evaluated during triage of sea turtles, and lactate clearance is of prognostic significance in cold-stunned individuals. Although increases in blood lactate have been associated with muscle exertion, experimental forced submergence, trawl and pound net capture, and general anesthesia, changes in blood lactate associated with short periods of manual restraint have not been evaluated. Venous blood gas and lactate values were tested in 16 juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) before and after manual restraint for a 15-min routine veterinary examination. The agreement of blood lactate values between two point-of care analyzers (i-STAT and Lactate Plus) was also compared. Blood pH and bicarbonate (HCO3–) decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increased significantly (P < 0.0001) after 15 min. Lactate increased significantly between time points for both analyzers (P < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed excellent correlation for lactate measurements obtained on both analyzers (r = 0.998). The mean difference in lactate concentrations between the analyzers was statistically significant, indicating that the methods cannot be used interchangeably (P < 0.0001). Deming regression and Bland-Altman plots identified a slight negative proportional bias for lactate measurement by the Lactate Plus compared with the i-STAT. These results suggest that clinicians should evaluate blood gas values and lactate at the beginning of health evaluations and interpret serial lactate values in sea turtles with caution, because even short periods of manual restraint can induce lactic acidosis and considerably influence these values.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Mones, Alissa B. and Gruber, Erika J. and Harms, Craig A. and Lohmann, Catherine M. F. and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1195–1204} }
 @article{gregory_harms_gorges_lewbart_papich_2021, title={Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after a single intramuscular injection}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12952}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12952}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Gregory, Taylor M. and Harms, Craig A. and Gorges, Melinda A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={583–589} }
 @article{scott_waffa_devoe_harms_lewbart_2021, title={Successful and unsuccessful nonsurgical removal of ingested golf balls and an artificial egg in four rat snakes (Pantherophis alleghaniensis)}, volume={258}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.258.10.1135}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Scott, Gregory and Waffa, Bradley J. and DeVoe, Ryan S. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={1135–1141} }
 @article{mones_schreeg_sommer_linder_lewbart_2021, title={Surgical management and histopathology of wen overgrowth and neoplasia in four oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1002/vrc2.27}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Mones, Alissa and Schreeg, Megan and Sommer, Samantha and Linder, Keith and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{dass_lewbart_munoz-perez_yepez_loyola_chen_paez-rosas_2021, title={Whole blood fatty acid concentrations in the San Cristobal Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis chathamensis)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.11582}, abstractNote={To continue releasing San Cristóbal Galápagos tortoises housed in managed-care facilities at the Giant Tortoise Breeding Center of Galápagos National Park (Galapaguera de Cerro Colorado) to the Otoy Ecological Farm, health assessments and physical examinations were conducted. As a part of these wellness examinations, blood was drawn from 11 tortoises to analyze fatty acid concentrations. Fatty acid levels can provide insight into the nutritional profiles, immune status, and reproductive health of vertebrates. To the co-author’s knowledge, there is no current information about fatty acids in this species. It was hypothesized that there would be inherent differences based on the different geographic ranges, diets, sex, and age of turtles. It was noted that theω-6/ω-3 ratio was higher for the breeding center than for the ecological farm and that overall polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) did not have any significant differences. Theω-6/ω-3 findings can contribute to a global picture of these fatty acids across taxa, as reptiles are underrepresented in this area of research. Additional results are a resourceful starting point for future investigations into how fatty acids are affected in Galápagos tortoises.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Dass, Khushboo and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Munoz-Perez, Juan Pablo and Yepez, Maryuri I and Loyola, Andrea and Chen, Emile and Paez-Rosas, Diego}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{valle_ulloa_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_skehel_deresienski_passingham_lewbart_2020, title={Baseline haematology, biochemistry, blood gas values and health status of the Galapagos swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/coaa064}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Valle, Carlos A. and Ulloa, Catalina and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan-Pablo and Garcia, Juan and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Skehel, Alice and Deresienski, Diane and Passingham, Ronald K. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{tucker_gerlach_curtean_passingham_murphy_lewbart_2020, title={Copper and zinc generated by the Aquascape IonGen pond clarifier system can be detrimental to koi (Cyprinus carpio) health}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2052-6113"]}, DOI={10.1136/vetreco-2020-000396}, abstractNote={BackgroundCopper is frequently used as an algicide, and copper ion generators such as the Aquascape IonGen claim to be safe for use in systems containing fish. In 2012, a die‐off of koi (Cyprinus carpio) in a pond in Raleigh, North Carolina, occurred after the IonGen was added to the system.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD OPEN}, author={Tucker, Emily and Gerlach, Jamie and Curtean, Azais and Passingham, Kent and Murphy, Lisa and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{veilleux_dombrowski_allender_lewbart_2020, title={Diagnosis, treatment and post-release monitoring of an eastern black rat snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) with ophidiomycosis and traumatic injuries}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000954}, abstractNote={Ophidiomycosis, historically known as snake fungal disease, is caused by Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola and has been reported in over 30 species of snakes. In July 2015, an adult female eastern black rat snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) was found at Prairie Ridge EcoStation, a North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (NCMNS) field site in Raleigh, NC, with traumatic lesions consistent with injuries caused by landscaping equipment. The snake was brought to NCMNS Veterinary Services and tested positive via dermal swabs for O ophiodiicola on quantitative PCR (qPCR). The snake was treated with terbinafine (Terbinafine, 250 mg; InvaGen Pharmaceuticals, Hauppauge, NY, USA) nebulised at 2 mg/ml for 30 min every 24 hours for 30 days, and tested negative on further swabs for O ophiodiicola on qPCR before release. From April 2016 to November 2018, the snake was tracked via radio telemetry with physical examinations, bloodwork and qPCR swabs conducted multiple times a year.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Veilleux, Jacob and Dombrowski, Daniel Steven and Allender, Matthew C. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{scott_law_christiansen_lewbart_harms_2020, title={EVALUATION OF LOCALIZED INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS SECONDARY TO INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN STRIPED BASS (MORONE SAXATILIS)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0096}, abstractNote={Abstract: Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone widely used in animals including fish. Intramuscular (IM) injection of enrofloxacin is a feasible and efficacious option for drug delivery. In many species IM injection has been associated with injection site reactions and increases in serum muscle enzymes. Injection site reactions have not been well characterized in fish. Three groups of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) received an IM injection of enrofloxacin 2.27% in the right epaxial musculature 24, 48, or 96 hr prior to evaluation. Mean dose was 7.69 mg/ kg (6.14–9.69 mg/kg). The 24- and 48-hr groups received an injection of equal-volume 0.9% saline in the left epaxial musculature. A corresponding noninjected tissue sample was designated in the left epaxial musculature from each fish of the 96-hr group. Fish were euthanized and injection sites and noninjection control sites were evaluated grossly and histologically. Grades 1–4 were assigned to samples, with grade 1 corresponding to normal tissue and grades 2, 3, and 4 corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe inflammation and/or necrosis respectively. Externally, all control and injection sites appeared visually unremarkable. On cut surface, epaxial muscle of the enrofloxacin-injected tissue appeared moderately to severely hemorrhagic compared to saline and noninjected tissue, which was normal or mildly hemorrhagic. Histologically, eight of eight noninjected tissues were grade 1. For saline-injected tissues, 14 of 16 tissues were grade 2 and 2 samples were grade 3 when 24- and 48-hr groups were combined. For enrofloxacin-injected tissues, 8 of the 8 24-hr samples were grade 3 and 16 of the 16 48- and 96-hr samples were grade 4. These data show that IM injection of enrofloxacin 2.27% is associated with severe hemorrhage, necrosis, and inflammation in striped bass, and may negatively affect animal welfare.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Scott, Gregory and Law, Mac and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={46–52} }
 @article{louis_houck_lewbart_posner_balko_2020, title={EVALUATION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ADMINISTERED VIA THREE ROUTES FOR EUTHANASIA OF ANESTHETIZED KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0207}, abstractNote={Abstract: Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is insufficient for euthanasia in at least one species of fish. The current study investigated the effectiveness of potassium chloride (KCl) to euthanize anesthetized koi (Cyprinus carpio). Twenty-eight healthy koi were anesthetized via immersion in 500 mg/L of buffered MS-222 for 10–12 min, manually removed to room air, and randomly administered 10 mEq/kg KCl (333 mg/ml) via one of three routes—intracardiac injection (IC) (n = 7), intracoelomic injection (ICe) (n = 7), or topical instillment over the gill filaments bilaterally (T) (n = 7)—or received no treatment (control, C) (n = 7). A Doppler ultrasonic flow detector was placed over the heart, and sounds were assessed continuously from immediately prior to treatment until 5 min posttreatment and every 5 min thereafter until Doppler sound cessation, resumption of operculation, or 30 min. Time to Doppler sound cessation or resumption of operculation was recorded. Doppler sound cessation occurred in 7/7 fish in IC (median 0.08, range 0–2.75 min) and 1/7 fish in T (10 min). In T, ICe, and C, 6/7, 7/7, and 7/7 fish, respectively, maintained Doppler sounds to 30 min. All fish in ICe (7/7) and C (7/7) resumed operculation with median (range) times of 22 (7–30) min and 16 (9–29) min from treatment, respectively. Intracardiac KCl at 10 mEq/kg rapidly ceases Doppler sounds and is a successful technique for euthanasia of anesthetized koi. Intracoelomic and topical KCl at 10 mEq/kg were not effective for euthanasia of koi.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Houck, Emma L. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Posner, Lysa P. and Balko, Julie A.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={485–489} }
 @article{petritz_westermeyer_whitehead_christiansen_lohmann_lohmann_lewbart_2020, title={Effective mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) following topical administration of rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12681}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Whitehead, Michelle C. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lohmann, Catherine M. F. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={37–43} }
 @article{valle_ulloa_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_skehel_deresienski_lewbart_2020, title={HEALTH STATUS AND BASELINE HEMATOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BLOOD GAS VALUES OF GALAPAGOS SHEARWATERS (PUFFINUS SUBALARIS)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0035R}, abstractNote={Abstract: The Galápagos shearwater, Puffinus subalaris, is a seabird endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. Hematology, blood chemistry, and general health parameters have not been published for this species. Analyses were run on blood samples drawn from 20 clinically healthy Galápagos shearwaters captured by hand at their nests at Islote Pitt on San Cristóbal Island in July 2016. A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain near immediate field results for pH, pO2, pCO2, TCO2, HCO3 –, hematocrit, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, creatinine, urea nitrogen, anion gap, and glucose. Blood lactate was measured using a portable Lactate Plus analyzer. The reported results provide baseline data that can be used for comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos shearwaters.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Valle, Carlos A. and Ulloa, Catalina and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan-Pablo and Garcia, Juan and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Skehel, Alice and Deresienski, Diane and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={1026–1030} }
 @article{cerreta_houck_stowe_lewbart_2020, title={Hematology of the keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii)}, volume={49}, ISSN={0275-6382 1939-165X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12857}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12857}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinical Pathology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cerreta, Anthony and Houck, Emma and Stowe, Devorah and Lewbart, Greg}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={227–231} }
 @article{louis_cerreta_griffioen_mehalick_lewbart_petritz_2020, title={Homologous whole blood transfusion for treatment of severe anemia in five Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2020.05.013}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The Eastern box turtle (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) is an iconic North American species and the state reptile of North Carolina. In recent decades its numbers have been threatened by various anthropogenic factors including habitat loss, vehicular trauma, domestic pet predation, climate change, and collection for both the legal and illegal pet trade. Since 1997 the NC State College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (NC State TRT) has been treating and rehabilitating EBTs. In some cases, injury or disease result in extremely low packed cell volumes (PCVs). In such cases, and when an appropriate donor is available, a whole blood transfusion is performed. Methods Homologous whole blood transfusions were performed to treat severe anemia in four wild EBTs and one client-owned EBT. The PCV of each patient was measured at between 1% and 3% and the donor PCV's were over 15%. No more than 1% total body weight of blood was removed from each donor. This amounts to approximately 3.0 mL of whole blood from a donor. Prior to the transfusion, a macroagglutination cross-match was performed. Blood was either collected from the jugular vein or postoccipital sinus and administered via these same two routes with the exception of one case which received whole blood via the subcarapacial sinus. Results All wild turtles survived to release, and the client-owned turtle has survived at least 18 months post transfusion. None of the patients or donors were observed to have any reaction or problem with the procedure. Conclusions and case series relevance The jugular vein was the preferred route for both blood extraction and transfusion. A one-time homologous whole blood transfusion is likely a safe, emergency intervention to treat severe anemia in the EBT.}, number={C}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Cerreta, Anthony J. and Griffioen, John A. and Mehalick, Michelle L. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia A.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={27–33} }
 @article{womble_lewbart_shive_2020, title={Pathologic Lesions of the Budgett Frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis), an Emerging Laboratory Animal Model}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1532-0820"]}, DOI={10.30802/AALAS-CM-19-000071}, abstractNote={Lepidobatrachus laevis, commonly called the Budgett frog, is a member of the horned frog family (Ceratophryidae), which has become increasingly popular among amphibian hobbyists. L. laevis is also used in biologic research on embryonic development, providing a novel model
 species for the study of organogenesis, regeneration, evolution, and biologic scaling. However, little scientific literature details disease processes or histologic lesions in this species. Our objective was to describe spontaneous pathologic lesions in L. laevis to identify disease
 phenotypes. We performed a retrospective analysis of 14 captive L. laevis frogs (wild-caught and captive-bred), necropsied at the NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine between 2008 and 2018. The majority of frogs exhibited renal changes, including varying combinations of
 tubular epithelial binucleation, karyomegaly, and cytoplasmic vacuolation; polycystic kidney disease; and renal carcinoma. Many of the renal changes are reminiscent of a condition described in Japanese (Bufo japonicus) and Chinese (Bufo raddei) toad hybrids that progresses from
 tubular epithelial atypia and tubular dilation to polycystic kidney disease to renal carcinoma. A second common finding was variably sized, randomly distributed bile duct clusters (biliary proliferation). Other noteworthy findings included regional or generalized edema, intestinal adenocarcinoma,
 aspiration pneumonia, and parasitism. This retrospective analysis is the first description of histologic lesions identified in captive L. laevis populations, providing new insight into spontaneous disease processes occurring in this species for use in disease diagnosis and clinical
 management.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE MEDICINE}, author={Womble, Mandy A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Shive, Heather R.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={239–247} }
 @article{greene_mylniczenko_storms_burns_lewbart_byrd_papich_2020, title={Pharmacokinetics of Ketoprofen in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.585324}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to document the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen following 3 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) injections in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and 8 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) injection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Plasma was collected laterally from the tail vein for drug analysis at various time intervals up to 72 h following the injection of ketoprofen. In trout, area under the curve (AUC) levels were 115.24 μg hr/mL for IM and 135.69 μg hr/mL for IV groups with a half-life of 4.40 and 3.91 h, respectively. In both trout and tilapia, there were detectable ketoprofen concentrations in most fish for 24 h post-injection. In tilapia, there was a large difference between the R- and S-enantiomers, suggesting either chiral inversion from R- to S-enantiomer or more rapid clearance of the R-enantiomer. AUC values of the S- and R-enantiomers were 510 and 194 μg hr/Ml, respectively, corresponding to a faster clearance for the R-enantiomer. This study shows that there were very high plasma concentrations of ketoprofen in trout and tilapia with no adverse effects observed. Future studies on the efficacy, frequency of dosing, analgesia, adverse effects, and route of administration are warranted.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Greene, Whitney and Mylniczenko, Natalie D. and Storms, Timothy and Burns, Charlene M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Byrd, Lynne and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{ready_chen_lewbart_2020, title={TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN ADMISSION OF EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA) AT A NORTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE CLINIC AS A REFLECTION OF CLIMATE}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0136}, abstractNote={Abstract: Significant impacts of global climate change on wildlife have been documented and are projected to continue. Reptiles have been suggested as being especially susceptible to these effects along with other anthropogenic impacts on their environment. A retrospective review of medical records for 2,356 wild eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) admitted to the Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine between 1996 and 2017 was performed in order to: 1) report common presenting complaints, 2) describe the timeline of when box turtles were admitted to the TRT for each year of the study, and 3) investigate temporal shifts in turtle admissions and associations with changes in environmental temperature over a 22-yr period. The most common presenting complaint was vehicular trauma (n = 1,195) with over 70% of the caseload associated with anthropogenic impacts. Average monthly temperatures from 1996 to 2017 for Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, were extracted from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate database. By comparing the pre- and post-2006 years using the Mann–Whitney test, we found that both the annual peak temperature and the annual timing of admission to the TRT have shifted significantly or with a strong tendency towards significance (P = 0.0008 and 0.052, respectively). Annual peak temperature has increased by 1.3°C, and timing of admission has shifted 18 days earlier between pre- and post-2006 years. This supports the hypothesis that box turtle activity patterns are shifting and that these changes are potentially related to climate.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Ready, Zachary C. and Chen, Emile P. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={363–370} }
 @article{posner_applegate_cannedy_deresienski_mozzachio_serrano_lewbart_2020, title={Total injectable anesthesia of dogs and cats for remote location veterinary sterilization clinic}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1746-6148"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-020-02525-x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Posner, Lysa Pam and Applegate, Jeffrey and Cannedy, Allen and Deresienski, Diane and Mozzachio, Kristie and Serrano, Maria and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{baja_lewbart_luff_nolan_2020, title={Unexpected but transient tumour enlargement preceded complete regression and long-term control after irradiation of squamous cell carcinoma in a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2052-6121"]}, DOI={10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001039}, abstractNote={A red‐eared slider with a chronic non‐healing ulcerative shell lesion was diagnosed with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The animal underwent surgical debulking and adjuvant hypofractionated radiation therapy. The lesion initially responded, with near‐complete tumour regression, but then began growing again just a few months after finishing radiotherapy. Then, after several months with no additional tumour‐directed therapy, the lesion again regressed. Five years post‐irradiation and with no further treatment, the turtle now remains tumour‐free. This unusual pattern of disease regression, followed by transient growth and then long‐term local tumour control, suggests either a spontaneous remission or a pseudoprogression‐like phenomenon. Careful clinical follow‐up and reporting of future cases will aid in determining whether this pseudoprogression‐like event was random, versus being a common component of the chelonian response to irradiation of cutaneous SCC.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS}, author={Baja, Alexie J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Luff, Jennifer A. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{dornburg_lamb_warren_watkins-colwell_lewbart_flowers_2019, title={Are Geckos Paratenic Hosts for Caribbean Island Acanthocephalans? Evidence from Gonatodes antillensis and a Global Review of Squamate Reptiles Acting as Transport Hosts}, volume={60}, ISSN={["2162-4135"]}, DOI={10.3374/014.060.0103}, abstractNote={Abstract It is well known that reptiles can act as paratenic hosts for parasites that use mammals as their definitive hosts. However, studies of potential paratenic hosts in the Caribbean have been temporally restricted to only diurnal species of lizards, thereby neglecting a dominant component of the nocturnal reptilian community: geckos. Many gecko species are human commensals with activity periods that overlap temporally with those of domestic cats, making them prime candidates as potential transport hosts for cat parasites. However, no studies have reported geckos as paratenic hosts for felid parasites on any Caribbean island. Here we report the first records of subcutaneous oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths on the Venezuelan Coastal Clawed Gecko (Gonatodes antillensis) based on specimens collected in Curaçao and Bonaire. The cysts were identified as belonging to the genus Oncicola, likely those of Oncicola venezuelensis. This study reports these geckos as a new host record for oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths, as well as Curaçao and Bonaire as new geographic locales for these acanthocephalan parasites. We additionally provide a review of saurian cystacanths, comparing the restricted taxonomic focus of transport hosts in Caribbean islands to the distribution of paratenic squamate hosts both in the Neotropics and globally. We find evidence that the ability of squamate reptiles to act as transport hosts is a pervasive feature across their Tree of Life, suggesting that these animals may serve as important vectors for transporting parasites between intermediate and definitive hosts.}, number={1}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY}, author={Dornburg, Alex and Lamb, April D. and Warren, Dan and Watkins-Colwell, Gregory J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Flowers, James}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={55–79} }
 @article{lewbart_grijalva_calle_ingerman_pablo munoz-perez_quezada_vera_gentile_valle_2019, title={Health assessment of Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus, and C. subcristatus X Amblyrhynchus cristatus hybrid (Galapagos land iguanas)}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0222884}, abstractNote={The land iguanas, Conolophus pallidus and Conolophus subcristatu are large and charismatic lizards endemic to the Galápagos archipelago, but little information exists on their normal health parameters. The former is restricted to Santa Fe island, while C. subcristatus inhabits the islands of the central and western region of the archipelago. Both species are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. As part of a population health assessment authorized by the Galápagos National Park, wild adult iguanas from three islands (North Seymour, South Plazas, and Santa Fe) were captured in July 2018. Data from a single C. subcristatus X Amblyrhynchus cristatus hybrid captured on South Plazas is also included. We analyzed blood samples drawn from 52 healthy wild adult land iguanas captured on three islands. An iSTAT portable blood analyzer was used to obtain values for pH, lactate, pO2, pCO2, HCO3-, sO2%, hematocrit, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin Na, K, iCa, and glucose. Standard laboratory hematology techniques were employed for PCV determination; resulting values were also compared to the hematocrit values generated by the iSTAT. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body measurements were also recorded and compared to previously published data for the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), which shares a common ancestor with the land iguana. The data reported here provide preliminary baseline values that may be useful in comparisons between captive and wild populations, between wild populations, and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos land iguanas affected by anthropogenic threats, climate change, or natural disturbances.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Grijalva, Colon J. and Calle, Paul P. and Ingerman, Karen and Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan and Quezada, Galo and Vera, Carlos A. and Gentile, Gabriele and Valle, Carlos A.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{whitehead_vanetten_zheng_lewbart_2019, title={Hematological parameters in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with formalin-preservation: comparison between wild tournament-caught and captive-raised fish}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.6669}, abstractNote={BackgroundLargemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are an economically important freshwater fish species that have been investigated for both the short and long-term effects of stress, secondary to angling. Limited data has been published on the hematological parameters of this species and blood sample stability is a notable limitation of hematologic field studies. A relatively novel technique using 10% neutral buffered formalin preserves heparinized whole blood and maintains blood cell stability beyond one month in striped bass. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in hematological parameters between tournament-caught and captive-raised largemouth bass using whole blood preservation with neutral buffered formalin.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Whitehead, Michelle C. and Vanetten, Chelsey L. and Zheng, Yaxin and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{krasner_hancock-ronemus_christian_griffith_lewbart_law_2019, title={Histological evaluation of five suture materials in the telson ligament of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.7061}, abstractNote={An ideal suture material supports healing, minimizes inflammation, and decreases the likelihood of secondary infection. While there are published recommendations for suture materials in some invertebrates, there are no published recommendations forLimulus polyphemusor any chelicerate. This study evaluates the histological reaction of horseshoe crabs to five commonly used suture materials: monofilament nylon, silk, poliglecaprone, polydioxanone, and polyglycolic acid. None of the materials were superior with regards to holding nor was there any dehiscence. Nylon evoked the least amount of tissue reaction. This work also provides a histopathological description of the soft membrane at the hinge area between the opisthosoma and telson (telson ligament) and comments on euthanasia with intracardiac eugenol.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Krasner, Ami E. and Hancock-Ronemus, Amy and Christian, Larry S. and Griffith, Emily H. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Law, Jerry M.}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @article{valle_grijalva_calle_pablo munoz-perez_quezada_vera_lewbart_2019, title={Methods of body temperature assessment in Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus (Galapagos land iguanas), and Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.6291}, abstractNote={Since cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems of reptiles are affected by temperature, accurate measurements are of great importance in both captive husbandry and research. Ectothermic animals generally have core body temperatures close to ambient temperature but can differ from the immediate environment if they are using sunlight to thermoregulate. Many zoological facilities and exotic pet caregivers have begun using infrared temperature guns to assess ambient temperatures of reptile enclosures but there are currently few studies assessing the efficacy of these devices for measuring the body temperatures of reptiles. Conolophus subcristatus, Conolophus pallidus (Galápagos land iguanas), and Amblyrhynchus cristatus X C. subcristatus hybrid are robust land iguanas endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. By comparing the infrared body temperature measurements of land iguanas against virtual simultaneous collection of cloacal temperatures obtained using a thermocouple thermometer, we sought to assess the efficacy of this non-invasive method. We found that internal body temperature can be predicted with a high level of accuracy from three external body temperature sites, providing a good non-invasive method that avoids the capture of animals.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Valle, Carlos A. and Grijalva, Colon J. and Calle, Paul P. and Pablo Munoz-PereZ, Juan and Quezada, Galo and Vera, Carlos A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2019}, month={Feb} }
 @article{houck_cohen_womble_lewbart_petritz_2019, title={Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12792}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12792}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Houck, Emma L. and Cohen, Eli B. and Womble, Mandy and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Petritz, Olivia A.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={473–484} }
 @article{adamovicz_griffioen_cerreta_lewbart_allender_2019, title={TISSUE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN FREE-LIVING EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA)}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0079}, abstractNote={Abstract: Plasma biochemical enzymes are commonly assayed as part of a diagnostic evaluation for zoological species, but their interpretation is complicated by a lack of knowledge about tissue of origin in many reptiles. This study evaluated tissue specificity of six biochemical enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], creatine kinase [CK], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], and glutamate dehydrogenase [GLDH]) in 10 tissues (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, lung, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, spleen, and reproductive tract) from 10 free-living eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). CK activity was highest in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and gastrointestinal tract; GLDH and ALT activities were highest in liver, kidney, and gallbladder; ALP and GGT activities were elevated in kidney and gastrointestinal tract; and AST was relatively nonspecific, with significantly higher activity in the cardiac muscle, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and gallbladder compared to other tissues (P < 0.05). These results serve as a first step toward improving clinical interpretation of plasma biochemistry panels in box turtles.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Adamovicz, Laura and Griffioen, John and Cerreta, Anthony and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Allender, Matthew C.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={45–54} }
 @article{cerreta_mehalick_stoskopf_dombrowski_lewbart_2018, title={ASSESSMENT OF A VISUAL SCORING SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING ANEMIA IN MALE EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2018-0045.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) regularly admits wild eastern box turtles (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) for treatment and rehabilitation. Adult males of this species generally have an impressive red coloration of the iris, a feature commonly used to differentiate them from their brown-eyed female conspecifics. Male EBTs that present often display marked pallor of the eyes, which has accompanied clinical anemia. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between eye color and packed cell volume (PCV) in adult male EBTs, and to assess the accuracy of using eye color to predict PCV. Eye-color scoring cards were created using Adobe Creative Cloud Photoshop®. Each card was composed of blocks displaying progressively lighter tints of a red hue, with a number (score) assigned to each block. Five-block, six-block, and nine-block scoring cards were prepared, with lower numbers (scores) corresponding to lighter hues. To determine the variation in subjective color scores assigned by different human observers, 85 individuals were asked to score EBT eye color in three animals using each of the three scoring cards. Eye color of adult male EBTs that presented to the TRT (n = 18) and those housed at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (n = 6) were scored using each of the three cards, immediately preceding venipuncture of the occipital sinus for determination of PCV. All animals were scored by at least two individuals. Turtles with low scores (pale eyes) using all three scoring cards consistently had lower PCVs. The five- and six-block scorecards had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% while the nine-block score card had a PPV of 71.4%. This specific and noninvasive method for estimating PCV of male EBTs is clinically desirable in both rehabilitation and hospital settings.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Cerreta, Anthony J. and Mehalick, Michelle L. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={977–982} }
 @article{lewbart_griffioen_savo_pablo munoz-perez_ortega_loyola_roberts_schaaf_steinberg_osegueda_et al._2018, title={Biochemistry and hematology parameters of the San Cristobal Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis chathamensis)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/coy004}, abstractNote={The San Cristóbal Galapagos tortoise, Chelonoidis chathamensis, is native to San Cristóbal, the most eastern and oldest island of the Galapagos Archipelago. Although numerous studies on the ecology, behavior and genetics of Galapagos tortoises have been published, little is known about the health status of these animals. Here we report blood values from clinically healthy tortoises.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Griffioen, John A. and Savo, Alison and Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan and Ortega, Carlos and Loyola, Andrea and Roberts, Sarah and Schaaf, George and Steinberg, David and Osegueda, Steven B. and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @article{phillips_paez-rosas_flowers_cullen_law_colitz_deresienski_lohmann_lewbart_2018, title={EVALUATION OF THE OPHTHALMIC DISEASE AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC EFFECTS DUE TO THE OCULAR TREMATODE PHILOPHTHALMUS ZALOPHI ON JUVENILE GALAPAGOS SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS WOLLEBAEKI)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2017-0096.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) is an otariid species endemic to the Galapagos archipelago and is currently listed as endangered. The ocular trematode Philophthalmus zalophi was recently reported to affect the survival of juvenile Galapagos sea lions on Santa Cruz Island, resulting in marked ophthalmic changes. This study evaluated the ophthalmic disease and histopathologic effects of P. zalophi on juvenile Galapagos sea lions in the largest rookery located on San Cristóbal Island. Twenty juvenile Galapagos sea lions (10 male and 10 female) were evaluated among five sites in the rookery El Malecón. Ophthalmic examination, including fluorescein staining and evaluation of the adnexa, cornea, and sclera, were performed on each eye. The presence, number, and location of ocular parasites were determined, and parasites were collected for identification. Conjunctival biopsy was performed on 11 animals: 2 that lacked parasites and gross lesions and 9 with both parasites and gross lesions. All parasites collected were confirmed as P. zalophi and identified in 80% (16/20) of the study animals and 70% (28/40) of the examined eyes. Philophthalmus zalophi was most frequently found attached to the nictitating membrane but also located on the palpebral conjunctiva or cornea. The most common clinical signs were varying degrees of conjunctival hyperemia (28/40 eyes), most frequently of the nictitating membrane and mucoid ocular discharge (12/40 eyes). The number of parasites was significantly associated with the degree of conjunctival hyperemia (P < 0.001). Histopathology of conjunctival biopsies revealed organized lymphoid follicles and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. The histopathologic changes and gross lesions were likely due to the parasite's attachment to the conjunctiva. This study provides additional details of P. zalophi infection in juvenile Galapagos sea lions. Further research is warranted to detail the life cycle of this parasite, transmission to sea lions, and potential treatment protocols.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Paez-Rosas, Diego and Flowers, James R. and Cullen, John M. and Law, Jerry M. and Colitz, Carmen and Deresienski, Diane and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={581–590} }
 @article{lewbart_cohen_hirschfeld_pablo munoz-perez_garcia_fu_chen_lohmann_2018, title={Field-Based Radiographic Imaging of Marine Megafauna: Marine Iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) as a Case Study}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2296-7745"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85042092997&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fmars.2018.00040}, abstractNote={Effective conservation of marine megafauna requires a thorough understanding of the ecology, physiology, population dynamics, and health of vulnerable species. Assessing the health of large, mobile marine animals poses particular challenges, in part because the subjects are difficult to capture and restrain, and in part because standard laboratory and diagnostic tools are difficult to apply in a field setting. Radiography is a critically important diagnostic tool used routinely by veterinarians, but it has seldom been possible to image live marine vertebrates in the field. As a first step toward assessing the feasibility of incorporating radiography into studies of vulnerable species in remote locations, we used portable radiographic equipment to acquire the first digital internal images of living marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus, an iconic lizard endemic only to the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador. The radiographic machinery was powered by batteries and performed well on a rocky beach environment of an uninhabited island, despite high heat and humidity. The accuracy of radiographic measurements was validated by computing a snout-vent length (SVL) using bone dimensions and comparing this to standard measurements of SVL made externally with a tape measure. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using radiography to study animals in remote sites, a technique that may prove useful for a variety of physiological, ecological, and biomechanical studies in which reliable measurements of skeletal and soft-tissue dimensions must be acquired under challenging field conditions. Refinements are discussed that will help the technology reach its full potential in field studies.}, number={FEB}, journal={FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Cohen, Eli B. and Hirschfeld, Maximilian and Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan and Garcia, Juan and Fu, Andy and Chen, Emile P. and Lohmann, Kenneth J.}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @article{eichelmann_lewbart_2018, title={HEMOLYMPH CHEMISTRY REFERENCE RANGES OF THE CHILEAN ROSE TARANTULA GRAMMOSTOLA ROSEA (WALKENAER, 1837) USING THE VETSCAN BIOCHEMISTRY ANALYZER BASED ON IFCC-CLSI C28-A(3)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0145.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The use of invertebrate hemolymph chemistry analysis has the potential to become a major diagnostic tool. The goal of this study was to generate statistically sound hemolymph reference ranges from healthy tarantulas. Hemolymph was drawn from wild caught, acclimatized, and apparently healthy female Chilean rose tarantulas Grammostola rosea (Walkenaer, 1837) (n = 43) using a modified technique. Hemolymph samples were separately analyzed using the Avian-Reptilian Profile Plus reagent rotor for VetScan® for the following chemistries: aspartate aminotransferase, bile acids, creatine kinase, uric acid, glucose, total calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, potassium, and sodium. With this method the authors were able to establish statistically sound reference ranges for aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, phosphorus, and total protein. Further in situ studies will determine the practical usability of these values in the evaluation of tarantula health.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Eichelmann, Mark A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={528–534} }
 @article{arguedas_steinberg_lewbart_deresienski_lohmann_pablo munoz-perez_valle_2018, title={Haematology and biochemistry of the San Cristobal Lava Lizard (Microlophus bivittatus)}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/coy046}, abstractNote={Abstract The San Cristóbal lava lizard, Microlophus bivittatus, is one of nine species of lava lizards endemic to the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador. No information presently exists about baseline health parameters for any of these species. We analysed blood samples drawn from 47 lizards (25 males and 22 females) captured at two locations on San Cristóbal Island. A portable blood analyser (iSTAT) was used to obtain near-immediate field results for total CO2, lactate, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, glucose and haemoglobin. Standard laboratory haematology techniques were employed for differential white blood cell counts and haematocrit determination. Body temperature, heart rate and body measurements were also recorded. We found significant differences in haematocrit values between males and females. The values reported in this study provide baseline data that may be useful in detecting changes in health status among lava lizards affected by natural disturbances or anthropogenic threats. Our findings might also be helpful in future efforts to demonstrate associations between specific biochemical or haematological parameters and disease. Because there are several related species on different islands in the Galápagos archipelago, comparisons between populations and species will be of interest. Lay Summary:Haematology and biochemistry values of the San Cristóbal lava lizard Microlophus bivittatus, along with several other health parameters (morphometrics and temperature), are reported for the first time.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Arguedas, Randall and Steinberg, David and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Deresienski, Diane and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan and Valle, Carlos A.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{valle_ulloa_deresienski_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_skehel_lewbart_2018, title={Health Status of Great Frigatebirds (Fregata minor) Determined by Haematology, Biochemistry, Blood Gases, and Physical Examination}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/coy034}, abstractNote={This study presents important morphometric and health parameters of 55 great frigatebirds from two locations on the Galápagos archipelago. All of the animals were robust, clinically healthy and behaving normally. This data adds to baseline health assessment values and provides reference blood parameter intervals.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Valle, Carlos A. and Ulloa, Catalina and Deresienski, Diane and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan-Pablo and Garcia, Juan and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Skehel, Alice and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Jul} }
 @article{savo_zheng_zheng_lewbart_2018, title={Health status assessment of traumatic injury freshwater turtles}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0202194}, abstractNote={A group of injured yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta) and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna) were evaluated for a variety of health values at presentation to the NC State Turtle Rescue Team and prior to release. An i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer and CG8+ cartridges were used to determine venous blood gas and biochemical values, the packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein were evaluated using hematocrit tubes and high speed centrifugation, and a differential WBC percentage was determined manually with Diff-Quick stained blood smear slides. Forty-six turtles were sampled on presentation and twenty-three of those were sampled again prior to release. Blood values were analyzed for significant differences between samples collected at presentation and prior to release, as well as differences between surviving and non-surviving turtles. Five variables were identified as significantly different between presenting and recuperated samples: pH, pCO2, Glu, % heterophils, and % eosinophils. When comparing samples between turtles that survived versus those that did not, two variables were identified as being significant prognostic indicators; lactate and PCV. Identification of these significant variables can aid in determining patient prognosis and triage therapy for injured aquatic turtles.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Savo, Alison P. H. and Zheng, Yaxin and Zheng, Yuting and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Aug} }
 @article{jarred_lewbart_stover_thomas_maggi_breitschwerdt_2018, title={Identification of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in an Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) and a Yellow-bellied Slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) from North Carolina, USA}, volume={54}, ISSN={0090-3558}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2017-07-153}, DOI={10.7589/2017-07-153}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Mycoplasma spp. are known from several chelonian and other reptilian species. We determined if turtles obtained by the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University are carriers of hemotropic Mycoplasma or Bartonella spp. Spleen samples were collected at necropsy during May through July, 2014 from 53 turtles of seven species. All turtles were dead or were euthanized upon arrival due to severe traumatic injuries, or they died shortly after beginning treatment. We used PCR amplification for both bacterial genera; Bartonella spp. DNA was not amplified. Based upon sequencing of the 16S rRNA subunit, one eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) and one yellow-bellied slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) were infected with Mycoplasma spp. that have genetic similarities to strains that infect other animals.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, publisher={Wildlife Disease Association}, author={Jarred, Jo and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Stover, Kelsey and Thomas, Brittany and Maggi, Ricardo and Breitschwerdt, Edward B.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={371–374} }
 @article{oda_messenger_carbajal_posner_gardner_hammer_cerreta_lewbart_bailey_2018, title={Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1467-2995"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaa.2018.02.005}, abstractNote={Objective To test the hypothesis that plasma propofol concentration (PPC) is associated with anesthetic effect in koi carp administered propofol by immersion. Study design Prospective study. Animals Twenty mature koi carp (mean ± standard deviation, 409.4 ± 83.7 g). Methods Fish were immersed in propofol (5 mg L–1). Physiological variables and induction and recovery times were recorded. In phase I, blood was sampled for PPC immediately following induction and at recovery. In phase II, following induction, fish were maintained with propofol (4 mg L–1) via a recirculating system for 20 minutes. Following established induction, blood was sampled at 1, 10 and 20 minutes. In phase III (n = 19), fish were anesthetized as in phase II with blood sampled nine times in a sparse sampling strategy. Simultaneously, a pharmacodynamics rubric was used to evaluate anesthetic depth. PPC was determined using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Following evaluation of normality, data were analyzed using paired t test or Spearman correlation test (significance was set at p < 0.05). Results In phase I, mean PPCs at induction (20.12 μg mL–1) and recovery (11.62 μg mL–1) were different (p < 0.001). In phase II, only mean PPCs at induction (17.92 μg mL–1) and 10 minutes (21.50 μg mL–1) were different (p = 0.013). In phase III, a correlation between PPCs and the pharmacodynamic rubric scores was found (p < 0.001, r = –0.93). There was no correlation between PPCs and recovery time (p = 0.057, r = 0.433). A two-compartment open model was chosen for the pharmacokinetic model. Absorption rate constant, elimination rate constant and intercompartmental rate constant were 0.48, 0.006 and 0.02 minute–1, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Measurable PPCs were achieved in koi carp anesthetized with propofol by immersion. Anesthetic depth of fish was negatively correlated with PPCs, but recovery time was not.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA}, author={Oda, Ayako and Messenger, Kristen M. and Carbajal, Liliana and Posner, Lysa P. and Gardner, Brett R. and Hammer, Scott H. and Cerreta, Anthony J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={529–538} }
 @article{kirby_lewbart_hancock-ronemus_papich_2018, title={Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Atlantic horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) after single injection}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12462}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12462}, abstractNote={The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin were studied in horseshoe crabs after a single injection of 5 mg/kg. Twelve Atlantic horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) of undetermined age were injected with enrofloxacin into the dorsal cardiac sinus. Hemolymph samples were collected by syringe and needle at regular intervals for 120 hr. Samples were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography and compartmental analysis performed on the results. Following injection, the elimination half‐life (T½), peak concentration, area under the curve (AUC), and volume of distribution (VD) for enrofloxacin were 27.9 (29.13) hr, 8.98 (18.09) μg/ml, 367.38 (35.41) hr μg/ml, and 0.575 (20.48) L/kg, respectively (mean value, CV%). For ciprofloxacin, the elimination T½, peak concentration, and AUC were 61.36 (34.55) hr, 2.34 (24.11) μg/ml, and 304.46 (24.69) μg hr/ml. In these animals, the ciprofloxacin concentrations comprised an average of 45.8% of the total fluoroquinolone concentrations, which is substantial compared to other marine invertebrates. The total AUC produced (sum of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) was 682.69 ± 180.61 μg hr/ml. Concentrations that were achieved after a single dose of 5 mg/kg horseshoe crabs were sufficient to treat bacteria susceptible to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Kirby, A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Hancock-Ronemus, A. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={349–353} }
 @article{cerreta_masterson_lewbart_dise_papich_2018, title={Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in wild Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina
) after single intramuscular administration}, volume={11}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12733}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12733}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cerreta, Anthony J. and Masterson, Chris A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Dise, Delta R. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @article{cerreta_lewbart_dise_papich_2018, title={Population pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after a single intramuscular injection in wild turtles}, volume={41}, ISSN={0140-7783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12500}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12500}, abstractNote={Ceftazidime, a third‐generation cephalosporin, is important for treating opportunistic bacterial infections in turtles. Antibacterial dosage regimens are not well established for wild turtles and are often extrapolated from other reptiles or mammals. This investigation used a population pharmacokinetic approach to study ceftazidime in wild turtles presented for rehabilitation. Ceftazidime was administered to 24 wild turtles presented to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University. A sparse blood sampling protocol was used to collect samples from 0 to 120 hr with three samples per individual after injection. Plasma samples were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A nonlinear mixed‐effects model (NLME) was fitted to the data to determine typical values for population parameters. We identified a long half‐life (T½) of approximately 35 hr and volume of distribution (VSS) of 0.26 L/kg. We concluded that this long T½ will allow for a dose of 20 mg/kg injected IM to maintain concentrations above the MIC of most wild‐type bacteria for 5 days. Because of long intervals between injections, stability of stored formulations was measured and showed that 90% strength was maintained for 120 hr when stored in the refrigerator and for 25 days when stored in the freezer.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Cerreta, A. J. and Lewbart, G. A. and Dise, D. R. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={495–501} }
 @article{royal_hunt_gonzalez_lewbart_bailey_2018, title={Veterinary Medical Students' Motivations for Exercise}, volume={45}, ISSN={0748-321X 1943-7218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.0117-004r}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.0117-004r}, abstractNote={ The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) declares exercise to be one of the most important activities one can do to improve health. The benefits of exercise are well documented and include both physiologic and psychological health. Given the current landscape of wellness issues in veterinary medical education, it is necessary that students engage in exercise activities to manage stress and increase overall health. Therefore, to develop targeted interventions with the greatest likelihood for success, it is first necessary to understand what motivates veterinary medical students to exercise given their unique situational and environmental factors. This study is the first to explore this issue systematically in veterinary medical education, thus it is the authors' hope that the findings from this research will help identify exercise-related wellness interventions that could be implemented in veterinary medical schools. }, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Medical Education}, publisher={University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)}, author={Royal, Kenneth D. and Hunt, Suzanne A. and Gonzalez, Liara M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Bailey, Kate M.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={367–373} }
 @article{adamovicz_trosclair_lewbart_2017, title={BIOCHEMISTRY PANEL REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR JUVENILE GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS)}, volume={48}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0287.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0287.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Reference intervals for diagnostic tests are vitally important for clinical decision making. Despite the popularity of pet goldfish (Carassius auratus), reference intervals have not been generated for routine biochemistry panel analytes in this species. This study establishes de novo reference intervals for packed cell volume and total solids, using 47 apparently healthy immature goldfish, and for 11 common chemistry panel analytes (albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, creatine kinase, globulin, blood glucose, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, total protein, and uric acid) using 39 immature goldfish. Robust reference intervals were generated following recommendations of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Linear regression was used to demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between body weight and calcium, albumin, total protein, potassium, packed cell volume, and total solids. The results of this study serve as a useful baseline for future reference interval generation in goldfish.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Adamovicz, Laura A. and Trosclair, Macy R. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={776–785} }
 @article{pablo munoz-perez_lewbart_hirschfeld_alarcon-ruales_denkinger_guillermo castaneda_garcia_lohmann_2017, title={Blood gases, biochemistry and haematology of Galapagos hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata)}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/cox028}, abstractNote={Abstract The hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, is a marine chelonian with a circum-global distribution, but the species is critically endangered and has nearly vanished from the eastern Pacific. Although reference blood parameter intervals have been published for many chelonian species and populations, including nesting Atlantic hawksbills, no such baseline biochemical and blood gas values have been reported for wild Pacific hawksbill turtles. Blood samples were drawn from eight hawksbill turtles captured in near shore foraging locations within the Galápagos archipelago over a period of four sequential years; three of these turtles were recaptured and sampled on multiple occasions. Of the eight sea turtles sampled, five were immature and of unknown sex, and the other three were females. A portable blood analyzer was used to obtain near immediate field results for a suite of blood gas and chemistry parameters. Values affected by temperature were corrected in two ways: (i) with standard formulas and (ii) with auto-corrections made by the portable analyzer. A bench top blood chemistry analyzer was used to measure a series of biochemistry parameters from plasma. Standard laboratory haematology techniques were employed for red and white blood cell counts and to determine haematocrit manually, which was compared to the haematocrit values generated by the portable analyzer. The values reported in this study provide reference data that may be useful in comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos sea turtles. The findings might also be helpful in future efforts to demonstrate associations between specific biochemical parameters and disease or environmental disasters.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Hirschfeld, Maximilian and Alarcon-Ruales, Daniela and Denkinger, Judith and Guillermo Castaneda, Jason and Garcia, Juan and Lohmann, Kenneth J.}, year={2017}, month={May} }
 @article{phillips_posner_lewbart_christiansen_harms_2017, title={Effects of alfaxalone administered intravenously to healthy yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at three different doses}, volume={250}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.8.909}, DOI={10.2460/javma.250.8.909}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Posner, Lysa P. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={909–917} }
 @article{lewbart_ulloa_deresienski_regalado_munoz-perez_garcia_hardesty_valle_2017, title={HEALTH STATUS OF RED-FOOTED BOOBIES (SULA SULA) DETERMINED BY HEMATOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, BLOOD GASES, AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2017-0031.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The red-footed booby (Sula sula) is a widely distributed sulid native to the Galápagos archipelago. Hematology and blood chemistry parameters have been published for this species, but not from the San Cristóbal rookery. Analyses were run on blood samples drawn from 31 manually restrained red-footed boobies that were captured by hand from their nests at Punta Pitt on San Cristóbal Island. A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain near immediate field results for pH, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, and glucose. Blood lactate was measured using a portable Lactate Plus™ analyzer. Average heart rate, respiratory rate, body weight, body temperature, and biochemistry and hematology parameters were comparable to those of healthy individuals of other sulids. The reported results provide baseline data that can be used for comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos red-footed boobies.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Ulloa, Catalina and Deresienski, Diane and Regalado, Cristina and Munoz-Perez, Juan-Pablo and Garcia, Juan and Hardesty, Britta Denise and Valle, Carlos A.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1230–1233} }
 @article{cannizzo_lewbart_westermeyer_2017, title={Intraocular pressure in American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12463}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12463}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={526–532} }
 @article{newton_lewbart_2017, title={Invertebrate Oncology}, volume={20}, ISSN={1094-9194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CVEX.2016.07.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.CVEX.2016.07.001}, abstractNote={Neoplasia is a documented occurrence across invertebrate taxa, but challenges remain with regard to tumor diagnosis and treatment. Literature reports of neoplasia are frequent in mollusks and insects, infrequent in Cnidaria and crustaceans, and are yet to be documented in Porifera and echinoderms. A significant contribution could be made by veterinary practitioners documenting and treating neoplasms in invertebrates. Traditional methods of veterinary diagnosis are encouraged, but the anatomy and tissue biology of each invertebrate species need to be considered. Most neoplasms described in the invertebrate literature have been considered benign, making external lesions potentially amenable to surgical resection.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Newton, Alisa L. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{shivappa_christian_law_lewbart_2017, title={Laboratory evaluation of different formulations of Stress Coat® for slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={5}, ISSN={2167-8359}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3759}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.3759}, abstractNote={A study was carried out to assess the effect of Stress Coat® on slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio). The study also investigated histological changes that might be associated with slime producing cells, and wound healing in koi. Several formulations of Stress Coat® were investigated and the results showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also known as povidone, an ingredient of Stress Coat®, when used alone, showed significantly higher slime production in goldfish than salt and Stress Coat® without PVP after 25 h. The results also showed that koi treated with compounds containing PVP showed better wound healing than those not exposed to PVP. Histology results showed no difference between compounds tested with regards to density and number of slime producing cells.}, journal={PeerJ}, publisher={PeerJ}, author={Shivappa, Raghunath B. and Christian, Larry S. and Law, Jerry M. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={e3759} }
 @article{sack_butler_cowen_lewbart_2017, title={MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF WILD TURTLES AT A NORTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE CLINIC: A 10-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE}, volume={48}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2016-0053.1}, DOI={10.1638/2016-0053.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The medical records from 1,847 wild turtle patients seen between 2005 and 2014 by the Turtle Rescue Team at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine were analyzed. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina; n = 947), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta; n = 301), cooters (Pseudemys spp.; n = 235), common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina; n = 165), and eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta; n = 93) made up 94.3% of all patients. Patient admissions peaked in May when 25.6% (473/1,847) of all turtles were admitted. Cooters were the most-likely species to be gravid, and the loss of gravid females may put this population at increased risk for decline. The majority of wild turtles presented for anthropogenic causes, primarily vehicular trauma (63.2%; 1,168/1,847), which also had the greatest mortality at 57.8% (675/1,168) of any presenting complaint. Coelomic breach was the presenting injury with greatest risk of dying, increasing the risk of dying by 4.8 times. Other factors that were associated with increased mortality included head injuries, myiasis, and cranial or caudal midline injuries. Of all turtle species, eastern box turtles most commonly presented for nontraumatic conditions including aural abscesses (8.2%; 78/947), upper respiratory infections (6.3%; 60/947), and both conditions concurrently (2.5%; 14/947). While many turtles presented with little to no chance for survival in the wild, 47.6% were eventually released and that number increased to 62.0% released for those that survived 24 hr or longer after presentation. This study adds to the knowledge about the treatment of injured and diseased wild turtles in order to potentially ameliorate the overall impact of humans, especially as a result of vehicular trauma.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Sack, Alexandra and Butler, Eric and Cowen, Peter and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={716–724} }
 @article{balko_wilson_lewbart_gaines_posner_2017, title={PROPOFOL AS AN IMMERSION ANESTHETIC AND IN A MINIMUM ANESTHETIC CONCENTRATION (MAC) REDUCTION MODEL IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2016-0079.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Propofol is a novel immersion anesthetic in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Objectives were to characterize propofol as an anesthetic and assess its suitability in a minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) reduction model. Using a crossover design, eight goldfish were submerged in 1, 5, or 10 mg/L propofol. Data included induction time, recovery time, heart rate, opercular rate, and response to supramaximal stimulation. Baseline MAC (Dixon's up-and-down method) was determined, and 15 fish were anesthetized with propofol on 4 consecutive days with MAC determination on the fifth day, weekly, for 1 mo. Using a crossover design, MAC of propofol (n = 15) was determined 1 hr following administration of i.m. butorphanol 0.05, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg, ketoprofen 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, morphine 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, or saline 1 ml/kg. Comparisons were performed with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (P < 0.05) and Tango's score confidence interval. Propofol at 1 mg/L did not produce anesthesia. Induction time with 10 mg/L (112, 84–166 s) was faster than 5 mg/L (233, 150–289 s; P = 0.0078). Heart and opercular rates for 5 and 10 mg/L were 36 (24–72) beats/min, 58 (44–68) operculations/min and 39 (20–48) beats/min, 57 (48–80) operculations/min, respectively. Recovery time was 249 (143–396) s and 299 (117–886) s with 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively. Response to supramaximal stimulation was not significantly different with 5 mg/L (1/8) compared with 10 mg/L (0/8). Baseline and weekly MAC following daily exposure was 8.4 and 9.0, 8.1, 8.1, and 8.7 mg/L, respectively. MAC reduction was no more than 8% following any drug or dosage. Propofol at 5 and 10 mg/L produced anesthesia, and anesthetic needs were similar following repeated exposure. Propofol was not suitable to test MAC reduction in goldfish in this study.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Balko, Julie A. and Wilson, Sarah K. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Gaines, Brian R. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={48–54} }
 @article{oda_messenger_carbajal_gardner_hammer_cerreta_lewbart_posner_bailey_2017, title={Plasma propofol concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects in koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) following exposure via immersion}, volume={44}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.VAA.2017.09.009}, DOI={10.1016/J.VAA.2017.09.009}, abstractNote={Introduction: This study was performed to determine the association between plasma propofol concentration (PPC) and anesthetic effect in koi carp anesthetized with propofol via immersion.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Oda, A. and Messenger, K. and Carbajal, L. and Gardner, B. and Hammer, S. and Cerreta, A. and Lewbart, G. and Posner, L. and Bailey, K.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1262.e4–1262.e5} }
 @article{collins_dornburg_flores_dombrowski_lewbart_2016, title={A comparison of blood gases, biochemistry, and hematology to ecomorphology in a health assessment of pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.2262}, abstractNote={Despite the promise of hematological parameters and blood chemistry in monitoring the health of marine fishes, baseline data is often lacking for small fishes that comprise central roles in marine food webs. This study establishes blood chemistry and hematological baseline parameters for the pinfishLagodon rhomboides, a small marine teleost that is among the most dominant members of near-shore estuarine communities of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Given their prominence, pinfishes are an ideal candidate species to use as a model for monitoring changes across a wide range of near-shore marine communities. However, pinfishes exhibit substantial morphological differences associated with a preference for feeding in primarily sea-grass or sand dominated habitats, suggesting that differences in the foraging ecology of individuals could confound health assessments. Here we collect baseline data on the blood physiology of pinfish while assessing the relationship between blood parameters and measured aspects of feeding morphology using data collected from 37 individual fish. Our findings provide new baseline health data for this important near shore fish species and find no evidence for a strong linkage between blood physiology and either sex or measured aspects of feeding morphology. Comparing our hematological and biochemical data to published results from other marine teleost species suggests that analyses of trends in blood value variation correlated with major evolutionary transitions in ecology will shed new light on the physiological changes that underlie the successful diversification of fishes.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Collins, Sara and Dornburg, Alex and Flores, Joseph M. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @article{applegate_lewbart_daniels_gill_stoskopf_2016, title={Calcium urolithiasis in a breeding population of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) housed in a low salinity environment}, volume={36}, ISSN={0165-2176 1875-5941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, abstractNote={J. R. Applegate Jr, G. A. Lewbart, H. Daniels, A. Gill and M. K. Stoskopf Exotic Animal Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Applegate, J.R., Jr and Lewbart, G.A. and Daniels, H. and Gill, A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={50–54} }
 @article{stranahan_alpi_passingham_kosmerick_lewbart_2016, title={Descriptive Epidemiology for Turtles Admitted to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1944-687X"]}, DOI={10.3996/072015-jfwm-056}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, author={Stranahan, Lauren and Alpi, Kristine M. and Passingham, Ronald Kent and Kosmerick, Todd J. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={520–525} }
 @article{paez-rosas_hirschfeld_deresienski_lewbart_2016, title={Health Status of Galapagos Sea Lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) on San Cristobal Island Rookeries Determined by Hematology, Biochemistry, Blood Gases, and Physical Examination}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2015-04-084}, abstractNote={Abstract The Galápagos sea lion, Zalophus wollebaeki, is an endemic and endangered species subject to population decline associated with environmental variability, such as El Niño events, constant feeding stress, and exposure to diseases through contact with introduced species. Reference blood parameter intervals have been published for some pinniped species, but baseline biochemical and blood gas values are lacking from Z. wollebaeki. We analyzed blood samples from 30 juvenile Galápagos sea lions (19 females, 11 males) captured in two rookeries on San Cristóbal Island. A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain near-immediate field results for pH, partial pressure of O2, partial pressure of CO2, bicarbonate (HCO3−), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin, Na, K, ionized Ca, and glucose, and blood lactate was measured using a portable Lactate PlusTM analyzer. Average heart rate, biochemistry, and hematology parameters were comparable with healthy individuals of other pinniped species. Hemoglobin was significantly correlated with body condition of juvenile Galápagos sea lions. When compared with available blood values of clinically healthy California sea lions, Galápagos sea lions had higher total protein and Hct and lower Ca and K levels. Our results provide baseline data that may be useful in comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galápagos sea lions.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Paez-Rosas, Diego and Hirschfeld, Maximilian and Deresienski, Diane and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={100–105} }
 @article{george_van wettere_michaels_crain_lewbart_2016, title={Histopathologic evaluation of postmortem autolytic changes in bluegill (Lepomis macrohirus) and crappie (Pomoxis anularis) at varied time intervals and storage temperatures}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.1943}, abstractNote={Information is lacking on preserving fish carcasses to minimize postmortem autolysis artifacts when a necropsy cannot be performed immediately. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively identify and score histologic postmortem changes in two species of freshwater fish (bluegill—Lepomis macrochirus; crappie—Pomoxis annularis), at varied time intervals and storage temperatures, to assess the histologic quality of collected samples. A pooled sample of 36 mix sex individuals of healthy bluegill and crappie were euthanized, stored either at room temperature, refrigerated at 4 °C, or frozen at −20 °C, and then necropsied at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h intervals. Histologic specimens were evaluated by light microscopy. Data showed that immediate harvesting of fresh samples provides the best quality and refrigeration would be the preferred method of storage if sample collection had to be delayed for up to 24 h. When sample collection must be delayed more than 24 h, the preferred method of storage to minimize autolysis artifacts is freezing if evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract is most important, or refrigeration if gill histology is most important. The gill arch, intestinal tract, followed by the liver and kidney were the most sensitive organs to autolysis.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={George, Jami and Van Wettere, Arnaud J. and Michaels, Blayk B. and Crain, Debbi and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{phillips_harms_lewbart_lahner_haulena_rosenberg_papich_2016, title={POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN AND ITS METABOLITE CIPROFLOXACIN IN THE GREEN SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS) FOLLOWING INTRACOELOMIC AND IMMERSION ADMINISTRATION}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0110.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0110.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Sea urchin mass mortality events have been attributed to both infectious and noninfectious etiologies. Bacteria, including Vibrio spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp., have been isolated during specific mortality events. Aquarium collection sea urchins are also subject to bacterial infections and could benefit from antimicrobial treatment, but pharmacokinetic studies have been lacking for this invertebrate group until recently. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) after intracoelomic injection and medicated bath immersion administration. The utility of a population pharmacokinetic method using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NLME) was also evaluated. Thirty sea urchins were assigned to either the injection or immersion group. Twelve study animals and three untreated controls were utilized for each administration method: enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg intracoelomic injection or a 6-hr enrofloxacin 10 mg/L immersion. Each animal was sampled four times from 0 to 120 hr. Water samples were collected during immersion treatment and posttreatment time points in both groups. Hemolymph and water sample drug concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using an NLME population pharmacokinetic method. Enrofloxacin concentrations were fit to a two-compartment model with first-order input for the intracoelomic injection group. The enrofloxacin elimination half-life (t½), peak hemolymph concentration (CMAX), and area under the curve (AUC) were 38.82 hr, 90.92 μg/ml, and 1,199 hr·μg/ml, respectively. Enrofloxacin was modeled to a one-compartment model with first-order input for the immersion treatment. The enrofloxacin t½, CMAX, and AUC were 33.46 hr, 0.48 μg/ml, and 32.88 hr·μg/ml, respectively. Ciprofloxacin was detected in trace concentrations in all hemolymph samples, indicating minimal production of this metabolite. The concentrations of enrofloxacin achieved far exceeded minimum inhibitory concentrations reported for teleost pathogens. No adverse effects were associated with enrofloxacin administration by either treatment method or from hemolymph sampling.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Lahner, Lesanna L. and Haulena, Martin and Rosenberg, Justin F. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={175–186} }
 @article{rosenberg_haulena_phillips_harms_lewbart_lahner_papich_2016, title={Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in purple sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) following an intracoelomic injection or extended immersion}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1266}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Rosenberg, Justin F. and Haulena, Martin and Phillips, Brianne E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Lahner, Lesanna L. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1266–1275} }
 @article{applegate_dombrowski_christian_bayer_harms_lewbart_2016, title={TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE (MS-222) SEDATION AND ANESTHESIA IN THE PURPLE-SPINED SEA URCHIN (ARBACIA PUNCTULATA)}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2015-0288.1}, DOI={10.1638/2015-0288.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The purple-spined sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) is commonly found in shallow waters of the western Atlantic Ocean from the New England area of the United States to the Caribbean. Sea urchins play a major role in ocean ecology, echinoculture, and biomedical research. Additionally, sea urchins are commonly displayed in public aquaria. Baseline parameters were developed in unanesthetized urchins for righting reflex (time to regain oral recumbency) and spine response time to tactile stimulus. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) was used to sedate and anesthetize purple-spined sea urchins and assess sedation and anesthetic parameters, including adhesion to and release from a vertical surface, times to loss of response to tactile stimulus and recovery of righting reflex, and qualitative observations of induction of spawning and position of spines and pseudopodia. Sedation and anesthetic parameters were evaluated in 11 individuals in three circumstances: unaltered aquarium water for baseline behaviors, 0.4 g/L MS-222, and 0.8 g/L MS-222. Induction was defined as the release from a vertical surface with the loss of righting reflex, sedation as loss of righting reflex with retained tactile spine response, anesthesia as loss of righting reflex and loss of tactile spine response, and recovery as voluntary return to oral recumbency. MS-222 proved to be an effective sedative and anesthetic for the purple-spined sea urchin at 0.4 and 0.8 g/L, respectively. Sodium bicarbonate used to buffer MS-222 had no measurable sedative effects when used alone. Anesthesia was quickly reversed with transfer of each individual to anesthesia-free seawater, and no anesthetic-related mortality occurred. The parameters assessed in this study provide a baseline for sea urchin anesthesia and may provide helpful comparisons to similar species and populations that are in need of anesthesia for surgical procedures or research.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Christian, Larry Shane and Bayer, Meredith P. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1025–1033} }
 @misc{karreman_hanson_kebus_lewbart_loch_scarfe_2016, title={Veterinary licensing in US waters outside of state jurisdiction}, volume={249}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Karreman, G. A. and Hanson, L. and Kebus, M. and Lewbart, G. A. and Loch, T. P. and Scarfe, A. D.}, year={2016}, pages={592–592} }
 @article{lewbart_2015, title={"I had a professor who said if octopuses ever evolved into terrestrial creatures, they'd rule the world"}, volume={247}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lewbart, G.}, year={2015}, pages={126–128} }
 @article{lewbart_hirschfeld_brothers_pablo munoz-perez_denkinger_vinueza_garcia_lohmann_2015, title={Blood gases, biochemistry and haematology of Galapagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2051-1434"]}, DOI={10.1093/conphys/cov034}, abstractNote={The marine iguana is an iconic lizard endemic only to the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador, but surprisingly little information exists on baseline health parameters for this species. The values reported in this study provide baseline data that may be useful in comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among marine iguanas affected by natural disturbances or anthropogenic threats.}, journal={CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Hirschfeld, Maximilian and Brothers, J. Roger and Pablo Munoz-Perez, Juan and Denkinger, Judith and Vinueza, Luis and Garcia, Juan and Lohmann, Kenneth J.}, year={2015}, month={Jul} }
 @article{archibald_minter_dombrowski_jodi l. o'brien_lewbart_2015, title={CYSTIC UROLITHIASIS IN CAPTIVE WAXY MONKEY FROGS (PHYLLOMEDUSA SAUVAGII)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2014-0086r1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  The waxy monkey frog (Phyllomedusa sauvagii) is an arboreal amphibian native to arid regions of South America, and it has developed behavioral and physiologic adaptations to permit survival in dry environments. These adaptations include a uricotelic nitrogen metabolism and unique cutaneous lipid excretions to prevent evaporative water loss. Uroliths are a rare finding in amphibians. Six adult, presumed wild-caught waxy monkey frogs housed in a museum animal collection were diagnosed with cystic urolithiasis over a 7-yr period, and a single animal was diagnosed with four recurrent cases. Six cases were identified incidentally at routine physical or postmortem examination and four cases were identified during veterinary evaluation for coelomic distension, lethargy, anorexia, and increased soaking behavior. Calculi were surgically removed from three frogs via cystotomy, and a single frog underwent three cystotomies and two cloacotomies for recurrent urolithiasis. Two frogs died within the 24-hr postoperative period. Two representative calculi from a single frog were submitted for component analysis and found to consist of 100% ammonium urate. In the present report, cystic calculi are proposed to be the result of a high-protein diet based on a single invertebrate source, coupled with uricotelism, dehydration, increased cutaneous water loss, body temperature fluctuations facilitating supersaturation of urine, and subsequent accumulation and precipitation of urogenous wastes within the urinary bladder. Surgical cystotomy represents a short-term treatment strategy for this condition. Preventative measures, such as supplying a diversified and balanced diet in addition to environmental manipulation aimed at promoting adequate hydration, are anticipated to be more-rewarding management tools for cystic urolithiasis in the waxy monkey frog.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Archibald, Kate E. and Minter, Larry J. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Jodi L. O'Brien and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={105–112} }
 @article{shivappa_christian_noga_law_lewbart_2015, title={Laboratory Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy for Melafix (Melaleuca cajuputi Extract)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/J.JEPM.2015.04.020}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2015.04.020}, abstractNote={Abstract A study was performed at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, to assess the safety and efficacy of Melafix, an aquarium product produced by Mars Fishcare Incorporated. Studies were carried out on the goldfish ( Carassius auratus ), a freshwater species, and the false percula clownfish ( Amphiprion ocellaris ), a marine fish. Animals were monitored closely and evaluated microscopically after exposure to Melafix according to the label directions for a period of 28 days. Water-quality parameters were monitored on a daily basis. The use of Melafix on goldfish and clownfish appears to be safe as no adverse effects were noted during the experimental period. The results also showed that Melafix has no effect on the water-quality parameters tested. In vitro efficacy studies were conducted by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Melafix on various pathogens. The study revealed that Melafix had no significant bactericidal or inhibitory effect on any of the pathogens tested. This observation suggests that anecdotal benefits of Melafix are not owing to antibacterial activity. This topic requires further research and possibly an in vivo study.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Shivappa, Raghunath B. and Christian, Larry S. and Noga, Edward J. and Law, Jerry M. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={188–192} }
 @article{adamovicz_lewbart_gilger_2015, title={Phacoemulsification and aspiration for cataract management in a dollar sunfish,Lepomis marginatus(Holbrook) - a case report}, volume={38}, ISSN={0140-7775}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12346}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.12346}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 38, Issue 12 p. 1089-1092 Short Communication Phacoemulsification and aspiration for cataract management in a dollar sunfish, Lepomis marginatus (Holbrook) – a case report L Adamovicz, L Adamovicz North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Lewbart, Corresponding Author G Lewbart North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USACorrespondence G Lewbart, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail:[email protected])Search for more papers by this authorB Gilger, B Gilger North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author L Adamovicz, L Adamovicz North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Lewbart, Corresponding Author G Lewbart North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USACorrespondence G Lewbart, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail:[email protected])Search for more papers by this authorB Gilger, B Gilger North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 February 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12346Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume38, Issue12December 2015Pages 1089-1092 RelatedInformation}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Fish Diseases}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Adamovicz, L and Lewbart, G and Gilger, B}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={1089–1092} }
 @article{christiansen_cray_lewbart_harms_2015, title={Plasma Protein Electrophoresis and Acute Phase Proteins in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Following Exploratory Coeliotomy}, volume={24}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2014.11.008}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2014.11.008}, abstractNote={Abstract Measuring plasma protein electrophoresis fractions and plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins (APPs) is commonly used to monitor inflammation and illness in mammalian species, but its use is not widespread in fish species, despite the presence of similar proteins. This study aims to determine plasma protein electrophoresis values for koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and to assess the use of plasma protein electrophoresis and commercially available assays for 3 primary APPs (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin) as markers of inflammation in 13 koi following invasive surgery. Median packed cell volume decreased by nearly 50% but recovered to baseline by 14 days postsurgery. Plasma protein electrophoresis fractions were consistent across the experimental period and did not demonstrate an inflammatory pattern, but electrophoretograms exhibited variation between individual fish. No clinically meaningful changes were observed in the APPs of the test subjects 28 days following surgery. Despite grossly evident inflammation of the incision line, either this surgical procedure did not stimulate a marked systemic inflammatory response, or the available assays are not effective in detecting the acute phase inflammatory response in this fish species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Christiansen, Emily F. and Cray, Carolyn and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={76–83} }
 @article{leclere_kolb_lewbart_casoli_vogelin_2014, title={A simple animal model to learn the techniques of discrepancy vascular microanastomoses}, volume={22}, ISSN={["2292-5511"]}, DOI={10.1177/229255031402200112}, abstractNote={Background Since the pioneering work of Jacobson and Suarez, microsurgery has steadily progressed and is now used in all surgical specialities, particularly in plastic surgery. Before performing clinical procedures it is necessary to learn the basic techniques in the laboratory. Objective To assess an animal model, thereby circumventing the following issues: ethical rules, cost, anesthesia and training time. Methods Between July 2012 and September 2012, 182 earthworms were used for 150 microsurgical trainings to simulate discrepancy microanastomoses. Training was undertaken over 10 weekly periods. Each training session included 15 simulations of microanastomoses performed using the Harashina technique (earthworm diameters >1.5 mm [n=5], between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm [n=5], and <1.0 mm [n=5]). The technique is presented and documented. A linear model with main variable as the number of the week (as a numeric covariate) and the size of the animal (as a factor) was used to determine the trend in time of anastomosis over subsequent weeks as well as differences between the different size groups. Results The linear model showed a significant trend (P<0.001) in time of anastomosis in the course of the training, as well as significant differences (P<0.001) between the groups of animal of different sizes. For diameter >1.5 mm, mean anastomosis time decreased from 19.6±1.9 min to 12.6±0.7 min between the first and last week of training. For training involving smaller diameters, the results showed a reduction in execution time of 36.1% (P<0.01) (diameter between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm) and 40.6% (P<0.01) (diameter <1.0 mm) between the first and last weeks. The study demonstrates an improvement in the dexterity and speed of nodes' execution. Conclusion The earthworm appears to be a reliable experimental model for microsurgical training of discrepancy microanastomoses. Its numerous advantages, as discussed in the present report, show that this model of training will significantly grow and develop in the near future.}, number={1}, journal={PLASTIC SURGERY}, author={Leclere, Franck Marie P. and Kolb, Frederic and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Casoli, Vincent and Vogelin, Esther}, year={2014}, pages={30–33} }
 @article{bailey_minter_lewbart_harms_griffith_posner_2014, title={ALFAXALONE AS AN INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTABLE ANESTHETIC IN KOI CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2014-0056.1}, DOI={10.1638/2014-0056.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Fish are commonly anesthetized with MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), a sodium-channel-blocker used as an immersion anesthetic, but its mechanism of action as a general anesthetic is uncertain. Alfaxalone is a neurosteroid that acts at the GABAA receptors. Alfaxalone has been evaluated and was deemed successful as an immersion agent in koi carp. Alfaxalone is an effective intramuscular anesthetic in multiple species. A reliable intramuscular anesthetic in fish would be useful in multiple settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate alfaxalone as an intramuscular injectable anesthetic agent in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Eight koi carp were utilized in a crossover design. In each trial, six fish received 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg of alfaxalone intramuscularly. They were assessed every 15 min for opercular rate and sedation score. The sedation score was based on a visual scale from 0 to 5, 0 indicating no response and 5 indicating absent righting reflex and anesthesia. Anesthetized koi were placed on a fish anesthesia delivery system (FADS). Time to anesthesia/recovery was recorded and heart rate was recorded every 15 min. Anesthesia was achieved in 0/6, 1/6, and 5/6 fish at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Duration of anesthesia for one fish at 5 mg/kg was 2 hr. At 10 mg/kg, median anesthesia duration was 6.5 (3–10) hr. At 10 mg/kg, prolonged apnea (2–3 hr) was observed in 3/6 fish, 2/3 died under anesthesia, and 1/3 recovered 10 hr post-injection. Median peak sedation scores were 1.5, 2.5, and 5, at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. A dosage of 10 mg/kg alfaxalone resulted in 33% mortality. The duration of anesthesia and opercular rate were unpredictable. Due to variation in response despite consistent conditions, as well as risk of mortality, intramuscular alfaxalone cannot be recommended for anesthesia in koi carp.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Bailey, Kate M. and Minter, Larry J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Harms, Craig A. and Griffith, Emily H. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={852–858} }
 @article{lewbart_hirschfeld_denkinger_vasco_guevara_garcia_munoz_lohmann_2014, title={Blood Gases, Biochemistry, and Hematology of Galapagos Green Turtles (Chelonia Mydas)}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0096487}, abstractNote={The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, is an endangered marine chelonian with a circum-global distribution. Reference blood parameter intervals have been published for some chelonian species, but baseline hematology, biochemical, and blood gas values are lacking from the Galapagos sea turtles. Analyses were done on blood samples drawn from 28 green turtles captured in two foraging locations on San Cristóbal Island (14 from each site). Of these turtles, 20 were immature and of unknown sex; the other eight were males (five mature, three immature). A portable blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used to obtain near immediate field results for pH, lactate, pO2, pCO2, HCO3 −, Hct, Hb, Na, K, iCa, and Glu. Parameter values affected by temperature were corrected in two ways: (1) with standard formulas; and (2) with auto-corrections made by the iSTAT. The two methods yielded clinically equivalent results. Standard laboratory hematology techniques were employed for the red and white blood cell counts and the hematocrit determination, which was also compared to the hematocrit values generated by the iSTAT. Of all blood analytes, only lactate concentrations were positively correlated with body size. All other values showed no significant difference between the two sample locations nor were they correlated with body size or internal temperature. For hematocrit count, the iSTAT blood analyzer yielded results indistinguishable from those obtained with high-speed centrifugation. The values reported in this study provide baseline data that may be useful in comparisons among populations and in detecting changes in health status among Galapagos sea turtles. The findings might also be helpful in future efforts to demonstrate associations between specific biochemical parameters and disease.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Hirschfeld, Maximilian and Denkinger, Judith and Vasco, Karla and Guevara, Nataly and Garcia, Juan and Munoz, Juanpablo and Lohmann, Kenneth J.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{archibald_minter_lewbart_bailey_2014, title={Collection and characterization of semen from Chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea)}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.75.10.929}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Archibald, Kate E. and Minter, Larry J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Bailey, C. Scott}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={929–936} }
 @article{libraries_2014, title={Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diseased Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) are virulent to channel catfish and Nile tilapia}, volume={5}, ISSN={2309-5288 2309-6152}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.12980/jclm.2.2014jclm-2014-0005}, DOI={10.12980/jclm.2.2014jclm-2014-0005}, journal={Journal of Coastal Life Medicine}, publisher={Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine Press}, author={Libraries, NC State University}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{salgado_lewbart_christian_griffith_law_2014, title={Evaluation of five different suture materials in the skin of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)}, volume={3}, ISSN={2193-1801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-423}, DOI={10.1186/2193-1801-3-423}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SpringerPlus}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Salgado, Melissa A and Lewbart, Gregory A and Christian, Larry S and Griffith, Emily H and Law, Jerry}, year={2014}, pages={423} }
 @article{oda_bailey_lewbart_griffith_posner_2014, title={Physiologic and biochemical assessments of koi (Cyprinus carpio) following immersion in propofol}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.11.1286}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Oda, Ayako and Bailey, Kate M. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Griffith, Emily H. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={1286–1291} }
 @article{minter_bailey_harms_lewbart_posner_2014, title={The efficacy of alfaxalone for immersion anesthesia in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={41}, ISSN={1467-2987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12113}, DOI={10.1111/vaa.12113}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To characterize the physiologic and behavioral effects of a single induction dose and two maintenance doses of alfaxalone delivered by water immersion in the anesthesia of koi (Cyprinus carpio).


STUDY DESIGN
Prospective, within-subject complete crossover design.


ANIMALS
Six adult koi (Cyprinus carpio) with a median body weight of 344.5 g (range 292.0-405.0 g).


METHODS
Koi were immersed in water containing 10 mg L(-1) alfaxalone until immobile and then maintained with alfaxalone at either 1 or 2.5 mg L(-1) via a recirculating water system. Times for anesthetic induction and recovery periods were recorded. Physiologic and blood gas parameters were evaluated before, during and after the anesthetic trial. Response to noxious stimuli was also assessed.


RESULTS
Median anesthesia induction time for all fish was 5.4 minutes. Median recovery time was 11.8 and 26.4 minutes in the 1.0 and 2.5 mg L(-1) doses, respectively, which were significantly different (p = 0.04). Cessation of opercular movement occurred in 0/6 and 4/6 fish exposed to 1.0 and 2.5 mg L(-1) dose respectively. No difference was observed in median heart rate over the duration of the anesthetic events. Response to noxious stimulation was 4/6 and 0/6 in the 1.0 and 2.5 mg L(-1) doses respectively. Oxygenation and ventilation did not change during the experiment, but there was a significant decrease in blood pH along with an increase in blood lactate concentration.


CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Administration of alfaxalone, via water immersion, as an induction and maintenance anesthesia agent provided rapid and reliable anesthesia of koi with no mortality. The maintenance dose of 2.5 mg L(-1) was sufficient to prevent response to noxious stimuli but was associated with a clinically relevant depression in opercular rate.}, number={4}, journal={Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Minter, Larry J and Bailey, Kate M and Harms, Craig A and Lewbart, Gregory A and Posner, Lysa P}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={398–405} }
 @article{dreyfuss_geyer_stamper_baldessari_lewbart_2014, title={Zinc toxicosis in a brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1365-2761"]}, DOI={10.1111/jfd.12130}, abstractNote={Zinc toxicosis has been well documented in virtually all vertebrate groups (Ackerman et al. 1990; Droual, Meteyer & Galey 1991; Zdziarski et al. 1994). To our knowledge, no literature has addressed the subject of acute zinc toxicosis in fish due to an ingested foreign body. Research has focused on zinc toxicoses due to dissolved or water-borne zinc sulphate (Holcombe, Benoit & Leonard 1979). This case report describes an instance of apparent zinc toxicosis in a captive brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, which had ingested a 1995 U.S. penny. A 0.486-kg adult male brook trout of approximately 2–3 years of age presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM), Raleigh, NC, USA, for the evaluation of a cranial mass and a history of moderate lethargy and inappetence for several weeks. On physical examination, the fish appeared sluggish and had a 1.0 9 1.5 cm raised lesion on the right side of its head, caudal to the eye. The right eye was slightly exophthalmic. The fish had been housed in a mixed species indoor artificial freshwater stream exhibit with conspecifics from the same hatchery (Armstrong State Fish Hatchery), rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., at a regional life science museum. The exhibit showcased a 5-m waterfall that emptied into an upper 3-m-long pool. Water flowed from the upper to the lower pool via a 3-m by 0.3-m-deep stream. The affected trout was housed in the upper pool, where a number of coins were noted on the bottom of the exhibit. Coins were typically removed weekly with a net, unless they were unreachable, in which case they were removed during the draining and cleaning of the tanks once per year. Brook trout were fed Purina Game Fish Chow (Purina Mills, LLC) once daily. The fish was anaesthetized at the NCSU-CVM in an induction tank with 150 mg L 1 tricaine methanesulfonate (TRICAINE-S; Western Chemical, Inc., buffered 1:1 sodium bicarbonate), and a biopsy of the raised cranial lesion was obtained for histopathology. The fish was then moved to a recovery tank holding anaesthetic-free water until a righting reflex was observed. Biopsy results and analysis of fluid from retrobulbar space indicated a nerve sheath tumour. No action was taken at the time to completely excise the tumour. Ten days following the anaesthesia and biopsy procedure, the trout’s condition deteriorated, and the fish was killed with an overdose of tricaine methanesulfonate (400 mg L ). On necropsy, the significant gross findings included a corneal abrasion of the right eye, pale gills and flesh, ‘waterylike’ cardiac blood and the presence of a partially corroded 1995 penny in the stomach. A fresh liver sample was homogenized and tested using atomic Correspondence G A Lewbart, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail: greg_lewbart@ncsu.edu) *Present address: Department of Education and Science Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resorts , EC Trl. W-251, 2016 North Avenue of the Stars, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830-1000, USA. †Present address: Washington National Primate Research Center, University of WA, Seattle, WA98195, USA.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Dreyfuss, J. and Geyer, J. and Stamper, M. A. and Baldessari, A. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={397–399} }
 @article{dombrowski_de voe_lewbart_2013, title={Comparison of Isoflurane and Carbon Dioxide Anesthesia in Chilean Rose Tarantulas (Grammostola rosea)}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0733-3188"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.21026}, abstractNote={This study investigated the use of two anesthetic agents, isoflurane and carbon dioxide, in Chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea). We compared the onset, duration of anesthesia, and recovery time with both gases, and made observations regarding the effects of the anesthetic protocols. Subjectively, episodes for the isoflurane animals were uneventful. The spiders were calm throughout and did not respond adversely to gas exposure. Conversely, animals anesthetized with carbon dioxide experienced violent inductions and recoveries; the tarantulas appeared agitated when the carbon dioxide flow began. Seizure‐like activity and defecation would frequently be noted prior to induction with carbon dioxide. Neither isoflurane nor carbon dioxide seemed to have any clinically apparent short‐ or long‐term impact. The animals were all normal for at least 1‐year postexperiment. Future studies should focus on defining the impact, if any, that these anesthetic agents have on the health of invertebrate species. Zoo Biol. 32:101‐103, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.}, number={1}, journal={ZOO BIOLOGY}, author={Dombrowski, Daniel S. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2013}, pages={101–103} }
 @article{minter_harms_archibald_broadhurst_bailey_christiansen_lewbart_posner_2013, title={EFFICACY OF ALFAXALONE FOR INTRAVASCULAR ANESTHESIA AND EUTHANASIA IN BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS)}, volume={44}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2012-0285r1.1}, DOI={10.1638/2012-0285r1.1}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to characterize the behavioral effects and changes in heart rate of four doses of alfaxalone delivered by intravascular injection to blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Thirty (male, n = 27; female, n = 3) blue crabs were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups of alfaxalone: eight animals were assigned to each of the 5-, 10-, and 15-mg/kg treatment groups, and the remaining six animals were assigned to the 100-mg/kg group. Times for anesthetic induction and recovery periods were recorded. Righting reflex, defensive posturing, and heart rate were evaluated before, during, and after the anesthetic trial. Anesthesia was induced in all 14 animals consolidated into the high-dosage group (15 mg/kg [n = 8] and 100 mg/kg [n = 6]), which was significantly greater than 8 of 16 animals in the low-dosage group (5 mg/kg [n = 2] and 10 mg/kg [n = 6]). Median anesthesia induction time for all crabs was 0.4 min, with no significant difference in induction time between groups observed. Median recovery time was 9.4 min (n = 2), 6.1 min (n = 5), 11.3 min (n = 8), and 66.1 min (n = 5) for the 5-, 10-, 15-, and 100-mg/kg groups, respectively. Recovery times were significantly longer for crabs exposed to an induction dose of 100 mg/kg compared with the 10- and 15-mg/kg induction doses. A significant decrease in the median heart rate was observed between the baseline value and that observed at both induction and 5 min postinjection in the 100-mg/kg dose trial. Two mortalities were observed during the anesthesia trials (n = 1, 10 mg/kg; n = 1, 100 mg/kg), both associated with the autotomization of limbs. In summary, the intravascular administration of alfaxalone at 15 mg/kg provided rapid and reliable sedation, whereas alfaxalone administered at 100 mg/kg produced rapid and long lasting anesthesia.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Minter, Larry J. and Harms, Craig A. and Archibald, Kate E and Broadhurst, Heather and Bailey, Kate M. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={694–699} }
 @article{leclere_trelles_lewbart_voegelin_2013, title={Is There Good Simulation Basic Training for End-To-Side Vascular Microanastomoses?}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0364-216X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00266-012-0005-0}, abstractNote={Microvascular anastomosis is the cornerstone of free tissue transfers. Irrespective of the microsurgical technique that one seeks to integrate or improve, the time commitment in the laboratory is significant. After extensive previous training on several animal models, we sought to identify an animal model that circumvents the following issues: ethical rules, cost, time-consuming and expensive anesthesia, and surgical preparation of tissues required to access vessels before performing the microsurgical training, not to mention that laboratories are closed on weekends. Between January 2012 and April 2012, a total of 91 earthworms were used for 150 microsurgical training exercises to simulate vascular end-to-side microanastomosis. The training sessions were divided into ten periods of 7 days. Each training session included 15 simulations of end-to-side vascular microanastomoses: larger than 1.5 mm (n = 5), between 1.0 and 1.5 mm (n = 5), and smaller than 1.0 mm (n = 5). A linear model with the main variables being the number of weeks (as a numerical covariate) and the size of the animal (as a factor) was used to determine the trend in time of anastomosis over subsequent weeks as well as the differences between the different size groups. The linear model shows a significant trend (p < 0.001) in time of anastomosis in the course of the training, as well as significant differences (p < 0.001) between the groups of animals of different sizes. For microanastomoses larger than 1.5 mm, the mean anastomosis time decreased from 19.3 ± 1.0 to 11.1 ± 0.4 min between the first and last week of training (decrease of 42.5 %). For training with smaller diameters, the results showed a decrease in execution time of 43.2 % (diameter between 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and 40.9 % (diameter <1.0 mm) between the first and last periods. The study demonstrates an improvement in the dexterity and speed of nodes execution. The earthworm appears to be a reliable experimental model for microsurgical training of end-to-side microanastomoses. Its numerous advantages are discussed here and we predict training on earthworms will significantly grow and develop in the near future. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .}, number={2}, journal={AESTHETIC PLASTIC SURGERY}, author={Leclere, Franck Marie P. and Trelles, Mario and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Voegelin, Esther}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={454–458} }
 @article{leclere_lewbart_rieben_voegelin_2013, title={Microsurgery and liver research: Lumbricus terrestris, a reliable animal model for training?}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2210-741X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.clinre.2012.04.008}, abstractNote={Experiments using animal models are the most common way to learn microsurgery. This expertise is necessary for liver research, microsurgical reconstruction of the esophagus by free jejunum or reconstruction of the hepatic artery during reimplantation from living donors. The goal of this prospective study is to assess the reliability of an invertebrate model for microsurgical training. Between November 2011 and January 2012, 150 microsurgical trainings simulating vascular end-to-end microanastomoses were performed on 134 earthworms. The trainings were divided into 10 periods of 1 week each that included 15 simulations of end-to-end vascular microanastomoses: larger than 1.5 mm (n = 5), ranging in size from 1.0 to 1.5 mm (n = 5), and size less than 1.0 mm (n = 5). The technique is presented and documented. For diameters greater than 1.5 mm, the mean anastomosis time decreased from 17.9 ± 0.9 min to 9.9 ± 0.2 min between the first and last week of training. For training with smaller diameters, the results showed a decrease in execution time of 41.8% (diameters between 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and 38.6% (diameters < 1.0 mm) between the first and last periods. The study underlines an improvement in the dexterity and speed of nodes’ execution. The earthworm appears to be a reliable experimental model for microsurgical training. It is more ethical than using rats, less expensive than vertebrate animal models, and allows the operator to gain in both confidence and time of execution.}, number={2}, journal={CLINICS AND RESEARCH IN HEPATOLOGY AND GASTROENTEROLOGY}, author={Leclere, Franck Marie P. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Rieben, Robert and Voegelin, Esther}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={166–170} }
 @article{raske_lewbart_dombrowski_hale_correa_christian_2012, title={BODY TEMPERATURES OF SELECTED AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SPECIES}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0244r.1}, abstractNote={Ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group of animals that rely on external sources to maintain a preferred body temperature. Amphibians and reptiles have a preferred optimal temperature zone that allows for optimal biological function. Physiologic processes in ectotherms are influenced by temperature; these animals have capabilities in which they make use of behavioral and physiologic mechanisms to thermoregulate. Core body, ambient air, body surface, and surface/water temperatures were obtained from six ectothermic species including one anuran, two snakes, two turtles, and one alligator. Clinically significant differences between core body temperature and ambient temperature were noted in the black rat snake, corn snake, and eastern box turtle. No significant differences were found between core body and ambient temperature for the American alligator, bullfrog, mata mata turtle, dead spotted turtle, or dead mole king snake. This study indicates some ectotherms are able to regulate their body temperatures independent of their environment. Body temperature of ectotherms is an important component that clinicians should consider when selecting and providing therapeutic care. Investigation of basic physiologic parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature) from a diverse population of healthy ectothermic vertebrates may provide baseline data for a systematic health care approach.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Raske, Matthew and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Hale, Peyton and Correa, Maria and Christian, Larry S.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={517–521} }
 @article{lewbart_mosley_2012, title={CLINICAL ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA IN INVERTEBRATES}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1931-6283"]}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.007}, abstractNote={Abstract Invertebrates are an expansive and diverse group of animals that have had little attention regarding anesthesia and analgesia. Economic use, environmental awareness, laboratory research, and increasing demand for invertebrates as pets has lead to a greater desire for knowledge for these animals in the veterinary medical community. With the increasing number of animal welfare regulations, various scientific studies have improved the overall knowledge of invertebrate medicine, but much more research is required to fully understand anesthesia techniques in the different species treated by veterinarians. Analgesia is a controversial and often neglected topic with invertebrates because of the common belief that invertebrates do not feel pain. Recently, the idea that invertebrates do not feel pain has been challenged with the discovery of nociceptive pathways similar to those in vertebrates. This article presents a general overview of anesthetics and analgesics used in selective invertebrate taxa.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Mosley, Conny}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={59–70} }
 @article{waffa_montgerard_grafinger_christian_dombrowski_lewbart_2012, title={DORSAL LAMINECTOMY IN A TWO-TOED AMPHIUMA (AMPHIUMA MEANS)}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0247r2.1}, abstractNote={An adult male two-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma means) was evaluated for kyphosis and a self-inflicted ulcerative dermal lesion at the site of a midbody spinal deformity. Radiology revealed a proliferative bony lesion at the 39th vertebra. A dorsal laminectomy was performed to alleviate pressure on the spinal cord believed to be secondary to bone remodeling. Resolution of the scoliosis occurred at the surgical site, and the ulcerative lesion of the body wall healed. Three weeks postoperatively, the amphiuma resumed self-mutilation caudal to the surgery site. Euthanasia was elected. Necropsy revealed focal osteonecrosis and vertebral fractures at the laminectomy site with regionally extensive fibrosis, fibrin deposition, and focal spinal cord compression. Resolution of clinical signs suggests that surgical decompression of the spine was clinically successful short term, but the patient deteriorated for reasons possibly related, although not directly attributable, to the surgery.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Waffa, Bradley J. and Montgerard, A. Christine and Grafinger, Mike S. and Christian, Larry S. and Dombrowski, Daniel S. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={927–930} }
 @article{royal_lascelles_lewbart_correa_jones_2012, title={EVALUATION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN TRAUMATIZED VERSUS NORMAL TISSUES FROM EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA)}, volume={43}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0154.1}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0154.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  This pilot study was designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, or both are expressed in normal turtle tissues and whether level of expression changes when tissue becomes inflamed. Five eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, that either died or were euthanatized due to disease or injuries were used for this work. Tissues were obtained from the five turtles. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate tissues for COX-1 and COX-2 proteins. Densiometric analysis was used to compare Western blot bands within each turtle. COX-1 and COX-2 were found in the liver, kidney, grossly normal muscle, and grossly traumatized (inflamed) muscle of all study turtles. In all cases, COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were increased in traumatized muscle over grossly normal nontraumatized muscle. The highest levels of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were found in kidney and liver. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-1 protein in liver and kidney, but traumatized muscle compared with grossly normal muscle had significantly greater COX-1 but not COX 2 protein concentrations. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-2 protein in liver and kidney. Traumatized muscle expressed nonstatistically significant greater amounts of COX-2 compared with grossly normal muscle. COX-1 and COX-2 proteins are expressed in turtle tissues, and both isoforms are up-regulated during inflammation of muscle tissue. Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that block both COX isoforms might be more efficacious than COX-2–selective drugs. This work suggests that NSAIDs should be evaluated for potential liver and kidney toxicity in turtles.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Royal, Lillian W and Lascelles, B. Duncan X and Lewbart, Gregory A and Correa, Maria T and Jones, Samuel L}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={289–295} }
 @article{braverman_leibovitz_lewbart_2012, title={Green algal infection of American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) exoskeletal structures}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1096-0805"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jip.2012.06.002}, abstractNote={Degenerative lesions in the dorsum of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) exoskeleton, eyes, arthrodial membrane, and base of the telson were documented in a population of wild caught laboratory animals. The disease can lead to loss of tissue structure and function, deformed shells, abnormal molting, loss of ocular structures, erosion of interskeletal membranes, and cardiac hemorrhage. Microscopy, histopathology, and in vitro culture confirmed the causative agent to be a green algae of the family Ulvaceae. Further research may explain how green algae overcome horseshoe crab innate immunity leading to external and internal damage.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Braverman, Hillary and Leibovitz, Louis and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={90–93} }
 @book{libraries_2012, title={Invertebrate medicine}, DOI={10.1002/9780470960806}, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Libraries, NC State University}, year={2012} }
 @article{ward_hall_christian_lewbart_2012, title={Plasma biochemistry and condition of confiscated hatchling pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelys insculpta)}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Ward, J. L. and Hall, K. and Christian, L. S. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2012}, pages={38–45} }
 @article{minter_stoskopf_serrano_burrus_lewbart_2012, title={Suspected lead toxicosis in an electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (L.)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01386.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 35, Issue 8 p. 603-606 Short Communication Suspected lead toxicosis in an electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (L.) L J Minter, L J Minter Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM Serrano, M Serrano Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus NC Aquarium/Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG A Lewbart, G A Lewbart Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author L J Minter, L J Minter Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM K Stoskopf, M K Stoskopf Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorM Serrano, M Serrano Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorO Burrus, O Burrus NC Aquarium/Roanoke Island, Manteo, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG A Lewbart, G A Lewbart Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 May 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01386.xCitations: 1 L J Minter, Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Ayotunde E.O. & Ochang S.N. (2004) Ichthyhaematological studies on the electric catfish, Malapterurus electricus. Global Journal of Agricultural Science 3, 5–14. Google Scholar Barak N.E. & Mason C.F. (1990) Mercury, cadmium and lead in eels and roachs: the effect of size, season and locality on metal concentrations in flesh and liver. The Science of the Total Environment 92, 249–256. 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90334-Q CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Blakley B.R. (1984) A retrospective study of lead poisoning in cattle. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 26, 505–507. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bratton G.R. & Kowalczk D.F. (1989) Lead poisoning. In: Current Veterinary Therapy X (ed. by R.W. Kirk), pp 152–159. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar Ciftci N., Cicik B., Erdem C. & Ay Ö. (2008) Effects of lead concentrations on sera parameters and hematocrit levels in Anguilla anguilla. Journal of Fisheries Science 2, 616–622. CASGoogle Scholar Dumonceaux G. & Harrison G.J. (1994) Toxins. In: Avian Medicine: Principles and Applications (ed. by B.W. Ritchie, G.J. Harrison & L.R. Harrison), pp 1030–1052. Wingers, Lake Worth, FL. Google Scholar Franson J.C. (1996) Interpretation of tissue lead residues in birds other than waterfowl. In: Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (ed. by W.N. Beyer, G.H. Heinz & A.W. Redmon-Norwood), pp 265–279. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Google Scholar Martinez C.R., Nagae M.Y., Zaia C.V. & Zaia D.M. (2004) Acute morphological and physiological effects of lead in the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64, 797–807. 10.1590/S1519-69842004000500009 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Mautino M. (1997) Lead and zinc intoxication in zoological medicine: a review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28, 28–35. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar McDonald S.E. (1986) Lead poisoning in psittacine birds. In: Current Veterinary Therapy IX (ed. by R.W. Kirk), pp 713–718. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, PA. Web of Science®Google Scholar Morgan R.V., Moore F.M., Pearce L.K. & Rossi T. (1991) Clinical and laboratory findings in small companion animals with lead poisoning: 347 cases (1977–1986). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 199, 93–97. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Penumarthy L., Oehme F.W. & Hayes R.H. (1980) Lead, cadmium, and mercury tissue residue in healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and horses from midwestern United States. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 9, 193–206. 10.1007/BF01055374 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Poppenga R.H. (1992) Common toxicoses of waterfowl, loons, and raptors. In: Current Veterinary Therapy XI (ed. by R.W. Kirk), pp 183–188. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. Google Scholar Prasad G. & Charles S. (2010) Haematology and leucocyte enzyme cytochemistry of a threatened yellow catfish Horabagrus brachysoma. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 36, 435–443. 10.1007/s10695-009-9313-y CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Santos M.A. & Aristides H. (1990) Influence of inorganic lead on the biochemical blood composition of the eel, Anguilla anguilla. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 20, 7–9. 10.1016/0147-6513(90)90040-C CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Shah S.L. (2006) Hematological parameters in tench Tinca tinca after short term exposure to lead. Journal of Applied Toxicology 26, 223–228. 10.1002/jat.1129 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Silbergeld E.K. & Goldberg A.M. (1980) Problems in experimental studies of lead poisoning. In: Lead Toxicity (ed. by R.L. Singhal & J.A. Thomas), pp 19–41. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore. Google Scholar Sorensen E.M. (1991) Lead. In: Metal Poisoning in Fish (ed. by E.M. Sorensen), pp 95–110. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Web of Science®Google Scholar Zook B.C., Sauer R.M. & Garner F.M. (1972) Lead poisoning in captive wild animals. Journal of Wildlife Disease 8, 264–272. 10.7589/0090-3558-8.3.264 CASPubMedGoogle Scholar Citing Literature Volume35, Issue8August 2012Pages 603-606 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Minter, L. J. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Serrano, M. and Burrus, O. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={603–606} }
 @article{ardente_christian_borst_lewbart_2011, title={CLINICAL CHALLENGE}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0028.1}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Ardente, Amanda J. and Christian, Larry S. and Borst, Luke B. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={770–773} }
 @article{minter_clarke_gjeltema_archibald_posner_lewbart_2011, title={EFFECTS OF INTRAMUSCULAR MELOXICAM ADMINISTRATION ON PROSTAGLANDIN E2 SYNTHESIS IN THE NORTH AMERICAN BULLFROG (RANA CATESBEIANA)}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2011-0126.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Meloxicam is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in veterinary medicine, but its use in amphibians has not been reported in the literature. NSAIDs are known to act by providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the intramuscular administration of meloxicam would decrease the circulating serum PGE2 levels in the North American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) following tissue trauma induced by a punch biopsy. Eighteen adult North American bullfrogs were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg i.m.) and control (0.9% saline i.m.). Blood was obtained via cardiocentesis immediately prior to administration of the two treatment regimes and serum was frozen. A 4-mm punch biopsy was taken from the right triceps femoris muscle to induce an inflammatory response. Twenty-four hours later, a second blood sample was collected and serum was harvested and frozen. Serum PGE2 concentrations were measured using a commercial PGE2 enzyme assay (EIA) kit. Twenty-four hours following the biopsy, the mean circulating PGE2 levels of animals treated with meloxicam was 57.79 ± 12.35 pg/ml, which did not differ significantly from animals that were treated with saline (85.63 ± 17.55 pg/ml, P ≥ 0.05). The calculated means of the absolute change between the circulating baseline PGE2 levels and the postinjury circulating PGE2 levels were significantly lower in animals treated with meloxicam (13.11 ± 17.31 pg/ml) than in control animals treated with saline (46.14 ± 38.02 pg/ml) (P ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that the systemic administration of meloxicam at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg once daily suppresses circulating serum PGE2 levels postinjury in the North American bullfrog.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Minter, Larry J. and Clarke, Elsburgh O. and Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and Archibald, Kate E. and Posner, Lysa P. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={680–685} }
 @article{leclere_germain_lewbart_unglaub_mordon_louis_2011, title={Microsurgery in liver research: End-to-side portocaval microanastomoses in dogfish}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2210-741X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.clinre.2011.06.016}, abstractNote={The use of an operating microscope in animal liver surgery has made it possible to obtain new experimental models. The goal of this prospective animal study is to present our experience with dogfish portocaval microanastomoses.Nineteen portocaval microanastomoses were performed in dogfish. The end-to-side anastomoses were accomplished using continuous 11-0 sutures. The diameter of the vessels and time required for the anastomoses were measured. A patency test and its outcome were also prospectively evaluated at the time of anastomoses and then 3 and 6 months after.The mean vessel diameter was 2.5 ± 0.2mm. The mean anastomosis time was 14 ± 1.5 min. The anastomoses patency rate was 100% at the time of surgery. A postoperative control performed after 3 and 6 months showed a partial stenosis in three animals.The dogfish appears to be a reliable experimental model in liver research. Moreover, this technique could be used for microsurgical training.}, number={10}, journal={CLINICS AND RESEARCH IN HEPATOLOGY AND GASTROENTEROLOGY}, author={Leclere, F. M. and Germain, M. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Unglaub, F. and Mordon, S. and Louis, D.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={650–654} }
 @article{lewbart_christian_harms_van wettere_2010, title={A Comparison of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Health Assessment in Asian Clams Corbicula fluminea from Florida and North Carolina}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/h09-041.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christian, Larry S. and Harms, Craig A. and Van Wettere, Arnaud J.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={73–77} }
 @article{minter_wood_hill_lewbart_2010, title={CYSTOSCOPIC GUIDED REMOVAL OF ECTOPIC EGGS FROM THE URINARY BLADDER OF THE FLORIDA COOTER TURTLE (PSEUDEMYS FLORIDANA FLORIDANA)}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/2009-0196.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Three gravid, female, wild Florida cooter turtles (Pseudemys floridana floridana) were evaluated and treated by the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team as a result of traumatic injuries or infection. As part of medical management, oviposition was induced using oxytocin, which was only partially effective. In all three cases, ectopic eggs were subsequently identified in the urinary bladder by ultrasound and were successfully removed via a minimally invasive cystoscopic-guided technique. One of the three turtles died within several days of the procedure, and necropsy revealed granulomatous bacterial cystitis. It is hypothesized that these complications were likely due to the length of time between induction with oxytocin and the identification and removal of the ectopic egg.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Minter, Larry J. and Wood, Michael W. and Hill, Tracy L. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={503–509} }
 @article{anderson_davis_law_lewbart_christian_harms_2010, title={Gross and histologic evaluation of 5 suture materials in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the california sea hare (Aplysia californica)}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Anderson, E. T. and Davis, A. S. and Law, J. M. and Lewbart, G. A. and Christian, L. S. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2010}, pages={64–68} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_2010, title={The veterinarian’s role in surgical implantation of electronic tags in fish}, volume={21}, ISSN={0960-3166 1573-5184}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-010-9185-3}, DOI={10.1007/s11160-010-9185-3}, number={1}, journal={Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2010}, month={Nov}, pages={25–33} }
 @article{freeman_lewbart_robarge_harms_law_stoskopf_2009, title={Characterizing eversion syndrome in captive scyphomedusa jellyfish}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.9.1087}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Freeman, K.S. and Lewbart, G.A. and Robarge, W.P. and Harms, C.A. and Law, J.M. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={1087–1093} }
 @article{charles-smith_lewbart_aresco_cowen_2009, title={Detection of Salmonella in Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) During Two Relocation Efforts in Florida}, volume={8}, ISSN={1071-8443}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0771.1}, DOI={10.2744/ccb-0771.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Two separate populations of threatened gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in Florida were found to carry Salmonella spp. during relocation efforts from Orange and St. Johns Counties to Walton County. The potentially zoonotic bacteria were detected using cloacal swabs for culture and PCR analysis. Although there was a difference in the amount of perceived clinical stress undergone in each group, the percentage of tortoises shedding Salmonella was not statistically significant between the cohorts (9% and 11%). All isolates underwent antibiotic sensitivity testing and were susceptible to 10 antibiotic compounds.}, number={2}, journal={Chelonian Conservation and Biology}, publisher={Chelonian Conservation and Biology Journal}, author={Charles-Smith, Lauren E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Aresco, Matthew J. and Cowen, Peter}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={213–216} }
 @article{church_grafinger_harms_lewbart_christian_beasley_2009, title={SURGICAL REPAIR OF SEVERE FLIPPER LACERATIONS IN A LOGGERHEAD, CARETTA CARETTA, AND A KEMP'S RIDLEY, LEPIDOCHELYS KEMPII, SEA TURTLE}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2008-0163.1}, abstractNote={Abstract A loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and a Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempii, sea turtle were presented to the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of distal flipper injuries. The goal for both animals at presentation was to preserve limb function and avoid complete amputation. A severe full-thickness flipper laceration was successfully reapposed in the first case, and a rotational flap was used to cover exposed tissue in the second case. Limb function was improved and complete amputations were avoided in both turtles.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Church, Melanie L. and Grafinger, Michael S. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregor A. and Christian, Larry S. and Beasley, Jean F.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={744–751} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2008, title={Advanced clinical diagnostics for invertebrates}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AVMA Annual Conference}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008} }
 @article{harms_christian_burrus_hopkins_pandiri_law_wolf_butler_lewbart_2008, title={Cryotherapy for removal of a premaxillary mass from a chain pickerel using an over-the-counter wart remover}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Harms, C. A. and Christian, L. S. and Burrus, O. and Hopkins, W. B. and Pandiri, A. K. R. and Law, M. and Wolf, K. N. and Butler, C. M. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008}, pages={15–17} }
 @article{lewbart_2008, title={Koi health}, number={Summer 2008}, journal={Ponds}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008}, pages={48–55} }
 @article{minter_landry_lewbart_2008, title={Prophylactic ovariosalpingectomy using a prefemoral approach in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={163}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.163.16.487}, abstractNote={OVARIOSALPINGECTOMIES have been performed on captive chelonians for a variety of reasons, including follicular stasis, egg retention, ectopic eggs, salpingitis and dystocia ([McArthur 2000][1], [Innis and Boyer 2002][2], [DeNardo 2006][3]). Until recently, surgical access to the coelomic cavity of}, number={16}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Minter, L. J. and Landry, M. M. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={487–488} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2008, title={Shell repair techniques in chelonians}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Gopher Tortoise Council}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2008}, pages={28–29} }
 @article{van wettere_lewbart_2007, title={Cytologic Diagnosis of Diseases of Invertebrates}, volume={10}, ISSN={1094-9194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2006.11.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvex.2006.11.003}, abstractNote={Invertebrate medicine in the context of an exotic or zoo animal veterinary practice is in its infancy. Establishment of species-specific reference values and evaluation of the effectiveness of cytology for diagnosis of specific diseases are necessary. Despite the lack of normal reference parameters for most species encountered in clinical practice, important information may be obtained from cytologic examination of tissue imprints, aspirates, scrapings, and hemolymph. This information may be essential to establish a specific diagnosis, focus investigations, and influence treatments. It is hoped that this article stimulates veterinarians who work with invertebrates to use diagnostic cytology and disseminate the results of their experience.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Van Wettere, Arnaud and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={235–254} }
 @article{royal_grafinger_lascelles_lewbart_christian_2007, title={Internal fixation of a femur fracture in an American bullfrog}, volume={230}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.8.1201}, DOI={10.2460/javma.230.8.1201}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Royal, Lillian W. and Grafinger, Michael S. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christian, Larry S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={1201–1204} }
 @inbook{gunkel_lewbart_2007, title={Invertebrates}, ISBN={9780813825663}, DOI={10.1002/9780470376478.ch13}, abstractNote={Chapter 13 Invertebrates Cornelia Gunkel, Cornelia GunkelSearch for more papers by this authorGregory A. Lewbart, Gregory A. LewbartSearch for more papers by this author Cornelia Gunkel, Cornelia GunkelSearch for more papers by this authorGregory A. Lewbart, Gregory A. LewbartSearch for more papers by this author Gary West DVM, Dipl ACZM, Gary West DVM, Dipl ACZM Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma State University's College of Veterinary MedicineSearch for more papers by this authorDarryl Heard BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM, Darryl Heard BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM University of Florida, College of Veterinary MedicineSearch for more papers by this authorNigel Caulkett DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA, Nigel Caulkett DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA University of Calgary, College of Veterinary MedicineSearch for more papers by this author Book Author(s):Gary West DVM, Dipl ACZM, Gary West DVM, Dipl ACZM Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden, Oklahoma State University's College of Veterinary MedicineSearch for more papers by this authorDarryl Heard BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM, Darryl Heard BSc, BVMS, PhD, Dipl ACZM University of Florida, College of Veterinary MedicineSearch for more papers by this authorNigel Caulkett DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA, Nigel Caulkett DVM, MVetSc, Dipl ACVA University of Calgary, College of Veterinary MedicineSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 October 2007 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470376478.ch13Citations: 9 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter contains section titled: Introduction Taxonomic Groups Pain Management Euthanasia References Citing Literature Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia RelatedInformation}, booktitle={Zoo animal & wildlife immobilization and anesthesia}, publisher={Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Gunkel, C. and Lewbart, Gregory}, editor={G. West, D. Heard and Caulkett, N.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={147–158} }
 @article{lewbart_2007, title={Koi surgery today}, journal={Koi World and Water Gardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2007}, pages={32–39} }
 @article{miller_fuller_gebreyes_lewbart_shchelkunov_shivappa_joiner_woolford_stone_dixon_et al._2007, title={Phylogenetic analysis of spring virema of carp virus reveals distinct subgroups with common origins for recent isolates in North America and the UK}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao076193}, abstractNote={Genetic relationships between 35 spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) genogroup Ia isolates were determined based on the nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) gene and glycoprotein (G) genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on P gene sequences revealed 2 distinct subgroups within SVCV genogroup Ia, designated SVCV Iai and Iaii, and suggests at least 2 independent introductions of the virus into the USA in 2002. Combined P- and G-sequence data support the emergence of SVCV in Illinois, USA, and in Lake Ontario, Canada, from the initial outbreak in Wisconsin, USA, and demonstrate a close genetic link to viruses isolated during routine import checks on fish brought into the UK from Asia. The data also showed a genetic link between SVCV isolations made in Missouri and Washington, USA, in 2004 and the earlier isolation made in North Carolina, USA, in 2002. However, based on the close relationship to a 2004 UK isolate, the data suggest than the Washington isolate represents a third introduction into the US from a common source, rather than a reemergence from the 2002 isolate. There was strong phylogenetic support for an Asian origin for 9 of 16 UK viruses isolated either from imported fish, or shown to have been in direct contact with fish imported from Asia. In one case, there was 100% nucleotide identity in the G-gene with a virus isolated in China.}, number={3}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Miller, O. and Fuller, F. J. and Gebreyes, W. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Shchelkunov, I. S. and Shivappa, R. B. and Joiner, C. and Woolford, G. and Stone, D. M. and Dixon, P. F. and et al.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={193–204} }
 @article{palmeiro_rosenthal_lewbart_shofer_2007, title={Plasma biochemical reference intervals for koi}, volume={230}, DOI={10.2460/javma.230.5.708}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Palmeiro, B. S. and Rosenthal, K. L. and Lewbart, Gregory and Shofer, F. S.}, year={2007}, pages={708–712} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2007, title={Principles of anesthesia, analgesia, and surgery for pet fish}, booktitle={SAVMA Symposium ... Proceedings}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2007} }
 @article{lewbart_2006, title={Danger in the deep end: How water, power failures and chlorinated can create a deadly fish cocktail}, number={Fall 2006}, journal={Ponds}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006}, pages={22–29} }
 @article{tuttle_law_harms_lewbart_harvey_2006, title={Evaluation of the gross and histologic reactions to five commonly used suture materials in the skin of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)}, volume={45}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Tuttle, A. D. and Law, J. M. and Harms, C. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Harvey, S. B.}, year={2006}, pages={22–26} }
 @inbook{lewbart_2006, title={Fish supplement for the Exotic companion medicine handbook}, booktitle={Zoological medicine network}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006} }
 @article{wosar_lewbart_2006, title={Ileocolic intussusception in a pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus)}, volume={158}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.158.20.698}, abstractNote={Veterinary RecordVolume 158, Issue 20 p. 698-699 Article Ileocolic intussusception in a pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS, M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Wosar’s present address is Miami Veterinary Specialists, 8601 Sunset Drive, Miami, FL 33143, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS, M. A. Wosar DVM, MSpVM, DACVS Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USA Dr Wosar’s present address is Miami Veterinary Specialists, 8601 Sunset Drive, Miami, FL 33143, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM, G. A. Lewbart MS, VMD, DACZM Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 May 2006 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.158.20.698Citations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume158, Issue20May 2006Pages 698-699 RelatedInformation}, number={20}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Wosar, MA and Lewbart, GA}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={698–699} }
 @article{lewbart_2006, title={Introduction to invertebrate medicine}, volume={8}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006}, pages={25–30} }
 @book{lewbart_2006, title={Invertebrate medicine}, ISBN={0813818443}, publisher={Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006} }
 @article{lewbart_2006, title={Koi health and well-being}, journal={Koi World and Water Gardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006}, pages={42–48} }
 @inbook{cooper_lewbart_lewbart_2006, title={Laws and regulations: European and American}, ISBN={072169327X}, DOI={10.1016/b0-72-169327-x/50084-5}, booktitle={Reptile medicine and surgery (2nd ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier}, author={Cooper, M. and Lewbart, Gregory and Lewbart, D. T.}, year={2006}, pages={1031–1050} }
 @article{willens_dupree_stoskopf_lewbart_2006, title={Measurements of common iliac arterial blood flow in Anurans using Doppler ultrasound}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/05-010.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine time-average mean velocity and cross-sectional area of the common iliac artery in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and marine toads (Bufo marinus). Volumetric blood flow and weight-adjusted blood flow measurements were calculated from this data. Volumetric flow rates of frogs (31.8 ml/min) and toads (23.6 ml/min) did not differ statistically. However, when flow rates were adjusted for body mass, toads displayed a significantly greater flow rate of 238.1 ml/min/kg compared to 114.4 ml/min/kg for frogs.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Willens, Scott and Dupree, Sloan H. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={97–101} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_baynes_lewbart_taylor_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Percutaneous malathion absorption by anuran skin in flow-through diffusion cells}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1872-7077"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.010}, abstractNote={There is increased concern about the sublethal effects of organophosphorous (OP) compounds on human and animal health, including the potential role of OP compounds in the global decline of amphibian populations. Malathion is one of the most widely used OP pesticides with numerous agricultural and therapeutic applications, and exposure to environmentally applied malathion can lead to adverse systemic effects in anurans. Cutaneous absorption is considered a potentially important route of environmental exposure to OP compounds for amphibians, especially in aquatic environments. One in vitro system commonly used to determine the absorption kinetics of xenobiotics across the skin is the two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cell system. To establish cutaneous absorption kinetics of malathion, six full thickness skin samples taken from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of each of three bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and three marine toads (Bufo marinus) were placed into two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cells perfused with modified amphibian Ringer's solution. A 26 μg/cm2 dose of malathion-2,3-14C diluted in 100% ethanol was applied to each sample (0.44–0.45 μCi). Perfusate was collected at intervals over a 6 h period and analyzed for 14C in a scintillation counter. At the end of 6 h, surface swabs, tape strips, biopsy punches of the dosed area of skin, and peripheral samples were oxidized and analyzed for residue effects. Malathion absorption was greater across the ventral skin compared to dorsal skin in both bullfrogs and marine toads.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Willens, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Taylor, Sharon K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={255–262} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_baynes_lewbart_taylor_kennedy-stoskopf_2006, title={Percutaneous malathion absorption in the harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1872-7077"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.etap.2006.04.009}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to establish an accurate in vitro model for cutaneous absorption in anurans. The harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb (HPAPL) model maintains the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin from the pelvic limb, including the intact capillary network. Radiolabeled malathion was applied to the skin of the dorsal thigh, and perfusate was collected over a 6h period. Residues from the skin surface, stratum externum, and dosed area beneath the stratum externum were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated from these data. Absorption was significantly less for the HPAPL than previously reported for Teflon flow-through diffusion cells. However, partitioning effects were comparable. The HPAPL is an appropriate in vitro model for examining cutaneous absorption kinetics in the bullfrog.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Willens, Scott and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Taylor, Sharon K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={263–267} }
 @article{tuttle_papich_lewbart_christian_gunkel_harms_2006, title={Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in the green iguana (Iguana iguana) following single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/06-029.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug ketoprofen (KTP) is a commonly used antiinflammatory and analgesic agent in reptile medicine, but no studies documenting its pharmacokinetics in this species have been published. Ketoprofen was administered as a racemic mixture to green iguanas (Iguana iguana) intravenously (i.v.) and intramuscularly (i.m.) at 2 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed and indicated that ketoprofen in iguanas administered by the intravenous route has a classical two-compartmental distribution pattern, a slow clearance (67 ml/ kg/hr) and a long terminal half-life (31 hr) compared to ketoprofen studies reported in mammals. When delivered by the intramuscular route, bioavailability was 78%. These data indicate the daily dosing that is generally recommended for reptile patients, as an extrapolation from mammalian data, may be more frequent than necessary.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Tuttle, Allison D. and Papich, Mark and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christian, Shane and Gunkel, Conny and Harms, Craig A.}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={567–570} }
 @article{saelinger_lewbart_christian_lemons_2006, title={Prevalence of Salmonella spp in cloacal, fecal, and gastrointestinal mucosal samples from wild North American turtles}, volume={229}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.229.2.266}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Saelinger, Carley A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Christian, Larry S. and Lemons, Carol L.}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={266–268} }
 @article{lewbart_2006, title={Signs of strife: Detect and deter illness in your finned friends}, volume={2006}, journal={Annual Ponds USA and Watergardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006}, pages={58–65} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2006, title={Stranded sea turtle medicine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the AVMA Annual Conference}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2006} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_mcalarney_christian_geissler_lemons_2006, title={Surgical excision of mycotic (Cladosporium sp.) granulomas from the mantle of a cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/06-033.1}, abstractNote={Abstract An adult female European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) from a public aquarium presented with an eruptive skin lesion of the dorsal mantle. Radiographs, hemolymph collection, and excisional biopsy were performed using anesthesia with ethanol 1.5–3% in seawater. Elastic and freely mobile skin permitted closure with minimal tension following wide excision around the lesions, which did not appear to penetrate deep to the underlying cuttlebone. Biopsy revealed hemocyte granulomas surrounding thin, septate, infrequently branching fungal hyphae, and culture yielded Cladosporium sp. Itraconazole was administered postoperatively in food items. The cuttlefish recovered to normal feeding and activity levels with complete surgical site healing. Two months following the procedure, the animal was found dead in exhibit. Histopathologic examination revealed multisystemic fungal infection.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and McAlarney, Ryan and Christian, Larry S. and Geissler, Kyleigh and Lemons, Carol}, year={2006}, month={Dec}, pages={524–530} }
 @article{hughes hartman_yanong_harms_lewbart_2006, title={The future of training for aquatic animal health veterinarians}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.33.3.389}, abstractNote={This article describes educational approaches for training veterinary students, veterinary graduates, and practicing veterinarians in the area of aquatic animal health and lists a range of general research, training, internship/residency, and continuing-education resources.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Hughes Hartman, Kathleen and Yanong, Roy P. E. and Harms, Craig A. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2006}, pages={389–393} }
 @article{hall_lewbart_2006, title={Treatment of dystocia in a leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) by percutaneous ovocentesis}, volume={158}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.158.21.737}, abstractNote={DYSTOCIA is a relatively common problem reported in captive reptiles; it is more frequently reported in snakes and turtles than in lizards (Lloyd 1990, DeNardo 1996). The first approach to medical treatment of the condition is often to stimulate contractions of the oviduct using oxytocin, which is generally highly effective in turtles (Peters and Coote 1977, DeNardo 1996). The synthetic hormone arginine vasotocin has been considered as an alternative to oxytocin, although its clinical usefulness has been limited by the poor availability of medical-grade formulations (DeNardo 1996, Carpenter and others 2001). In larger lizards, such as green iguanas (Iguana iguana), cases of dystocia refractory to oxytocin generally require salpingotomy or ovariosalpingectomy if there is no intention of breeding the lizard in the future (Frye 1991, DeNardo 1996). For smaller lizards, surgical treatment can be a challenging procedure, requiring magnification and microsurgical expertise. In addition, surgery may carry a significant risk to the animal, since dystocic lizards are generally in poor metabolic condition (DeNardo 1996). For cases of dystocia that prove refractory to medical treatment, a second treatment option, used in snakes and turtles, is to aspirate the yolk of retained eggs, thereby reducing their size and facilitating natural oviposition (DeNardo 1996). This short communication describes the treatment of refractory dystocia in a young leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) by percutaneous ovocentesis, a procedure apparently previously unreported in lizards. A 15-month-old female leopard gecko was presented with a history of decreased appetite and decreased body condition; the owner believed it to have been ‘egg-bound’ for over one week. The gecko had been captive-bred from a known breeding stock by a local herptile hobbyist. The owner reported that the animal had once previously had a prolonged period of being egg-bound, which eventually resolved without treatment. The gecko was housed alone in a plastic container with a lid to retain moisture, a spot lamp providing heat, and newspaper substrate. The owner reported that the animal was fed a diet of primarily crickets, with a commercial calcium supplement. The current episode of dystocia was described as being more prolonged than the previous incident, and the gecko was now showing signs of inappetence and cachexia. The owner also reported that the gecko had never been housed with a male, indicating that the eggs were not fertile. Upon presentation, the gecko’s weight was 43 g and it was bright, alert and responsive. Physical examination revealed significant abdominal distention, although palpation did not appear to elicit any discomfort. Two large, oblong structures were visible through the skin using transillumination. The lizard was in fair body condition, with minimal fat reserves in the tail. No other abnormalities were noted. A faecal sample was analysed for intestinal parasites by faecal flotation and direct smear, both of which were negative. Because blood analysis was felt to be of limited diagnostic use, it was decided initially to improve the animal’s husbandry and provide an appropriate substrate (sand) to encourage oviposition. The gecko was provided a plastic container with a single opening, containing moistened vermiculite substrate, and kept in a terrarium in which the temperature ranged from 27 to 30°C. The gecko was offered crickets and monitored for eating, drinking and defecation. The gecko was returned a week later, and the owner reported that the eggs had not passed and the animal was still not eating or defecating. Induction of parturition was attempted by administering 20 mg/kg calcium gluconate intramuscularly, followed an hour later by two doses of 2 iu/kg oxytocin (Oxoject; Vetus Animal Health) given intramuscularly, one hour apart. The gecko was then returned to its terrarium for observation. Thirty-six hours after the attempt to induce parturition, oviposition had still not occurred. Given the gecko’s decreasing body condition, anorexia and continuing lack of defecation, it was decided to intervene further. Although the presence of eggs had already been established visually and by palpation, radiographs were taken to determine the exact number, size, and position of the eggs more accurately, since unusually large or malformed eggs could have made further oxytocin treatments risky. Dorsoventral and left lateral views (using a horizontal beam) were obtained, and revealed two oblong radio-opaque structures, consistent in size, shape, and location with shelled eggs (Fig 1). The radiographs also revealed cranial displacement of the abdominal viscera and encroachment on the caudal lung field. These findings, along with the history of anorexia and constipation, indicated a more aggressive form of treatment. Surgical intervention by ovariosalpingectomy was considered but decided against due to the expense and the risk of prolonged anaesthesia. It was decided to attempt percutaneous ovocentesis, to reduce the size of the eggs and thus make them easier for the gecko to pass. The gecko was anaesthetised by chamber induction with 4 per cent isoflurane in oxygen until a light plane of anaesthesia was achieved (approximately five minutes). It was then removed from the chamber and held upright while the aspiration site was prepared using 10 per cent topical povidoneiodine solution. The location for aspiration was determined by visibly identifying the middle of the egg craniocaudally and at an approximately 45° angle between the ventral and lateral midlines. A sterile 23 G butterfly catheter (Terumo Surglo Winged Infusion Set, 0·65 x 19 mm) was inserted approximately 2 cm through the skin and into the egg (Fig 2a). Using a 6 ml syringe, the egg was aspirated using gentle negative FIG 1: (a) Dorsoventral and (b) left lateral radiographs of a 15-month-old female leopard gecko with two shelled eggs visible in the abdomen (arrows)}, number={21}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Hall, AJ and Lewbart, GA}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={737-+} }
 @article{lewbart_2005, title={An ounce of prevention}, journal={Koi World and Water Gardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005}, pages={40–48} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2005, title={Aquatic invertebrate medicine}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 8-12, 2005, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={Gainesville, FL: Eastern States Veterinary Association}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_swanson_kishimori_boylan_2005, title={Behavioral and clinical pathology changes in Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio) subjected to anesthesia and surgery with and without intra-operative analgesics}, volume={55}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Medicine}, author={Harms, C. A. and Lewbart, G. A. and Swanson, C. R. and Kishimori, J. M. and Boylan, S. M.}, year={2005}, pages={223–228} }
 @article{gore_harms_kukanich_forsythe_lewbart_papich_2005, title={Enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in the European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, after a single i.v. injection and bath administration}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00684.x}, abstractNote={Enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics were studied in European cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, after a single 5 mg/kg i.v. injection or a 2.5 mg/L 5 h bath. A pilot study with two animals was also performed following a 10 mg/kg p.o. administration. The concentration of enrofloxacin in hemolymph was assayed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from compartmental methods. In the i.v. study, the terminal half‐life (t1/2), apparent volume of distribution, and systemic clearance were respectively 1.81 h, 385 mL/kg, and 4.71 mL/min/kg. Following bath administration the t1/2, peak hemolymph concentration (Cmax), and area under the curve to infinity (AUC0−∞) were 1.01 h, 0.5 ± 0.12 μg/mL, and 0.98 μg·h/mL, respectively. After oral administration, the t1/2, Cmax, and AUC0−∞ were 1.01 h, 10.95 μg/mL, 26.71 μg·h/mL, respectively. The active metabolite of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, was not detected in any samples tested. The hemolymph concentration was still above minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for shrimp and fish bacterial isolates at 6 h after i.v. administration, therefore, a dose of 5 mg/kg i.v. every 8–12 h is suggested for additional studies of efficacy. The Cmax value for the water bath was lower than for the i.v. study, but a bath of 2.5 mg/L for 5 h once to twice daily is suggested for additional studies to test efficacy against highly susceptible organisms. Although only two animals were used for the oral study, a dose of 10 mg/kg produced hemolymph concentrations of enrofloxacin that were in a range consistent with therapeutic efficacy in other species.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Gore, SR and Harms, CA and Kukanich, B and Forsythe, J and Lewbart, GA and Papich, MG}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={433–439} }
 @article{lewbart_butkus_papich_coleman_krum_noga_2005, title={Evaluation of a method of intracoelomic catheterization in koi}, volume={226}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.784}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.784}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Butkus, Deborah A. and Papich, Mark G. and Coleman, Angela K. and Krum, Howard N. and Noga, Edward J.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={784–788} }
 @inbook{lewbart_2005, title={Fish}, ISBN={0721601804}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-323-44450-7.00002-3}, booktitle={Exotic animal formulary}, publisher={St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders}, author={Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2005}, pages={5–29} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_swanson_harms_blasiola_noga_gratzek_lehmann_levine_may_2005, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, June 21-23, 2005}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G. and Swanson, C. and Harms, C. and Blasiola, G. and Noga, E. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, W. and Levine, J. and May, S.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2005, title={Fish anesthesia}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 8-12, 2005, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={Gainesville, FL: Eastern States Veterinary Association}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2005, title={Intracoelomic catheterization in koi}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 8-12, 2005, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={Gainesville, FL: Eastern States Veterinary Association}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2005, title={KHV and SVCv update}, booktitle={Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 8-12, 2005, Orlando, Florida}, publisher={Gainesville, FL: Eastern States Veterinary Association}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005} }
 @article{govett_harms_johnson_latimer_wellehan_fatzinger_christian_kelly_lewbart_2005, title={Lymphoid follicular cloacal inflammation associated with a novel herpesvirus in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063870501700513}, abstractNote={ Multifocal hyperemic nodules and plaques associated with the cloacal mucosa of juvenile alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis) at a public aquarium were investigated. Grossly, pale pink to dark red multifocal, circular lesions of varying degrees of severity were identified on the cloacal and, in males, phallus mucosa. Cloacal mucosa biopsies were obtained from 2 of the alligators. These samples were examined histologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using consensus primers targeting a conserved region of the herpesvirus polymerase gene. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized as submucosal lymphoid follicles with hyperemia and hemorrhage. No inclusion bodies were observed. Minimal to no anisokaryosis was present, and no etiologic agents were identified. Through PCR, a band consistent in size with herpesvirus was observed. Tissues showing similar clinical, histopathologic, and PCR findings were collected from animals at an alligator farm several months later. Sequencing of the PCR amplicon resulted in a 180-base pair sequence that shared 85% sequence identity with tortoise herpesvirus-1. }, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Govett, PD and Harms, CA and Johnson, AJ and Latimer, KS and Wellehan, JFX and Fatzinger, MH and Christian, LS and Kelly, TR and Lewbart, GA}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={474–479} }
 @article{kelly_walton_nadelstein_lewbart_2005, title={Phacoemulsification of bilateral cataracts in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={156}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.156.24.774}, abstractNote={An immature free‐living loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) of unknown sex was found moribund off the coast of Wise Point, Virginia. It was suffering from cachexia and had bilateral hypermature cataracts which were treated by phacoemulsification under general anaesthesia. The surgery restored the turtle’s vision and it was returned to the wild}, number={24}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Kelly, TR and Walton, W and Nadelstein, B and Lewbart, GA}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={774–777} }
 @article{lewbart_papich_whitt-smith_2005, title={Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in the red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) after single dose intramuscular administration}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00641.x}, abstractNote={Florfenicol is a structural analogue of chloramphenicol similar to thiamphenicol, but with more activity against some bacteria than chloramphenicol (Cannon et al., 1990). Florfenicol works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis at the ribosome (Cannon et al., 1990). Florfenicol activity against bacteria differs from chloramphenicol because florfenicol is not susceptible to the same resistance mechanisms as chloramphenicol (Papich & Riviere, 2001). Organisms resistant to chloramphenicol may still be susceptible to florfenicol. Florfenicol has been demonstrated to be efficacious against bacteria (e.g. Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio salmonicida, and Edwardsiella ictaluri) of fish, especially salmonids and catfish (Fukui et al., 1987; Inglis & Richards, 1991; Inglis et al., 1991; Nordmo et al., 1994,1998; Samuelsen et al., 1998; Gaunt et al., 2003,2004). Florfenicol has been proven to be clinically effective in controlling a variety of bacterial diseases in salmonids and is approved for use in Europe, Norway, Canada, Japan, and South Korea for a variety of fish species (Gaunt et al., 2003). Florfenicol has been administered orally for treatment of bacterial infections of captive fish in Europe and Canada under the trade names Aquafen and Aquaflor (Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), respectively. In rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) kept at 10 C, an oral dose of 10 mg/kg had a mean residence time of 21 h and a Cmax of 3.23 mcg/mL (Pinault et al., 1997). Pharmacokinetics have also been described for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Martinsen et al., 1993). Other work has determined florfenicol to be safe and effective for the treatment of E. ictaluri (enteric septicemia of catfish) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) when administered orally in feed (Gaunt et al., 2003, 2004). The objectives of this study were to determine the maximum serum concentrations, elimination half-life, and relative bioavailability of florfenicol in the red pacu following single-dose intramuscular (i.m.) administration. We used 16 red pacu for the study. Fish were of uniform age and size (approximately 3.5 years old and weighing 400–500 g each). Fish were individually maintained in sixteen 75 L aquariums which all shared a common water supply via a recirculating system. Important water quality parameters such as temperature (25 C), pH 7.2, total alkalinity (51.0 mg/L), and specific gravity (1.000) were frequently monitored and actively maintained. Twelve fish were weighed immediately prior to epaxial i.m. dosing with 10.0 mg/kg florfenicol (NuFlor , Schering-Plough). The four control fish received equivalent volumes of i.m. saline. Fish were manually restrained and approximately 0.4 mL of blood was taken from the caudal vein from each fish and four control fish using a sodium heparinized 1 cc syringe with a 25 G needle at the following times postdrug administration: 0, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The four control fish were used to determine if any residual or excreted florfenicol in the recirculating system was absorbed by the study pacu. Florfenicol plasma concentrations were analyzed with reversephase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC apparatus consisted of a pump (Waters Model 600 Pump; Millipore Corp., Milford, MA, USA), autosampler (Hewlett Packard Series 1050 Autosampler; Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, USA), UV detector (HP Series 1050 UV detector; Hewlett Packard), and computer for data collection and analysis (Hewlett Packard HPLC ChemStation running Windows 3.1 on a Hewlett Packard Vectra 486/33N computer). Eluates were separated with a C-8 reverse-phase HPLC column (Zorbax RXC8 4.6 mm · 15 cm; 5 lm MAC-MOD Analytical Inc., Chadds Ford, PA, USA). A guard column containing identical packing material also was used (Zorbax RX-C18, 4 mm · 1.25 cm guard column). Florfenicol was eluted with a mobile phase consisting of 73% distilled water and 27% (v/v) acetonitrile. No buffers or mobile phase modifiers were added. The mobile phase was filtered and degassed prior to use and was continuously sparged with helium during the analysis. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Injection volume was 20 mcL. Florfenicol was detected with UV detection at a wavelength of 223 nm. Retention time for florfenicol was approximately 5.5–6.5 min. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 28, 317–319, 2005. SHORT COMMUNICATION}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Lewbart, GA and Papich, MG and Whitt-Smith, D}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={317–319} }
 @article{boylan_lewbart_kishimori_debolt_harms_2005, title={Surgical and medical management of aural abscesses in turtles}, volume={7}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={1}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Boylan, S. M. and Lewbart, G. A. and Kishimori, J. and Debolt, R. and Harms, C. A.}, year={2005}, pages={22} }
 @article{lewbart_kishimori_christian_2005, title={The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team: A model for a successful wild-reptile clinic}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0748-321X"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.32.3.377}, abstractNote={ The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM) Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) is a veterinary student–run organization that treats native, sick and injured, wild chelonians. First-, second-, and third-year students are responsible for case management, consultation coordination, diagnostic testing within the hospital, and placing of recuperating animals with local wildlife rehabilitators. Several clinical research publications have resulted from the opportunity to work with these wild reptiles. Active student participants can also gain a course credit by attending eight hours of lecture/seminar related to reptile medicine. With regards to outcome assessment, 86% of survey respondents found the program to be valuable or extremely valuable to their veterinary medical education. The logistics of organizing, supporting, and running this service are discussed, and its value as a clinical learning tool is supported by the results of a survey. }, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Lewbart, GA and Kishimori, J and Christian, LS}, year={2005}, pages={377–381} }
 @article{case_lewbart_doerr_2005, title={The physiological and behavioural impacts of and preference for an enriched environment in the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1872-9045"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.011}, abstractNote={The physiological and behavioural impact of, as well as preference for, enriched versus barren environments was determined for captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). Thirty-eight box turtles were randomized to either barren (flat newspaper substrate) or enriched (cypress mulch substrate, shredded paper and a hide box) enclosures for a 1-month period. Complete blood counts, fecal corticosterone, and body weights were measured at the beginning and end of the test period. Activities performed within the two environments were also compared. Turtles in enriched enclosures had a significantly lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L) at the end of the treatment period (p = 0.01). Enriched-housed turtles also spent significantly less time engaged in escape behaviour (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in fecal corticosterone or body weight change between the two treatment groups. At the beginning of the study, each turtle was placed in a preference test system in which it could move freely between a barren and enriched environment. Relative-dwelling time (RDT) was determined for each environment. Turtles showed a distinct preference for the enriched environment (90.9% median RDT, p < 0.01). After the 1-month housing experiment turtles were revaluated for preference to determine if previous housing experience affected choice. Turtles continued to prefer an enriched environment regardless of prior housing conditions (97.6% median RDT, p < 0.01). Results of this study demonstrate that the captive housing environment impacts the physiology and behaviour of box turtles, and suggest housing modifications that encourage typical species-specific behaviour should be provided.}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Case, BC and Lewbart, GA and Doerr, PD}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={353–365} }
 @article{willens_stoskopf_martin_lewbart_2005, title={Viability of glycerol-preserved and cryopreserved anuran skin}, volume={41}, number={09-Aug}, journal={In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal}, author={Willens, S. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Martin, L. D. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2005}, pages={258–263} }
 @article{murphy_lewbart_meerdink_bargren_2005, title={Whole-blood and plasma cholinesterase levels in normal koi (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063870501700116}, abstractNote={ Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides produce their toxic effects by binding with cholinesterase enzymes, resulting in the inhibition of acetylcholine catabolism. Excessive acetylcholine levels cause excessive synaptic neurotransmitter activity. In most animal species, whole blood is the preferred sample for evaluation of cholinesterase activity. Previous reports of cholinesterase activity in carp have involved sampling of serum, plasma, brain, liver, muscle, and heart. Whole-blood samples were obtained from 12 healthy koi ( Cyprinus carpio). Whole-blood cholinesterase activity was measured in all 12 samples. Plasma cholinesterase activity was also measured in 4 samples. The overall average of the whole-blood cholinesterases was 0.08 μmol/ml/minute (SD = 0.024). The results for the plasma cholinesterases were similar, with an average of 0.08 μmol/ml/minute (SD = 0.012). Because these reference values are below the minimum detection limit for the method of analysis used, results from blood samples from koi suspected to be suffering from anticholinesterase toxicosis may be uninterpretable. }, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Murphy, LA and Lewbart, GA and Meerdink, GL and Bargren, GL}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={74–75} }
 @inbook{leibovitz_lewbart_2004, title={Diseases and symbionts: Vulnerability despite tough shells}, ISBN={0674011597}, booktitle={The American horseshoe crab}, publisher={Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press}, author={Leibovitz, L. and Lewbart, G. A.}, editor={C. N. Shuster, R. B. Barlow and Brockmann, H. J.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={245–275} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_stoskopf_blasiola_gratzek_lehmann_harms_lewbart_2004, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course,  July 29-31, 2004}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Stoskopf, M. and Blasiola, G. and Gratzek, J. and Lehmann, D. W. and Harms, C. and Lewbart, G.}, year={2004} }
 @article{govett_rotstein_lewbart_2004, title={Gill metaplasia in a goldfish, Carassius auratus auratus (L.)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00546.x}, abstractNote={1 Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA 3 North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC, USA 4 Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Govett, PD and Rotstein, DS and Lewbart, GA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={419–423} }
 @article{goulding_blankenship-paris_lewbart_myers_demianenko_clark_forsythe_2004, title={Gill trematodes (flukes) in wild-caught killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)}, volume={43}, number={2}, journal={Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science}, author={Goulding, D. R. and Blankenship-Paris, T. L. and Lewbart, G. A. and Myers, P. H. and Demianenko, T. K. and Clark, J. A. and Forsythe, D. B.}, year={2004}, pages={32–34} }
 @article{de voe_geissler_elmore_rotstein_lewbart_guy_2004, title={Ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/03-037}, abstractNote={Abstract Seven captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from a large collection of North American chelonians in North Carolina became acutely ill in the fall of 2002. Five of the turtles died. Clinical signs included cutaneous abscessation, oral ulceration or abscessation (or both), respiratory distress, anorexia, and lethargy. The predominant postmortem lesion was fibrinoid vasculitis of various organs, including skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and liver. No inclusion bodies were detected by histopathology or electron microscopy of formalin-fixed tissue. An iridovirus was isolated from tissues obtained postmortem from two of the box turtles that died. The virus was characterized by electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis of a portion of the major capsid protein as a member of the genus Ranavirus.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={De Voe, R and Geissler, K and Elmore, S and Rotstein, D and Lewbart, G and Guy, J}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={534–543} }
 @article{govett_olby_marcellin-little_rotstein_reynolds_lewbart_2004, title={Stabilisation of scoliosis in two koi (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={155}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.155.4.115}, abstractNote={Two koi (Cyprinus carpio) from the same pond developed similar lesions of scoliosis. Radiographic examinations showed that their spines had become malaligned as a result of vertebral compression fractures involving T14 to T16. The vertebrae in both fish were stabilised with screws, k‐wire and polymethylmethacrylate. They both appeared to improve after surgery, but they began to decline and died within three months. A postmortem examination revealed multi‐organ inflammation that was not associated with the surgical implants.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Govett, PD and Olby, NJ and Marcellin-Little, DJ and Rotstein, DS and Reynolds, IL and Lewbart, GA}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={115–119} }
 @article{souza_hall_wilson_lewbart_2004, title={Surgical removal of an artificial chicken egg from the gastrointestinal tract of a black rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta}, volume={14}, ISBN={1529-9651}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.14.4.4}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A black rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta, with a three month history of a gastrointestinal foreign body was presented for evaluation. Radiographs and surgery were performed to remove an artificial chicken “egg” from the lumen of the intestine. The snake recovered uneventfully and remains healthy.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Souza, M. J. and Hall, K. E. and Wilson, J. D. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2004}, pages={4} }
 @article{lewbart_2004, title={The birds, bees, and koi}, journal={Koi World and Water Gardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2004}, pages={74–77} }
 @article{wilier_lewbart_lemons_2003, title={Aural Abscesses in Wild Eastern Box Turtles, Terrapene Carolina Carolina, from North Carolina: Aerobic Bacterial Isolates and Distribution of Lesions}, volume={13}, ISSN={1529-9651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.13.2.4}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.13.2.4}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Aural abscesses are a common clinical finding in wild eastern box turtles, Terrapene Carolina Carolina. This study, utilizing current and retrospective data, was initiated to characterize this disease syndrome further. Thirty free ranging eastern box turtles were admitted over a four-year period to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine's (NCSU-CVM's) Turtle Rescue Team for aural abscesses. These patients presented for either unilateral or bilateral swelling of the tympanic membrane. Overall body condition ranged from poor to excellent. Bony changes resulting from the aural swelling were seen grossly and radiographically in some turtles. Cultures revealed multiple microbial agents and the isolates varied between turtles. In general, the isolates were Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria. Of the twehty-three cultures obtained, the most commonly isolated organisms were Proteus vulgaris (5), Escherichia coli (5) and Aeromonas hydrophila (5). Sensitivity results showed res...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians (ARAV)}, author={Wilier, Cynthia J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Lemons, Carol}, year={2003}, month={Jan}, pages={4–9} }
 @article{pressler_goodman_harms_hawkins_lewbart_2003, title={Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach in three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis).}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0088:eeotea]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Three loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and a Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis) were presented with suspected or confirmed esophageal foreign bodies. Esophagoscopy was performed on all turtles, and gastroscopy was performed on three turtles. In all cases, endoscopy was easy to perform, and allowed visualization of most upper gastrointestinal features. The papillated esophagus was easy to navigate, but mucosal papillae in the loggerhead sea turtles prevented examination of the underlying mucosa. The stomach was easily entered and examined in both species, but the working endoscope length (100 cm) prevented inspection of the pyloric antrum and the duodenum in all turtles. The turtles in this report may serve as references for future endoscopic examinations of these species.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Pressler, B. M. and Goodman, R. A. and Harms, Craig and Hawkins, Eleanor and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2003}, pages={88–92} }
 @article{lewbart_2003, title={First aid for fish}, journal={Koi World and Water Gardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2003}, pages={32–36} }
 @article{lewbart_2003, title={Koi anatomy 101}, journal={Koi World and Water Gardens}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2003}, pages={38–40} }
 @article{stamper_papich_lewbart_may_plummer_stoskopf_2003, title={Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2003)34[0003:pofils]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The pharmocodynamics of single injections of florfenicol in yearling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were determined. Eight juvenile loggerhead sea turtles weighing 1.25 (±0.18) kg were divided into two groups. Four animals received 30 mg/kg of florfenicol i.v., and four received the same dose i.m. Plasma florfenicol concentrations were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. After the i.v. dose, there was a biphasic decline in plasma florfenicol concentration. The initial steep phase from 3 min to 1 hr had a half-life of 3 min, and there was a longer slow phase of elimination, with a half-life that ranged from 2 to 7.8 hr among turtles. The volume of distribution varied greatly and ranged from 10.46 to –60 L/kg. Clearance after the i.v. dose was 3.6–6.3 L/kg/hr. After the i.m. injection, there was a peak within 30 min of 1.4–5.6 μg/ml, and florfenicol was thereafter eliminated with a half-life of 3.2–4.3 hr. With either route, florfenicol plasma concentrations were below the minimum inhibitory concentrations for sensitive bacteria within 1 hr. Florfenicol does not appear to be a practical antibiotic in sea turtles when administered at these doses.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Papich, Mark and Lewbart, Gregory and May, S. B. and Plummer, D. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2003}, pages={3–8} }
 @article{lewbart_christian_2003, title={Repair of a fractured shell in an apple snail}, volume={5}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A. and Christian, L.}, year={2003}, pages={8} }
 @article{lewbart_2003, title={Three important viral diseases of koi}, journal={Water Garden News}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2003}, pages={26–27} }
 @article{jaeger_wosar_harms_lewbart_2003, title={Use of a supraplastron approach to the coelomic cavity for repair of an esophageal tear in a loggerhead sea turtle}, volume={223}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2003.223.353}, abstractNote={A juvenile loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) was referred for removal of a fishhook lodged in the coelomic portion of the esophagus. Attempts at manual and endoscopic extraction were unsuccessful and resulted in a 6-cm tear in the coelomic portion of the esophagus. A supraplastron approach was made to the coelomic cavity, allowing access to and repair of the esophageal tear. The turtle recovered well and was able to be released to the wild. The surgical approach was associated with less trauma and shorter healing and rehabilitation times, compared with traditional plastron osteotomy.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Jaeger, GH and Wosar, MA and Harms, CA and Lewbart, GA}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={353–355} }
 @article{lewbart_stoskopf_2002, title={Amphibian medicine: Selected topics}, volume={4}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2002}, pages={36} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2002, title={Anesthesia and surgery for pet fish}, booktitle={Electronic Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{barzyk_flanagan_innis_lewbart_raphael_terrell_2002, title={Asian turtle crisis: Roundtable}, volume={12}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.12.4.23}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Barzyk, J. and Flanagan, J. P. and Innis, D. P. and Lewbart, Gregory and Raphael, B. L. and Terrell, S. P.}, year={2002}, pages={23–30} }
 @inproceedings{harms_lewbart_beasley_stamper_chittick_trogdon_2002, title={Clinical implications of haematology and plasma biochemistry values for loggerhead sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation.}, volume={477}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, 29 February through 4 March 2000, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. (NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-SEFSC; 477)}, publisher={Miami, Fla.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce}, author={Harms, C. and Lewbart, G. and Beasley, J. and Stamper, A. and Chittick, B. and Trogdon, M.}, year={2002}, pages={190–191} }
 @inproceedings{lewbart_2002, title={Diagnostic procedures for fish}, booktitle={Electronic Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2002} }
 @article{hurty_brazik_law_sakamoto_lewbart_2002, title={Evaluation of the tissue reactions in the skin and body wall of koi (Cyprinus carpio) to five suture materials}, volume={151}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.151.11.324}, abstractNote={Five different suture materials (silk, monofilament nylon, polyglyconate, polyglactin 910, and chromic gut) were placed in the skin and body wall of 10 Doitsu (scaleless) koi (Cyprinus carpio). After seven days the sutures were retrieved from five of the fish in 5 mm and 6 mm punch biopsies, and after 14 days they were retrieved in the same way from the other five. The tissue reactions were evaluated by gross visual inspection and by histological examination. The total inflammatory reaction was graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammation) to 5 (severe inflammation). The synthetic suture materials generally induced a moderate inflammatory reaction that decreased after seven days. After 14 days the superficial reaction to monofilament nylon was substantial, and the tissue reactions to the organic suture materials were slightly greater than the reactions to the synthetics. The inflammatory response to silk was greater after 14 days than after seven, and chromic gut induced a moderately severe inflammatory response after seven days; the chromic gut sutures fell out before the biopsies were taken after 14 days. The organic materials induced intense inflammatory reactions which did not subside if the suture remained in the tissue.}, number={11}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Hurty, CA and Brazik, DC and Law, JM and Sakamoto, K and Lewbart, GA}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={324-+} }
 @inproceedings{swanson_lewbart_harms_blasiola_juopperi_gratzek_2002, title={Fish Health Management. Continuing Education Course, August 1-3, 2002}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University,  College of Veterinary Medicine}, author={Swanson, C. and Lewbart, G. and Harms, G. and Blasiola, G. and Juopperi, T. and Gratzek, J.}, year={2002} }
 @article{brenner_lewbart_stebbins_herman_2002, title={Health survey of wild and captive bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii) in North Carolina and Virginia}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0311:hsowac]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Blood samples, fecal samples, and cloacal swabs were collected from 42 bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii), including 14 wild males, 22 wild females, three captive males, and three captive females, in Virginia and North Carolina, USA. Samples were analyzed for hematologic and plasma chemistry values, Mycoplasma sp. antibodies, intestinal parasites, and normal cloacal flora.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Brenner, D. and Lewbart, Gregory and Stebbins, M. and Herman, D. W.}, year={2002}, pages={311–316} }
 @article{chittick_stamper_beasley_lewbart_horne_2002, title={Medetomidine, ketamine, and sevoflurane for anesthesia for injured loggerhead sea turtles: 13 cases (1996-2000)}, volume={221}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.221.1019}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Chittick, EJ and Stamper, MA and Beasley, JF and Lewbart, GA and Horne, WA}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1019–1025} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_beasley_2002, title={Medical management of mixed nocardial and unidentified fungal osteomyelitis in a Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii}, volume={12}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.21}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A hypothermic-stunned juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii, developed right carpal swelling early in rehabilitation. Osteomyelitis was detected initially as a small radiolucency of the proximal aspect of the metacarpal of digit I, and spread over the course of several weeks nearly to obliterate the distal carpal row and affect the ulnar and pisiform carpals and metacarpals II and III. Unbranching unpigmented septate fungal hyphae were observed cytologically from a fine needle aspirate, however fungal culture was negative. A Nocardia sp. was cultured from the fine needle aspirate. Although surgical debridement was strongly considered, concerns over postoperative management of a submerged open contaminated wound at a mobile joint led to a decision to attempt medical management alone. Prolonged combined treatment with fluconazole (one year) and azithromycin (162 d) resulted in a functional carpal joint with substantial remineralization of the carpal and metacarpal bones, normal fli...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Harms, Craig and Lewbart, Gregory and Beasley, J.}, year={2002}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{colitz_lewbart_davidson_2002, title={Phacoemulsification in an adult Savannah monitor lizard}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1463-5216"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1463-5224.2002.00233.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Colitz, CMH and Lewbart, G and Davidson, MG}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={207–209} }
 @article{mallo_harms_lewbart_papich_2002, title={Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and subcutaneous injections, and multiple subcutaneous injections}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0029:pofils]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Superficial and systemic mycotic infections are common among clinically ill sea turtles, which places growing importance on the establishment of pharmacokinetic-based dosage regimens for antifungal drugs. The pharmacokinetic properties of the antifungal drug fluconazole, after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injections, were studied in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) housed at 23.0–26.5°C. Fluconazole pharmacokinetic properties were further assessed in a multiple-dose s.c. regimen derived from the pharmacokinetic parameters determined in the single-dose study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, using a two-compartment model, from plasma concentration–time data obtained after single i.v. and s.c. administrations of fluconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg body weight in six juvenile sea turtles. Blood samples were collected at intervals through 120 hr after each dose, and the concentration of fluconazole in plasma was measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The i.v. and s.c. elimination half-lives were 139.5 ± 36.0 and 132.6 ± 48.7 hr (mean ± SD), respectively. Systemic clearance of fluconazole was 8.2 ± 4.3 ml/kg·hr, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 1.38 ± 0.29 L/kg. A multiple-dose regimen was derived, which consisted of a loading dose of 21 mg/kg body weight and subsequent doses of 10 mg/kg administered through s.c. injection every 120 hr (5 days). This regimen was administered to four juvenile sea turtles for 10 days, and blood samples were taken to determine peak and trough plasma concentrations of fluconazole. The mean concentrations for the two peak concentrations were 16.9 ± 1.1 and 19.1 ± 2.8 μg/ml 4 hr after dosing, and the mean concentrations for the three trough concentrations were 7.2 ± 2.2, 10.4 ± 2.7, and 10.7 ± 2.9 μg/ml 120 hr after dosing. The terminal half-life after the last dose was calculated at 143 hr. Throughout the multiple dosing, fluconazole concentrations remained above approximately 8 μg/ml, a concentration targeted when treating mycotic infections in humans. The results of this study suggest that fluconazole can be effectively administered to sea turtles at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 5 days after a loading dose of 21 mg/kg.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Mallo, K. M. and Harms, Craig and Lewbart, Gregory and Papich, Mark}, year={2002}, pages={29–35} }
 @article{bonifant_harms_rotstein_lewbart_2002, title={Surgical removal of a coelomic mass in a gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola}, volume={12}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.12.3.27}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A coelomic mass attached by a thin stalk to the gastroduodenal junction was removed from the extralumenal serosa of a male gopher snake, Pituophis catenifer deserticola. The histologic characteristic of the mass is consistent with either a diverticulosis with subsequent stricturing or a healed gastrointestinal perforation.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Bonifant, C. and Harms, Craig and Rotstein, D. S. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2002}, pages={27–29} }
 @article{lewbart_2001, title={Bacteria and ornamental fish}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1055-937X"]}, DOI={10.1053/saep.2001.19543}, abstractNote={Bacterial disease is the most common infectious problem of ornamental fishes, and most bacterial infections are caused by gram-negative organisms. The majority of bacterial fish pathogens are natural inhabitants of the aquatic environment, whether it be freshwater or marine. Extrinsic stressors, including shipping, crowding, poor water quality, and inadequate nutrition, may predispose an ornamental fish to bacterial disease. This article reviews the important bacterial pathogens of ornamental fish in a systematic manner, discusses the problems of over-the-counter antimicrobial compounds and antibiotic resistance, and reviews treatment and management options.}, number={1}, journal={SEMINARS IN AVIAN AND EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Lewbart, GA}, year={2001}, month={Jan}, pages={48–56} }
 @article{sakamoto_lewbart_smith_2001, title={Blood chemistry values of juvenile red pacu (Piaractus brachypolmus)}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00257.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:Blood samples were collected from 29 juvenile red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus), ornamental freshwater fish, to establish baseline blood chemistry values. Mean (minimum‐maximum) values, obtained by automated bichromatic analysis and ion selective electrode analysis, were as follows: sodium, 150.4 (146–159) mmol/L; potassium, 3.93 (2.7–5.0) mmol/L; chloride, 138.7 (128–150) mmol/L; total CO2, 7.5 (6–10) mmol/L; albumin, 0.86 (0.5–1.0) g/dL; lactate dehydrogenase, 237.8 (65–692) IU/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 49.1 (0–125) IU/L; creatinine, 0.31 (0.2–0.4) mg/dL; calcium, 10.80 (9.5–12.5) mg/dL; anion gap, 6.89 (1.2–12.5) mmol/L; and phosphorus, 7.29 (4.1–8.9) mg/dL.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Sakamoto, K and Lewbart, GA and Smith, TM}, year={2001}, pages={50–52} }
 @article{kishimori_lewbart_marcellin-little_roe_trogdon_henson_stoskopf_2001, title={Chelonian shell-fracture repair techniques}, volume={3}, number={5}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Kishimori, J. and Lewbart, G. A. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Roe, S. and Trogdon, M. and Henson, H. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={2001}, pages={35–41} }
 @article{hurty_diaz_campbell_lewbart_2001, title={Chemical analysis of six commercial adult iguana [Iguana iguana], diets}, volume={11}, ISBN={1529-9651}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.11.3.23}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Reptile keeping is one of the most rapidly expanding areas in the pet industry. In response to this trend, several pet food companies have formulated specialized diets and supplements that cater to the unique nutritional needs of different reptile species. Since nutrition is a key variable of captive reptile husbandry, we investigated the nutrient composition of six commercially available adult iguana, Iguana iguana, feeds that are intended for use as principle diets. We compared the results of our analyses to the nutrient information provided on packaging labels and to available information on the suggested nutrient recommendations for iguanas. Crude protein contents ranged from 13.21% dry matter (DM) to 27.15% DM with two of the six diets containing a lower protein than indicated on the label. Crude fat content ranged from 1.46 ± 0.44% DM to 10.25 ± 0.05% DM with three of the six diets having fat contents below the amount stated on labels. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, a measure of in...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Hurty, C. A. and Diaz, D. E. and Campbell, J. L. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2001}, pages={23} }
 @article{sladky_swanson_stoskopf_loomis_lewbart_2001, title={Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.337}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Sladky, KK and Swanson, CR and Stoskopf, MK and Loomis, MR and Lewbart, GA}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={337–342} }
 @article{lewbart_2001, title={Current approaches to anesthesia and analgesia in fish}, volume={3}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2001}, pages={19} }
 @article{lewbart_2001, title={Surgical techniques in the koi patient}, volume={3}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2001}, pages={43} }
 @article{lewbart_2001, title={The latest in antimicrobials for pet fish}, volume={3}, ISBN={1521-1363}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2001}, pages={80} }
 @inbook{lewbart_2000, title={CVT update: Antibiotic treatment of aquarium fish}, ISBN={0721655238}, booktitle={Kirk's current veterinary therapy : small animal practice (13th Ed.)}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={2000}, pages={1196} }
 @article{nutter_lee_stamper_lewbart_stoskopf_2000, title={Hemiovariosalpingectomy in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.3.78}, abstractNote={24, 136-138 HERIKSTAD, H., HAYES, P., MOKHTAR, M., FRACARO, M. L., THRELFALL, E. J. &ANGULO, F. J. (I1997) Emerging quinolone-resistant Salmonella in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 371-372 HEURTIN-LE CORRE, C., DONNIO, P. Y., PERRIN, M., TRAVERT, M. F. & AVRIL, J. L. (1999) Increasing incidence and comparison of nalidixic acidresistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhimurium isolates from humans and animals. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 266-269 HOWARD, A. J., JOSEPH, T. D., BLOODWORTH, L. L., FROST, J. A., CHART, H. &ROWE, B. (1990) The emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal ofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy 26,296-298 McCARRON, B. & LOVE, W. C. (I1997) Acalculous non-typhoidal salmonella cholecystitis requiring surgical intervention despite ciprofloxacin therapy: report of three cases. Clinical Infectious Disease 24, 707-709 SANCHEZ, R., FERNANDEZ-BACA, V., DIAZ, M. D., MUNOZ, P., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1994) Evolution of susceptibilities of Campylobacter species to quinolones and macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 1879-1882 THRELFALL, E. J., WARD, L. R., SKINNER, J. A. & ROWE, B. (1997) Increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in England and Wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996. Microbial Drug Resistance 3, 263-266 VASALLO, F. J., MARTIN-RABADAN, P., ALCALA, L., GARCIA-LECHUZ, J. M., RODRIGUEZ-CREIXEMS, M. & BOUZA, E. (1998) Failure of ciprofloxacin therapy for invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Clinical Infectious Disease 26, 535-536 WAIN, J., HOA, N. T., CHINH, N. T., VINH, H., EVERETT, M. J., DIEP, T. S., DAY, N. P., SOLOMON, T., WHITE, N. J., PIDDOCK, L. J. & PARRY, C. M. (1997) Quinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in Vietnam: molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clinical Infectious Disease 25, 1404-1410}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Nutter, FB and Lee, DD and Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={78–80} }
 @article{barlow_lewbart_whitney_2000, title={Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation in a Pearsei cichlid (Cichlasoma pearsei)}, volume={146}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.146.1.23}, abstractNote={R., SACRISTAN, C., DE LAS HERAS, A., FERRO, A. & LATIMER, K. S. (1997) First report of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs in Spain. Veterinary Record 141, 600-601 SZEREDI, L., SCHILLER, I., SYDER, T., GUSCETTI, F., HEINEN, E., CORBOZ, L., EGGENBERGER, E., JONES, G. E. & POSPISCHIL, A. (1996) Intestinal chlamydia in finishing pigs. Veterinary Pathology 33, 369-374 ZAHN, I., SZEREDI, L., SCHILLER, I., STRAUMANN KUNZ, U., BURGI, E., GUSCETTI, F., HEINEN, E., CORBOZ, L., SYDLER, T. & POSPISCHIL, A. (1995) Immunohistologischer nachweis von Chlamydia psittaci/pecorum und C trachomatis im ferkel-darm. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 42, 266-276}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Barlow, NJ and Lewbart, GA and Whitney, KM}, year={2000}, month={Jan}, pages={23–25} }
 @book{lewbart_2000, title={Pavilion Key: Isle of Buried Treasure}, publisher={Krieger Publishing, Malabar,FL}, author={Lewbart, G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{harms_lewbart_2000, title={Surgery in fish}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30074-9}, abstractNote={Surgery in fish is feasible and practical for clinical and research applications. Certain adjustments in standard surgical procedures are necessary to accommodate piscine tissue handling, skin sensitivity, aqueous respiration, anatomic variations, and patient size. General considerations for fish surgery, including anesthesia, presurgical evaluation, equipment, suture selection, and surgical site preparation, have been presented here. Procedures described include celiotomy, enucleation, pseudobranchectomy, swim bladder surgery, gonadectomy, liver and kidney biopsy techniques, telemetry device implantation, and vascular catheterization.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice}, publisher={St. Louis, MO: Saunders Co.}, author={Harms, Craig and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2000}, pages={759–774} }
 @article{lewbart_harms_1999, title={Building a fish anesthesia delivery system}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Exotic DVM Magazine}, author={Lewbart, G.A. and Harms, C.A.}, year={1999}, pages={25–28} }
 @article{stamper_papich_lewbart_may_plummer_stoskopf_1999, title={Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Stamper, M. A. and Papich, M. G. and Lewbart, G. A. and May, S. B. and Plummer, D. D. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, year={1999}, pages={32–35} }
 @article{lewbart_stoskopf_losordo_geyer_owen_smith_law_altier_1999, title={Safety and efficacy of the Environmental Products Group Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield (TM)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0144-8609"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00043-0}, abstractNote={This study investigated the safety and efficacy of the EPG Masterflow Aquarium Management System with Aegis Microbe Shield™ (EPG-MAMS). Four different species of fish were used in the study. Ten fish of each species were placed in 75 l aquariums containing the EPG filter media, a commercially available filter media (Whisper®) and an aquarium with no filter material. At the end of the 45 day trial three fish from each tank were sacrificed and preserved in formalin for histopathology. Water quality parameters were routinely monitored. The EPG filter media was compared with the Whisper® filter media for efficacy against Aeromonas salmonicida using a shaker flask microbiological assay. The EPG filter proved to be clinically and histopathologically safe and reduced to some degree the number of A. salmonicida suspended in water in an in vitro study.}, number={2}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK and Losordo, T and Geyer, J and Owen, J and Smith, DW and Law, M and Altier, C}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={93–98} }
 @article{lewbart_1998, title={Clinical nutrition of ornamental fish}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1055-937X"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1055-937X(98)80007-8}, abstractNote={Proper nutrition provides the foundation on which an adequate ornamental fish husbandry program is constructed. Although ornamental fish nutrition is vast and largely unexplored subject, a large volume of literature on aquaculture food fish (destined for human consumption) nutrition provides the basis for useful extrapolation. This article familiarizes the reader with the types of commercial foods available; discusses the relationship of nutrition, feeding, and water quality; presents minimum nutritional requirements of the koi, Cyprinus carpio; suggests appropriate feeding regimens; describe methods for providing nutritional support for the anorexic patient; and teaches the reader how to prepare a gelatinized diet.}, number={3}, journal={SEMINARS IN AVIAN AND EXOTIC PET MEDICINE}, author={Lewbart, GA}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={154–158} }
 @article{stamper_lewbart_barrington_harms_geoly_stoskopf_1998, title={Eimeria southwelli infection associated with high mortality of cownose rays}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1548-8667"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0264:ESIAWH>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The coccidian Eimeria southwelli is associated with chronic fatal disease in captive cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus. Clinical signs include discoloration of the epidermis, emaciation, coelomic cavity distention, and death. The oocysts can be demonstrated in coelomic fluid obtained by coelomic aspiration. Prevalence of E. southwelli in wild cownose rays was 92% in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA. Recommended management practices include strict quarantine and screening by using coelomic cavity aspirate sampling. A dosage of 10 mg toltrazuril/kg orally once a day for 5 d reduces but may not eliminate parasitic loads.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Stamper, MA and Lewbart, GA and Barrington, PR and Harms, CA and Geoly, F and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={264–270} }
 @inbook{lewbart_1998, title={Emergency and critical care of fish}, DOI={10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30163-9}, abstractNote={The keeping of fish as pets is a hobby that has experienced increasing popularity over the past decade. The hobby has also become more sophisticated in recent years and a growing number of veterinarians are gaining clinical experience and knowledge in the area of pet fish medicine. The opportunity to apply this knowledge to a pet fish problem can be a rewarding experience. This article focuses on managing acute and critical problems of pet fish at times when veterinary intervention is required within an emergency time frame.}, booktitle={Exotic animal practice}, publisher={Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co.}, author={Lewbart, Gregory}, year={1998}, pages={233–249} }
 @article{bakal_love_lewbart_berry_1998, title={Imaging a spinal fracture in a Kohaku Koi (Cyprinus carpio): Techniques and case history report}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01613.x}, abstractNote={An ornamental pet fish was diagnosed with a spinal fracture and subluxation involving truncal vertebrae 5 and 6 (T5‐T6) using conventional radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography. Attempts to evaluate the dynamic nature of the lesion using conventional fluoroscopy in the unanesthetized, moving patient were unsuccessful. Adaptation of imaging techniques to accommodate a fish patient was not difficult and diagnostic images were obtained. The use of multiple imaging techniques was useful in the diagnosis and determination of the treatment plan of the spinal fracture in this patient.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Bakal, RS and Love, NE and Lewbart, GA and Berry, CR}, year={1998}, pages={318–321} }
 @article{lewbart_1998, title={Koi medicine and management}, volume={20}, number={3A}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1998}, pages={5–12} }
 @article{doi_stoskopf_lewbart_1998, title={Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) following different routes of administration}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00162.x}, abstractNote={Oxytetracycline (OTC) pharmacokinetics were studied in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. OTC plasma concentrations were determined by high‐performance‐liquid‐chromatography (HPLC). A non‐compartmental model was used to describe plasma drug disposition after OTC administration. Following i.m. administration, the elimination half‐life (t½) was 62.65 ± 1.25 h and the bioavailability was 49.80 ± 0.01%. After i.v. administration the t½ was 50.97 ± 2.99 h, the Vd was 534.11 ± 38.58 mL/kg, and CIb was 0.121 ± 0.003 mL/min.kg. The 5 mg/kg i.v. dose used in this experiment resulted in up to 48 h plasma concentrations of OTC above the reported MIC values for some strains of fish pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. liquefaciens, A. salmonicida, Cytophaga columnaris, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Vibrio anguillarium, V. ordalii, V. salmonicida and Yeersinia ruckeri. These MIC values are below the susceptible range (4 μg/mL) listed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) as determined by the NCCLS susceptibility interpretive criteria.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, author={Doi, A. M. and Stoskopf, M. K. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={1998}, pages={364–368} }
 @book{lewbart_noga_1998, title={Self-assessment color review of ornamental fish}, ISBN={0813826195}, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press}, author={Lewbart, G. A. and Noga, E. J.}, year={1998} }
 @article{lewbart_spodnick_barlow_love_geoly_bakal_1998, title={Surgical removal of an undifferentiated abdominal sarcoma from a koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={143}, ISSN={["0042-4900"]}, DOI={10.1136/vr.143.20.556}, abstractNote={An undifferentiated abdominal sarcoma was removed surgically from a koi carp. The diagnostic procedures, including radiography and computed tomography, and the procedures for general anaesthesia and the surgical approach for a celiotomy in a fish are described. The gross and microscopic appearance of the tumour is described and lustrated.}, number={20}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, author={Lewbart, GA and Spodnick, G and Barlow, N and Love, NE and Geoly, F and Bakal, RS}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={556–558} }
 @article{mashima_cornish_lewbart_1997, title={Amyloidosis in a Jack Dempsey cichlid, Cichlasoma biocellatum Regan}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00276.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 20, Issue 1 p. 73-75 Amyloidosis in a jack Dempsey cichild, Cichlasoma biocellatum Regan T.Y. Mashima, T.Y. Mashima Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Cornish, T.E. Cornish Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorG.A. Lewbart, G.A. Lewbart Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Search for more papers by this author T.Y. Mashima, T.Y. Mashima Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Cornish, T.E. Cornish Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorG.A. Lewbart, G.A. Lewbart Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA,Search for more papers by this author First published: 31 October 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00276.xCitations: 5 A. Gregory Lewbart Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume20, Issue1January 1997Pages 73-75 RelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Mashima, TY and Cornish, TE and Lewbart, GA}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={73–75} }
 @article{hawkins_townsend_lewbart_stamper_thayer_rhinehart_1997, title={Bronchoalveolar lavage in a dolphin}, volume={211}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, E. C. and Townsend, F. I. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Stamper, M. A. and Thayer, V. G. and Rhinehart, H. L.}, year={1997}, pages={901–904} }
 @article{hawkins_townsend_lewbart_stamper_thayer_rhinehart_1997, title={Bronchoalveolar lavage in a dolphin.}, volume={10}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9333097}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Hawkins, EC and Townsend, FI and Lewbart, GA and Stamper, MA and Thayer, VG and Rhinehart, HL}, year={1997}, month={Oct} }
 @article{tocidlowski_lewbart_stoskopf_1997, title={Hematologic study of red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum)}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0275-6382"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00722.x}, abstractNote={A study of a laboratory population (N = 60) of immature red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) was conducted for the purpose of characterizing hematological parameters. Median (2.5th ‐ 97.5th percentile) values obtained by hemocytometer counts, spun packed cell volume, refractometer, and differential counts were as follows: packed cell volume 25.8 (22.0 ‐ 32.0) %, total plasma solids 4.0 (3.4 ‐ 4.7) gm/dl, red blood cell concentration 1.68 (1.15 ‐ 2.94) × 106/μl, white blood cell concentration 33.5 (13.6 ‐ 52.3) × 103/μl, heterophils 3.2 (0.3 ‐ 16.8) × 103/μl, non‐staining granulocytes 0.4 (0.05 ‐ 1.9) × 103/μl, eosinophils 0.2 (0.1 ‐ 0.3) × 103/μl, lymphocytes 21.0 (8.2 ‐ 35.6) × 103/μl, granular lymphocytes 1.4 (0.4 ‐ 5.6) × 103/μl, and monocytes 1.2 (0.4 ‐ 4.4) × 103/μl. Blood cell measurements were taken and descriptions given of the blood cells encountered on the stained smear. A modified leukocyte slide estimate formula [(avg. # leukocytes/10 HPF × 2,000) + 6,300] (/μl) had better agreement with Neubauer hemocytometer white cell counts than the method used for avian species.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Tocidlowski, ME and Lewbart, GA and Stoskopf, MK}, year={1997}, pages={119–125} }
 @inbook{lewbart_1997, title={Medical management of disorders of freshwater tropical fish}, booktitle={Practical exotic animal medicine}, publisher={Trenton, N.J.: Veterinary Learning Systems}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1997}, pages={250–258} }
 @article{nadelstein_bakal_lewbart_1997, title={Orbital exenteration and placement of a prosthesis in fish}, volume={211}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Nadelstein, B. and Bakal, R. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1997}, pages={603–606} }
 @article{love_lewbart_1997, title={Pet fish radiography: Technique and case history reports}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb01598.x}, abstractNote={Radiography can be used to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of pet fish diseases. Handling, restraint and radiographic technique for the radiographic examination of pet fish is described. Quality diagnostic images can be obtained with standard radiographic equipment and radiographic techniques. Fishes with undifferentiated sarcoma, swim bladder herniation and scoliosis are three clinical examples that are described where radiography was used in the management of the patient. Conventional radiography appears to be best for evaluating skeletal and swim bladder diseases. Alternate imaging techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may enhance the evaluation of coelomic soft tissue structures.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Love, NE and Lewbart, GA}, year={1997}, pages={24–29} }
 @article{lewbart_vaden_deen_manaugh_whitt_doi_smith_flammer_1997, title={Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) after intramuscular, oral and bath administration}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00814.x}, abstractNote={The intramuscular (i.m.), oral (p.o.), and bath immersion disposition of enrofloxacin were evaluated following administration to a cultured population of red pacu. The half‐life for enrofloxacin following i.m. administration was 28.9 h, considerably longer than values calculated for other animals such as dogs, birds, rabbits, and tortoises. The 4 h maximum concentration (Cmax) of 1.64 μg/mL following a single 5.0 mg/kg dosing easily exceeds the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 20 bacterial organisms known to infect fish. At 48 h post i.m. administration, the mean plasma enrofloxacin concentration was well above the MIC for most gram‐negative fish pathogens. The gavage method of oral enrofloxacin administration produced a Cmax of 0.94 μg/mL at 6–8 h. This Cmax was well above the reported in vitro MIC. A bath immersion concentration of 2.5 mg/L for 5 h was used in this study. The Cmax of 0.17 μg/mL was noted on the 2 hour post‐treatment plasma sample. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin exceeded published in vitro MIC’s for most fish bacterial pathogens 72 h after treatment was concluded. Ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was detected and measured after all methods of drug administration. It is possible and practical to obtain therapeutic blood concentrations of enrofloxacin in the red pacu using p.o., i.m., and bath immersion administration. The i.m. route is the most predictable and results in the highest plasma concentrations of the drug.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Lewbart, G and Vaden, S and Deen, J and Manaugh, C and Whitt, D and Doi, A and Smith, T and Flammer, K}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={124–128} }
 @article{cathers_lewbart_correa_stevens_1997, title={Serum chemistry and hematology values for anesthetized American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana)}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Cathers, T. and Lewbart, G. A. and Correa, M. T. and Stevens, J. B.}, year={1997}, pages={171–174} }
 @book{lewbart_1996, place={Malabar, FL}, title={Ivory Hunters: A Novel of Extinction}, publisher={Krieger Publishing}, author={Lewbart, G.}, year={1996} }
 @book{lewbart_1996, title={Ivory hunters}, ISBN={1884570402}, publisher={Fuquay-Varina, NC: Research Triangle Pub}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1996} }
 @article{lewbart_riser_1996, title={Nuchal Organs of the Polychaete Parapionosyllis manca (Syllidae)}, volume={115}, ISSN={1077-8306}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3227018}, DOI={10.2307/3227018}, abstractNote={Nuchal organs are known to be important sensory organs of many polychaete annelid species. This study describes the fine structure of the nuchal organs and associated glands of Parapionosyllis manca. In each nuchal organ, the ciliated epithelium of the nuchal cleft encloses an olfactory chamber through which sensory cilia and microvillus-like processes radiate. These sensory components originate from bulbs of sensory cells that are closely associated to form a sensory bundle. Each bundle of cells is encased in a palisade of support cells bearing motile cilia. Numerous secretory vesicles occur in the cytoplasm of the support cells and beneath the modified cuticle of the nuchal organ. The support cells of the olfactory region extend posteriorly to form the nuchal lobes, or glands. The cells are elongate and taper to a thin neck just before leaving the sensory area of the nuchal organ. There are essentially no nuclei in the sensory region as these and most of the other cellular organelles are concentrated in the lobes that extend into the body cavity but are contained by the epidermal basement matrix. The nuchal organ is innervated by the nuchal nerve, which extends posteriorly from the hind portion of the brain. Additional key words: ultrastructure, sensory organs, Annelida The nuchal organs of polychaete annelids are a pair of ciliated pits located in the head region of the animal, usually between the prostomium and the peristomium. They are believed by most investigators to be chemosensory (Lang 1888; Rolleston & Jackson 1888; Rullier 1950, 1951; Bullock & Horridge 1965; Purschke 1986, 1990; Schlotzer-Schrehardt 1986; Rhode 1989, 1990) and probably function in the location of food. Others believe the organs may also have a role in coordinating reproductive behavior (Schlotzer-Schrehardt 1987). The present study describes the nuchal organs of Parapionosyllis manca, an interstitial polychaete belonging to the family Syllidae. The nuchal organ, found in many families of polychaetes with varying lifestyles, was first described in 1849 by J.H. Huxley while on an expedition aboard the H.M.S. Rattlesnake. He collected two specimens of Tomopteris onisciformes (Tomopteridae) and noted the presence of a pair of rounded elevations running back along the dorsal surface in the form of a band or ridge between the narrow neck and the second pair of cephalic appendages. This information was published by Carpenter (1859). A year later, the organs were more a To whom correspondence should be addressed. Present address: Dept. of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. accurately described by Carpenter & Claparede (1860), and were called "ciliated epaulettes." Several decades later workers began to speculate on the function of nuchal organs. Lang (1888) referred to nuchal organs as organs of smell. Rolleston & Jackson (1888) stated that among their "organs of special sense," many polychaetes had ciliated grooves supplied by nerves from the cerebral ganglia. Malaquin (1893) considered the nuchal organs of syllids to be sense organs responsive}, number={4}, journal={Invertebrate Biology}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Lewbart, Gregory A. and Riser, Nathan W.}, year={1996}, pages={286} }
 @article{beck_lewbart_piner_1996, title={The occurrence of an Ichthyobodo-like organism on captive Atlantic spadefish, Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.1996.tb00125.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 111-112 The occurrence of an Ichthyobodo-like organism on captive Atlantic spadefish, Chaetodipterus faber(Broussonet) K Beck, K Beck College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Lewbart, Corresponding Author G Lewbart College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USADr Gregory Lewbart, Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Piner, G Piner North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author K Beck, K Beck College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Lewbart, Corresponding Author G Lewbart College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USADr Gregory Lewbart, Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USASearch for more papers by this authorG Piner, G Piner North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1996.tb00125.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Becker. C.D. (1977) Flagellate parasites of fish. In: Parasitic Protozoa, Vol. 1 (ed. by J. P. Krier), pp. 357–416. Academic Press, New York , NY . Bullock, A.M. & Robertson, D.A. (1982) A note on the occurrence of Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) in a wild population ot juvenile plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Journal of Fish Diseases 5, 531–533. Cone, D.K. & Wiles, M. (1984) Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) from winter flounder. Pseudopleuronectcs americanus(Walbaum), in the North-West Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Fish Diseases 7, 87–89. Diamant, A. (1987) Ultrastructure and pathogenesis of Ichthyobodo sp. from wild common dab, Limanda limanda L, in the North Sea. Journal of Fish Diseases 10, 241–247. Dykstra, M.J. (1982) Biological Electron Microscopy. Plenum Press, New York , NY . Forsythe, J.W., Hanlon, R.T., Bullis, R.A. & Noga, E.J. (1991) Octopus bimaculoides (Pickford & McConnaughey, 1949): a marine invertebrate host for ectoparasitic protozoans. Journal of Fish Diseases 14, 431–442. Gratzek, J.B. (1993) Parasites associated with freshwater tropical fish. In: Fish Medicine (ed. by M. K. Stoskopf), p. 576. W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia , PA . Morrison, C.M. & Cone, D.K. (1986) A possible marine form ot Ichthyobodo sp. on haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.), in the north-west Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Fish Diseases 9, 141–142. Volume19, Issue1January 1996Pages 111-112 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={Beck, K and Lewbart, G and Piner, G}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={111–112} }
 @article{lewbart_1995, title={Advances in exotic animal medicine}, volume={17}, number={8}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1995}, pages={998} }
 @article{murphy_lewbart_1995, title={Aquarium fish dermatologic diseases}, volume={4}, ISSN={1055-937X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-937x(05)80019-2}, DOI={10.1016/s1055-937x(05)80019-2}, abstractNote={Aquarium fish are one of the largest groups of pets kept in the United States. There is an ever increasing demand for veterinary services related to pet fish. Early clinical signs in many infectious and noninfectious diseases of fish are manifested by the skin. In this article, we have reviewed and described the more common environmental and pathogen-related dermatologic diseases of pet fish. Diseases prevention, control, and various treatment protocols also have been discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Murphy, K. Marcia and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={1995}, month={Oct}, pages={220–233} }
 @article{harms_bakal_khoo_spaulding_lewbart_1995, title={Microsurgical excision of an abdominal mass in a gourami (Colisa labiosa)}, volume={207}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Harms, C. A. and Bakal, R. S. and Khoo, L. H. and Spaulding, K. A. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1995}, pages={1215–1217} }
 @article{pneumocycstectomy in a midas cichlid_1995, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Asociation}, year={1995}, month={Aug} }
 @article{lewbart_stone_love_1995, title={Pneumocystectomy in a Midas cichlid}, volume={207}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Lewbart, G. A. and Stone, E. A. and Love, N. E.}, year={1995}, pages={319} }
 @article{beck_loomis_lewbart_spelman_papich_1995, title={Preliminary comparison of plasma concentrations of gentamicin injected into the cranial and caudal limb musculature of the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={26}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Beck, K. and Loomis, M. and Lewbart, G. and Spelman, L. and Papich, M.}, year={1995}, pages={265–268} }
 @article{khoo_dennis_lewbart_1995, title={RICKETTSIA-LIKE ORGANISMS IN THE BLUE-EYED PLECOSTOMUS, PANAQUE SUTTONI (EIGENMANN AND EIGENMANN)}, volume={18}, ISSN={["0140-7775"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00273.x}, abstractNote={Abstract.  Intracytoplasmic organisms resembling rickettsia were observed in tissues of two blue‐eyed plecostoitius, Panaqae suttoni (Eigenmann & Eigenmann), a tropical freshwater fish. Gross lesions were limited to renomegaly and splenomegaly. Cytopathological and histopathological examination of the various tissues revealed numerous small, discrete, coccoid organisms in the cytoplasm of monocytes as well as tissue macrophages of the spleen, heart, kidney and sometimes liver. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that these organisms were within membrane‐bound vacuoles and had a morphology resembling rickettsia.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES}, author={KHOO, L and DENNIS, PM and LEWBART, GA}, year={1995}, month={Mar}, pages={157–163} }
 @article{lewbart_medway_1993, title={A case of mycotic lung disease in a wild caught juvenile sea turtle}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G. A. and Medway, W.}, year={1993}, pages={58} }
 @article{lewbart_1993, title={Care and handling of pet fish}, volume={14}, number={8}, journal={Veterinary Technician}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1993}, pages={478–482} }
 @article{lewbart_harms_1993, title={Preventative medicine for pet fishes}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A. and Harms, C.A.}, year={1993}, pages={128–132} }
 @article{lewbart_1992, title={Basic diagnostic procedures for tropical fish}, volume={1}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1992}, pages={182–187} }
 @article{lewbart_1992, title={Familiarizing yourself with the ornamental fish industry}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1992}, pages={29–34} }
 @article{lewbart_1992, title={Protozoal diseases of tropical fishes}, volume={1}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1992}, pages={121–127} }
 @article{lewbart_1991, title={Emergency care for the tropical fish patient}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1991}, pages={38–42} }
 @article{lewbart_1991, title={Medical management of disorders of freshwater tropical fish}, volume={13}, number={6}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1991}, pages={969–977} }
 @article{lewbart_1991, title={Water quality and chemistry for tropical fish}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Small Exotic Animal Medicine}, author={Lewbart, G.A.}, year={1991}, pages={79–85} }
 @article{leibovitz_lewbart_1987, title={A green algal (Chlorophycophytal) infection of the exoskeleton and associated organ structures in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus}, volume={173}, journal={Biological Bulletin (Lancaster, Pa.)}, author={Leibovitz, L. and Lewbart, G. A.}, year={1987}, pages={430} }
 @article{alberch_lewbart_gale_1985, title={Metamorphosis of the epibranchial in the salamander, Eurycea bislineata}, volume={88}, journal={Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology}, author={Alberch, P. and Lewbart, G. A. and Gale, E.}, year={1985}, pages={71–83} }
 @article{the fate of larval chondrocytes during the metamorphosis of the epibranchial in the salamander, eurycea bislineata_1985, journal={Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology (Development)}, year={1985} }