@article{jensen_baird_blank_2019, title={New landscapes of conflict: land-use competition at the urban-rural fringe}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1469-9710"]}, DOI={10.1080/01426397.2017.1413173}, abstractNote={Abstract Land-use conflict research generally focuses on conflicts where pre-existing opponents respond to the introduction of a new unwanted land-use. We select a 2008 land-use conflict to explore an understudied scenario: urban–rural fringe (URF) expansion can introduce new opposing stakeholders into areas with pre-existing unwanted land-uses. We use spatial analysis methods to measure the rate and direction of URF expansion in relation to a vacated cement facility that had been approved for revitalisation in 2008, motivating a land-use conflict between competing stakeholders. Findings indicate that the cement facility and surrounding land-uses had been continuously used for similar noxious activities since 1964, but URF expansion changed the area’s surrounding landscape from rural-majority to urban-majority prior to the 2008 land-use conflict. The association between URF expansion and space-related drivers of land-use conflict is a necessary consideration when studying increasingly urbanised landscapes.}, number={4}, journal={LANDSCAPE RESEARCH}, author={Jensen, David and Baird, Timothy and Blank, Gary}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={418–429} }
 @article{perlmutter_blank_wentworth_lowman_neufeld_plata_2018, title={Highway pollution effects on microhabitat community structure of corticolous lichens}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1938-4378"]}, DOI={10.1639/0007-2745-121.1.001}, abstractNote={Abstract We studied lichen communities on bole and base tree trunk segments along forest edge-to-interior gradients on opposite sides of a major highway and a control site in central North Carolina, U.S.A., to investigate if these two communities differ and if so, do they differ in response to highway pollution. At each site we measured various environmental parameters including ambient air NO2 concentrations, and sampled lichens on 5–7 trees along each of five parallel transects established at the forest edge and at 25, 60, 100 and 150 m into the forest. We compared lichen communities between the two trunk segments via species richness and composition by habit, photobiont type, and reproductive strategy. We then ran dual (bole and base) NMS ordinations with subsequent correlation/regression analyses to explore/test relationships of lichen parameters with environmental variables among the 15 sample transects combined. Species richness was similar between trunk segments at transect and site levels as well as overall. Bole and base communities were more compositionally similar to each other at the highway sites than they were at the control site, based on Bray-Curtis similarity indices (BC). Tree base communities differed in terms of functional groupings, with greater proportions of squamulose, cyanolichen and sterile species than found in tree bole communities, but varyingly so among sites. Patterns of bole-base BC values with distance from the forest edge were not apparent in any of the sites. Ordination analyses resulted in Axis 1 representing most of the variation for each trunk segment. Along this axis, correlations were similar between boles and bases, with the strongest ones involving lichen species richness (negative) and NO2 concentrations (positive); notably weak correlations involved tree species number, canopy cover and DBH. Similar patterns were found when lichen species number was correlated with environmental parameters directly, with NO2 concentration correlating strongest at each trunk segment. Among functional groups, % crustose and % fertile species on bases correlated significantly with NO2. Lichen species–NO2 relationships on boles and bases were both found to be highly significant quadratic relationships with base lichen richness being stronger.}, number={1}, journal={BRYOLOGIST}, author={Perlmutter, Gary B. and Blank, Gary B. and Wentworth, Thomas R. and Lowman, Margaret D. and Neufeld, Howard S. and Plata, Eimy Rivas}, year={2018}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{perlmutter_blank_wentworth_lowman_neufeld_plata_2017, title={Effects of highway pollution on forest lichen community structure in western Wake County, North Carolina, USA}, volume={120}, DOI={10.1639/0007-2745-120.1.001}, abstractNote={Abstract We studied lichen communities along forest edge-to-interior gradients on opposite sides of a major highway and along a remote lakeshore in central North Carolina, U.S.A., to investigate highway pollution effects on this sensitive ecosystem component. At each site we sampled lichens on trees at 10 m intervals along each of five parallel transects established at the forest edge and at 25, 60, 100, and 150 m into the forest in the highway sites, with a similar layout along a nonlinear lakeshore in a similar forest type, from which transect distances from the forest edge were estimated using average tree distances from the nearest shoreline. Lichen communities were inventoried on tree trunks from the base up to 1.5 m height, then compared both among and within sites. Species richness was highest in the control site, and did not differ between the two highway sites. The highway sites were more similar to one another than either was to the control site, based on Bray-Curtis similarity indices. No associations were detected among sites and sampled lichen biotic components in terms of growth form, photobiont type or reproductive mode. In the highway sites, total transect species richness increased from the forest edge to 150 m distant. In the control site, species richness decreased from the forest edge to the most distant transect. Findings suggest a negative effect of highway pollution on species richness of lichen communities, but not on species composition by habit, photobiont type or reproductive mode. Despite the elevated NOx concentrations recorded along the highway, known nitrophilous species were largely absent, suggesting that other factors, including other pollutants, were affecting community structure near the highway.}, number={1}, journal={Bryologist}, author={Perlmutter, G. B. and Blank, G. B. and Wentworth, T. R. and Lowman, M. D. and Neufeld, H. S. and Plata, E. R.}, year={2017}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{mayer_seekamp_casper_blank_2015, title={An examination of behavior change theories to predict behavioral intentions of organisms-in-trade hobbyists}, volume={21}, DOI={10.22459/her.21.02.2015.04}, abstractNote={This study examined the effects of theoretical constructs from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and value-belief-norm theory (VBN) on intentions to perform purchase and disposal behaviors that help prevent aquatic invasive species (AIS) spread by organisms-in-trade (OIT) hobbyists. More specifically, the goals of this study were to explore (1) the predictive ability of theoretical constructs on intention to perform desired behaviors and (2) differences in the strength of the constructs on future purchase and disposal behaviors. Regression analyses from survey research conducted at OIT events in the Great Lakes region (n = 542) revealed that VBN constructs have direct, positive effects on likelihood of performing future purchase and disposal behaviors; one TPB construct (perceived behavioral control) also predicted likelihood of performing future disposal behaviors. Seemingly unrelated regression results demonstrate differing effects of theoretical constructs between purchase and disposal behaviors. Findings suggest tailoring messages to target specific behaviors. 1 Corresponding author: erin_seekamp@ncsu.edu. Human Ecology Review, Volume 21, Number 2, 2015 66}, number={2}, journal={Human Ecology Review}, author={Mayer, J. and Seekamp, Erin and Casper, J. and Blank, G.}, year={2015}, pages={65–92} }
 @article{scott_eaton_foote_vierra_boutton_blank_johnsen_2014, title={Soil Ecosystem Services in Loblolly Pine Plantations 15 Years after Harvest, Compaction, and Vegetation Control}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, DOI={10.2136/sssaj2014.02.0086}, abstractNote={Site productivity has long been identified as the primary ecosystem service to be sustained in timberlands. However, soil C sequestration and ecosystem biodiversity have emerged as critical services provided by managed forest soils that must also be sustained. These ecosystem services were assessed in response to gradients of organic matter removal, soil compaction, and noncrop vegetation control on the thirteen 15‐yr‐old sites of the international Long‐Term Soil Productivity (LTSP) study located in North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the southern United States. Whole‐tree harvesting without removing the forest floor reduced tree volume at one site while removing the forest floor to achieve maximum nutrient removals reduced stand volume by 7% overall. Conversely, soil compaction increased pine volume production by 10% overall. Vegetation control increased pine stand volume production by 46% overall. Mineral soil C storage in the surface 0.3 m was similar overall regardless of treatment. Soil compaction and organic matter removal did not alter overall woody species richness or Shannon's Index of diversity. Overall, these results suggest that biomass harvesting and intensive organic matter removal from southern pine stands has limited and site‐specific effects on three soil ecosystem services: timber volume production, mineral soil C storage, and woody plant diversity.}, number={6}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, author={Scott, D. Andrew and Eaton, Robert J. and Foote, Julie A. and Vierra, Benjamin and Boutton, Thomas W. and Blank, Gary B. and Johnsen, Kurt}, year={2014}, pages={2032–2040} }
 @article{inkiläinen_mchale_blank_james_nikinmaa_2013, title={The role of the residential urban forest in regulating throughfall: A case study in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA}, volume={119}, ISSN={0169-2046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.002}, abstractNote={Overwhelming stormwater volumes, associated with deteriorating water quality and severe flooding in urbanizing cities, have become a great environmental and financial concern globally. Urban forests are capable of reducing the amount of stormwater runoff, in part, by regulating throughfall via canopy rainfall interception; however, the lack of stand-scale studies of urban throughfall hinders realistic estimates of the benefits of urban vegetation for stormwater regulation. Furthermore, urban forest characteristics that may be influencing rainfall interception are difficult to establish as these environments are extremely heterogeneous and managed, to a large extent, by private residents with varying landscape preferences. To quantify the amount of rainfall interception by vegetation in a residential urban forest we measured throughfall in Raleigh, NC, USA between July and November 2010. We analyzed 16 residential yards with varying vegetation structure to evaluate the relative importance of different descriptive measures of vegetation in influencing throughfall in an urban watershed. Throughfall comprised 78.1–88.9% of gross precipitation, indicating 9.1–21.4% rainfall interception. Canopy cover (p < 0.0001) and coniferous trees (p = 0.017) were the most influential vegetation variables explaining throughfall whereas variables such as leaf area index were not found significant in our models. Throughfall and vegetation characteristics varied significantly among yards (p < 0.0001), between front and back yards (p < 0.0001), and between rented and privately-owned yards (p = 0.001), suggesting a potentially significant role in stormwater regulation for urban residents.}, journal={Landscape and Urban Planning}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Inkiläinen, Elina N.M. and McHale, Melissa R. and Blank, Gary B. and James, April L. and Nikinmaa, Eero}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={91–103} }
 @article{gregory_braham_blank_stucky_2010, title={Habitat and Search Criteria of the Rare Sandhills Lily, Lilium pyrophilum M. W. Skinner and Sorrie}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1938-4386"]}, DOI={10.2179/09-026.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Thirty populations of Sandhills lily (Lilium pyrophilum) in North Carolina and Virginia were studied to understand the habitat requirements and develop search criteria to find new populations. In each population a study plot containing lily individuals was compared with a nearby plot lacking the lily. Lilium pyrophilum habitat occurred on floodplains and adjacent side slopes that supported four Coastal Plain plant community types and maintained rights-of-way and had an open canopy with an understory dominated by herbs and shrubs. Lily individuals occurred on a range of organic to mineral-organic soils but not on sandy soils and lily soils had higher sulfur levels. Relative to plots lacking lily individuals, Lilium pyrophilum plots had a higher wetness index. Since 97% of plots were in jurisdictional wetlands, a wetland indicator of FACW+ was recommended for L. pyrophilum. Search criteria for finding new populations were developed on the basis of the habitat features elucidated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={CASTANEA}, author={Gregory, Cheryl and Braham, Richard and Blank, Gary and Stucky, Jon}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={198–204} }
 @article{rutledge_frampton_blank_hinesley_2009, title={Naphthaleneacetic acid reduces leader growth of Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={44}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Rutledge, M. E. and Frampton, J. and Blank, G. and Hinesley, L. E.}, year={2009}, pages={345–348} }
 @article{dunning_meilan_jacobs_blank_easley_olsson_2008, title={Collaborative study abroad: Combining efforts to improve the undergraduate experience}, volume={52}, number={4}, journal={NACTA Journal}, author={Dunning, J. B. and Meilan, R. and Jacobs, D. F. and Blank, G. B. and Easley, T. R. and Olsson, M.}, year={2008}, pages={20–24} }
 @article{rutledge_frampton_hinesley_blank_2008, title={Top-stop nipper reduces leader growth in fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rutledge, M. E. and Frampton, J. and Hinesley, L. E. and Blank, G.}, year={2008}, pages={256–260} }
 @article{rutledge_frampton_hinesley_blank_2008, title={Using a bud volume index with the top-stop nipper to control leader growth of Fraser fir Christmas trees}, volume={18}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Rutledge, M. E. and Frampton, J. and Hinesley, L. E. and Blank, G.}, year={2008}, pages={583–587} }
 @article{carrasco_blank_sills_2006, title={Characterizing environmental impact statements for road projects in North Carolina}, volume={24}, DOI={10.3152/147154606781765318}, abstractNote={We evaluate consistency and patterns among a 20-year sample of EISs for road projects in North Carolina, USA. Applying multivariate statistical methods, we find substantial variation in reporting of project and site characteristics, the EIS process itself, and types and definitions of impacts. We find a relationship between environmental impacts and bio-physical or geographic factors. The relationship between predicted environmental impacts and economic factors suggests more environmental impacts occur, or are identified, in high-income counties. Variables describing public involvement and completeness are associated mainly with the number of residential relocations required. Farmlands potentially impacted are reported inconsistently and are not reliable for comparison, so rural environmental impacts may be seriously underestimated.}, number={1}, journal={Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal}, author={Carrasco, L. and Blank, G. and Sills, Erin}, year={2006}, pages={65–79} }
 @article{potter_cubbage_blank_schaberg_2004, title={A Watershed-Scale Model for Predicting Nonpoint Pollution Risk in North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0117-7}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-004-0117-7}, abstractNote={The Southeastern United States is a global center of freshwater biotic diversity, but much of the region's aquatic biodiversity is at risk from stream degradation. Nonpoint pollution sources are responsible for 70% of that degradation, and controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, urbanization, and silviculture is considered critical to maintaining water quality and aquatic biodiversity in the Southeast. We used an ecological risk assessment framework to develop vulnerability models that can help policymakers and natural resource managers understand the impact of land cover changes on water quality in North Carolina. Additionally, we determined which landscape characteristics are most closely associated with macroinvertebrate community tolerance of stream degradation, and therefore with lower-quality water. The results will allow managers and policymakers to weigh the risks of management and policy decisions to a given watershed or set of watersheds, including whether streamside buffer protection zones are ecologically effective in achieving water quality standards. Regression analyses revealed that landscape variables explained up to 56.3% of the variability in benthic macroinvertebrate index scores. The resulting vulnerability models indicate that North Carolina watersheds with less forest cover are at most risk for degraded water quality and steam habitat conditions. The importance of forest cover, at both the watershed and riparian zone scale, in predicting macrobenthic invertebrate community assemblage varies by geographic region of the state.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Potter, Kevin M. and Cubbage, Frederick W. and Blank, Gary B. and Schaberg, Rex H.}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={62–74} }
 @article{blank_2004, title={Integrating historical ecology to restore a transitional Pinus palustris community}, volume={10}, ISBN={["0-85199-802-X"]}, DOI={10.1079/9780851998022.0221}, abstractNote={Restoration of a Piedmont transitional longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) site was undertaken in Wake County. North Carolina. Restoration followed a two-stage examination of land-use history and botanical composition. Factors affecting extant forest composition were identified, and desired characteristics of a restored longleaf stand were posited. Measurement of residual trees after the restoration harvest confirmed gradual, then rapid decline of longleaf recruitment, attributed to infilling by competitor tree species. Radical alteration of stand conditions to liberate longleaf trees resulted in mortality of some residuals but effected changes that would ensure biodiversity associated with longleaf pines in this transitional ecosystem.}, journal={FOREST BIODIVERSITY: LESSONS FROM HISTORY FOR CONSERVATION}, author={Blank, GB}, year={2004}, pages={221–232} }
 @article{blank_parker_bode_2002, title={Multiple benefits of large, undeveloped tracts in urbanized landscapes - A North Carolina example}, volume={100}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Blank, G. B. and Parker, D. S. and Bode, S. M.}, year={2002}, pages={27–32} }
 @inbook{blank_2000, title={Temporal differences in forest history at two sites in eastern North America}, ISBN={0851994202}, DOI={10.1079/9780851994208.0265}, abstractNote={Two forested sites in the USA provide a contrast in studies of forest history. The sites are located 460 km apart along the American east coast, with one on the eastern edge of the North Carolina Piedmont and the other in the central Appalachian mountains (Maryland). Settlement at both sites began in about the same time period, but proximity to transportation, industrial development, and therefore markets, differed considerably. The timing and types of disturbance experienced near these sites differed as well. Factors affecting research into the history of forest impacts at these sites are their proximity to the researcher and funding to support studies. One study has remained general in scope, whereas the other study has led to detailed site analyses and specific results generating a plan for adaptive management and ecosystem research.}, booktitle={Methods and approaches in forest history}, publisher={New York : CABI Pub. in association with International Union of Forestry Research Organizations}, author={Blank, G. B.}, year={2000}, pages={265} }
 @article{megalos_blank_1998, title={Improving forestry incentives in North Carolina--1996 landowner survey results}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings of the ... Society of American Foresters National Convention}, author={Megalos, M. A. and Blank, G. B.}, year={1998}, pages={399–400} }
 @article{blank_1994, title={Communicating in the forester's workplace}, volume={92}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Blank, G. B.}, year={1994}, pages={35} }