@article{livingston_carlson_fackler_2004, title={Managing resistance evolution in two pests to two toxins with refugia}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00558.x}, abstractNote={We use a regulatory model with resistance evolution in two pests to insecticidal Bt cotton and pyrethroids (a conventional insecticide) to examine non-Bt cotton (refuge) planting requirements designed to manage Bt-resistance evolution in the midsouth. Our analysis suggests that reduced refuge requirements would enhance producer profitability, sprayed refugia are more cost effective than unsprayed refugia, and producers would receive slightly higher returns under dynamic relative to static refuge policies. Pyrethroid susceptibility in one of the pests was a renewable resource, and toxin-mixture effects associated with pyrethroid use in Bt cotton were important considerations for midsouth refuge policies.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Livingston, MJ and Carlson, GA and Fackler, PL}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{livingston_carlson_fackler_2002, title={Use of mathematical models to estimate characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in tobacco budworm and bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) field populations}, volume={95}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1008}, abstractNote={Abstract Genetic models have been used to examine the evolution of insecticide resistance in pest species subject to data and assumptions regarding genetic, biological, and operational parameters. We used time-series data on pyrethroid tolerance and simple genetic models to estimate underlying genetic and biological parameters associated with resistance evolution in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Louisiana field populations. Assuming pyrethroid resistance is conferred by one gene at one locus in both species, inheritance of pyrethroid resistance was partially dominant in the tobacco budworm and partially recessive in the bollworm. Relative fitness estimates indicated that fitness costs associated with resistance selected against resistance alleles in the absence of selection pressure in the tobacco budworm, but not in the bollworm. In addition, relative fitness estimates obtained using the indirect method outlined in this study were similar in magnitude to estimates obtained using traditional direct approaches.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Livingston, MJ and Carlson, GA and Fackler, PL}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1008–1017} }
 @article{marra_hubbell_carlson_2001, title={Information quality, technology depreciation, and Bt cotton adoption in the Southeast}, volume={26}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics}, author={Marra, M. C. and Hubbell, B. J. and Carlson, G. A.}, year={2001}, pages={158–175} }
 @article{hubbell_marra_carlson_2000, title={Estimating the demand for a new technology: Bt cotton and insecticide policies}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.1111/0002-9092.00010}, abstractNote={This article examines the potential demand for Bt cotton in the Southeast from information gathered in the first year of commercialization. We combine revealed preference (RP) data on adoption of Bt cotton varieties with stated preference (SP) data on willingness to adopt to estimate demand using a double-bounded maximum likelihood procedure. Using estimated demand equations, we simulate the costs of reducing conventional insecticide applications through subsidization of Bt cotton. Results indicate that reducing cotton insecticide applications by 40% in the Southeast would require a $21/acre subsidy, with total annual program costs between $53 million and $60 million.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Hubbell, BJ and Marra, MC and Carlson, GA}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={118–132} }
 @article{hubbell_carlson_1998, title={Effects of insecticide attributes on within-season insecticide product and rate choices: The case of US apple growers}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1244510}, abstractNote={We use a random utility framework to examine within-season choices of insecticide products and application rates made by U.S. apple growers. Impacts on pesticide choices of insecticide efficacy, environmental safety, user safety, and regulatory attributes, as well as integrated pest management (IPM) practices, are investigated using cross-sectional data from the USDA Fruit and Nut Chemical Use Survey. The results show that the product and rate choices are most influenced by efficacy and user safety attributes, respectively. Impacts of IPM practices are mainly on the choice of insecticide products, but effects differ by practice and by product. Copyright 1998, Oxford University Press.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Hubbell, BJ and Carlson, GA}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={382–396} }
 @article{carlson_marra_hubbell_1998, title={Yield, insecticide use, and profit changes from adoption of Bt cotton in the southeast}, volume={2}, number={1998}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Carlson, G. A. and Marra, M. C. and Hubbell, B. J.}, year={1998}, pages={973–974} }
 @article{carlson_marra_hubbell_1997, title={Transgenic technology for crop protection: The new super seeds}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={Choices (Ames, Iowa)}, author={Carlson, G. A. and Marra, M. C. and Hubbell, B. J.}, year={1997}, pages={31–36} }
 @book{carlson_zilberman_miranowski_1993, title={Agricultural and environmental resource economics}, ISBN={0195076516}, publisher={New York: Oxford University Press}, author={Carlson, G. A. and Zilberman, D. and Miranowski, J. A.}, year={1993} }
 @article{carlson_cochran_marra_zilberman_1992, title={Agricultural resource economics and the environment}, volume={14}, DOI={10.2307/1349510}, abstractNote={Agricultural resource economics depends upon a widely scattered literature. This article presents some of the contributions of a forthcoming book on the subject. Some of the major environmental and resource management issues for agriculture are summarized with the needs of policy analysts, graduate students, and research economists in mind. Models involving dynamics and externality management are emphasized and illustrated with examples from water, pesticides, and land resources.}, number={2}, journal={Review of Agricultural Economics}, author={Carlson, G. and Cochran, M. and Marra, M. and Zilberman, D.}, year={1992}, pages={313} }
 @article{carlson_1992, title={Production economics: Into the 21st century}, volume={10}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Agribusiness}, author={Carlson, G. A.}, year={1992}, pages={49} }
 @article{carlson_1989, title={EXTERNALITIES AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN AGRICULTURAL PEST-CONTROL}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1241610}, abstractNote={If external costs are associated with some production methods or inputs and not others, it is widely accepted that socially excessive use of the inputs with high externalities will occur. The extension of this misallocation notion to multiperiod research investments in which some technologies have higher external costs than others is conceptually direct. This paper examines externalities and other features of agricultural pest control research. Two questions arise: (a) Do operational methods and sufficient data exist for making ex ante evaluations of relative external costs of vari-}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={CARLSON, GA}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={453–457} }
 @article{carlson_suguiyama_1983, title={Economic evaluation of the Boll Weevil Eradication Trial in North Carolina, 1978-80}, number={589}, journal={Agriculture Handbook}, author={Carlson, G. A. and Suguiyama, L. F.}, year={1983}, pages={497} }
 @article{carlson_1979, title={Economics of forest pest management}, number={-14}, journal={General Technical Report - Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service}, author={Carlson, G. A.}, year={1979}, pages={51} }
 @article{carlson_1977, title={LONG-RUN PRODUCTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1239658}, abstractNote={prompted research on the private costs and returns from the use of these chemicals. Headley uses 1963 state data to estimate a $4 return for each dollar of pesticide materials of all types (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, etc.) used on U.S. farms. He indicates that this result helped explain the rapid increase in sales volume of pesticides. But during the 1960s producers were giving additional attention to pest control as more insect species became resistant to more chemical types. Many policy questions on the limitation of use and registration of insecticides require more detailed knowledge of the demand for specific compounds. Regulatory officials are concerned about the substitutability of other chemical and nonchemical pest controls (Davis et al.). Yet, no statistical estimates of insecticide demand are presently available. The importance of insecticide resistance in affecting demand for specific compounds and the long-run productivity of insecticides are investigated in this paper. Individual farm data from several cotton production regions and aggregate insecticide use data are used to test hypotheses of falling productivity of insecticides and substitutability between chemical types.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={CARLSON, GA}, year={1977}, pages={543–548} }
 @article{carlson_debord_1976, title={PUBLIC MOSQUITO ABATEMENT}, volume={3}, ISSN={["0095-0696"]}, DOI={10.1016/0095-0696(76)90028-0}, abstractNote={Mosquito abatement is a public good for which there is a long history of operating expenditures and measured performance. A simultaneous model of mosquito abundance and abatement response is developed. Parameters are estimated using time-series, cross-section data from 30 districts. Both insecticides and ditching have contributed to reduced mosquito populations. There is evidence that district managers may have invested in excess permanent control (ditching) relative to use of insecticides, and that present abatement expenditures for the average district are excessive.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT}, author={CARLSON, GA and DEBORD, DV}, year={1976}, pages={142–153} }
 @article{carlson_1975, title={Control of a mobile pest: The imported fire ant}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1017/s0081305200012516}, abstractNote={Entomologists and other pest control specialists recognize that pest mobility creates difficulties when control is left to individual property owners. Control of mobile weeds, insects or contagious diseases has characteristics of a public good with high exclusion costs and near equal availability to all people in the affected area. If abatement benefits for areas to which the pest is spreading are not considered, there will be under production of abatement. Cooperatives, county abatement districts or state and federal agencies are often set up to administer area-wide abatement efforts. Economies of scale in pesticide treatments, coordination of efforts to limit spatial spread of the pest (quarantine activities) and scale economies in technology to reduce adverse side effects of pesticides are given as justifications for public or large-scale pest control programs.}, number={2}, journal={Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics}, author={Carlson, G. A.}, year={1975}, pages={35} }
 @book{debord_carlson_axtell_1975, title={Demand for and cost of coastal salt marsh mosquito control (North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station publication, no. 262)}, institution={Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station}, author={DeBord, D. V. and Carlson, G. A. and Axtell, R. C.}, year={1975} }