@article{chen_liu_li_hsiang_jarvamard_2023, title={Motivating Reliable Collaboration for Modular Construction: Shapley Value-Based Smart Contract}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-5479"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JMENEA.MEENG-5428}, DOI={10.1061/JMENEA.MEENG-5428}, abstractNote={Establishing a fair benefit distribution system for construction projects, in which participants often need to work together in a highly uncertain and interrelated environment, is challenging. There is a lack of objective mechanism for construction projects to motivate reliable workflow automatically and instantly. The objective of this study is to develop Shapley value–based smart contracts to automatically assign fair rewards/penalties to motivate task-level collaborations. The research first developed a simulation model to quantify subcontractors’ marginal contributions under different coalitional scenarios. Then, the simulation results were aggregated using Shapley value to determine each participant’s reasonable rewards/penalties. Lastly, the payment was encoded in the smart contract and then deployed in the blockchain to self-enforce consensus executions. The results showed that Shapley value–based smart contracts exhibited incentives to motivate reliable contributions and enable peer negotiations to realize task-level production. The contributions of this study to the body of knowledge are (1) quantify subcontractors’ marginal contributions to the project, and (2) determine how to distribute fair collaborative outcomes when project participants can perform at different levels of effort. The incentives embedded in smart contracts can reshape project participants’ collaborative behaviors toward desired outcomes, enabling a self-manage, self-govern, and self-adjust decentralized autonomous organization.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING}, author={Chen, Gongfan and Liu, Min and Li, Huaming and Hsiang, Simon M. and Jarvamard, Ashtad}, year={2023}, month={Nov} }
 @inbook{li_chen_liu_hsiang_jarvamardi_2023, title={Situation Awareness Based Smart Contract for Modular Construction}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1029-6_28}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-19-1029-6_28}, abstractNote={Modular construction has been implemented to achieve shorter project duration, lower cost, and higher productivity for construction projects. This option is especially helpful to reduce on-site activities and interaction under and after COVID impact. However, additional planning and support in engineering, procurement, and delivery are required to facilitate modular construction. Unreliable prefabrication and delivery can deteriorate subsequent activity productivity and overall project performance. This research aims to develop an automatic incentive—penalty enforcement system for modular construction based on the situation awareness of delivery tracking. The research selected a high-rise residential project in Singapore as a case study. The project used modular construction for making and installing 120 Prefabricated Bathroom Units. Based on the empirical data of delivery, on-site lifting, and installation, we built STROBOSCOPE simulation models to understand the impact on productivity and schedule from five scenarios at various delivery reliability levels of the Prefabricated Bathroom Units. Smart Contract rules were developed based on the impact. A Blockchain platform was established so that once a real-time delivery is identified and the information is entered into the Smart Contract, the associated incentive or penalty can be triggered instantly. The Smart Contract based incentive—penalty enforcement system will be beneficial for construction projects to monitor and track modular delivery, motivate reliable supply, reduce payment disputes, and improve productivity.}, booktitle={Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering}, publisher={Springer Nature Singapore}, author={Li, Huaming and Chen, Gongfan and Liu, Min and Hsiang, Simon M. and Jarvamardi, Ashtad}, year={2023}, pages={363–373} }
 @article{he_liu_zhang_wang_hsiang_chen_li_dai_2023, title={Space-Time-Workforce Visualization and Conditional Capacity Synthesis in Uncertainty}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-5479"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JMENEA.MEENG-4991}, DOI={10.1061/JMENEA.MEENG-4991}, abstractNote={Workspace, project duration, and workforce are three critical resources for construction projects. Project managers need to expend time and effort reviewing, comprehending, and coordinating these resources. However, the space–time–workforce interactions and their impact on decision-making in project scheduling are not fully known. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to understand the impact of workforce shifts on space, time, and labor cost performances, develop a three-dimensional (3D) visualization tool to reveal activity-level resource dynamics, and associate the risk aftermath with the occurrence probability to balance subjective risk tolerance and objective system reliability. This research developed a simulation model based on a case project to compare the workflow of five major specialty trades (i.e., bar placer, carpenter, scaffolder, pipefitter, and concreter) in 267 scenarios. A resource-oriented 3D visualization tool was developed to help project managers monitor project schedules. The research established a risk control framework using value-at-risk (VaR) and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) approaches to associate extreme outcomes with their occurrence probability. Simulation results indicated that pipefitters significantly affected workspace overlap, whereas bar placers and carpenters predominantly impacted project duration. The scholarly contributions are (1) the creation of an intelligent system to generate a project schedule from workforce assignments specified by project managers, (2) development of a tool to visualize the three-way resource dynamics of workforce, time, and space on a 3D model for all possible scenarios, and (3) development of a framework for project managers to balance planning strategies between subjective risk tolerance and objective system reliability. This research provides project managers with a dynamic 3D visualization of space, time, and workforce utilization and interaction in uncertain environments, further facilitating reliable project scheduling decision-making.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING}, author={He, Chuanni and Liu, Min and Zhang, Yuxiang and Wang, Zhigao and Hsiang, Simon M. M. and Chen, Gongfan and Li, Weiqiang and Dai, Gongfu}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{chen_liu_zhang_wang_hsiang_he_2023, title={Using Images to Detect, Plan, Analyze, and Coordinate a Smart Contract in Construction}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-5479"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61520142/}, DOI={10.1061/JMENEA.MEENG-5121}, abstractNote={Reliable construction workflow relies on timely discovery, analysis, and checking of compliance with contract terms, which are time consuming and inefficient tasks. Smart contracts enabled by blockchain technology have demonstrated promise in addressing the inefficiencies of data communications due to their merits of traceability, immutability, transparency, and self-enforceability. However, a smart contract’s inability to interact with real-world data is the main issue that impedes further implementation. Today’s increasing availability of as-built data provides automatic condition assessments that have great potential to automate smart contract executions. This research area is uncharted territory for the industry. This research selects a case study to present an automatic decentralized management framework by exploring image-based deep learning solutions to automate and decentralize the conditioning of smart contract executions enabled by a web3.js-based decentralized blockchain application. It was found that the model can automate management intelligence with minimal workflow interruptions by timely identification of bottleneck activities and enforcement of mitigation strategies. Project managers can use the blockchain prototype to enhance information sharing, remove key risks, and enable a reliable workflow with minimal management efforts.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING}, author={Chen, Gongfan and Liu, Min and Zhang, YuXiang and Wang, ZhiGao and Hsiang, Simon M. and He, Chuanni}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{he_liu_zhang_wang_hsiang_chen_chen_2022, title={Exploit Social Distancing in Construction Scheduling: Visualize and Optimize Space-Time-Workforce Tradeoff}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1943-5479"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001037}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001037}, abstractNote={The COVID pandemic has given rise to the necessity of social distancing regulations, which has brought the importance of workspace management on the construction site to an unprecedented level. Understanding and visualizing the interaction and tradeoff among space, time, and workforce is critical for construction managers to schedule and deliver projects on time. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to investigate how the critical path method (CPM) and Takt-time planning methods utilize space, time, and workforce differently, develop a tool to visualize the space–time–workforce interactions, and investigate the space–time–workforce tradeoff based on different managers' preferences. This research selected a high-rise office building project and collected 889 sets of productivity data of five specialty trades. The research built a simulation model to investigate productivity and project performance under 267 scenarios of different combinations of the three resources. A dynamic tool was then developed to visualize workspace, time, and workforce interactions. Finally, a Choquet integral–based evaluation and decision tool was developed. The simulation results show that the Takt-time planning method can reduce up to 80% of workspace overlap compared with the actual production plan with less than 20% of duration extension. The contributions to the body of knowledge are (1) creating a visual framework for managers to understand the interaction and tradeoff among space, time, and workforce quickly and accurately, and (2) developing an innovative Choquet integral approach for managers to evaluate planning strategies according to project preferences. The framework and analysis method can be adapted to other construction projects to assist managers to visualize and optimize the space–time–workforce tradeoff under uncertain project drivers. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Management in Engineering is the property of American Society of Civil Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING}, author={He, Chuanni and Liu, Min and Zhang, YuXiang and Wang, Zhigao and Hsiang, Simon M. and Chen, Gongfan and Chen, Jiang}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{facilitating smart contract in project scheduling under uncertainty-a choquet integral approach_2022, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/61520141/}, journal={Construction Research Congress: Computer Applications, Automation, and Data Analytics}, year={2022} }
 @article{chen_li_liu_hsiang_jarvamardi_2022, title={Knowing what is going on--a smart contract for modular construction}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1208-6029"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2021-0649}, DOI={10.1139/cjce-2021-0649}, abstractNote={ This research aims to develop an automatic incentive–penalty enforcement system for modular construction. Smart contract rules were developed for a project of 120 prefabricated bath units. The results show that the smart contract can automatically enforce rewards and penalties for all 19 scenarios. The findings can help project managers detect and reject any inappropriate or malicious operations deviated from predefined rules efficiently. The results show that if the prefabricated bathroom unit fabricator can perform at the highest reliability level following the smart contract rules, the project can save 4.7% overall cost compared with the benchmark scenario. The findings will be beneficial to modular construction project by ensuring efficient monitoring, motivating reliable performance, and improving productivity and project documentation. }, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Chen, Gongfan and Li, Huaming and Liu, Min and Hsiang, Simon M. and Jarvamardi, Ashtad}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }