@article{pflanzer_dubljevic_bauer_orcutt_list_singh_2023, title={Embedding AI in society: ethics, policy, governance, and impacts}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1435-5655"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00146-023-01704-2}, journal={AI & SOCIETY}, author={Pflanzer, Michael and Dubljevic, Veljko and Bauer, William A. A. and Orcutt, Darby and List, George and Singh, Munindar P. P.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{chun_rouphail_samandar_list_yang_akcelik_2022, title={Analytical and Microsimulation Model Calibration and Validation: Application to Roundabouts under Sight-Restricted Conditions}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.1177/03611981221115071}, abstractNote={ Analytical models and traffic microsimulation are two widely used platforms for evaluating roundabout operations. The application of the correct inputs and proper specification of calibration parameters should precede the actual simulation, to replicate field traffic conditions. In this sense, simultaneous data collection and estimation of the input, calibration, and validation variables, along with knowledge of their definitions, are crucial. Although simultaneity of data gathering is virtually guaranteed with the use of wide-frame videos captured with an unmanned aerial system (UAS), there are cases where sight distance restrictions may obscure observations of the back of queue and arrival patterns. This paper explores the calibration and validation efforts associated with an analytical platform, SIDRA 9, and a microsimulation model, TransModeler 5, conducted under sight-restricted conditions. Video captured from a drone, followed by trajectory extraction using video processing software, was used to analyze operations on two approaches at a single-lane roundabout. In the process, the team employed a specialized demand estimation method, and developed a novel data collection scheme for estimating the critical headway distribution in TransModeler 5. Because of sight distance constraints, the model validation was limited to the use of the observable system travel time and associated travel speed within the field of view. The comparison results, for both platforms, have confirmed the value of model calibration in more accurately describing field performance. The calibrated models performed differently between the two approaches, with the approach having a larger presence of buses and heavy vehicles yielding slightly poorer results. }, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Chun, Gyounghoon and Rouphail, Nagui and Samandar, M. Shoaib and List, George and Yang, Guangchuan and Akcelik, Rahmi}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{samandar_chun_yang_chase_rouphail_list_2022, title={Capitalizing on Drone Videos to Calibrate Simulation Models for Signalized Intersections and Roundabouts}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.1177/03611981221096120}, abstractNote={ Simulation is an indispensable tool for the assessment of highway-related capital investments and operational changes. Model calibration, a challenging task in any simulation study, is a crucial step. The model’s robustness, accuracy, and quality are directly dependent on it. Many parameters exist, and field observations are often lacking to aid in their correct specification. Recently, videos from drones have created a uniquely powerful way to aid this process. Observations of the inputs (demand), outputs (vehicles processed), processing rates (e.g., saturation flow rates), and performance results (times in system, queue dynamics, and delays) are all available simultaneously. For signalized intersections, only the signal timing events are missing, and those data can be obtained from signal timing logs. This paper illustrates how modeling teams can use drone data to calibrate model parameters pertaining to intersection operation. It shows how saturation flow rates can be adjusted for signalized intersections so that queue dynamics and delays can be matched. For roundabouts, it illustrates how critical gaps and move-up times can be adjusted to match field observations of performance. Three real-world settings with associated drone data are used as case study examples. }, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Samandar, M. Shoaib and Chun, Gyounghoon and Yang, Guangchuan and Chase, Thomas and Rouphail, Nagui M. and List, George F.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{nicholas_dudley_head_bert_norboge_list_findley_2022, title={Identifying and prioritizing bridges critical to commerce: A case study of weight-restricted bridges in North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2046-0449"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijtst.2021.06.001}, abstractNote={Improving the weight restrictions on weight-restricted bridges can make transportation networks more suitable for economic development; however, revenue shortfalls or institutional policy gaps can impede certain types of bridge improvements. Weight-restricted bridges that are not located on high-traffic-volume routes do not qualify for North Carolina State bridge improvement programs and funding targeted for improving weight restrictions. As a result, bridges that are critical nodes in North Carolina’s commerce freight network may not receive dedicated sources of funding for improvements or replacements that add value and long-term viability to the freight network. This study develops a novel process for identifying and prioritizing weight-restricted bridges critical to commerce freight. Bridge criticality is evaluated from two perspectives using a Geographic Information System (GIS) travel model to predict truck routes. Bridges traversed in the travel model receive scores based on the count of modeled traversals and the cost of modeled detours. Scores are weighted by the trucking intensity of traversals and the distance from traversed bridges to route origins. This process offers an objective system-wide evaluation of weight-restricted bridges that can be used to inform bridge improvements and replacement projects that fall outside of dedicated funding prioritization processes. A targeted validation of final bridge scores based on local stakeholder input should be considered to confirm the modeled criticality scores.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Nicholas, D. Chase and Dudley, Thomas and Head, Weston and Bert, Steve and Norboge, Nicolas D. and List, George and Findley, Daniel}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={455–467} }
 @article{dubljević_douglas_milojevich_ajmeri_bauer_list_singh_2022, title={Moral and social ramifications of autonomous vehicles: a qualitative study of the perceptions of professional drivers}, volume={5}, ISSN={0144-929X 1362-3001}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2070078}, DOI={10.1080/0144929X.2022.2070078}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence raises important social and ethical concerns, especially about accountability, autonomy, dignity, and justice. We focus on the specific concerns arising from how the emerging autonomous vehicle (AV) technology will affect professional drivers. We posit that we must engage with stakeholders to understand the implications of a technology that will affect the stakeholders’ lives, livelihoods, or wellbeing. We conducted nine in-depth interviews with professional drivers, with at least two years of driving experience, to understand the ethical and societal challenges from the drivers’ perspective during the predicted widespread implementation of AVs. Safety was the most commonly discussed issue, which was mentioned by all drivers (17 times by truck drivers and 18 times by Uber/Lyft drivers). We find that although drivers agree that AVs will significantly impact future transportation systems, they are apprehensive about the prospects of reskilling for other jobs and want their employers to be straightforward in how the introduction of AVs will affect them. Additionally, drivers dismiss the suggestions that driving jobs are unsatisfying and potentially unhealthy and thus should be eliminated. These findings should be considered seriously in decision-making about questions of socioeconomic justice, and could be useful to policymakers as they shape relevant regulations.}, note={Publisher Copyright: \textcopyright 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.}, journal={Behaviour & Information Technology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Dubljević, Veljko and Douglas, Sean and Milojevich, Jovan and Ajmeri, Nirav and Bauer, William A. and List, George and Singh, Munindar P.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{mashayekhi_ajmeri_list_singh_2022, title={Prosocial Norm Emergence in Multi-agent Systems}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1556-4703"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1145/3540202}, DOI={10.1145/3540202}, abstractNote={Multi-agent systems provide a basis for developing systems of autonomous entities and thus find application in a variety of domains. We consider a setting where not only the member agents are adaptive but also the multi-agent system viewed as an entity in its own right is adaptive. Specifically, the social structure of a multi-agent system can be reflected in the social norms among its members. It is well recognized that the norms that arise in society are not always beneficial to its members. We focus on prosocial norms, which help achieve positive outcomes for society and often provide guidance to agents to act in a manner that takes into account the welfare of others.}, number={1-2}, journal={ACM TRANSACTIONS ON AUTONOMOUS AND ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS}, publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Mashayekhi, Mehdi and Ajmeri, Nirav and List, George F. and Singh, Munindar P.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{tajalli_al islam_list_hajbabaie_2022, title={Testing Connected Vehicle-Based Accident Mitigation for Red-Light Violation Using Simulation Strategies}, volume={2676}, ISSN={0361-1981 2169-4052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981221075630}, DOI={10.1177/03611981221075630}, abstractNote={ Simulation is often suggested as a way to analyze the safety improvements of geometric changes and operational strategies. But the results from simulations are mixed. This paper presents new ideas about how to do such assessments, especially in the context of testing the value of vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle to pedestrian (V2P) communications in preventing crashes because of red-light violation at signalized intersections. Algorithms are created that watch for impending collisions through sensing and then issue speed and trajectory changes to avoid accidents. Red-light violation is a primary focus because it increases the likelihood that collisions will occur. VISSIM is used to test these ideas, including new communication and control algorithms that link to vehicles, pedestrians, and signal controllers through the communication interface. The algorithms predict unsafe conditions, determine an appropriate crash remedial decision, and communicate those controls with the appropriate vehicles and pedestrians. The impacts of these algorithms are explored under various demand patterns, connected vehicle market penetration rates, and red-light violation rates in a hypothetical simulated environment. The simulation analysis suggests that the number of near-crash events can be reduced significantly if V2V and V2P communications are implemented. Moreover, adding V2I communication on top of these may further reduce the number of near-crash events. These results suggest that not only could such control strategies have significant impacts, but also those impacts can be assessed through simulation. }, number={6}, journal={Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Tajalli, Mehrdad and Al Islam, S. M. A. Bin and List, George F. and Hajbabaie, Ali}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={583–600} }
 @article{yang_coble_vaughan_peele_morsali_list_findley_2022, title={Waiting Time Estimation at Ferry Terminals Based on License Plate Recognition}, volume={148}, ISSN={["2473-2893"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000722}, DOI={10.1061/JTEPBS.0000722}, abstractNote={The ferry transit system provides a critical transportation link in coastal areas for both residents and tourists. Like signals in a road network, queuing and waiting are unavoidable at ferry terminals. However, a reliable technology does not exist to measure and communicate waiting times. This research tested the feasibility of applying license plate recognition (LPR) technology to track vehicles and estimate waiting times at ferry terminals. The LPR camera sampling rate, capture rate, read rate, and match rate were adopted as measurements of effectiveness. Based on field data collected over a week at one of the busiest ferry terminals in North Carolina, this research revealed that the tested LPR camera had a sampling rate of 84.2%; the average capture rate and read rate were 84.3% and 87%, respectively. The match rate was found to be 79.4%, which is significantly higher than other commonly used data collection technologies such as Bluetooth devices. For the waiting time distribution, this research found that travelers tended to experience long waiting times during midweek days, particularly during the midday period. Additionally, the demand was found to be the primary factor for wait times during the midday peak period, and travelers’ arrival time in terms of proximity to the scheduled ferry departure time was recognized as the key factor for waiting time during early morning and later evening nonpeak periods.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS}, author={Yang, Guangchuan and Coble, Daniel and Vaughan, Chris and Peele, Catherine and Morsali, Atefeh and List, George F. and Findley, Daniel J.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hasnat_bardaka_samandar_rouphail_list_williams_2021, title={Impacts of Private Autonomous and Connected Vehicles on Transportation Network Demand in the Triangle Region, North Carolina}, volume={147}, ISSN={["1943-5444"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000649}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000649}, abstractNote={Abstract Autonomous and connected vehicle technologies have the potential to bring profound changes in travel behavior and transportation network performance with moderate to significant market pen...}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hasnat, Md. Mehedi and Bardaka, Eleni and Samandar, M. Shoaib and Rouphail, Nagui and List, George and Williams, Billy}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{dubljevic_list_milojevich_ajmeri_bauer_singh_bardaka_birkland_edwards_mayer_et al._2021, title={Toward a rational and ethical sociotechnical system of autonomous vehicles: A novel application of multi-criteria decision analysis}, volume={16}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256224}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0256224}, abstractNote={The impacts of autonomous vehicles (AV) are widely anticipated to be socially, economically, and ethically significant. A reliable assessment of the harms and benefits of their large-scale deployment requires a multi-disciplinary approach. To that end, we employed Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to make such an assessment. We obtained opinions from 19 disciplinary experts to assess the significance of 13 potential harms and eight potential benefits that might arise under four deployments schemes. Specifically, we considered: (1) the status quo, i.e., no AVs are deployed; (2) unfettered assimilation, i.e., no regulatory control would be exercised and commercial entities would “push” the development and deployment; (3) regulated introduction, i.e., regulatory control would be applied and either private individuals or commercial fleet operators could own the AVs; and (4) fleets only, i.e., regulatory control would be applied and only commercial fleet operators could own the AVs. Our results suggest that two of these scenarios, (3) and (4), namely regulated privately-owned introduction or fleet ownership or autonomous vehicles would be less likely to cause harm than either the status quo or the unfettered options.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Dubljevic, Veljko and List, George and Milojevich, Jovan and Ajmeri, Nirav and Bauer, William A. and Singh, Munindar P. and Bardaka, Eleni and Birkland, Thomas A. and Edwards, Charles H. W. and Mayer, Roger C. and et al.}, editor={Yuan, QuanEditor}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={e0256224} }
 @article{song_kim_williams_rouphail_list_2020, title={Crash Classification by Congestion Type for Highways}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072583}, DOI={10.3390/app10072583}, abstractNote={Effective management of highway networks requires a thorough understanding of the conditions under which vehicular crashes occur. Such an understanding can and should inform related operational and resource allocation decisions. This paper presents an easily implementable methodology that can classify all reported crashes in terms of the operational conditions under which each crash occurred. The classification methodology uses link-based speed data. Unlike previous secondary collision identification schemes, it neither requires an a priori identification of the precipitating incident nor definition of the precipitating incident’s impact area. To accomplish this objective, the methodology makes use of a novel scheme for distinguishing between recurrent and non-recurrent congestion. A 500-crash case study was performed using a 274 km section of the I-40 in North Carolina. Twelve percent of the case study crashes were classified as occurring in non-recurrent congestion. Thirty-seven percent of the crashes in non-recurrent congestion classified were identified within unreported primary incidents or crashes influence area. The remainder was classified as primary crashes occurring in either uncongested conditions (84%) or recurrent congestion (4%). The methodology can be implemented in any advanced traffic management system for which crash time and link location are available along with corresponding archived link speed data are available.}, number={7}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Song, Tai-Jin and Kim, Sangkey and Williams, Billy M. and Rouphail, Nagui M. and List, George F.}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{nezafat_beheshtitabar_cetin_williams_list_2018, title={Modeling and Evaluating Traffic Flow at Sag Curves When Imposing Variable Speed Limits on Connected Vehicles}, volume={2672}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.1177/0361198118784169}, abstractNote={ Sag curves, road segments where the gradient changes from downwards to upwards, generally reduce the roadway capacity and cause congestion. This results from a change in longitudinal driving behavior when entering a sag curve as drivers tend to reduce speeds or increase headways as vehicles reach the uphill section. In this research, a control strategy is investigated through manipulating the speed of connected vehicles (CVs) in the upstream of the sag curve to avoid the formation of bottlenecks caused by the change in driver behavior. Traffic flow along a sag curve is simulated using the intelligent driver model (IDM), a time-continuous car-following model. A feedback control algorithm is developed for adjusting the approach speeds of CVs so that the throughput of the sag curve is maximized. Depending on the traffic density at the sag curve, adjustments are made for the speeds of the CVs. A simulation-based optimization method using a meta-heuristic algorithm is employed to determine the critical control parameters. Various market penetration rates for CVs are also considered in the simulations. Even at relatively low market penetration rates (e.g., 5–10%), significant improvements in travel times and throughput are observed. }, number={20}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Nezafat, Reza Vatani and Beheshtitabar, Ehsan and Cetin, Mecit and Williams, Elizabeth and List, George F.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={193–202} }
 @article{list_rouphail_smith_williams_2018, title={Reliability Assessment Tool: Development and Prototype Testing}, volume={2672}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85060926457&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0361198118798296}, abstractNote={ This paper presents a monitoring system that was developed to assess travel time reliability for observed operating conditions by utilizing traffic stream and non-transportation related data. A prototype was created for an interstate highway route in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina. It describes how the input datasets were obtained, the required data fusion procedures, how the data were analyzed to create the monitoring system outputs, and relevant insights obtained from the reliability monitoring system prototype. }, number={14}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={List, George F. and Rouphail, Nagui and Smith, Russell and Williams, Billy}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={29–38} }
 @article{li_song_list_deng_zhou_liu_2017, title={A new approach to understand metro operation safety by exploring metro operation hazard network (MOHN)}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1879-1042"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ssci.2016.10.010}, abstractNote={Numerous metro accidents expose the vulnerability of metro system. As cities are rapidly building and expanding metro systems, it is essential to thoroughly explore the nature of metro operation safety. Metro accidents can be regarded as an emergent property that arises from the unusual interactions of system components. These interactions could give rise to the phenomenon that several interrelated hazards simultaneously emerge in one single accident. Understanding these interrelations among hazards is indispensable to study metro operation safety. From this standpoint, 28 hazards and 48 interrelations among hazards were identified from 134 accidents and expert interviews, which were the foundation of establishing metro operation hazard network (MOHN). Whereby complex network theory, seven parameters were applied to further reveal the structural properties of MOHN. The results indicate that the MOHN is a scale-free network for the cumulative degree distribution obeys power-law distribution. The scale-free property of MOHN is indicative of its robustness to random attacks and its vulnerability to deliberate attacks. Nichetargeting controlling hazards of high degrees and betweenness centrality can significantly decrease the metro operation risks. Moreover, MOHN also possesses the small-world property for having a relatively high clustering coefficient and small shortest path length. This indicates that risks would be transmitted very quickly in MOHN. Secondary and derivative hazards should receive enough attention for the rapid propagation of MOHN. Revealing the inherent properties of MOHN assist in making beforehand strategies prior to metro accident and contributes to elevate system safety of metro operation.}, journal={SAFETY SCIENCE}, author={Li, Qiming and Song, Liangliang and List, George F. and Deng, Yongliang and Zhou, Zhipeng and Liu, Ping}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={50–61} }
 @article{list_williams_2017, title={Advances in travel time reliability monitoring and assessment}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1547-2442"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85041098125&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/15472450.2017.1403536}, abstractNote={Travel time reliability has become a subject of increasingly intense interest for researchers and practitioners. Carriers and shippers have focused on reliability in terms of operational control ever since such services were first offered. As early as 1932, there were technical articles focused on assessing the reliability of alternate technologies (see Anonymous, 1932).With the advent of advanced technologies, it has become easier to track packages and vehicles, which has made reliability assessment all-themore feasible and interesting. And as probes have become more plentiful and sensing technologies have advanced, it has become increasingly easier to track the movement of individual vehicles within the highway mode. System performance assessment has become a reasonable objective. A market of private sector vendors of travel time-related data and associated analytics has grown in response. Reliability can be viewed from multiple perspectives. One is from the vantage of an individual driver who makes a trip repeatedly from an origin to a destination and who desires consistency in the travel time experienced. Another is as a carrier that promises service from airport A to airport B leaving at time tA and arriving at time tB. Here the concern is about the percentage of time that the departures and arrivals are “on-time”. A transit agency is interested in maximizing the number of transit stops that occur on-time, given tolerance windows. A highway agency is interested in ensuring that travel times, or travel rates, provided are consistent with promised performance targets during specific operating conditions, such as the AM and PM peak periods in the absence of disruptive events. Success is achieved if the travel rate is lower than policy targets. A shipper’s perspective might be that of ensuring that packages arrive on-time more frequently than a targeted “acceptable” percentage of the time.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS}, author={List, George F. and Williams, Billy}, year={2017}, pages={435–438} }
 @article{perez-diaz_hayes_medina_anekella_daughtry_dieck_levi_price_butz_lu_et al._2017, title={Reassessment of the succession of lactic acid bacteria in commercial cucumber fermentations and physiological and genomic features associated with their dominance}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1095-9998"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.025}, abstractNote={A compositional re-assessment of the microbiota present in commercial cucumber fermentation using culture independent and dependent methods was conducted, with emphasis on lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Two commercial cucumber fermentation tanks were monitored by measuring pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature, and used as sources of samples for microbial plating, genomic DNA extraction and measurement of organic acids and carbohydrates by HPLC. Six additional commercial tanks were included to identify the dominant microorganisms using molecular methods. A comparative analysis of the publically available genome sequences corresponding to the LAB found in cucumber fermentations was completed to gain an understanding of genomic features possibly enabling dominance. Analyses of the microbiota suggest Lactobacillales prevail in cucumber fermentations, including in order of prevalence Lactobacillus pentosus, Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Weissella spp., Pediococcus ethanolidurans, Leuconostoc spp. and Lactococcus spp. It was observed that Lb. pentosus and Lb. plantarum have comparatively larger genomes, higher gene counts, uniquely distribute the ribosomal clusters across the genome as opposed to close to the origin of replication, and possess more predicted amino acids prototrophies and selected biosynthesis related genes. It is theorized that Lb. pentosus and Lb. plantarum dominance in cucumber fermentations is the result of their genetic make-up.}, journal={FOOD MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Perez-Diaz, I. M. and Hayes, J. and Medina, E. and Anekella, K. and Daughtry, K. and Dieck, S. and Levi, M. and Price, R. and Butz, N. and Lu, Z. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={217–227} }
 @article{tasdighi_arabi_osmond_2017, title={The Relationship between Land Use and Vulnerability to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollution in an Urban Watershed}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2016.06.0239}, abstractNote={Characterization of the vulnerability of water bodies to pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources requires understanding the relationship between land use and water quality. This study aims (i) to explore the influence of upstream land use on annual stream water concentrations and loads of total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) and (ii) to characterize the vulnerability of water bodies to TN and TP pollution as a function of land use under varying climatic conditions. Multiple linear regression models were used across 23 stream locations within the Jordan Lake watershed in North Carolina between 1992 and 2012 to explore land use–water quality relationships. The percentage of urban land use and wastewater treatment plant capacity were the most important factors with strong (R2 > 0.7) and significant (p < 0.01) positive correlations with annual TN and TP concentrations and loads. Percent agricultural land was negatively correlated with TN in 18 out of 21 yr of the study period. Using analysis of covariance, significant (p < 0.01) differences were determined between models developed for urban land use with TN and TP loads based on annual precipitation. Using concentrations instead of loads resulted in a nonsignificant difference between models for average and wet years. Finally, a procedure was developed to characterize the vulnerability to TN and TP pollution, computed as the probability of exceeding the nutrient standard limits. Results indicated that the vulnerability to TN and TP was controlled primarily by urban land use, with higher values in dry years than normal and wet years.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Tasdighi, Ali and Arabi, Mazdak and Osmond, Deanna L.}, year={2017}, pages={113–122} }
 @article{haroglu_powell_seyam_2017, title={The response of polymer optical fiber (POF) to bending and axial tension for the application of a POF sensor for automotive seat occupancy sensing}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2016.1160755}, abstractNote={The automotive industry is a promising area for innovations in the field of polymer optical fiber (POF) sensors as the industry currently uses the POF mostly for data transmissions. Since an optical fiber sensor has a high bandwidth, is small in size, is lightweight, and is immune to electromagnetic interference, it offers higher performance than that of its electrical-based counterparts such as the strain gage, elastomeric bladder, and resistive sensor systems. This enhanced performance makes an optical fiber sensor a suitable material for sensing seat occupancy for improved safety features in automobiles. The overall goal of this research is to develop a textile-based optical fiber sensor for automotive seat occupancy with high accuracy and reproducibility. In this study, the bending and tensile loading responses of POF were investigated, where two perfluorinated (PF) graded index (GI) POFs with two different core/cladding diameters, 62.5/750 and 62.5/490 μm, were used. The bending loss and the light attenuation against the applied axial stress were measured by a photon counting optical time-domain reflectometer. The critical bending diameters were analyzed: Cytop-1 (62.5/750 μm) ≥ 38.10 mm, Cytop-2 (62.5/490 μm) ≥ 44.45 mm. Furthermore, the elastic sensitive strain regions (x), where the stress-induced loss was recoverable, of the POFs at a 76.2 mm gage length at a strain rate of 4 mm/min were determined: Cytop-1: 3% ≤ x ≤ 3.5%, Cytop-2: 3.1% ≤ x ≤ 3.3%. The Cytop-1 was found to be less sensitive to bending and to have greater elastic sensitive strain range relative to the Cytop-2. In this study, a theoretical approach of the PF GI POF behavior to bending and axial tension was provided. The results demonstrated the feasibility of POFs as optical fiber sensors for automotive seat occupancy sensing.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Haroglu, Derya and Powell, Nancy and Seyam, Abdel-Fattah M.}, year={2017}, pages={132–139} }
 @article{haroglu_powell_seyam_2017, title={The response of polymer optical fiber (POF) to cyclic loading for the application of a POF sensor for automotive seat occupancy sensing}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1754-2340"]}, DOI={10.1080/00405000.2015.1133755}, abstractNote={The goal of this research aimed to develop an accurate and reproducible textile-based optical fiber sensor for automotive seat occupancy. In our previous publication, the response of perfluorinated (PF) graded index (GI) polymer optical fibers (POFs) (62.5/750 and 62.5/490 μm) to bending and tensile loading was investigated. In this study, the response of the PF GI POFs to cyclic loading was investigated. The repeated loading and unloading the POF sensor would experience due to car vibrations and multiple uses by seat occupants, might cause fatigue failure to the POF sensor. The results showed that the Cytop-1 did not show any permanent deformation up to 500 cycles at strain rates 4 and 60 mm/min at a gage length of 76.2 mm in its elastic sensitive strain region. The Cytop-2 showed permanent deformation at 3.5% strain after 500 cycles at a gage length of 76.2 mm. Thus, the Cytop-1 was found out to be more appropriate to be used as an optical fiber sensor for automotive seat occupancy sensing relative to the Cytop-2. In this study, a theoretical approach of the behavior of PF GI POF to cyclic loading was also provided.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE}, author={Haroglu, Derya and Powell, Nancy and Seyam, Abdel-Fattah M.}, year={2017}, pages={42–48} }
 @article{song_li_list_deng_lu_2017, title={Using an AHP-ISM Based Method to Study the Vulnerability Factors of Urban Rail Transit System}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, DOI={10.3390/su9061065}, abstractNote={As a sustainable means of public transportation, urban rail transit system undergoes rapid expansion in China. How to provide a safe and reliable service has been the subject of growing attention in this context. However, such work is challenging because rail transit systems are quite vulnerable and influenced by a set of interacting factors. Studying these vulnerability factors will contribute significantly to the operation of rail transit system. From this perspective, this paper made an exploration of the vulnerability factors based on an integrated method consisting of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling). Based on literature review, 21 vulnerability factors were identified. Subsequently, expert elicitation was employed to ascertain the importance of each factor and the interrelations among them. The results suggest that management and individual factors have the highest importance weights and the interrelations among vulnerability factors could be expressed as a five-layer structure, in which management factors were inclined to be at the lower level. The research provides valuable information for decision makers to take proactive strategies and reinforcement policies to guarantee safety operation of urban rail transit system and ensure urban public safety, which could promote the sustainable development of cities.}, number={6}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Song, Liangliang and Li, Qiming and List, George F. and Deng, Yongliang and Lu, Ping}, year={2017}, month={Jun} }
 @article{list_mashayekhi_2016, title={A Modular Colored Stochastic Petri Net for Modeling and Analysis of Signalized Intersections}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1558-0016"]}, DOI={10.1109/tits.2015.2483324}, abstractNote={The dynamic behavior of traffic lights regulating a network of intersections can be viewed as a complex discrete-event system that can be modeled and controlled by Petri nets. In this paper, a bilayer signalized control method is presented. In the lower layer, a colored stochastic Petri net controls the signal indication displays and stage transitions. In the upper layer, a supervisory logic layer decides which stage should be serviced next. The proposed model increases modularity, reduces complexity, and, more importantly, is capable of being used to implement various signal control strategies. The method is used to implement four different control strategies: pretimed control, fully actuated control, semiactuated control, and random stage selection (as a benchmark) in the context of a signalized traffic network containing six intersections. Extensibility and future potential research to further enhance the proposed method are discussed and proposed at the end.}, number={3}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS}, author={List, George F. and Mashayekhi, Mehdi}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={701–713} }
 @article{list_mashayekhi_bertini_nevers_2016, title={Development of a Transportation System Simulation Manual Framework From Theory to Practice}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2561-06}, abstractNote={ After several decades of advances, simulation has become an important tool in the modeling of transportation systems and is widely applied in practice. Guides have been created by organizations in several countries, and dozens of papers have been published in scientific journals on the theory and application of transport simulation; these works are aimed at guiding practitioners in the use of simulation tools. However, transport simulation still lacks a unified and comprehensive guide for use in practice. The lack of such a document leads to conflicts between modelers, agencies, and decision makers and allows inappropriate use of the models. The outcome is often inaccurate results, inefficient use of resources, and conflict. This paper reviews and analyzes the existing transportation simulation guides. It identifies gaps and limitations and proposes an outline for a comprehensive simulation manual that is based on stakeholder input. Review of the existing guidance documents reveals that almost all these documents focus on traffic operations, and they provide either broad guidelines for building simulation models or advice on using a specific software product. Other issues, particularly those related to topics such as safety assessments, environmental impacts, public transportation, pedestrians, bicycles, simulation algorithms, agent-based simulation, and multimodal simulation, are addressed in only a cursory fashion. This paper proposes a possible structure for a transportation system simulation manual that would cover the limitations and gaps in the existing literature. The proposed document would consist of five volumes: concepts, model building, verification and validation, results analysis, and case studies and supplementary materials. }, number={2561}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={List, George and Mashayekhi, Mehdi and Bertini, Robert L. and Nevers, Brandon}, year={2016}, pages={45–52} }
 @article{kong_list_guo_wu_2016, title={Modeling vehicle car-following behavior in congested traffic conditions based on different vehicle combinations}, volume={10}, ISSN={1942-7867 1942-7875}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2016.1262979}, DOI={10.1080/19427867.2016.1262979}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This paper develops an improved cellular automaton model in congested traffic conditions that differentiates vehicle combinations to consider both vehicle physical performance and driving behavior difference in car-following behavior. Car-following is divided into four groups by the lead and lag vehicle type. The vehicle behavior, including steady space gap, acceleration, and behavior choice, was studied to find out the diversity of car-following behavior in different vehicle combinations. The results show that vehicles in different vehicle combinations have different car-following behaviors. In the proposed model, each vehicle combination has its particular update rules and parameters. The model was evaluated by comparison with the existing car-following models at the microscopic and macroscopic level and the stability was also analyzed. The results show that the improved cellular automata model has a satisfactory performance.}, number={5}, journal={Transportation Letters}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kong, Dewen and List, George F. and Guo, Xiucheng and Wu, Dingxin}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={280–293} }
 @inproceedings{mashayekhi_list_2015, title={A multi-agent auction-based approach for modeling of signalized intersections}, booktitle={Workshop on Synergies Between Multiagent Systems, Machine Learning and Complex Systems}, author={Mashayekhi, M. and List, G.}, year={2015} }
 @article{isukapati_list_2015, title={Agent Based Framework For Modeling Operations at Isolated Signalized Intersections}, ISSN={["2153-0009"]}, DOI={10.1109/itsc.2015.477}, abstractNote={An agent-based model of intersection control is presented. Drivers make payments to movement managers so that they can pass through the intersection. Movement managers collect fees from arriving drivers, receive voluntary contributions from those same drivers, and participate in a bidding process overseen by the municipality which determines which movement mangers get to discharge vehicles. Winning movement managers get to discharge vehicles from their queues for the duration of time associated with the win. A realization of the model is presented to illustrate these ideas. It involves two approaches, arriving drivers, two movement managers, and a municipality. The movement managers control the conflicting one-way traffic streams. They determine what bids to submit given the status of the system at each point in time, recalibrate those strategies based on past experience with their use, forecast the performance of those strategies, take actions based on those analyses, and then repeat the process in each time step as the simulation unfolds.}, journal={2015 IEEE 18TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS}, author={Isukapati, Isaac K. and List, George F.}, year={2015}, pages={2900–2906} }
 @article{lei_zhou_list_taylor_2015, title={Characterizing corridor-level travel time distributions based on stochastic flows and segment capacities}, volume={2}, ISSN={2331-1916}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2014.990672}, DOI={10.1080/23311916.2014.990672}, abstractNote={Abstract Trip travel time reliability is an important measure of transportation system performance and a key factor affecting travelers’ choices. This paper explores a method for estimating travel time distributions for corridors that contain multiple bottlenecks. A set of analytical equations are used to calculate the number of queued vehicles ahead of a probe vehicle and further capture many important factors affecting travel times: the prevailing congestion level, queue discharge rates at the bottlenecks, and flow rates associated with merges and diverges. Based on multiple random scenarios and a vector of arrival times, the lane-by-lane delay at each bottleneck along the corridor is recursively estimated to produce a route-level travel time distribution. The model incorporates stochastic variations of bottleneck capacity and demand and explains the travel time correlations between sequential links. Its data needs are the entering and exiting flow rates and a sense of the lane-by-lane distribution of traffic at each bottleneck. A detailed vehicle trajectory data-set from the Next Generation SIMulation (NGSIM) project has been used to verify that the estimated distributions are valid, and the sources of estimation error are examined.}, number={1}, journal={Cogent Engineering}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Lei, Hao and Zhou, Xuesong and List, George F. and Taylor, Jeffrey}, editor={Puppala, Anand J.Editor}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{list_yang_rouphail_2015, title={On the Treatment of Trucks for Analysis of Freeway Capacity}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2483-14}, abstractNote={ The influence of trucks on highway performance has always been of interest. However, planning studies today tend to assume that a certain percentage of the traffic stream is trucks (e.g., 5%) and to make adjustments accordingly. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) converts trucks into passenger car equivalents by using a passenger car equivalent factor. For the HCM, however, this situation is changing. This paper describes changes to the basic freeway section methodology that are being developed to better address truck-related issues. Specifically, new models predict the space mean speeds of autos and trucks in mixed traffic streams for a variety of road grades. Also presented is a capacity adjustment factor that allows conversion of capacity values for auto-only conditions to be transformed into equivalent capacity values for mixed traffic conditions. The methodologies are presented, their development is described, and examples are given to illustrate how the procedure works. }, number={2483}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={List, George F. and Yang, Bo and Rouphail, Nagui M.}, year={2015}, pages={120–129} }
 @article{list_yang_schroeder_2015, title={On the Treatment of Trucks in Roundabout Analyses}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2483-16}, abstractNote={ Trucks are not always addressed explicitly in planning studies and operational analyses, even though they are a very important part of the nation's economic engine. Most planning studies account for trucks as a percentage of the total traffic flow. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) converts trucks into autos through the use of a passenger car equivalency (PCE) factor. If the PCE is 2, then a truck is assumed to be equivalent to two autos. However, trucks are beginning to receive more attention, including that in the context of capacity assessments. A recent research effort focused on developing a level-of-service assessment for trucks and for enhancing the way that the impact of trucks is taken into account on freeways, arterials, and roundabouts. This paper focuses on the roundabout aspects of that research. The three roundabout-related objectives in the project were (a) to refine the PCE values used to convert trucks into auto equivalents for the flow on roundabout approaches, (b) to recalibrate the capacity equation so that it more appropriately accounts for trucks, and (c) to develop ways to estimate truck speeds so that travel times through the roundabout could be computed. The results of these analyses are presented as well as the methodology and data employed. }, number={2483}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={List, George F. and Yang, Bo and Schroeder, Bastian J.}, year={2015}, pages={140–147} }
 @article{hou_list_guo_2014, title={New Algorithms for Computing the Time-to-Collision in Freeway Traffic Simulation Models}, volume={2014}, ISSN={["1687-5273"]}, DOI={10.1155/2014/761047}, abstractNote={Ways to estimate the time-to-collision are explored. In the context of traffic simulation models, classical lane-based notions of vehicle location are relaxed and new, fast, and efficient algorithms are examined. With trajectory conflicts being the main focus, computational procedures are explored which use a two-dimensional coordinate system to track the vehicle trajectories and assess conflicts. Vector-based kinematic variables are used to support the calculations. Algorithms based on boxes, circles, and ellipses are considered. Their performance is evaluated in the context of computational complexity and solution time. Results from these analyses suggest promise for effective and efficient analyses. A combined computation process is found to be very effective.}, journal={COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE}, author={Hou, Jia and List, George F. and Guo, Xiucheng}, year={2014} }
 @article{sayyady_fathi_list_stone_2013, title={Locating Traffic Sensors on a Highway Network Models and Algorithms}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2339-04}, abstractNote={ This paper considers the problem of finding optimal sensor locations on a traffic network with the goal of characterizing system use overall. The problem is studied for two practical scenarios. In the first scenario, it is assumed that there is a given number of sensors (p) to be located on the highway network. In this context, the problem is to find a collection of p locations among a given collection of candidate locations. In the second scenario, it is assumed that there is a cost (ci) associated with installing a sensor at each candidate location i and a total budget b. In this context, the problem is to find a collection of locations that provide the best possible characterization given the budget constraint. A metric is proposed for evaluating a potential solution, and then appropriate mathematical models are proposed for solving the problem for each scenario. It is shown that the budget-constrained problem is an extension of the well-known p-median problem. A new Lagrangian heuristic algorithm is presented for solving large instances of this problem when a budget constraint is imposed. A comprehensive computational experiment is used to demonstrate that the Lagrangian heuristic algorithm provides solutions for large-scale networks within reasonable execution times. Examples are based on locating weigh-in-motion sensors on a large-scale highway network. }, number={2339}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Sayyady, Fatemeh and Fathi, Yahya and List, George F. and Stone, John R.}, year={2013}, pages={30–38} }
 @article{isukapati_list_williams_karr_2013, title={Synthesizing Route Travel Time Distributions from Segment Travel Time Distributions}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84897082752&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3141/2396-09}, abstractNote={ This paper examines a way to synthesize route travel time probability density functions (PDFs) on the basis of segment-level PDFs. Real-world data from I-5 in Sacramento, California, are employed. The first finding is that careful filtering is required to extract useful travel times from the raw data because trip times, not travel times, are observed (i.e., the movement of vehicles between locations). The second finding is that significant correlations exist between individual vehicle travel times for adjacent segments. Two analyses are done in this regard: one predicts downstream travel times on the basis of upstream travel times, and the second checks for correlations in travel times between upstream and downstream segments. The results of these analyses suggest that strong positive correlations exist. The third finding is that comonotonicity, or perfect positive dependence, can be assumed when route travel time PDFs are generated from segment PDFs. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests show that travel times synthesized from the segment-specific data are statistically different only under highly congested conditions, and even then, the percentage differences in the distributions of the synthesized and actual travel times are small. The fourth finding, somewhat tangential, is that there is little variation in individual driver travel times under given operating conditions. This is an important finding, because such an assumption serves as the basis for all traffic simulation models. }, number={2396}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Isukapati, Isaac Kumar and List, George F. and Williams, Billy M. and Karr, Alan F.}, year={2013}, pages={71–81} }
 @article{sayyady_stone_list_jadoun_kim_sajjadi_2011, title={Axle load distribution for mechanistic-empirical pavement design in North Carolina multidimensional clustering approach and decision tree development}, number={2256}, journal={Transportation Research Record}, author={Sayyady, F. and Stone, J. R. and List, G. F. and Jadoun, F. M. and Kim, Y. R. and Sajjadi, S.}, year={2011}, pages={159–168} }
 @article{chen_zhou_list_2011, title={Using time-varying tolls to optimize truck arrivals at ports}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1366-5545"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tre.2011.04.001}, abstractNote={An analytical point-wise stationary approximation model is proposed to analyze time-dependent truck queuing processes with stochastic service time distributions at gates and yards of a port terminal. A convex nonlinear programming model is developed which minimizes the total truck turn time and discomfort due to shifted arrival times. A two-phase optimization approach is used to first compute a system-optimal truck arrival pattern, and then find a desirable pattern of time-varying tolls that leads to the optimal arrival pattern. Numerical experiments are conducted to test the computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed optimization models.}, number={6}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART E-LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW}, author={Chen, Xiaoming and Zhou, Xuesong and List, George F.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={965–982} }
 @article{zhou_list_2010, title={An Information-Theoretic Sensor Location Model for Traffic Origin-Destination Demand Estimation Applications}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0041-1655"]}, DOI={10.1287/trsc.1100.0319}, abstractNote={ To design a transportation sensor network, the decision maker needs to determine what sensor investments should be made, as well as when, how, where, and with what technologies. This paper focuses on locating a limited set of traffic counting stations and automatic vehicle identification (AVI) readers in a network, so as to maximize the expected information gain for the subsequent origin-destination (OD) demand estimation problem. The proposed sensor design model explicitly takes into account several important error sources in traffic OD demand estimation, such as the uncertainty in historical demand information, sensor measurement errors, as well as approximation errors associated with link proportions. Based on a mean square measure, this paper derives analytical formulations to describe estimation variance propagation for a set of linear measurement equations. A scenario-based (SB) stochastic optimization procedure and a beam search algorithm are developed to find suboptimal point and point-to-point sensor locations subject to budget constraints. This paper also provides a number of illustrative examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. }, number={2}, journal={TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE}, author={Zhou, Xuesong and List, George F.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={254–273} }
 @inproceedings{isukapati_demers_list_2010, title={Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation: Challenges and Solutions}, ISBN={9780784411230}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41123(383)86}, DOI={10.1061/41123(383)86}, abstractNote={This paper discusses some complex Hardware-In-the-Loop configurations used for evaluating three distinct control strategies aimed at minimizing dilemma zone problems at high-speed, rural intersections. Five intersections were studied; three configurations were tested. The authors show that effective Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulations can be created for complex signal control configurations. They demonstrate that it is important to become familiar with the electrical details of the components and then create software and hardware splices that tie the devices together in such a way that each one functions in the manner intended. The authors show that for speed traps, the time step in simulation models dictates longer-than-field-based separations, about 29 m (95’) instead of 6.6 m (20’) (as in the field). This clearly suggests that time step duration has a significant impact on the results obtained for HILS, and hence suggests it worthwhile to push that frontier further, striving for even smaller time steps so that HILS can be effective.}, booktitle={Traffic and Transportation Studies 2010}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Isukapati, Isaac K. and Demers, Alixandra and List, George F.}, year={2010}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{demers_list_isukapati_2010, title={Three Dilemma Zone Strategies for High-Speed Rural Intersections: Comparison of Field Results}, ISBN={9780784411230}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41123(383)99}, DOI={10.1061/41123(383)99}, abstractNote={High-speed, rural intersections with both passenger car and truck flows present dilemma zone challenges. Three signal-timing strategies were tested in the field at three intersections of varying geometries with the goal of minimizing the occurrence of dilemma zones without sacrificing efficient operation. The strategies focused on hardware changes impacting vehicle sensing as well as mainline green phase extension and termination. The base strategy was volume-density control. The second one (NQ4) added advance detection of high-speed trucks triggering a fixed green extension. The final strategy replaced the second system with a sophisticated advance detection and control system (D-CS) logic based on the work of Bonneson et al. (2002). Results indicate simple volume-density control is surpassed in safety by both other strategies; moreover, the detection-control system dramatically reduced the number of vehicles trapped in dilemma zones at the onset of amber. The second strategy works fairly well in the field. The drawbacks to the NQ4 system are most noticeable at high-volume intersections — it does not actually find times when no vehicles are in dilemma zones, vehicle speeds are not directly used for computing main street hold times (which is accomplished in the D-CS control strategy resulting in improved efficiency), and it is a bit cumbersome and expensive to install. Based on our findings, the addition of the DC-S algorithm into a controller is a worthwhile investment for mixed-traffic, high-speed, rural intersections with dilemma zone issues.}, booktitle={Traffic and Transportation Studies 2010}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Demers, Alixandra and List, George F. and Isukapati, Isaac K.}, year={2010}, month={Jul} }
 @article{list_2007, title={A model for life cycle evaluation of highway investments}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1573-2479"]}, DOI={10.1080/15732470600590903}, abstractNote={Sustainable development has added a new dimension to the evaluation of highway capacity investments. It places an emphasis on analyzing the entire life of a facility, from an environmental as well as an economic perspective. This paper presents a way to analyze capacity investments that is consistent with the sustainable development perspective. It departs from the typical approach of focusing on a small set of peak use conditions, often in the design year. It couples economic concepts with a representation of the facility's lifetime use to perform a robust analysis. A freeway facility is used to illustrate the ideas. Principles of engineering economics and life cycle costing help determine what incremental capacity investments would be warranted given postulated or observed use patterns. It is then demonstrated that the findings from this analysis and the principles employed can be applied to a wide range of infrastructure investment decision making situations.}, number={2}, journal={STRUCTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING}, author={List, George}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={95–101} }
 @inproceedings{demers_list_wojtowicz_kornhauser_wallace_lee_salasznyk_2006, title={Experimenting with Real-Time ATIS: Stepping Forward fromADVANCE}, ISBN={9780784407998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40799(213)51}, DOI={10.1061/40799(213)51}, abstractNote={In the early 1990’s an in-vehicle navigation and route guidance project called ADVANCE was conducted in the northeastern suburbs of Chicago. It proved that travel time data could be updated on in-vehicle devices (albeit not in real-time) to assist drivers in choosing faster routes to their destinations. This past spring, about a decade later, a more progressive but similar 3-moonth field experiment was conducted in upstate New York. Nearly 200 participants used state-of-the-art, in-vehicle navigation and route guidance technology in conjunction with GPS tracking and broadband wireless to share travel time data and pick the shortest paths through a congested network. The route guidance devices observed travel times, uploaded them to a central server that updated a travel time database, and then downloaded every minute to each of the probe vehicles to ensure the latest travel time information was being used while enroute. The experiment resulted in a total of 4,111,210 latitude-longitude position/speed/time points. The largest number of location points per user was 98,018 while the smallest was 117; the average per user was just over 26,000 location points, or 325.5 points per trip. There were 12,629 probe trips for a traveled distance of 147,316 miles over a duration of 3,945.8 hours. This paper presents a discussion of the Capital District ATIS project including the parallels and differences with the ADVANCE effort. Areas covered are: travel time data, project background, description of the study data, participant statistics, experimental design, sample results, and a summary with future research directions.}, booktitle={Applications of Advanced Technology in Transportation}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Demers, Alixandra and List, George F. and Wojtowicz, Jeffrey and Kornhauser, Alain and Wallace, Al and Lee, Earl E. and Salasznyk, Paul}, year={2006}, month={Aug} }
 @article{cetin_list_2006, title={Integrated modeling of information and physical flows in transportation systems}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0968-090X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.trc.2006.06.003}, abstractNote={Modeling transportation systems operations in large part involves an understanding of how physical entities (i.e., vehicles) move and interact with each other in the system. Transportation systems that are integrated with information technologies involve flow of information besides the flow of physical entities. In some cases, a unified modeling approach that considers both flows is needed to create an accurate model for system operations. This paper highlights the significance of such a modeling approach that involves an explicit representation of information flow attributes (e.g., response time and information delay). Several small-scale queuing models are developed to illustrate the importance of incorporating information flow related attributes into the models of transportation systems operations. In each example system, two scenarios are considered: modeling the given system with or without explicitly representing the information flow. Comparison of performance statistics is made between these two scenarios. It is found that ignoring information flows may lead to significant inaccuracies in the estimates of the system performance.}, number={2}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES}, author={Cetin, Mecit and List, George F.}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={139–156} }
 @article{list_wood_turnquist_nozick_jones_lawton_2006, title={Logistics planning under uncertainty for disposition of radioactive wastes}, volume={33}, ISSN={0305-0548}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2004.07.017}, DOI={10.1016/j.cor.2004.07.017}, abstractNote={The US Department of Energy (DOE) faces an enormous environmental remediation challenge involving highly radioactive wastes at former weapons production facilities. The purpose of this analysis is to focus on equipment acquisition and fleet sizing issues related to transportation of wastes from remediation sites to disposal sites. Planning for the transportation of these wastes must be done with recognition of important uncertainties related to overall quantities of waste to be moved, the rate at which the wastes will be prepared for transport, and the certification of suitable transportation containers for use in the effort. However, deadlines for completion of the effort have already been set by the political process, without much regard for these uncertainties. To address this fleet sizing problem, we have created a robust optimization model that focuses on equipment investment decisions. Through this robust optimization, we illustrate how modeling can be used to explore the effects of uncertainty on the equipment acquisition strategy. The disposition of radioactive wastes from DOE sites is an important illustration of a category of problems where equipment investments must be made under conditions of considerable uncertainty. The methodology illustrated in this paper can be applied to this general class of problems.}, number={3}, journal={Computers & Operations Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={List, George F. and Wood, Bryan and Turnquist, Mark A. and Nozick, Linda K. and Jones, Dean A. and Lawton, Craig R.}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={701–723} }
 @inbook{demers_list_wallace_lee_wojtowicz_2006, title={Probes as path seekers - A new paradigm}, DOI={10.3141/1944-14}, abstractNote={In a recent field experiment, a fleet of Global Positioning System—equipped vehicles shared real-time data about network travel times over a wireless network and had their path choices automatically updated accordingly. This paper describes the behavior of these 200 vehicles during the 3-month experiment and illustrates the kind of information that can be derived from the data archive that the vehicles created. Much can be learned about real-time traffic-responsive path choice, travel times, compliance, and more. Planners, designers, and system operators can learn much about the way a system behaves and can sharpen their ability to create systems that work effectively and efficiently under all ranges of use. True path seeking by probe-equipped vehicles will arise when such vehicles become a common part of the vehicle fleet.}, number={1944}, booktitle={Intelligent transportation systems and vehicle-highway automation 2006}, publisher={Washington: Transportation Research Board Natl Research Council}, author={Demers, A. and List, G. F. and Wallace, W. A. and Lee, E. E. and Wojtowicz, J. M.}, year={2006}, pages={107–114} }
 @article{nozick_turnquist_lawton_list_jones_wright_kjeldgaard_2002, title={Production planning for a project job shop, with application to disassembly, evaluation and maintenance of nuclear weapons}, volume={13}, ISSN={0953-7287 1366-5871}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280110069766}, DOI={10.1080/09537280110069766}, abstractNote={Production planning in some make-to-order operations bears considerable resemblance to resource-constrained project scheduling. This type of operation is referred to as a 'project job shop.' The practical problem that provides motivation for the methodology developed in this paper is such a production environment - the Department of Energy Pantex plant in Amarillo, Texas, where nuclear weapons are maintained and dismantled. In order to be useful in practice at Pantex, a production planning model must be able to handle a few hundred tasks (at least), with about 30 different types of facility resources, and 80-90 technicians who hold different combinations of 90-100 different certifications (qualifications to perform specific tasks). An approach has been developed to this production planning problem that is also transferable to project scheduling environments. The formulation uses continuous variables rather than the discrete variables commonly used in project scheduling formulations. This formulation allows time periods of variable lengths, and accepts arbitrary time boundaries (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) within which resource availability is measured. The solution approach for this formulation is described, and two example problems are used to illustrate application of the model.}, number={2}, journal={Production Planning & Control}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Nozick, Linda K. and Turnquist, Mark A. and Lawton, Craig R. and List, G. F. and Jones, Dean A. and Wright, Stephen T. and Kjeldgaard, Edwin A.}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={187–198} }