@article{anderson_havenstein_jenkins_osborne_2013, title={Changes in commercial laying stock performance, 1958–2011: thirty-seven flocks of the North Carolina random sample and subsequent layer performance and management tests}, volume={69}, ISSN={0043-9339 1743-4777}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0043933913000536}, DOI={10.1017/s0043933913000536}, abstractNote={Thirty-seven layer performance tests have been conducted at North Carolina State University during the past 53 years. Originally established as the North Carolina Random Sample Layer Test (NCRSLT), all of the test flocks have been hatched and housed at the Poultry Unit of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service's Piedmont Research Station at Salisbury, North Carolina. In 1988, the NCRSLT name was changed to the North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test (NCLP&MT) reflecting changes in the testing procedures to include the evaluation of management practices used by commercial egg producers. Strain testing and evaluating the relative egg production of commercially available egg production stocks began in 1911, and the number of such Random Sample Tests in North America peaked at 23 in approximately 1968. The mission for the NCRSLT to provide an unbiased evaluation of the overall performance of strains, evolved to include the effects of various housing and husbandry practices on the performance of the genetic stocks entered into the test. Test results have been distributed to the industry throughout the USA as well as to producers in 22 other countries throughout the world. In addition, the internet site for the NCLP&MT http://poultry.ces.ncsu.edu/layer-performance/ allows the distribution of the results to many other interested university and government officials. This review of the first 37 North Carolina layer tests shows continuing improvements in egg production, reduction in body weight and feed consumption, increases in egg weight and feed conversion, improvements in liveability, and an improvement in egg quality from the commercially available white and brown egg strains. These changes have continued throughout the 50+ year history of the tests, and the changes observed have been brought about primarily by poultry breeding companies applying quantitative genetics for the improvement of the layer stocks used worldwide.}, number={3}, journal={World's Poultry Science Journal}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Anderson, K.E. and Havenstein, G.B. and Jenkins, P.K. and Osborne, J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={489–514} }
 @book{havenstein_2012, title={History of the Department of Poultry Science and other poultry related programs at North Carolina State University, 1881-2010}, publisher={Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Agricultural Foundation, Inc.}, author={Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2012} }
 @article{wang_oviedo-rondon_small_liu_sheldon_havenstein_williams_2010, title={Farm-Scale Evaluation of Ozonation for Mitigating Ammonia Concentrations in Broiler Houses}, volume={60}, ISSN={["2162-2906"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77955613072&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3155/1047-3289.60.7.789}, abstractNote={Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of in-house ozonation within the public health standard limit (0.1 parts per million [ppm]) for mitigating ammonia (NH3) concentrations inside commercial broiler houses. The project was conducted in four identical tunnel-ventilated houses. Two houses served as treatment and the other two served as control units. The experiment was replicated in five consecutive flocks. Except for ozonation treatment, all other operational parameters including feed, broiler strain, age and number of broilers, and ventilation system were the same among four houses. NH3 and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the treatment and control houses were measured for a minimum of 48 hr/week throughout the five flocks of 8 or 9 weeks each. The gas measurements were conducted using portable multigas units (PMUs). House temperatures were recorded with data loggers in each flock. Comparison of temperatures and CO2 concentrations among houses indicated no significant differences in ventilation rates among treatment and control houses in any of the five flocks. As a result, comparisons of NH3 concentrations inside houses were used to evaluate the effectiveness of house ozonation for NH3 emission mitigation. Statistical test of mean NH3 concentrations for each flock separated by house indicated that the house-to-house variation was significantly smaller than the flock-to-flock variation. There was a substantial variation in NH3 concentrations across different flocks, but no house had consistently higher or lower mean NH3 concentrations than any other. Evaluations for differences in mean NH3 from week to week, between treatment groups, and differences in week-to-week variations between treatment groups suggested that ozone effect was not uniform for each week and the effect was not statistically significant for any week. Tests of overall ozone treatment effect and treatment-week interaction indicated there was no difference in mean NH3 between the control and ozone treatment groups (P = 0.25), nor was the week effect different for control and treatment groups (P = 0.46). The results of this field evaluation indicate that there was no statistical evidence to suggest that the ozone treatment has any effect on average NH3 concentrations in these chicken houses.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Wang, Lingjuan and Oviedo-Rondon, Edgar O. and Small, John and Liu, Zifei and Sheldon, Brian W. and Havenstein, Gerald B. and Williams, C. Mike}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={789–796} }
 @article{christensen_ort_nestor_havenstein_velleman_2008, title={Genetic control of embryonic cardiac growth and functional maturation in Turkeys}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00363}, abstractNote={Turkey experimental lines E (selected 44 yr for increased total egg production) and F (selected 38 yr for increased 16-wk BW) were mated reciprocally with the randombred control lines from which they were derived (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively), and the pureline and reciprocal cross poults were compared for their BW, heart weight, heart rates, myocardial glycogen and lactate concentrations, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The CK and LDH were used as indicators of cardiac insufficiency. Orthogonal contrasts of the data from the pureline and reciprocal cross data were used to estimate additive genetic effects, reciprocal effects (confounded maternal and sex-linked effects), and heterosis for each of the traits measured. Long-term selection for increased egg production in the E line has reduced embryo heart weight and has altered the energy metabolism of the myocardium. The differences in energy metabolism may be due to the more rapid heart rates. Conversely, long-term selection for increased 16-wk BW has significantly decreased the heart rate of F line embryos and has not changed the weight of the heart relative to the BW until the embryo has passed through the plateau stage. The F line embryos show a different energy metabolism that relies much more on gluconeogenesis. Embryo deaths occur more frequently in turkey embryos when the energy metabolism of the myocardium shows elevated glycogen to lactate ratios as it did in the pure E and F lines.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Nestor, K. E. and Havenstein, G. B. and Velleman, S. G.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={858–877} }
 @article{cheema_qureshi_havenstein_ferket_nestor_2007, title={Comparison of the immune response of 2003 commercial turkeys and a 1966 randombred strain when fed representative 2003 and 1966 turkey diets}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.241}, abstractNote={The immunological performance of modern turkeys (one-third each of the Nicholas Turkey, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid Turkey strains) hatched in 2003 (2003 strain) was compared with that of a randombred control turkey strain (RBC2) established in calendar year 1966, when fed representative 1966 and 2003 type diets. The 2003 strain had a higher BW and bursa of Fabricius weight relative to total BW compared with the RBC2 strain (P = 0.0001) when measured at 12 and 13 d of age, respectively. Total antibody response against SRBC did not differ between strains, nor were any differences observed in the IgM antibody levels either during a primary or secondary SRBC challenge. However, RBC2 poults had higher IgG levels (P = 0.02) than the 2003 strain at 7 d post secondary SRBC challenge. No significant differences were observed in the phytohemagglutinin phosphate-mediated toe-web lymphoblastic response. However, the 2003-strain turkeys seemed to have a better swelling response (P = 0.06) than the RBC2-strain turkeys when measured at 24 h post phytohemagglutinin phosphate injection. The modern turkeys also had higher mononuclear phagocytic system function, as measured by clearance of carbon particles from the bloodstream 5 min post intravenous injection of colloidal carbon (P = 0.02). These results indicate that selection over the years of turkeys for improved performance traits has had no adverse effects on most of the immune system indicators when examined prior to sexual maturity in the current study.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Cheema, M. A. and Qureshi, M. A. and Havenstein, G. B. and Ferket, P. R. and Nestor, K. E.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={241–248} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_grimes_qureshi_nestor_2007, title={Comparison of the performance of 1966-versus 2003-type turkeys when fed representative 1966 and 2003 turkey diets: Growth rate, livability, and feed conversion}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.232}, abstractNote={Body weight, livability, and feed conversion of a randombred control turkey line (RBC2) started in 1966 at The Ohio State University was compared with that of modern commercial turkeys hatched in 2003 when fed representative 1966- and 2003-type diets from hatch (March 5, 2003) through 196 d of age. Each pen of modern turkeys consisted of 5 birds each of the Nicholas, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid strains. Eight groups (i.e., 2 strains (RBC2 vs. modern), 2 sexes, and 2 dietary regimens) were randomly assigned into each of 4 blocks of 8 litter floor pens (32 total) for growout. Using the BW performance of the 2 strains on the modern feed as the basis, the study showed that the 2003 turkeys were approximately twice as heavy as the 1966 RBC2 at the 4 slaughter ages and that tom weights have increased by 186, 208, 227, and 241 g/yr, and hen weights have increased by 164, 179, 186, and 205 g/yr at 112, 140, 168, and 196 d of age, respectively, over the past 37 yr. Cumulative feed conversion (kg of feed/kg of BW) was approximately 20% better in the 2003 tom turkey on the 2003 feed (2.638) than in the RBC2 tom on the 1966 feed (3.278) at 20 wk of age. Feed efficiency to 11 kg of BW in the 2003 toms (2.132 at 98 d of age) was approximately 50% better than in the RBC2 toms (4.208 at 196 d of age). The number of days to reach that weight was halved during this period of time. Growth performance during the different periods of the study appeared to be strongly affected by type of feed used and seasonal changes in ambient temperature. Overall livability was very good for all groups, but the mortality level of the RBC2 was consistently higher, although not significantly so, than for the modern birds.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, G. B. and Ferket, P. R. and Grimes, J. L. and Qureshi, M. A. and Nestor, K. E.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={232–240} }
 @article{christensen_havenstein_ort_mcmurtry_nestor_2007, title={Dam line and sire line effects on turkey embryo survival and thyroid hormone concentrations at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.9.1861}, abstractNote={Inheritance of embryo thyroid function was measured in lines of turkeys. Two lines that had been selected for either increased egg production (E) or increased 16-wk BW (F) and their respective randombred controls (i.e., RBC1 and RBC2) were examined. Reciprocal crosses of dams and sires from each selected line and its randombred control were made to estimate sire line and dam line effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine if the differences found were due to the presence of additive, nonadditive, or maternal, sex-linked, or both, gene effects. With the data involved, sex-linkage and maternal effects could not be separated. Embryo survival was measured for all lines and their reciprocal crosses. Crossing the RBC1 sire and E dam also resulted in better embryo survival and lower death losses at pipping than for the other cross- or purelines. Reciprocal crosses of the F and RBC2 lines showed better total embryo survival, and they survived pipping better than the F or RBC2 purelines. Thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) concentrations differed between the reciprocal crosses at external pipping, but the effects were inconsistent for the 2 data sets. Reciprocal tests indicated that maternal, sex-linked, or both, effects were present for T(3) concentrations at internal pipping in the E and RBC1 lines and at external pipping for the F and RBC2 lines. Reciprocal effects were significant for T(4) at internal pipping for both data sets. The RBC1 sire embryos had significantly higher T(3):T(4) ratios than the E line sire embryos at internal and external pipping, and the pureline RBC1 embryos had consistently higher ratios than the pureline E embryos. The differences for the T(3):T(4) ratios between these 2 lines at internal pipping, external pipping, and hatch appeared to be consistently additive in nature, although significant nonadditive or heterotic effects were present for the ratio at external pipping. Similar effects on the T(3):T(4) ratio were observed for the F and RBC2 lines at external pipping.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Havenstein, G. B. and Ort, D. T. and McMurtry, J. P. and Nestor, K. E.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={1861–1872} }
 @article{anderson_havenstein_2007, title={Effects of alternative Molting programs and population on layer performance: Results of the thirty-fifth North Carolina layer performance and management test (vol 16, pg 965, 2007)}, volume={16}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Anderson, K. E. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2007}, pages={656–657} }
 @article{anderson_havenstein_2007, title={Effects of alternative molting programs and population on layer performance: Results of the thirty-fifth North Carolina layer performance and management test}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/16.3.365}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A study involving 7 white-egg and 3 brown-egg commercial layer strains was conducted at the North Carolina Piedmont Research Station to assess the effects cage population 3-bird vs. 4-bird cages and alternative molt programs on performance through 113 wk of age (791 d). The flock was divided into 3 groups; not molted (NM), maintained in continuous production; molted using feed restriction (FR), an industry-type 14-d feed withdrawal molting program initiated at 463 d of age; and molted using a nonfasted/anorexic program (NF), in which an ad libitum supply of a low protein, low energy molt feed was provided. Productivity, egg size, and egg quality were monitored at 28-d periods throughout the test providing the performance data for the white-egg and brown-egg strains with regard to these management factors. Detailed results by strain are available on the following Web site: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/tech_info.html#layer. The performance for the 3-bird or 4-bird cage groups for either type of layer was similar, except that birds in 4-bird cages had higher feed consumption in the first production phase than did the birds in 3-bird cages. In the same time period the white-egg birds in the 3-bird cages had a greater percentage of cracked eggs and a smaller percentage of Grade A large eggs than those in 4-bird cages. No differences were observed in egg income for the 2 population sizes for either type of layer. However, due to their higher feed consumption, the white egg birds in the 4-bird cages had higher feed cost per hen for the first cycle, which was offset by the egg income component due to their increased production rate. The molted layers outperformed the nonmolted layers for both types of layers in terms of overall income over feed costs. The FR molted hens, under a program thathastraditionallybeenusedbycommercialproducers,outperformedNF-moltedhens,indicating that further refinements are needed to make the NF program economically competitive with the FR molting program.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Anderson, K. E. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2007}, pages={365–380} }
 @article{christensen_ort_nestor_velleman_havenstein_2007, title={Genetic control of neonatal growth and intestinal maturation in turkeys}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.3.476}, abstractNote={Turkey experimental lines E (selected 44 yr for increased egg production) and F (selected 38 yr for increased 16-wk BW) were mated reciprocally with the randombred control lines from which they were derived (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively), and the pure line and reciprocal cross poults were compared according to their hatch, 3- and 7-d BW, jejunum weight, jejunum length, and jejunal maltase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Orthogonal contrasts of the data from the pure line and reciprocal cross-poult data were used to estimate additive genetic effects, reciprocal effects (confounded maternal and sex-linked effects), and heterosis for each of the traits measured. Body weights at hatch and at 3 and 7 d of age were increased in the F line relative to the RBC2 line and were decreased in the E line relative to the RBC1 line. The genetic changes from long-term selection in the E and F lines have had concomitant effects on jejunum growth and function that parallel the changes in growth rate. The increased BW of the F line poults and the decreased BW of the E line poults relative to their randombred controls may be due to increases in the absorption of nutrients because of greater intestinal mass rather than to differences in glucose digestion. Concomitant changes in egg weight in the 2 selected lines appear to have resulted in maternal effects that have significantly affected neonatal BW and digestive system maturation.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Nestor, K. E. and Velleman, S. G. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={476–487} }
 @article{chichlowski_croom_edens_mcbride_qiu_chiang_daniel_havenstein_koci_2007, title={Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.6.1121}, abstractNote={Direct-fed microbials (DFM) could serve as a potential alternative to the feeding of antibiotics in poultry production. In this study, the effects of providing a DFM were compared with the feeding of salinomycin on intestinal histomorphometrics, and microarchitecture was examined. Broiler chicks (n=18 per treatment; trials 1 and 2) were fed a standard starter diet (control), control+PrimaLac (DFM; 0.3% wt/wt), and control+salinomycin (SAL; 50 ppm) from hatch to 21d. The birds were euthanized on d 21, and the ileal, jejunal, cecal, and colon tissues were dissected. Samples were examined by light microscopy (jejunum and ileum; trial 1) and scanning electron microscopy (ileum, cecum, and colon; trial 2). Feeding of the DFM increased intestinal muscle thickness (P<0.05) up to 33% compared with the control treatment. The DFM group also had increased villus height and perimeter (P=0.009 and 0.003, respectively) in jejunum. Segmented filamentous-like bacteria were less numerous in DFM-treated chicks than in the control chicks. Very few segmented filamentous-like bacteria were found near other microbes in the ileum. The DFM chicks had a larger number of bacteria positioned over or near goblet cells and in intervilli spaces. Bacteria in the colon were observed to be attached primarily around and within the crypts. Mucous thickness was less, and the density of bacteria embedded in the mucous blanket appeared to be lower in DFM-treated animals than in the control in all intestinal segments. The birds fed SAL had fewer bacteria and enterocytes in the ileum than in the control-and DFM-treated birds, and they had thicker and fewer microvilli. Because gastrointestinal track colonization by the DFM organisms can prevent the attachment of pathogens to the epithelium, spatial relationships, in this study, demonstrate the functionality of DFM and probiotics in preventing disease. It also supports previous observations that the feeding of salinomycin may alter intestinal function.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chichlowski, M. and Croom, W. J. and Edens, F. W. and McBride, B. W. and Qiu, R. and Chiang, C. C. and Daniel, L. R. and Havenstein, G. B. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1121–1132} }
 @misc{oviedo-rondon_ferket_havenstein_2006, title={Nutritional factors that affect leg problems in broilers and turkeys}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1470-2061"]}, DOI={10.3184/147020606783437921}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN AND POULTRY BIOLOGY REVIEWS}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Ferket, P. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2006}, pages={89–103} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_ferket_havenstein_2006, title={Understanding long bone development in broilers and turkeys}, volume={17}, number={3}, journal={Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Ferket, P. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2006}, pages={77–88} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_eisen_havenstein_2004, title={Ascorbic acid decreases heat shock protein 70 and plasma corticosterone response in broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) subjected to cyclic heat stress}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1096-4959"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.09.013}, abstractNote={It is known that ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation can ameliorate the chicken's responses to heat stress. The influence of AA on heart heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and plasma corticosterone (CS) was evaluated in young male broiler chickens fed either no AA (N-AA) or 500 mg AA /kg (AA) and exposed to cyclic high temperatures (21 to 30 to 21 degrees C) over a 3.5 h period on three consecutive days. Dietary AA supplementation elevated plasma AA and maintained it at high levels after heating, but in N-AA birds, only heat elevated plasma AA. In N-AA fed chickens, plasma CS was elevated and was further increased by heat stress as compared with AA-fed birds. Heart hsp70 expression was greater in N-AA-fed chickens compared to AA-fed chickens, and heat stress further elevated hsp70 in both N-AA- and AA-fed birds. The hsp70 increase after heat was two-fold greater in N-AA- vs. AA-fed birds. Plasma CS and heart hsp70 were positively correlated, plasma AA and heart hsp70 were negatively correlated, and plasma CS and AA were negatively correlated. It was concluded that chickens experience a less severe stress response after exposure to high temperatures when they are provided dietary AA.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}, author={Mahmoud, KZ and Edens, FW and Eisen, EJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={35–42} }
 @article{havenstein_2004, title={Changes in the performance of turkeys -- 1966 to 2003}, volume={20}, ISBN={1388-3119}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2004}, pages={4} }
 @article{fasina_garlich_classen_ferket_havenstein_grimes_qureshi_christensen_2004, title={Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.9.1559}, abstractNote={Lectins are known to bind to the intestinal brush border membrane and induce antinutritional effects such as disruption of the brush border membrane (BBM) and reduced nutrient digestibility in laboratory rodents. Because soybean lectin (SBL) is usually present in poult starter diets, 2 similar experiments with starting turkey poults were conducted to investigate the effects of purified SBL on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Experimental diets were a corn starch-casein based control (lectin-free) semipurified diet (PD), semipurified diets containing 0.024 or 0.048% soybean lectin (PDL, PDH), and a corn-soybean meal diet (SBD). Experimental diets were fed from hatch to 14 d. Antibodies specific for soybean lectin were detected in the serum of poults fed the PDL and PDH diets, implying that the SBL in these diets remained active in the digestive tract. Poults fed the control PD or SBD grew equally well. The 0.024% SBL level in PDL had no significant detrimental effect on any parameters assessed in the 2 experiments. In contrast, the 0.048% SBL level in the PDH gave inconsistent results for feed efficiency (FE) and brush border enzyme levels. For instance, on d 6 in experiment 2, poults fed the PDH had poorer FE (P < 0.05) compared with the control PD treatment, but had similar FE to poults fed the PD in experiment 1. In conclusion, SBL present at levels up to 0.024% of the diet would not cause antinutritional effect in turkey poults up to 2 wk of age.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Garlich, JD and Classen, HL and Ferket, PR and Havenstein, GB and Grimes, JL and Qureshi, MA and Christensen, VL}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={1559–1571} }
 @article{mahmoud_edens_eisen_havenstein_2004, title={The effect of dietary phosphorus on heat shock protein mRNAs during acute heat stress in male broiler chickens (Gallus gallus)}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1878-1659"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cca.2003.10.013}, abstractNote={A 2 x 2 factorially arranged completely randomized experimental design was used to study the relationship between inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and heat shock protein (HSP) mRNA expression in different organs of commercial broiler cockerels during acute heat stress (HS). Brain, heart, liver and spleen were assayed for hsp70, hsp90alpha and hsp90beta mRNA. At 1 day of age, chickens were assigned randomly to two dietary Pi treatment groups (Pi-: 0.16%; Pi+: 0.5%). At 3 weeks of age, half of the chickens in each Pi group were subjected to HS (Ta=41 degrees C, 60 min) while the other half was maintained in a thermoneutral environment (CN, Ta=25 degrees C). The results showed inter-organ variation in the expression of HSP mRNAs. Brain expressed the most HSP mRNAs while spleen expressed the least. When broilers were subjected to HS, the expression of HSP mRNAs was influenced positively by the consumption of the Pi+ diet. However, analysis of variance revealed that Ta influenced HSP transcription more than phosphorus availability. Thermal stress caused induction of hsp90alpha and hsp90beta in heart, liver and spleen, but hsp90alpha and hsp9beta mRNA levels were stable in brain. Transcription of hsp70 increased (P< or =0.05) in all organs from chickens in HS groups when compared to chickens in CN groups. Although Pi+ did not show any significant increases in the expression of hsp mRNAs, there were consistently larger HSP mRNA values in liver and spleen tissues. The high expression of hsp90alpha and hsp90beta in brain of chicks in both CN and HS conditions could be due to the involvement of hsp90 in steroid hormone receptors or the high metabolic activity of neurons in the central nervous system.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY}, author={Mahmoud, KZ and Edens, FW and Eisen, EJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={2004}, month={Jan}, pages={11–18} }
 @article{cheema_qureshi_havenstein_2003, title={A comparison of the immune profile of commercial broiler strains when raised on marginal and high protein diets}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.300.312}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to compare the immunocompetence of four commercial broiler strains (Ross 3F8, Ross x Cobb, Ross 308 and Cobb x Cobb (CC)) that were fed either a marginal protein diet (D1) or a high protein diet (D2) for the starter and finisher diets, respectively. Strain CC showed comparatively higher and more persistent antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (P < 0.0182) as well as higher macrophage phagocytic function for SRBC uptake (P = 0.0118) than the other strains. The Ross 308 strain had significantly greater cell mediated immune response, as measured by T-lymphocyte proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), P < 0.04) and Concanavalin-A (Con-A) (P < 0.0281), as well as for the chemotaxis response to formyl-met-leu-phe (P < 0.0019) than the other strains. The diet effect was variable for monocyte-macrophage functions, but birds on the high protein diets showed higher cell- mediated response than the birds on the low protein diets when measured by Con-A and PHA-P responses. An interaction between strains and diets was seen for antibody response with the Ross 308 showing higher titers on D1 while the CC had greater antibody response when raised on D2. These results suggest that genetic differences exist between various commercial broiler chicken lines for cell mediated, humoral and innate immune responses. Furthermore, dietary protein levels appear to influence the immune response levels of broiler chickens but the response obtained varies by strain. The results of these studies imply that immunocompetence is genetically controlled, and, therefore some measures of immunocompetence could be considered as a selection criterion while selecting for performance traits.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Cheema, M. A. and Qureshi, M. A. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2003}, pages={300} }
 @article{cheema_qureshi_havenstein_2003, title={A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.10.1519}, abstractNote={Immunocompetence of the 2001 Ross 308 broiler strain and the 1957 Athens Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain was compared when they were given diets representative of those that were being used in 1957 and 2001. Antibody response against SRBC, in vivo lymphoproliferation against Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and inflammatory and phagocytic responses of the macrophages were measured. The Ross 308 strain on the 2001 diet had higher BW at 24 d of age (P = 0.0001), whereas the ACRBC had greater lymphoid organ weights (except thymus) relative to BW (P < or = 0.003). The ACRBC strain showed greater antibody responses against SRBC than the 2001 Ross 308 birds for much of the trial (P < or = 0.0362). However, the Ross 308 broilers had greater PHA-P-induced toe-web swelling response (P < or = 0.0129). Inflammatory exudate cell numbers were higher in the Ross 308 broilers than in the ACRBC birds (P = 0.0261). The percentage of macrophages that phagocytized SRBC was comparable between the two strains, but the number of SRBC phagocytized by individual macrophages was higher (P = 0.0122) in the Ross 308 broiler than in the ACRBC chickens. Nitrite production by macrophages following lipopolysacharide stimulation was comparable between the two strains. Interactions of diet, strain, and sex were inconsistent among all parameters tested. In conclusion, the current study suggested that genetic selection for improved broiler performance has resulted in a decrease in the adaptive arm of the immune response but an increase in the cell-mediated and inflammatory responses.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Cheema, MA and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1519–1529} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_qureshi_2003, title={Carcass composition and yield of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.10.1509}, abstractNote={The yield of carcass parts as well as levels of carcass fat, moisture, and ash were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) and in the Ross 308 commercial broiler, when fed diets that were representative of those being fed during 1957 and 2001. The Ross 308 was used to represent 2001 commercial broilers. Comparisons of carcass weights of the Ross 308 on the 2001 diet versus the ACRBC on the 1957 diet showed they were 6.0, 5.9, 5.2, and 4.6 times heavier than the ACRBC at 43, 57, 71, and 85 d of age, respectively. Yields of hot carcass without giblets (fat pad included) were 12.3, 13.6, 12.2, and 11.1 percentage points higher for the Ross 308 than for the ACRBC at those ages. The yields of total breast meat for the Ross 308 were 20.0, 21.3, 21.9, and 22.2% and were 8.4, 9.9, 10.3, and 9.8 percentage points higher than for the ACRBC at those ages. Yields of saddle and legs for the Ross 308 broiler were approximately 31 to 32% over the four ages and were about 1.5 to 2% higher than for the ACRBC at the different ages. The Ross 308 averaged 13.7, 15.0, 18.6, and 18.5% whole carcass fat versus 8.5, 10.6, 12.7, and 14.0% for the ACRBC at the four ages. In conjunction with previous studies, the current data show that yield of broiler carcass parts has continued to increase over time and that genetics has been the major contributor to changes in yield.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, GB and Ferket, PR and Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1509–1518} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_qureshi_2003, title={Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.10.1500}, abstractNote={Body weight, feed consumption, and mortality were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain and in the 2001 Ross 308 strain of broilers when fed representative 1957 and 2001 diets. The dietary regimens were chosen to be representative of those used in the industry in 1957 vs. 2001. The 1957 diets were fed as mash, the 2001 starter was as crumbles, and the grower and finisher diets were pellets. Feed consumption and BW were recorded at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age to cover the two broiler strains normal span of marketing ages. Mortality was low, and the mortality of the ACRBC was approximately half that of the modem strain. Average BW for the ACRBC on the 1957 diets were 176, 539,809, 1,117, and 1,430 g vs. 743, 2,672, 3,946, 4,808, and 5,520 g for the Ross 308 on the 2001 diets at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age, respectively. The 42-d feed conversion (FC) on the 2001 and 1957 feeds for the Ross 308 were 1.62 and 1.92 with average BW of 2,672 and 2,126 g and for the ACRBC were 2.14 and 2.34 with average BW of 578 and 539 g, respectively. The Ross 308 broiler on the 2001 feed was estimated to have reached 1,815 g BW at 32 d of age with a FC of 1.47, whereas the ACRBC on the 1957 feed would not have reached that BW until 101 d of age with a FC of 4.42.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, GB and Ferket, PR and Qureshi, MA}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1500–1508} }
 @book{havenstein_2003, title={Proceedings, North Carolina Animal Waste Management Workshop, Oct. 16-17, 2003, Sheraton Imperial Hotel, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina}, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences}, author={Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_ferket_havenstein_sefton_2002, title={A demonstration of postpellet application of dry phytase to broiler diets}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/11.1.34}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A comparison of performance and P reduction in litter and manure from broilers fed rations with and without phytase enzyme was made with chickens reared on litter or in cages. Low-activity phytase supplemented as a dry powder to mash diets did not affect performance, but litter P accumulation was decreased 14 to 21% in the finisher phase. Manure P content of broilers in cages was reduced 14 to 19% during the starter and grower phases. Liquid phytase applied postpelleting to diets with 0.5% total P (0.3% available P) reduced litter P accumulation (14 to 19%) and reduced manure P content in starter, grower, and finisher phases of the study. Phosphorus content in raw manure was decreased by 55% during the finisher phase. Feed conversions of broilers in cages and on conventional litter-covered floors were improved significantly with postpellet application of liquid phytase. Feed conversion improvement was greater in birds in cages. Postpellet application of dry phytase was shown to be feasible based upon performance and reduction in litter P accumulation. Feed conversions were improved by 7 to 8 points (P < 0.05) when compared to those of birds given a normal P level (0.72% total P) diet without phytase. Litter P accumulation was reduced between 20.5 and 28.5% with dry phytase applied postpelleting. With liquid phytase applied postpelleting, litter P accumulation was reduced 26.6%. These reductions in litter P content represent about 4 lb of P per ton of litter.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Ferket, PR and Havenstein, GB and Sefton, AE}, year={2002}, pages={34–45} }
 @article{roy_edens_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_2002, title={Influence of a propionic acid feed additive on performance of turkey poults with experimentally induced poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.7.951}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) has multiple etiological agents associated with its occurrence, including two viruses and at least three Escherichia coli isolates. Myco Curb (MC) contains organic acids and is used as a feed additive to inhibit growth of many bacteria and toxin-producing molds but not viruses. Studies evaluating the influence of MC on BW, feed conversion, and mortality indicate that turkey poults tolerate MC at 1.25% but not 2.50%, but higher MC content in feed provides greater suppression of growth of bacterial isolates commonly associated with PEMS. In two PEMS experiments, 1.25% MC was blended into poult starter feed and was maintained in the feed for the duration of the 3-wk experiments. In these experiments, 1-d-old commercial poults were placed into battery brooders and were given turkey starter feed and water ad libitum. At 6 d posthatch, PEMS-designated poults were given a 1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. BW depression due to PEMS was not alleviated by MC, although there was less variation in mean BW of the MC-fed poults, and there was a highly significant reduction in mortality (68% in PEMS-exposed with MC vs. 32.5% in PEMS-exposed without MC). The reduction in mortality in the MC-fed poults was attributed to decreased bacterial content of the gut and to maintenance of packed cell volume and hemoglobin content. It was concluded that MC might be a potential nutritional intervention during PEMS.
 
}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Roy, RD and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={951–957} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_havenstein_sefton_2001, title={Housing and selenium influences on feathering in broilers}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/10.2.128}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A majority of the broilers produced around the world are sexed on the basis of rapid-feathering females or slow-feathering males, which is facilitated by the presence of the sex-linked, auto-sexing, slow-feathering K gene in males. Recent advances in materials have allowed development of a caging system that is a viable alternative to the traditional floor-rearing regimen. In this study, a comparison was made between the traditional floor- and cage-rearing environments and their influence on feathering of auto-sexing, sex-linked male and female broilers fed at 0.2 mg/kg of feed either NaSe or an organic selenium yeast (OR). Feed conversion ratios, BW, and mortality were not affected by Se source. Feather tracts on the back, breast, thigh, wing, neck, and wing were scored subjectively based on feather size and skin surface covered. Feather scores ranged from 0 (no feathering) to 5 (best feathering) for each tract. The OR induced more rapid whole body feathering in the slow-feathering males as well as in the normal-feathering females. The influence of OR was evident from 21 through 42 d of age. Females had a faster feathering rate than did males. Females approached full feathering at 35 d of age, but males lagged behind females even at 42 d. Feathering of broilers in the conventional house was slightly faster than the feathering of broilers in the cage house. The mechanism for improved feathering rate in normal-feathering females and slow-feathering males given OR has not been determined.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Sefton, AE}, year={2001}, pages={128–134} }
 @article{qureshi_saif_heggen-peay_edens_havenstein_2001, title={Induction of functional defects in macrophages by a poult enteritis and mortality syndrome-associated turkey astrovirus}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592865}, abstractNote={The interaction of a poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS)-turkey astrovirus-Ohio State University (TAst-OSU) with the mononuclear phagocytic system cells, namely macrophages, was examined after in vitro and in vivo exposure. In vitro exposures were performed by incubating adherent turkey macrophages with various volumes of 10(6) 50% embryo infective dose (EID50)/ml TAst-OSU stock, whereas for in vivo challenge, poults were given a 200 microl inoculum of 10(6) EID50/ml TAst-OSU stock at 7 days of age. Results show that TAst-OSU in vitro exposure reduced macrophage viability relative to controls (P < 0.05) and decreased phagocytosis (P < 0.05) and intracytoplasmic killing of Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) after a 42-48-hr exposure. Poults challenged with TAst-OSU in vivo recruited almost 50% fewer Sephadex-elicited inflammatory cells in the abdominal cavity (P < 0.05) as compared with the sham controls. Similar to in vitro exposure, macrophages isolated from in vivo TAst-OSU-challenged poults exhibited reduced percentage of phagocytic macrophages (P < 0.05) as well as fewer intracytoplasmic E. coli per phagocytic macrophage (P < 0.05). TAst-OSU-challenged poults had a greater number of viable E. coli in their spleens (P < 0.05) after an intravenous E. coli challenge as compared with the non-TAst-OSU-challenged control poults. Macrophage-mediated cytokines and metabolites were also examined during this study. Both in vitro and in vivo TAst-OSU challenge resulted in reduced interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 activity. On the contrary, nitrite levels in macrophage culture supernatant fraction of TAst-OSU-challenged macrophages were significantly higher (P < or = 0.05). The findings of these studies indicated that TAst-OSU challenge induced defects in macrophage effector functions, implying that PEMS-turkey astrovirus can potentially impair the immune response of turkeys, thereby leading to enhanced susceptibility of turkeys to secondary, perhaps even fatal, bacterial infections.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Qureshi, MA and Saif, YM and Heggen-Peay, CL and Edens, FW and Havenstein, GB}, year={2001}, pages={853–861} }
 @article{doerfler_cain_edens_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_2000, title={D-xylose absorption as a measurement of malabsorption in poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.5.656}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Severe wasting of body tissues, diarrhea, high morbidity and mortality, and stunting are all characteristics of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). The wasting of musculature and loss of nearly all adipose tissue suggested that even though the PEMS-infected poults were eating some feed, nutrient intake was not sufficient to meet body requirements for maintenance and growth. Because epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be a target of the undefined etiological agent (or agents) that causes PEMS, a study was conducted in which PEMS-infected poults were evaluated for malabsorption through 3 wk of age. D-Xylose, a poorly metabolized pentose, was given per os as a bolus, and blood samples were obtained from the ulnar vein in the wing of control and PEMS-infected poults over a 3-h period to estimate intestinal absorption. D-Xylose absorption in control poults peaked 30 to 60 min after the oral treatment, similar to results reported earlier. The PEMS-infected poults did not show a peak in absorption. The PEMS-infected poults showed significant delays in D-xylose absorption at 4, 7, and 11 d after PEMS challenge. The severe malabsorption and metabolic deficiency problem associated with PEMS was postulated to be a direct effect of the undefined infectious agent or agents that cause the disease.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Cain, LD and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={656–660} }
 @article{qureshi_havenstein_2000, title={Development and reactivity of the immune system in different genetic hosts}, ISBN={0037-1521}, number={8}, journal={Selezione Veterinaria}, author={Qureshi, M. A. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={2000}, pages={563} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_mcmurtry_qureshi_parkhurst_havenstein_2000, title={Influence of Biochrome (R) on the response of metabolic hormones in PEMS-infected poults}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.5.661}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS), a disease that affects turkeys between 7 and 28 d of age, causes a severe inflammation of the intestinal tract and is characterized in poults by severe diarrhea, high morbidity, mortality, and stunting. The PEMS-associated mortality and growth depression is related to malabsorption and decreased metabolic activity caused, in part, by a possible insulin deficiency or insensitivity. Insulin receptors are stimulated by the glucose tolerance factor (GTF) that incorporates Cr. Body Cr deficiency can be exacerbated by dietary deficiency and by increased excretion due to stress associated with a diarrheal disease such as PEMS. BioChrome® (BC) contains natural, preformed GTF, the bioactive form of Cr. Experiments were conducted in which BC was blended into poult starter feed at 400 ppb during the first 21 d posthatch. Body weights were determined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d of age, and weekly feed conversions were calculated for each treatment group (control, BC, PEMS, and BC+PEMS). At 6 d post-hatch, each PEMS-designated poult was given a 0.1-mL oral gavage of a 10% suspension of feces from PEMS-infected poults. Blood samples were taken via cardiac puncture from four birds per treatment group at 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 d of age. Radioimmunoassays were conducted for plasma insulin, glucagon, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Plasma insulin levels were depressed in PEMS-infected poults from Days 10 through 17, but plasma glucagon levels in the PEMS-infected poults were significantly elevated at 14 and 17 d, after which they returned to control levels in both of the PEMS-infected groups. The T3 and T4 levels were depressed through Day 21 in PEMS-infected poults, but with BC treatment these blood hormone levels rebounded by Day 21. Body weights of PEMS-infected poults were increased significantly by the BC treatment but not to the level of noninfected controls.
 
}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Edens, FW and McMurtry, JP and Qureshi, MA and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={661–668} }
 @article{croom_brake_coles_havenstein_christensen_mcbride_peebles_taylor_1999, title={Is intestinal absorption capacity rate-limiting for performance in poultry?}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/8.2.242}, abstractNote={Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing perception that limitations in gastrointestinal absorption may be detrimental to posthatch survival and subsequent performance. This perception is based on a large body of information demonstrating that genetic selection for growth in domestic poultry alters intestinal structure from that of their wild counterparts. Furthermore, recent advances in our understanding of the energetic costs of absorption suggest that biochemical as well as structural changes in intestinal function have decreased absorptive function and efficiency in both chickens and turkeys. The recent discovery that some gastrointestinal peptides enhance nutrient absorption has allowed limited, direct testing of this hypothesis. The results of preliminary studies indicate that intestinal absorption enhancement technology may have beneficial practical application. More detailed studies are needed to fully assess the economic potential of intestinal absorption enhancement in poultry.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Croom, WJ and Brake, J and Coles, BA and Havenstein, GB and Christensen, VL and McBride, BW and Peebles, ED and Taylor, IL}, year={1999}, pages={242–252} }
 @article{heggen_qureshi_edens_barnes_havenstein_1998, title={Alterations in the lymphocytic and mononuclear phagocytic systems of turkey poults associated with exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592706}, abstractNote={In vivo and in vitro mononuclear phagocytic system functions, expression of lymphocyte subset cell surface markers in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and lymphocyte subset dynamics during the course of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) were examined. PEMS is an acute, transmissible, infectious intestinal disease accompanied by high mortality and morbidity. The etiology of this multifactorial disease remains to be elucidated; however, turkey coronavirus was initially assumed to be one of the primary agents involved. Further investigation demonstrated that turkey coronavirus was not always detectable in poults exhibiting PEMS symptoms, and, thus, PEMS poults began to be identified as positive or negative for turkey coronavirus. In each trial, uninfected hatchmate controls were compared with turkey poults that were contact exposed to PEMS poults at 7 days of age. Following intravenous inoculation, control poults cleared Escherichia coli from their circulation by 60 min, whereas viable E. coli were still present in the circulation of PEMS poults at 60 min postinoculation. Inflammatory response measured by Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cell recruitment and the adherence potential of abdominal exudate cells was not significantly different between uninfected and PEMS poults. The percentage of glass-adherent abdominal exudate macrophages was higher in PEMS poults. However, the ability of these macrophages to phagocytize sheep red blood cells and the average number of sheep red blood cells per phagocytic macrophage were both lower compared with uninfected controls. CD4+ expression in thymic tissue of PEMS poults at 9 days postinfection was significantly lower. The CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood leukocytes from coronavirus-negative PEMS poults was lower than that from both uninfected and coronavirus-positive PEMS poults at 14 days postinfection. In the spleen, the CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio was higher in coronavirus-positive PEMS poults as compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, immune system dysfunction in PEMS is associated with impaired mononuclear phagocytic system function and alterations in lymphocyte populations.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Heggen, CL and Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Barnes, HJ and Havenstein, GB}, year={1998}, pages={711–720} }
 @article{edens_joyce_parkhurst_havenstein_qureshi_1998, title={Effect of litter moisture and brooding temperature on body weights of turkey poults experiencing poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.3.411}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the interactions among litter moisture (high [HiM]> or =40% vs low [LoM]< or =20%), brooding temperature (high [HiB] = 38 C vs normal [NrB] = 34 C), and development of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) as indicated by body weights, relative weights of lymphoid organs, and mortality in Control [C] vs Infected [I] groups. There was a significant interaction between litter moisture and brooding temperature that had a significant influence on BW. The brooding temperature main effect was not significant, but there was a significant litter moisture effect on BW. Body weights were suppressed by PEMS infection, but infected poults brooded at HiB on LoM had significantly greater BW than those brooded at NrB and HiB on HiM. Main effects showed that there were significant litter moisture- and brooding temperature-mediated responses for BW. Relative weights of lymphoid organs revealed significant disease main effects but no effect due to brooding temperature and litter moisture. There was a significant effect of disease and brooding temperature with regard to mortality. The results from this study suggest that litter moisture influences productivity and mortality associated with PEMS, but brooding temperature has the greatest influence on PEMS-associated mortality. Therefore, higher brooding temperature for turkey poults being placed into a facility where they may be at risk for PEMS exposure is recommended.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Joyce, KA and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={411–415} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_parkhurst_havenstein_qureshi_1998, title={Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and hypothyrosis associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.8.1103}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 A metabolic dysfunction contributes to the poor performance and mortality associated with Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). Within 2 d after contact-exposed poults were removed from the presence of PEMS-infected poults and returned to their respective treatment rooms to infect experimental poults, the experimental poults began to huddle together and show signs of the disease. When separated from the huddle, body temperatures of exposure poults were depressed significantly. Body temperatures decreased progressively through 8 d after exposure with a maximum depression of 2 C and returned to a normal level at 18 d after PEMS exposure. Similar decreasing patterns in serum glucose, inorganic phosphorus, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were observed, with maximum decreases in these serum constituents being found between 8 and 13 d after PEMS exposure. There were significant correlations among decreasing body temperatures, decreasing serum constituents, and mortality in the PEMS-exposed poults. Daily mortality rates associated with PEMS began at 6 d and peaked at 9 d after PEMS exposure. Mortality rates decreased from 9 to 15 d after experimental PEMS exposure. Depressions in serum constituents, body temperature, and increased mortality rates did not coincide with decreased feed intake associated with PEMS. Therefore, it was concluded that the agent(s) causing PEMS may have a direct effect on energy metabolism in afflicted poults.
 
}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Doerfler, RE and Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Havenstein, GB and Qureshi, MA}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1103–1109} }
 @article{havenstein_1998, title={Mid-Atlantic Poultry Consortium: A department head's viewpoint on regionalization}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.2.201}, abstractNote={A document outlining possible areas of coordination and cooperation among university faculty to meet the research, extension, and teaching needs of the poultry industries in the Mid-Atlantic region (i.e., in the states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina) has been developed. Poultry-oriented faculty in the region's Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in the 1862 and 1890 land-grant institutions participated to varying degrees in the development of the document. Poultry scientists with the ARS/USDA, Beltsville, MD, have also expressed interest in and provided input to the plan. Three university-based committees addressed potential avenues of cooperation for academic programs, teaching, research, extension, and technology transfer. Input from those committees was summarized and presented as a basic concept paper for the development of a Mid-Atlantic Poultry Consortium at the Poultry Extension Symposium at the Poultry Science Association's annual meeting in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in 1995. Meetings of faculty from the participating institutions have been held twice yearly at the Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association Congress in Atlanta, GA, and at the annual Poultry Science Association meetings to specifically discuss strategies for moving forward with the plan. Unfortunately, for a number of different reasons, buy-in by individual faculty at the various institutions has, at best, been very limited. Nevertheless, some progress has been made toward increasing the amount of regional cooperation underway. Most of the cooperation to date has been in interstate extension programming, with reciprocal use of specialists with different expertise between two states, and with the joint planning of regionally based educational conferences. Some joint extension publications and a few joint applied research or demonstration projects are also underway. Currently, however, no program is in place that involves all of the region's university-based poultry groups in a single program effort. The slow development of such an effort is partially due to difficulties in communication. An attempt is currently being made to get all of the poultry-oriented faculty in the region linked via an e-mail listserve, so that individuals with needs for partnering can freely communicate their needs to others in the region who might be interested in cooperating with them.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, GB}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={201–207} }
 @article{edens_parkhurst_qureshi_casas_havenstein_1997, title={Atypical Escherichia coli strains and their association with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.7.952}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 To date, no definitive etiology has been described for Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS). However, two atypical Escherichia coli colony types are isolated consistently from moribund and dead poults afflicted with PEMS. To test the infectivity of these E. coli strains, poults were placed into floor pens in three isolation treatment rooms: 1) Control: no bacterial challenge, 2) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 1 d, and 3) E. coli colony Types 1 or 2 posthatch oral challenge: 10(8) cfu/per poult at 6 d. Daily intramuscular injections of cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per poult) from 1 to 5 d posthatch were given to half of the poults in each treatment. Atypical E. coli challenge caused BW depression, and cyclophosphamide treatment exacerbated the response. All E. coli-challenged poults developed diarrhea similar to PEMS. Mortality was increased by both atypical E. coli colony types, but at 21 d E. coli colony Type 2 caused greater mortality than colony Type 1. With cyclophosphamide treatment, mortality was exacerbated with both colony types, but colony Type 2 at 1 d caused the greatest mortality. Ultrastructural damage to ileum epithelium cell microvilli and subcellular organelles indicated that part of the BW depression could be attributed to malabsorption of nutrients. It was concluded that the atypical E. coli colony Types 1 and 2 play a significant role in the PEMS disease.
 
}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Casas, IA and Havenstein, GB}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={952–960} }
 @article{edens_qureshi_parkhurst_qureshi_havenstein_casas_1997, title={Characterization of two Escherichia coli isolates associated with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.12.1665}, abstractNote={Two colonial types (1 and 2) of Escherichia coli are represented predominantly in cultures isolated from turkey poults with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS). Biotype codes determined using two systems (BBL: 36570 and 34560 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively; API-20E: 5144572 and 5144512 for colony types 1 and 2, respectively) clearly establish these organisms as E. coli. These isolates were not clearly divergent from the general profile for E. coli, but colony type 2 differs from colony type 1 with regard to its negative reactions for ornithine decarboxylase and the fermentation of dulcitol, rhamnose, sucrose, and melibiose, suggesting that it is atypical. Colony type 1 is nonserotypable and nonmotile, whereas colony type 2 is serotyped as O136: motile because it has H antigens associated with flagella. Capsular antigens were not found, but thin capsules were seen on cells from both colony types in stained preparations. Cultural morphology was different with colony type 1 having a circular, mucoid, raised morphology and colony type 2 having an irregular, flat, rough morphology. Colony type 1 has a doubling time at 37 C of about 20 min, whereas colony type 2 doubles in 30 min. Furthermore, colony type 1 is a potent colicin producer, but colony type 2 is not a colicin producer. Both E. coli isolates have resistance profiles for multiple antibiotics. Each strain responds to third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotics by changing their biotypes and become resistant after culturing once in their presence. These E. coli are proposed as possible etiological links in the complex series of events that take place in poults susceptible to PEMS.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Edens, FW and Qureshi, RA and Parkhurst, CR and Qureshi, MA and Havenstein, GB and Casas, IA}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1665–1673} }
 @article{doerfler_edens_mann_parkhurst_havenstein_1997, title={Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum glucose in turkeys with poult enteritis and mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, number={suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Doerfler, R. E. and Edens, F. W. and Mann, S. E. and Parkhurst, C. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={1997}, pages={538} }
 @article{qureshi_edens_havenstein_1997, title={Immune system dysfunction during exposure to poult enteritis and mortality syndrome agents}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.4.564}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome (PEMS) is a condition of yet undefined etiology. Affected flocks may exhibit 100% morbidity with mortality up to 50% or more between 2 to 4 wk of age. The current study reports the immune status of poults experimentally infected with PEMS agent(s) in various trials. When compared with the unchallenged controls, PEMS-infected poults had significant atrophy of the bursa (up to 2-fold), thymus (up to 11-fold), and spleen (up to 2-fold) (P < or = 0.05). When challenged with SRBC, PEMS-infected poults had 1 to 2 log2 lower anti-SRBC antibody titers than the controls (P < or = 0.05). Responsiveness to a mitogenic lectin, phytohemagglutinin-P, was reduced significantly in PEMS poults (P < or = 0.05). These data show that the immune system of the poults is compromised significantly during PEMS infection in terms of lymphoid organ integrity and humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These findings imply, therefore, that immune dysfunction may contribute to the mortality observed during PEMS outbreaks.
 
}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Edens, FW and Havenstein, GB}, year={1997}, month={Apr}, pages={564–569} }
 @article{edens_qureshi_mann_parkhurst_havenstein_1997, title={The evolvement of Eosinophils in the pathogenesis of poult enteritis mortality syndrome}, volume={76}, number={suppl. 1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Edens, F. W. and Qureshi, M. A. and Mann, S. E. and Parkhurst, C. R. and Havenstein, G. B.}, year={1997}, pages={535} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_scheideler_rives_1994, title={Carcass Composition and Yield of 1991 vs 1957 Broilers When Fed “Typical” 1957 and 1991 Broiler Diets}, volume={73}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0731795}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731795}, abstractNote={Whole carcass yield and the yield of parts (i.e., wings, saddle and legs, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, breast skin, rack, abdominal fat pad, heart, and lungs), as well as whole carcass analysis for fat, moisture, and ash, were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) and in the 1991 Arbor Acres (AA) feather-sexable strain, when fed "typical" 1957 and 1991 diets. Using the average of both sexes, the carcass weights of the 1991 birds on the 1991 diets were 4.4, 3.9, and 3.5 times heavier than those from the 1957 ACRBC on the 1957 diet at 43, 71, and 84 d of age, respectively. Birds fed the 1991 diets had significantly heavier carcass weights than those fed the 1957 diets. Hot carcass yield of the AA broiler (mean of both sexes) was approximately 6 to 7% higher at the same age than for the ACRBC. Water uptake in the carcass (following a 60-min immersion in ice water) was approximately 2 to 2.5% higher in the ACRBC than in the AA broiler. Yield of saddle and legs as a percentage of live BW was about 4% higher in the AA than in the ACRBC. Dietary regimen did not affect the yield of saddle and legs. Males had 2 to 3% more saddle and legs than the females. The yield of total breast meat for the AA was approximately 3% higher (mean = 16.9%) than for the ACRBC over both sexes and all ages. Breast yield on the 1991 diets was approximately 1.2% higher for the AA than for the ACRBC. Females had slightly higher breast yield (1%) than males. The AA broiler had consistently heavier fat pads and higher percentage carcass fat at the same age and on the same diet than did the ACRBC. The percentage carcass fat was significantly higher on the 1991 vs the 1957 diet and in females vs males. The male-female difference in percentage carcass fat increased with age. Heart and lung size as a percentage of live BW were lower in the AA than in the ACRBC.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Havenstein, G.B. and Ferket, P.R. and Scheideler, S.E. and Rives, D.V.}, year={1994}, month={Dec}, pages={1795–1804} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_scheideler_larson_1994, title={Growth, Livability, and Feed Conversion of 1957 vs 1991 Broilers When Fed “Typical” 1957 and 1991 Broiler Diets}, volume={73}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0731785}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731785}, abstractNote={The relative contributions of genetic selection and dietary regimen on the performance of broilers was assessed. Body weight, feed consumption, mortality (M), and the degree of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) were measured in the 1957 Athens-Canadian Randombred Control (ACRBC) strain of broilers and in the 1991 Arbor Acres (AA) feather-sexable strain when fed "typical" 1957 and 1991 diets. Energy and protein levels, vitamin and mineral packs, and the coccidiostats used in the two dietary regimens were chosen to be representative of those in use by the industry for the two time periods. Eight treatment groups, i.e., two strains, two sexes, and two dietary regimens, were assigned into four blocks of eight litter floor pens for grow out. The 1957 diets were fed as mash, and the 1991 starter and grower diets were fed as crumbles and pellets, respectively. Feed consumption and BW were recorded at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age, a period covering the normal marketing ages for the two broilers. Mortality and the cause of death was recorded daily. The incidence and severity of TD was assessed using a Lixiscope at 42 d of age. Average BW were 190, 508, 790, 1,087, and 1,400 g for the ACRBC on the 1957 diets vs 700, 2,132, 3,108, 3,812, and 4,498 g for the AA on the 1991 diets at 21, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d of age, respectively. The 1991 diets increased the BW of the AA by an average of 14% (20% at 42 d, but only 8% at 84 d) and of the ACRBC by 22%. The BW advantage for the 1991 diet over the 1957 diet for the AA was less for males than for females after 42 d of age, and the advantage decreased with age, probably due to the increasing incidence of leg problems. The M for AA was 9.1% vs 3.3% for the ACRBC at 42 d. Most of the ACRBC M occurred before 21 d, whereas M occurred throughout for the AA, with most after 21 d due to flip-overs and ascites. The feed conversion at 42 d for the ACRBC on the 1957 diet was 3.00 vs 2.04 for the AA on the 1991 diet. The AA on the 1991 diet had a 48.6% incidence of TD vs 25.6% on the 1957 diet. The ACRBC had approximately 1.2% TD on both diets. The TD was more severe with the 1991 diet.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Havenstein, G.B. and Ferket, P.R. and Scheideler, S.E. and Larson, B.T.}, year={1994}, month={Dec}, pages={1785–1794} }
 @article{havenstein_crittenden_petitte_qureshi_foster_1992, title={Application of biotechnology in the poultry industry}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1080/10495399209525760}, abstractNote={Abstract Tremendous progress has been made in recent years in understanding the biochemical and physiological basis of the genetic control of growth and development. Many of these advances have been made through molecular approaches or biotechnology. The techniques of biotechnology have benefitted and will continue to benefit the poultry industry of the future. Future benefits will come about from several different directions, including: 1) the production of transgenic animals; 2) the production of more effective biologicals, vaccines and diagnostic procedures; 3) the production of feed‐grade enzymes; and by, 4) novel biological approaches to the reduction and utilization of industry waste.}, number={1}, journal={Animal Biotechnology}, author={Havenstein, G. B. and Crittenden, L. B. and Petitte, J. N. and Qureshi, M. A. and Foster, D. N.}, year={1992}, pages={15} }