@article{kousik_adams_jester_hassell_harrison_holmes_2011, title={Effect of cultural practices and fungicides on Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon in the Carolinas}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2011.03.012}, abstractNote={Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is an important and emerging disease in Southeastern U.S.A. The effects of two cultural practices (raised bare ground and raised plastic mulched beds) used for growing watermelon and different fungicide treatments on development of Phytophthora fruit rot were evaluated. The experiments were conducted over three years (2005–2008) at research stations in North Carolina and South Carolina, U.S.A. Fungicides were applied at weekly intervals on the diploid cv. Mickey Lee for an average of five applications. Fruit rot incidence was recorded at the end of each experiment. Fruit rot incidence in the non-treated plots was 66% across two states and six trials. Overall, the levels of fruit rot on the raised bare ground and raised plastic mulched beds were not significantly different. Based on percent disease reduction relative to the non-treated check plots, the fungicide Captan was the most effective across years and locations (range = 23–70%, mean = 57%), followed by mandipropamid (25–65%, mean = 50%), fluopicolide (24–65%, mean = 43%) and cyazofamid (0–48%, mean = 31%). Mefenoxam, the current standard treatment reduced fruit rot by 8–28% (mean = 18%). The addition of copper hydroxide to the spray mix did not significantly enhance effectiveness of Captan or mandipropamid. The variability in fungicide efficacy observed in these experiments across locations and years demonstrates the importance of environmental conditions in disease development and management. Even when the most effective fungicides are used, heavy losses may occur when conditions are highly favorable for disease development. Ultimately, effective control of Phytophthora fruit rot of watermelon will require an integrated management strategy that includes well-drained fields, water management and crop rotation in addition to fungicides.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Kousik, Chandrasekar S. and Adams, Mike L. and Jester, Wilfred R. and Hassell, Richard and Harrison, Howard F. and Holmes, Gerald J.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={888–894} }
 @article{willis_abney_holmes_schultheis_kennedy_2010, title={Influence of Preceding Crop on Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Abundance in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec10184}, abstractNote={Three studies were conducted to determine the effect of preceding crop on wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) abundance in the coastal plain of North Carolina. In all three studies, samples of wireworm populations were taken from the soil by using oat, Avena sativa L., baits. Treatments were defined by the previous year's crop and were chosen to reflect common crop rotations in the region. Across all three studies, eight wireworm species were recovered from the baits: Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal), Conoderus bellus (Say), Conoderus falli (Lane), Conoderus lividus (Degeer), Conoderus scissus (Schaeffer), Conoderus vespertinus (F.), Glyphonyx bimarginatus (Schaeffer), and Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal). The effect of corn, Zea mays L.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; fallow; soybean, Clycine max (L.) Merr.; sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.; and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) was evaluated in a small-plot replicated study. M. communis was the most frequently collected species in the small-plot study and was found in significantly higher numbers following soybean and corn. The mean total number of wireworms per bait (all species) was highest following soybean. A second study conducted in late fall and early spring assessed the abundance of overwintering wireworm populations in commercial fields planted to corn, cotton, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), soybean, sweet potato, and tobacco in the most recent previous growing season. C. lividus was the most abundant species, and the mean total number of wireworms was highest following corn and soybean. A survey was conducted in commercial sweet potato in late spring and early summer in fields that had been planted to corn, cotton, cucurbit (Cucurbita pepo L.), peanut, soybean, sweet potato, or tobacco in the most recent previous growing season. C. vespertinus was the most abundant species, and the mean total number of wireworms per bait was highest following corn.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Willis, Rebecca B. and Abney, Mark R. and Holmes, Gerald J. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={2087–2093} }
 @article{kanetis_holmes_ojiambo_2010, title={Survival of Pseudoperonospora cubensis sporangia exposed to solar radiation}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1365-3059"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02211.x}, abstractNote={To determine the effects of solar radiation on the survival of sporangia of Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the cause of cucurbit downy mildew, detached sporangia of P. cubensis were either exposed to the sun or placed in the shade from 08·00 to 17·00 h on sunny and cloudy days at Raleigh, North Carolina, in experiments conducted weekly from 9 July to 8 October 2008. Sporangia were assessed for germination every hour following exposure and germination was normalized based on the germination percentage of unexposed sporangia from the same collection. Exposure for a 9-h period, either in the sun or in the shade, significantly (P < 0·0001) reduced normalized germination of sporangia. Decrease in normalized germination was significantly (P < 0·0001) higher for sporangia exposed to the sun than sporangia in the shade, with the decrease being more rapid on sunny days than on cloudy days. On sunny days, solar radiation strongly reduced germination of sporangia (β = −3·51), whilst on cloudy days, reduction in germination of sporangia was minimal (β = −0·77). On sunny days, an exponential decay model, y = 95·2exp(−0·10x), provided a significant (R2 = 75·4%, n = 81, P < 0·0001) quantitative description of the effect of solar radiation dose on the percentage of normalized germination of sporangia. The effective cumulative solar radiation dose to inactivate 95% of the sporangia on sunny days was 29·5 MJ m−2. Disease severity data from inoculation experiments using sporangia exposed to varying amounts of cumulative solar radiation doses corroborated the results of the solar radiation experiments.}, number={2}, journal={PLANT PATHOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kanetis, L. and Holmes, G. J. and Ojiambo, P. S.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={313–323} }
 @article{almany_de arruda_arthofer_atallah_beissinger_berumen_bogdanowicz_brown_bruford_burdine_et al._2009, title={Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 May 2009-31 July 2009}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1755-098X"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21564933}, DOI={10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02759.x}, abstractNote={This article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, Bashania fangiana, Bashania fargesii, Chaetodon vagabundus, Colletes floralis, Coluber constrictor flaviventris, Coptotermes gestroi, Crotophaga major, Cyprinella lutrensis, Danaus plexippus, Fagus grandifolia, Falco tinnunculus, Fletcherimyia fletcheri, Hydrilla verticillata, Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus, Leavenworthia alabamica, Marmosops incanus, Miichthys miiuy, Nasua nasua, Noturus exilis, Odontesthes bonariensis, Quadrula fragosa, Pinctada maxima, Pseudaletia separata, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Podocarpus elatus, Portunus trituberculatus, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhinella schneideri, Sarracenia alata, Skeletonema marinoi, Sminthurus viridis, Syngnathus abaster, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) chinensis, Verticillium dahliae, Wasmannia auropunctata, and Zygochlamys patagonica. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Chaetodon baronessa, Falco columbarius, Falco eleonorae, Falco naumanni, Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo, Didelphis aurita, Gracilinanus microtarsus, Marmosops paulensis, Monodelphis Americana, Odontesthes hatcheri, Podocarpus grayi, Podocarpus lawrencei, Podocarpus smithii, Portunus pelagicus, Syngnathus acus, Syngnathus typhle,Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvauceli and Verticillium albo-atrum. This article also documents the addition of nine sequencing primer pairs and sixteen allele specific primers or probes for Oncorhynchus mykiss and Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; these primers and assays were cross-tested in both species.}, number={6}, journal={MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES}, author={Almany, Glenn R. and De Arruda, Mauricio P. and Arthofer, Wolfgang and Atallah, Z. K. and Beissinger, Steven R. and Berumen, Michael L. and Bogdanowicz, S. M. and Brown, S. D. and Bruford, Michael W. and Burdine, C. and et al.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={1460–1466} }
 @article{yencho_pecota_schultheis_vanesbroeck_holmes_little_thornton_truong_2008, title={'Covington' sweetpotato}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1911}, abstractNote={‘Covington’ is an orange-fleshed, smooth-skinned, rose-colored, table-stock sweetpotato [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] developed by North Carolina State University (NCSU). ‘Covington’, named after the late Henry M. Covington, an esteemed sweetpotato scientist at North Carolina State, was evaluated as NC98-608 in multiple state and regional yield trials during 2001 to 2006. ‘Covington’ produces yields equal to ‘Beauregard’, a dominant sweetpotato variety produced in the United States, but it is typically 5 to 10 days later in maturity. ‘Covington’ typically sizes its storage roots more evenly than ‘Beauregard’ resulting in fewer jumbo class roots and a higher percentage of number one roots. Total yields are similar for the two clones with the dry matter content of ‘Covington’ storage roots typically being 1 to 2 points higher than that of ‘Beauregard’. ‘Covington’ is resistant to fusarium wilt [ Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f.sp. batatas (Wollenw.) Snyd. & Hans.], southern root-knot nematode [ Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White 1919) Chitwood 1949 race 3], and moderately resistant to streptomyces soil rot [ Streptomyces ipomoeae (Person & W.J. Martin) Wakswan & Henrici]. Symptoms of the russet crack strain of Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus have not been observed in ‘Covington’. The flavor of the baked storage roots of ‘Covington’ has been rated as very good by standardized and informal taste panels and typically scores as well or better in this regard when compared with ‘Beauregard’.}, number={6}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Yencho, G. Craig and Pecota, Kenneth V. and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and VanEsbroeck, Zvezdana-Pesic and Holmes, Gerald J. and Little, Billy E. and Thornton, Allan C. and Truong, Van-Den}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1911–1914} }
 @article{keinath_holmes_everts_egel_langston_2007, title={Evaluation of combinations of chlorothalonil with azoxystrobin, harpin, and disease forecasting for control of downy mildew and gummy stem blight on melon}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2006.04.004}, abstractNote={The foliar diseases downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae, are frequently observed on melon (Cucumis melo ssp. melo cv. Athena) grown in the southeastern United States. Four combinations of chlorothalonil with or without azoxystrobin or harpin were applied weekly or according to the Melcast melon disease forecaster in field experiments in South Carolina in the autumn of 2002 and spring of 2003. Control treatments received water only or mancozeb followed by chlorothalonil. All nine fungicide treatments reduced areas under disease progress curves for downy mildew and gummy stem blight plus downy mildew compared to the water control. Chlorothalonil applied according to Melcast scheduling usually did not differ from chlorothalonil applied weekly. Azoxystrobin alternated with chlorothalonil was less effective than chlorothalonil alone when both diseases were rated together. Applications of harpin had no effect on either disease, but increased yield of fruit by 10% to 12% in one of two years compared to treatments that did not receive harpin. Growers could start the season by using Melcast scheduling to apply fungicides for gummy stem blight; these applications would also protect the crop initially from downy mildew. If downy mildew appeared during the season, the spray schedule could be switched to weekly intervals.}, number={2}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Keinath, A. P. and Holmes, G. J. and Everts, K. L. and Egel, D. S. and Langston, D. B., Jr.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={83–88} }
 @article{keinath_everts_langston_egel_holmes_2007, title={Multi-state evaluation of reduced-risk fungicides and Melcast against Alternaria leaf blight and gummy stem blight on muskmelon}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.024}, abstractNote={Alternaria leaf blight and gummy stem blight are important diseases of muskmelon in the eastern United States. These diseases often are managed by weekly applications of fungicides. However, many of the fungicides currently used are limited by regulatory restrictions, such as field re-entry intervals or pre-harvest intervals. Biofungicides, reduced-risk synthetic fungicides, and a weather-based fungicide application program (Melcast) were evaluated in 12 field trials for effective management of these two diseases in Maryland, Indiana, Georgia, and North Carolina from 2002 to 2004. In the first experiment, six reduced-risk fungicide programs that incorporated reduced-risk fungicides or biofungicides to reduce mancozeb and chlorothalonil applications were compared with schedules that used only mancozeb and chlorothalonil. Areas under the disease progress curves in the reduced-risk fungicide programs did not differ significantly from those in the standard fungicide program of mancozeb followed by chlorothalonil. In two trials in 2002, acibenzolar-S-methyl reduced fruit weights. A second experiment evaluated weekly or Melcast-scheduled applications of chlorothalonil alone or in combination with harpin, azoxystrobin, or harpin and azoxystrobin. The addition of harpin did not affect disease severities in any trial. The addition of azoxystrobin reduced control of gummy stem blight in some trials but improved control of Alternaria leaf blight compared with chlorothalonil alone. Overall, reduced risk fungicides alternated with chlorothalonil performed similarly to chlorothalonil applied alone, indicating that use of these products could reduce use of chlorothalonil. However, they rarely performed better than chlorothalonil applied alone on a biweekly schedule, indicating that most or all of the disease control resulted from the chlorothalonil component of the program. In seven of eight evaluations, scheduling fungicides with Melcast reduced the number of applications compared with a weekly schedule. In four of the eight evaluations, disease level was higher with Melcast schedules than weekly sprays, and in the other four trials disease levels did not differ.}, number={8}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Keinath, A. P. and Everts, K. L. and Langston, D. B., Jr. and Egel, D. S. and Holmes, G. J.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={1251–1258} }
 @article{stanghellini_schultheis_holmes_2003, title={Adaptation and market potential of Jack o' Lantern and miniature pumpkin cultivars in eastern North Carolina}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1063-0198"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.13.3.0532}, abstractNote={In 1998 and 1999, a total of 27 large-fruited and 15 miniature-fruited pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo ) cultivars were evaluated for adaptation to eastern North Carolina grow- ing conditions. Test categories were yield (fruit number and weight); fruit characteristics (shape, rind and stem attributes); and susceptibility to edema (wart-like growths on fruit exterior), foliar diseases, preharvest and postharvest fruit decay, and viruses. Yields of large pumpkins ranged from over 3,200 fruit/acre (7,907 fruit/ha) for `SVT 4613367', `Autumn Gold', and `Gold Standard' to less than 1,000 fruit/acre (2,471 fruit/ha) for `Gold Rush' and `Progold 200'. For miniature pumpkins, over 33,000 fruit/acre (81,542 fruit/ha) were produced by `Touch of Autumn', `Lil' Pump- ke-mon', and `HMX 5682', whereas `Mystic' and `Progold 100' produced less than 7,000 fruit/acre (17,297 fruit/ha). `Gold Rush', `Howden', and `Progold 510' (large), and `EXT 4612297', `Lil' Goblin', and `Lil' Ironsides' (miniature) appeared the most susceptible to foliar diseases. Preharvest fruit decay ranged from 0% for `Howden' and `EXT 4612297' to over 20% for `Lil' Goblin', `Jumping Jack', `Peek-A-Boo', and `Tom Fox'. Virus incidence on fruit and foliage was low on virus-resistant cultivars ('SVT 4613367' and `EXT 4612297'), and ranged from 4% to 74% for nontransgenic cultivars. Virus incidence and/or severity on foliage and fruit were not related. `Early Autumn' (large) and `Touch of Autumn' (miniature) were the most prone to edema. `Aspen' and `Magic Lantern' (large) and `Baby Pam', `Lil' Goblin', and `Spooktacular' (miniature) were the most susceptible to postharvest fruit decay. Fruit characteristics are discussed in relation to marketability and possible consumer appeal to pumpkins.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Stanghellini, MS and Schultheis, JR and Holmes, GJ}, year={2003}, pages={532–539} }
 @article{holmes_schultheis_2003, title={Sensitivity of watermelon cultigens to ambient ozone in North Carolina}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.428}, abstractNote={Foliar ozone (O 3 ) injury is common on watermelon grown in eastern North Carolina. During the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons, 93 cultivars and breeding lines (i.e., cultigens) were evaluated for foliar injury caused by ambient levels of O 3 . One tetraploid, 42 diploid, and 50 triploid cultigens were evaluated. Injury developed on all cultigens in both years, but severity of injury varied among cultigens and between years. Visible foliar injury (percent surface area necrotic or chlorotic) was rated 1 week after the first harvest in both years. Mean injury for all cultigens was 39% in 2000 (range = 16 to 66%) and 20% in 2001 (range = 2.5 to 60%). This corresponded to greater mean seasonal O 3 levels (12-h [0900 to 2100 h EST] mean daily O 3 concentration between early May and mid-June) in 2000 (58 ppb) than in 2001 (52 ppb). Triploid cultigens were less sensitive to injury than diploid cultigens. Mean injury for all triploids was 31% in 2000 and 16% in 2001, whereas injury for diploids was 47% in 2000 and 25% in 2001. Injury level was consistently negatively correlated with average number of days between transplanting and harvest. Correlations between injury level and yield, fruit size, fruit shape, and fruit sweetness were inconsistent between years and/or insignificant. O 3 tolerance in watermelon cultivars should receive increased attention in watermelon breeding programs and in cultivar selection in areas of high O 3 pollution.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Holmes, GJ and Schultheis, JR}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={428–434} }
 @article{gusmini_wehner_holmes_2002, title={Disease assessment scales for seedling screening and detached leaf assay for gummy stem blight in watermelon}, ISBN={1064-5594}, number={25}, journal={Report (Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative)}, author={Gusmini, G. and Wehner, T. C. and Holmes, G. J.}, year={2002}, pages={36} }
 @article{holmes_clark_2002, title={First report of Geotrichum candidum as a Pathogen of Sweetpotato Storage Roots from Flooded Fields in North Carolina and Louisiana}, volume={86}, number={6}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Holmes, G. J. and Clark, C. A.}, year={2002}, pages={695} }
 @article{holmes_stange_2002, title={Influence of wound type and storage duration on susceptibility of sweetpotatoes to Rhizopus soft rot}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.4.345}, abstractNote={Susceptibility of stored sweetpotato roots (cvs. Beauregard and Hernandez) to Rhizopus soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer was tested at 4- to 6-week intervals over a storage period of 335 days in 1998-1999 (year 1) and 1999-2000 (year 2). In each experiment, roots were wounded by four methods (puncture, bruise, broken, and scrape), inoculated with freshly harvested spores from 4- to 10-day-old cultures, and compared with a nonwounded but inoculated control for their susceptibility to decay. Roots were totally resistant to infection after harvest for 60 days in year 1 and 30 days in year 2. The bruise wound type was most commonly associated with infection, with disease incidence peaking 100 and 175 days after harvest in years 1 and 2, respectively. Inoculation by the puncture method followed a similar pattern in Hernandez but was ineffective in Beauregard. Following the peak in disease incidence at 100 or 175 days, susceptibility of roots declined to levels comparable to that of freshly harvested roots. This period of heightened susceptibility was longer in Hernandez than in Beauregard. The effects of injury types broken and scrape were more variable and did not show the same trend in both years.}, number={4}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Holmes, GJ and Stange, RR}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={345–348} }
 @article{stange_midland_holmes_sims_mayer_2001, title={Constituents from the periderm and outer cortex of Ipomoea batatas with antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00105-3}, abstractNote={Rhizopus stolonifer invades sweetpotato roots through injuries and infected roots are rapidly consumed by a soft rot. However, not all injuries are equally susceptible to infection; shallow injuries (1–2 mm deep) are less prone to infection than deeper injuries (>5 mm deep). The presence of antifungal compounds in external tissues may partially explain the resistance of shallow injuries to infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a quantitative bioassay for measuring the growth of R. stolonifer utilizing the vital stain 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Acetone extracts of the fresh interior flesh of four cultivars had no antifungal activity, but extracts of the exterior 2 mm of the root were inhibitory. We used the R. stolonifer bioassay to guide the purification of the active components. Two active fractions were isolated. One active fraction contained predominately caffeic acid, but this compound was determined not to be the most biologically active component. The second active fraction contained 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA), and this compound was found to be active, with an EC50 of 2.2 g l−1. The presence of antifungal compounds in the external tissues helps explain why shallow injuries are resistant to infection. Additionally, we demonstrated that interior flesh tissues accumulate antifungal compounds when elicited and incubated under curing conditions (30°C and 90–95% RH) for 24 h.}, number={2}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Stange, RR and Midland, SL and Holmes, GJ and Sims, JJ and Mayer, RT}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={85–92} }
 @article{azad_holmes_cooksey_2000, title={A new leaf blotch disease of sudangrass caused by Pantoea ananas and Pantoea stewartii}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.9.973}, abstractNote={An unreported disease of sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) was observed in commercial fields in Imperial Valley of California. Symptoms included light-colored necrotic streaks, and white or tan irregular blotches, often associated with reddish purple to dark brown margins. Pantoea ananas was consistently isolated from the blotches with reddish margins, while Pantoea stewartii or mixtures of both species were isolated from necrotic streaks without reddish margins. Fourteen seed samples harvested in different locations were assayed and found to be 0.0 to 3.6% infested with P. ananas. Seed transmission may be a means by which the pathogen is introduced. Symptoms in inoculated plants appeared as early as 2 and as late as 20 days after inoculation, depending on the inoculum level, methods of inoculation, temperature, and available moisture. The initial symptoms caused by inoculations with both bacteria were similar, but as symptoms progressed, P. ananas was associated with white streaks or irregular necrotic blotches often surrounded by a reddish or purplish hue. P. stewartii was associated with light-colored necrotic streaks. A synergistic or antagonistic relationship was not observed between the two pathogens in co-inoculations. In host range studies, both bacteria caused disease on sorghum and sudangrass at similar levels of severity. P. ananas was also pathogenic on corn and oat. P. stewartii from sudangrass was pathogenic on corn but did not cause wilting that was observed with Stewart's wilt strains of P. stewartii from corn. The sudangrass strains of P. stewartii also infected oat and triticale, while the Stewart's wilt strains did not. Both P. ananas and P. stewartii from sudangrass grew at relatively high temperatures (43 and 37°C, respectively) and caused disease at elevated temperatures and conditions of relative humidity similar to those in the Imperial Valley during late summer when epidemics of the disease were common.}, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Azad, HR and Holmes, GJ and Cooksey, DA}, year={2000}, month={Sep}, pages={973–979} }
 @article{holmes_2000, title={Pumpkin fruit rot in North Carolina caused by phyophthora nicotianae.}, volume={84}, number={8}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Holmes, G. J.}, year={2000}, pages={923} }
 @article{holmes_brown_ruhl_2000, title={What's a picture worth? The use of modern telecommunications in diagnosing plant diseases}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.12.1256}, abstractNote={Plant disease diagnosis is an art as well as a science (8). The diagnostic process (i.e., the recognition of symptoms and signs) is inherently visual and requires intuitive judgment as well as the use of scientific methods. Photographic images of plant disease symptoms and signs are used extensively to enhance descriptions of plant disease and are invaluable in research, teaching, extension, and diagnostics. Modern telecommunications systems permit individuals to share high-resolution digital images among multiple locations within seconds. Plant pathologists can thus incorporate these digital imaging and digital image transfer tools into the process of plant disease diagnosis. As with the introduction of most new tools, techniques, or changes in protocol, there is controversy about how this tool should be used (5,12,13,16–18,20,21). The objective of this paper is to discuss the benefits, risks, and limitations associated with digitally assisted diagnosis (DAD) of plant diseases as well as the current status of this practice in the United States. Case scenarios included in this paper provide evidence that the transfer of high-quality digital images has been a successful tool in assisting long-distance consultation and the accurate diagnosis of plant problems. Examples of inappropriate uses of image transfer are also discussed.}, number={12}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Holmes, GJ and Brown, EA and Ruhl, G}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={1256–1265} }
 @book{louws_holmes_ristaino_1999, title={Phytophthora blight of peppers and cucurbits}, journal={Vegetable disease information note, Jan. 1999}, author={Louws, F. and Holmes, G. and Ristaino, J.}, year={1999} }
 @article{holmes_eckert_1999, title={Sensitivity of Penicillium digitatum and P-italicum to postharvest citrus fungicides in California}, volume={89}, ISSN={["0031-949X"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.9.716}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Penicillium digitatum isolates (326), collected in California citrus groves and packinghouses, were assayed qualitatively for their sensitivity to imazalil, thiabendazole, and o-phenylphenol. Eighteen typical triple-resistant isolates, acquired in each of 3 years (1988, 1990, and 1994), were assayed quantitatively for their sensitivity to each of the three fungicides. No significant differences were found in the mean sensitivity of the isolates collected in different years. However, the proportion of isolates that were resistant to all three fungicides increased from 43% in 1988 to 77% in 1990 and 74% in 1994. Imazalil-resistant biotypes of P. digitatum were isolated frequently in California packinghouses, while resistant P. italicum was rare. No fungicide-resistant biotypes of either species were collected from citrus groves. Wild-type P. italicum was slightly less sensitive than wild-type P. digitatum to all three fungicides. The concentration of imazalil producing 50% growth inhibition (EC(50)) was three times greater when the age of the P. digitatum assay inoculum was increased from 12 to 24 h. Activity of imazalil increased with pH of the assay medium in the range pH 5.1 to 5.9, reflecting the greater concentration of dissociated imazalil at the higher pH value.}, number={9}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Holmes, GJ and Eckert, JW}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={716–721} }
 @article{mclain_castle_holmes_creamer_1998, title={Physiochemical characterization and field assessment of lettuce chlorosis virus}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.11.1248}, abstractNote={Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) was purified and partially characterized, and polyclonal antisera were produced and used to assess disease in the field. The antisera reliably detected LCV by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Nicotiana benthamiana. In Western blots, the LCV antisera distinguished between LCV and lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV)-infected plants. LCV particle lengths in partially purified preparations, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, were variable, with the majority between 750 and 950 nm long. A single, high molecular weight dsRNA and several lower molecular weight dsRNAs were isolated from LCV-infected N. benthamiana. A single RNA isolated from purified virion preparations was estimated to be 8,625 nucleotides long and was suspected to be the genomic RNA of LCV. LCV was present in experimental field plots in Holtville, California, during the lettuce growing seasons of 1995 to 1997. The percentage of symptomatic plants and yield of lettuce heads treated with insecticide, as well as dsRNA and ELISA reactions for the plots, are reported. A dsRNA consistent in size with LCV was isolated from four weed species in the Imperial Valley of California.}, number={11}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={McLain, J and Castle, S and Holmes, G and Creamer, R}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1248–1252} }
 @article{holmes_jackson_perring_1997, title={Imperial valley conditions limit Karnal bunt in wheat}, volume={51}, number={3}, journal={California Agriculture (Berkeley, Calif.)}, author={Holmes, G. J. and Jackson, L. F. and Perring, T. M.}, year={1997}, pages={29–33} }