@article{gilmartin_2020, title={Beyond Regimes: China and India Compared.}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1752-0401"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0021911820002934}, abstractNote={Beyond Regimes: China and India Compared. Edited by Prasenjit Duara and Elizabeth J. Perry. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2018. xvii, 341 pp. ISBN: 9780674987104 (paper). - Volume 79 Issue 4}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={1076–1077} }
 @book{gilmartin_price_ruud_2019, title={South Asian Sovereignty}, ISBN={9780429299209}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429299209}, DOI={10.4324/9780429299209}, publisher={Routledge India}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gilmartin_2017, title={4. IMPERIAL SOVEREIGNTY IN MUGHAL AND BRITISH FORMS}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1468-2303"]}, DOI={10.1111/hith.12005}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={1}, journal={HISTORY AND THEORY}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={80–88} }
 @article{gilmartin_2017, title={Nationalism, Internationalism, Cosmopolitanism - and Empire}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1548-226X"]}, DOI={10.1215/1089201x-4132797}, abstractNote={A study of the intersection of nationalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism in twentieth-century South Asia requires attention to how these concepts drew on imperial structures and on the notions of civilization that went with them. Gilmartin's brief response to Partha Chatterjee's article on the topic, “Nationalism, Internationalism, and Cosmopolitanism: Some Observations from Modern Indian History,” tracks the importance of imperial concepts of center and periphery in structuring both the nationalist movement in India and the movement for the creation of Pakistan during the interwar years.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SOUTH ASIA AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2017}, pages={185-+} }
 @article{gilmartin_2016, title={The British Empire and the Hajj, 1865-1956}, volume={58}, ISSN={["2040-4867"]}, DOI={10.1093/jcs/csw079}, abstractNote={not to agree with Burton’s concluding assertions that “the history of the British empire is not rise-and-fall but skirmish, scramble, stumble, [and] recover”: that “its mutineers and guerrilla fighters and deserters and protesters and insurgents—its enemies, in short— made the empire rather than the other way around” (219). This review has been submitted the day after Britain formally began the process of exiting the European Union, and two weeks after post-Brexit trade plans titled “Empire 2.0” were leaked to the media. Perhaps the fall part of the rise-and-fall narrative of empire never even materialized in the minds of some Whitehall bureaucrats? The trouble with empire is that its enemies have always been the ones accused of defiance, but in truth it is imperialists who are too defiant to let it go. Kate O’Malley Royal Irish Academy}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHURCH AND STATE}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2016}, pages={769–770} }
 @article{gilmartin_2015, title={Rethinking the Public through the Lens of Sovereignty}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1479-0270"]}, DOI={10.1080/00856401.2015.1055422}, abstractNote={The interrelationships of the various, seemingly contradictory, uses of the public as a concept are best understood by relating the concept to sovereignty. The concept of the public thus gained particular structural meaning in colonial India through the state's efforts to legitimise its authority as the embodiment of a discourse of reason in the nineteenth century, with the courts serving as a critical model for the public. With the emergence of the concept of the sovereignty of the people in the twentieth century, the nature of the public was significantly transformed, and gained increasing significance as an arena for the open performance of the autonomous self.}, number={3}, journal={SOUTH ASIA-JOURNAL OF SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={371–386} }
 @article{gilmartin_2015, title={The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1752-0401"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0021911814001685}, abstractNote={More than sixty-five years after the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, controversy about partition, its causes and its effects, continues. Yet the emphases in these debates have changed over the years, and it is perhaps time, in the wake of India's recent elections, to take stock once again of how these debates have developed in the last several decades and where they are heading. What gives these controversies particular significance is that they are not just about that singular event, but about the whole trajectory of India's modern history, as interpreted through partition's lens—engaging academic historians, even as they continue to be deeply enmeshed in ongoing political conflict in South Asia, and, indeed, in the world more broadly.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={23–41} }
 @misc{gilmartin_2015, title={The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics. By Ayesha Jalal. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. 435 pp. $35.00 (cloth, ISBN 9780674052895).}, volume={74}, ISSN={0021-9118 1752-0401}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021911815001473}, DOI={10.1017/S0021911815001473}, abstractNote={Ayesha Jalal is among the best-known historians of Pakistan working today. As she explains in the preface to her new history of Pakistan, the writing of this book was prompted by her sense that, after having completed a series of important books on aspects of Pakistan’s history, “the time had come to write a definitive history of Pakistan in a changing global context” (p. x). The strength of the book lies in its fluid narrative style and in the way that it builds on arguments developed in Jalal’s earlier published works. This is particularly evident in the first half of the book. Themes from Jalal’s The Sole Spokesman (on Jinnah and the Pakistan movement) and The State of Martial Rule (on the rise of military domination in Pakistan in the decade after partition) dominate the early framing of Jalal’s narrative of Pakistan’s history. Central to her story is the deep tension between center and provinces (that eventually led to united Pakistan’s break-up in 1971), and the rise of the army as an inescapable presence in Pakistan’s politics (even in eras of ostensibly democratic governance). Both of these, as she argues, had their roots in the intersections of imperial politics and worldwide geopolitics marking the end of the British Raj and the beginning of the Cold War in the 1940s and 1950s. As Jalal shows convincingly, Pakistan emerged as an independent state amidst the complex pressures of colonial devolution—which opened the door to the assertion of Jinnah’s “two-nation theory,” even as it marked out the provinces of India as the dominant containers of Muslim politics. The independent territorial state that emerged from these pressures in 1947, split into two wings, was hardly the Pakistan of Jinnah’s imagining, and the consequences of this bore heavily on the fragile character of central power—and the attendant suspicion of provincial politics—that marked Pakistan’s politics from the beginning. This was reflected too in the insecurities that shaped Pakistan’s relations with India, and which led early on to the dominance of the military as the new state searched for security within the emerging pressures of the Cold War. Religion, as Jalal argues clearly, was never in these circumstances an independent frame for Pakistani identity or state-building. It was rather a language used by a variety of political players to attempt to advance their own interests. These basic themes continue to underlie much of Jalal’s narrative, even in the years after Pakistan’s break-up in 1971. Jalal follows the story through the Bhutto and Zia years, through the return to competitive elections in the late 1980s and the 1990s, and through the Musharraf dictatorship to the “entangled endgames” that led up to the present. Here there is less originality of interpretation than is to be found in the early part of Jalal’s story, but Jalal shows continuing narrative skill in assimilating new internal and international developments into a story that continues to revolve around the tensions between central domination and regional politics, on the one hand, and the ongoing and ramifying roles of the military (including the Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence) in the}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Asian Studies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={1056–1057} }
 @misc{gilmartin_2015, title={The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim homeland and global politics}, volume={74}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Asian Studies}, author={Gilmartin, D.}, year={2015}, pages={1056–1057} }
 @misc{gilmartin_2012, title={Bombay Islam: The religious economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915.}, volume={117}, number={2}, journal={American Historical Review}, author={Gilmartin, D.}, year={2012}, pages={508–509} }
 @misc{gilmartin_2012, title={Nile Green . Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840–1915 . New York: Cambridge University Press. 2011. Pp. xvi, 327. $90.00.}, volume={117}, ISSN={0002-8762 1937-5239}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.117.2.508}, DOI={10.1086/ahr.117.2.508}, abstractNote={Nile Green's book on “Bombay Islam” is in many respects a pathbreaking work that will significantly influence scholarly interpretations of the relationship between Muslim religious thought and organization, and the new worlds of colonialism in the nineteenth century. Green's book focuses on Bombay as a rising center of communication, trade, travel, industry, and publishing in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He argues that Bombay's central position as a “modern” node of trade, production, and print dramatically influenced what he calls the “religious economy” of the entire western Indian Ocean. Drawing on a range of previously untapped nineteenth‐century published works in Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and English, Green gives us a richly textured and physically grounded picture of the myriad forms of Muslim organization and ideas circulating and competing for support both among the emerging new classes of industrial Bombay and among transoceanic groups linked to Bombay, from Iran to South Africa.}, number={2}, journal={The American Historical Review}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={508–509} }
 @article{gilmartin_2011, title={Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0018-2370"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6563.2011.00308_45.x}, abstractNote={"Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River. By Alice Albinia. (New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Pp. xvii, 366. $16.95.)." The Historian, 73(4), pp. 857–858}, number={4}, journal={HISTORIAN}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2011}, pages={857–858} }
 @article{iqtidar_gilmartin_2011, title={Secularism and the State in Pakistan introduction}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1017/s0026749x11000229}, abstractNote={Pakistan occupies an uncertain and paradoxical space in debates about secularism. On the one hand, the academic consensus (if there is any), traces a problematic history of secularism in Pakistan to its founding Muslim nationalist ideology, which purportedly predisposed the country towards the contemporary dominance of religion in social and political discourse. For some, the reconciliation of secularism with religious nationalism has been a doomed project; a country founded on religious nationalism could, in this view, offer no future other than its present of Talibans, Drone attacks and Islamist threats. But on the other hand, Pakistan has also been repeatedly held out as a critical site for the redemptive power of secularism in the Muslim world. The idea that religious nationalism and secularism could combine to provide a path for the creation of a specifically Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent is often traced to the rhetoric of Pakistan's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. But debate among Muslim League leaders specifically on the relationship of religious nationalism with secularism—and indeed on the nature of the Pakistani state itself—was limited in the years before partition in 1947. Nevertheless, using aspects of Jinnah's rhetoric and holding out the promise of secularism's redemptive power, a military dictator, Pervez Musharraf, was able to secure international legitimacy and support for almost a decade.}, journal={Modern Asian Studies}, author={Iqtidar, H. and Gilmartin, D.}, year={2011}, pages={491–499} }
 @article{gilmartin_2010, title={Rule of Law, Rule of Life: Caste, Democracy, and the Courts in India}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1937-5239"]}, DOI={10.1086/ahr.115.2.406}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={406–427} }
 @article{gilmartin_2009, title={Empire, Identity, and India: Peasants, Political Economy and Law.}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0018-2370"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00233_38.x}, number={1}, journal={HISTORIAN}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2009}, pages={142–144} }
 @article{gilimartin_2009, title={Expanding frontiers in South Asian and world history essays in honour of John F Richards introduction}, volume={43}, journal={Modern Asian Studies}, author={Gilimartin, D.}, year={2009}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{gilmartin_2009, title={One day's sultan: TN Seshan and Indian democracy}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0973-0648"]}, DOI={10.1177/006996670904300203}, abstractNote={T.N. Seshan’s tenure as Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) in the early 1990s transformed the role of the Election Commission of India in India’s electoral politics. This article examines Seshan’s reforms but concentrates in particular on the public controversies that Seshan’s tenure at the Election Commission engendered. Public debate about the role of the Election Commission brought to the surface underlying assumptions about the meaning of popular sovereignty in defining India’s democracy. It highlighted the tension between law and democracy in shaping democratic ideals in India and underscored a view of elections as legally marked by a cyclical notion of ‘electoral time’. The reforms of the Election Commission during the early 1990s, in fact, opened an unprecedented period of public debate in India on the nature of electoral democracy, which this article explores.}, number={2}, journal={CONTRIBUTIONS TO INDIAN SOCIOLOGY}, author={Gilmartin, David}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={247–284} }
 @article{ocko_gilmartin_2009, title={State, Sovereignty, and the People: A Comparison of the "Rule of Law" in China and India}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1752-0401"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0021911809000084}, abstractNote={This paper uses the concept of the “rule of law” to compare Qing China and British India. Rather than using the rule of law instrumentally, the paper embeds it in the histories of state power and sovereignty in China and India. Three themes, all framed by the rule of law and the rule of man as oppositional yet paradoxically intertwined notions, organize the paper's comparisons: the role of a discourse of law in simultaneously legitimizing and constraining the political authority of the state; the role of law and legal procedures in shaping and defining society; and the role of law in defining an economic and social order based on contract, property, and rights. A fourth section considers the implications of these findings for the historical trajectories of China and India in the twentieth century. Taking law as an instrument of power and an imagined realm that nonetheless also transcended power and operated outside its ambit, the paper seeks to broaden the history of the “rule of law” beyond Euro-America.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES}, author={Ocko, Jonathan K. and Gilmartin, David}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={55–100} }
 @article{gilmartin_2003, title={Cattle, crime and colonialism: Property as negotiation in north India}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0019-4646"]}, DOI={10.1177/001946460304000102}, abstractNote={ Cattle theft was a common crime in British India, and yet one marked by contradictions. While the protection of property was for many a defining feature of the modern state, colonial administrators were often loath to interfere in the negotiations by which Indians commonly arranged the return of stolen cattle. By examining one important prosecution of cattle theft in Punjab's Karnal district in 1913, this article argues that the state, local communities and individuals negotiated the meaning of property at multiple levels. Property was not a fixed concept, but rather a field of negotiation in which the relationship of state, community and individual were tiefined. }, number={1}, journal={INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={2003}, pages={33–56} }
 @article{gilmartin_2002, title={Self and sovereignty: Individual and community in South Asian Islam since 1850}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0019-4646"]}, DOI={10.1177/001946460203900414}, number={4}, journal={INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={2002}, pages={458–460} }
 @article{gilmartin_2002, title={The partitions of memory: The afterlife of the division of India}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0019-4646"]}, DOI={10.1177/001946460203900106}, abstractNote={twentieth century income trends. The two periods were bound by colonialism but were distinct in terms of structural characteristics and global economic conditions. A comparison could be, again, a way to see whether colonialism as a political fact really mattered to the scale of economic change. Essentially, the book’s contribution is its reconstruction of historical statistics. In that field it is a magnum opus the publication of which, one hopes, will strengthen and revive interest in the field.}, number={1}, journal={INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={2002}, pages={115–117} }
 @article{gilmartin_2001, title={Gender, slavery and law in colonial India}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0019-4646"]}, DOI={10.1177/001946460103800207}, abstractNote={the production and contestation of everyday social relations. Of course, his work, at the same time, offers a counter-challenge to specialists with local and regional foci to formulate their own larger syntheses. A final point has to do with the somewhat celebratory character of Roy’s overall characterisation of change. Roy counterpoises his history to Marxist studies, which, in his view, have overemphasised ’destructive’ tendencies by stressing deindustrialisation. But his insistence that change should often be seen as ’creative’}, number={2}, journal={INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={2001}, pages={214–216} }
 @misc{gilmartin_2001, title={Jinnah, Parkistan and Islamic identity: The search for Saladin}, volume={60}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Asian Studies}, author={Gilmartin, D.}, year={2001}, pages={247–249} }
 @misc{gilmartin_2001, title={The dynamics of global dominance: European overseas empires, 1415-1980}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={International History Review}, author={Gilmartin, D.}, year={2001}, pages={889–891} }
 @book{gilmartin_lawrence_2000, title={Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking religious identities in Islamicate South Asia}, ISBN={0813017815}, publisher={Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press}, author={Gilmartin, D. and Lawrence, B. B.}, year={2000} }
 @article{gilmartin_2000, title={Irrigation, agriculture and the Raj: Punjab, 1887-1947}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0019-4646"]}, DOI={10.1177/001946460003700407}, abstractNote={unions utilised Christianity, judicial and police agencies and leftist movements in their fight for self-respect and dignity. Baak also argues that at the tripartite conferences of the 1950s and 1960s, where the representatives of labour organisations, the state and the planters met in order to settle their disputes, the labourers, like all other interest groups, deliberated to guard and promote their interests. But the question is whether the measures taken by the labourers for safeguarding their existence and dignity as human beings are on par with the attempts made by planters to protect their own exploitative interests. The non-planting agriculturists too are pictured as a group valiantly fighting for their interests, but who lost their battle due to lack of political support. The government’s intention was to use estates as instruments for increasing its power. This kind of a narrative ordering which juxtaposes the strategies of various interests groups and puts those divergent interests on an equal footing may be read as an endeavour to naturalise and legitimise the outrages and trespasses of the ruling subject, the planters. Hence the third alternative perspective of Baak, representing the side of the planters in general and the colonial planting elites in particular, seems to be nothing more than a tactful expansion/variation of that of the plantation group of historians.}, number={4}, journal={INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={2000}, pages={486–488} }
 @article{gilmartin_1999, title={The sacred and the secular: Bengal Muslim discourses, 1871-1977.}, volume={104}, ISSN={["0002-8762"]}, DOI={10.2307/2650210}, abstractNote={This interdisciplinary study in socio-political and intellectual history examines the tension between religious and secular perceptions among the intelligentsia in Bengal in matters pertaining to their social, cultural and political lives. It explores the wide impact of their local Indian, trans-Indian, colonial and post-colonial experiences and predicts a continued struggle between religious and secular forces to determine the nature of the state in the foreseeable future.}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={167–167} }
 @article{gilmartin_1998, title={A magnificent gift: Muslim nationalism and the election process in colonial Punjab}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1017/s0010417598001352}, abstractNote={In 1940, Muhammad ‘Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, first suggested that the Muslims of India were not simply a religious community but a nation. But it was only after the triumph of the Muslim League in winning the overwhelming majority of Muslim seats in the 1946 Indian provincial elections, particularly in the two largest Muslim-majority provinces, Bengal and Punjab, that Jinnah could argue convincingly to others that he, and the Muslim League, represented the voice of that nation. In critical ways, the elections of 1946 thus laid the foundations for the emergence of Pakistan. For a good discussion of the 1946 elections in the Punjab, see I. A. Talbot, “The 1946 Punjab Elections,” Modern Asian Studies, 14:1 (1980), 65–91. A state predicated on the existence of a Muslim nation, Pakistan occupies a position of unusual importance in the history of the Muslim world and of colonial nationalism, for it represents the first post-colonial nation created on the basis of a self-consciously Muslim nationalist program.}, number={3}, journal={Comparative Studies in Society and History}, author={Gilmartin, D.}, year={1998}, pages={415–436} }
 @article{gilmartin_1998, title={Partition, Pakistan, and south Asian history: In search of a narrative}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0021-9118"]}, DOI={10.2307/2659304}, abstractNote={Few events have been more important to the history of modern South Asia than the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947. The coming of partition has cast a powerful shadow on historical reconstructions of the decades before 1947, while the ramifications of partition have continued to leave their mark on subcontinental politics fifty years after the event.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1068–1095} }
 @article{gilmartin_1998, title={Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0019-4646"]}, DOI={10.1177/001946469803500205}, abstractNote={modernity. ’Modem Muslims are at odds over how to emulate the Prophet’, he argues, ’but not over whether to do so’ (p.138). Brown takes the reader brilliantly through these debates, focusing, in successive chapters, on ’the boundaries of revelation’, ’the nature of Prophetic authority’, and ’the authenticity of hadith’, showing at once the new approaches that have shaped modem debates and the continuities that link contemporary debates to the earliest controversies among Muslim legists and hadith scholars. While he notes, the radical implications of intellectual efforts to bypass hadith (such as those of Ghulam Ahmad Parwez in Pakistan and Muhammad}, number={2}, journal={INDIAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY REVIEW}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={1998}, pages={211–212} }
 @article{gilmartin_1997, title={Devotional Islam and politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and his movement, 1870-1920.}, volume={56}, ISSN={["0021-9118"]}, DOI={10.2307/2658359}, abstractNote={Book Review| November 01 1997 Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920 Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. By Usha Sanyal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. xxi, 365 pp. $35.00 (cloth). David Gilmartin David Gilmartin North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Asian Studies (1997) 56 (4): 1142–1143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2658359 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David Gilmartin; Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Journal of Asian Studies 1 November 1997; 56 (4): 1142–1143. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2658359 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsJournal of Asian Studies Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 19971997 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES}, author={Gilmartin, D}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={1142–1143} }
 @book{gilmartin._1988, title={Empire and Islam Punjab and the making of Pakistan}, publisher={Berkeley: University of California Press}, author={Gilmartin., David}, year={1988} }