@article{podlena_böhm_saloni_velarde_salas_2021, title={Tuning the Adhesive Properties of Soy Protein Wood Adhesives with Different Coadjutant Polymers, Nanocellulose and Lignin}, volume={13}, ISSN={2073-4360}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121972}, DOI={10.3390/polym13121972}, abstractNote={Commercial wood adhesives are based on products that contain formaldehyde; however, environmental and health concerns about formaldehyde emissions from wood products have influenced research and development efforts in order to find alternative, formaldehyde-free products for wood adhesives. In this work, different soy protein-based wood adhesives are proposed, and their performance is compared to commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. Soy protein-based wood adhesives were prepared using either soy protein isolate (SPI) or soy protein flour (SF) with different coadjutant polymers: polyethylene oxide (PEO), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with and without addition of kraft lignin. The effects of the type of soy protein, solids content, coadjutant polymer and lignin addition were investigated. The wood adhesive formulations were tested on the bonding of hardwood (white maple) and softwood (southern yellow pine) and the dry shear strength of test specimens was measured according to method ASTM D905-08. The adhesive formulations with SPI achieved significantly higher values than those with SF. The dry shear strength of the adhesives varies depending on the coadjutant polymer, the wood species and the addition of lignin.}, number={12}, journal={Polymers}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Podlena, Milan and Böhm, Martin and Saloni, Daniel and Velarde, Guillermo and Salas, Carlos}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1972} }
 @article{gomez-maldonado_peresin_verdi_velarde_saloni_2020, title={Thermal, Structural, and Mechanical Effects of Nanofibrillated Cellulose in Polylactic Acid Filaments for Additive Manufacturing}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.15.4.7954-7964}, abstractNote={As the additive manufacturing process gains worldwide importance, the need for bio-based materials, especially for in-home polymeric use, also increases. This work aims to develop a composite of polylactic acid (PLA) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) as a sustainable approach to reinforce the currently commercially available PLA. The studied materials were composites with 5 and 10% NFC that were blended and extruded. Mechanical, structural, and thermal characterization was made before its use for 3D printing. It was found that the inclusion of 10% NFC increased the modulus of elasticity in the filaments from 2.92 to 3.36 GPa. However, a small decrease in tensile strength was observed from 55.7 to 50.8 MPa, which was possibly due to the formation of NFC aggregates in the matrix. This work shows the potential of using PLA mixed with NFC for additive manufacturing.}, number={4}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Gomez-Maldonado, Diego and Peresin, Maria Soledad and Verdi, Christina and Velarde, Guillermo and Saloni, Daniel}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={7954–7964} }
 @article{edwards_campbell_lemaster_velarde_2018, title={The Use of Acoustic Emission to Detect Fines for Wood Based Composites, Part Two: Use on Flakes}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.13.4.8751-8760}, abstractNote={Oriented strand board (OSB) is commonly used for structural applications. Manufacturers of OSB want to minimize the presence of small particles or “fines” in the panels because fines increase the consumption of resins, leading to an increase in the weight of the board. Fines are produced when either a refiner or chipper blade becomes dull, or when the wood raw material becomes excessively dry. By accurately monitoring the presence of fines, manufacturers can help control their percentage within a product. Acoustic emission (AE) is an elastic or plastic wave generated when a surface is deformed or has an external force exerted on it. This research shows the feasibility of using AE to monitor the presence and percentage of fines in flakes. The study follows up on previous research conducted years ago by Lemaster (1994). The study also shows the effect of the flake geometry and flake moisture on the AE signal.}, number={4}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Edwards, Kamila and Campbell, Lyndsey and Lemaster, Richard and Velarde, Guillermo}, year={2018}, pages={8751–8760} }
 @article{campbell_edwards_lemaster_velarde_2018, title={The Use of Acoustic Emission to Detect Fines for Wood-Based Composites, Part One: Experimental Setup for Use on Particleboard}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.13.4.8738-8750}, abstractNote={Wood-based composite panels continue to be important in the wood building industry. Particleboard is commonly used for non-structural applications, while oriented strand board (OSB) is commonly used for structural applications. For both types of boards, however, manufacturers are interested in minimizing the presence of small particles or “fines” in the panels. The presence of fines can cause an increase in the consumption of resins as well as an increase in the weight of the board. Fines can be produced when a refiner or chipper blade becomes dull or when the wood raw material becomes excessively dry. There is a need for manufacturers to simply and accurately monitor the presence of fines and control their presence. Acoustic emission (AE) is an elastic or plastic wave generated when a surface is deformed or has an external force exerted on it. This research showed the feasibility of using AE to monitor the presence and percentage of fines in particleboard furnish. The research also showed the effect of the experimental setup on the AE signal level.}, number={4}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Campbell, Lyndsey and Edwards, Kamila and Lemaster, Richard and Velarde, Guillermo}, year={2018}, pages={8738–8750} }
 @article{srba_bohm_berankova_trgala_oralkova_velarde_2016, title={Estimation of air leakage rate of wood-based residential buildings constructed in the Czech Republic in the years 2006-2014 using blower door test}, volume={61}, number={4}, journal={Wood Research}, author={Srba, J. and Bohm, M. and Berankova, J. and Trgala, K. and Oralkova, R. and Velarde, G.}, year={2016}, pages={599–605} }
 @article{lacoa_velarde_saloni_2014, title={US biomass opportunities for value-added biomass exports based on the European Union renewable energy share targets}, volume={9}, DOI={10.15376/biores.9.4.7606-7621}, abstractNote={World energy demand is expected to continue increasing in the coming years. This situation has created a worldwide pressure for the development of alternative fuel and energy sources, pursuing a more environmentally friendly usage of biofuels. The EU has the target of generating 20% of its energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. Member States have different individual targets to meet this overall target. Meanwhile in the United States, there are about 750 million acres [300 million hectares] of forestland, with slightly more than two-thirds classified as timberland or land capable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre [1.4 m3 per hectare] annually of roundwood. Given these circumstances, this research aimed to understand the U.S. opportunities to export woody biomass based on the targets that the European Union has imposed to its Member States. The data collected allowed several scenario developments by identifying the possible EU’s biomass deficits and U.S.’s capacity to supply the gaps. Considering the physical availability, the U.S. would be able to satisfy between 42 and 48% depending on the energy efficiency scenario. Nevertheless, when considering reasonable biomass prices, only a small portion of the EU demand could be covered by the U.S.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Lacoa, U. and Velarde, G. J. and Saloni, Daniel}, year={2014}, pages={7606–7621} }
 @article{velarde_pirraglia_saloni_2013, title={Capacity, production, and consumption assessment of the U.S. south Atlantic wood pellet industry}, volume={8}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.4.5908-5924}, abstractNote={The wood pellet industry has been in a growing trend worldwide. The Southern U.S. has been proposed as a good location to further develop wood pellet industries geared toward the supply of international markets. This research looks into the current status of the wood pellet industry of the region in terms of consumption of biomass, installed capacity, and production levels of wood pellets. It assesses the known future developments for the region (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida). The study also includes an analysis of major ports within the region. Currently, companies within the region have a total production capacity of over 4.7 million tons of pellets, while the current production levels are estimated at 3.1 million tons. Research indicates that at least 20 facilities within the region will be opening their operations, and the expected capacity of the wood pellet industry will then be over 5 million tons of pellets per year. The biomass requirement for the production of these pellets was determined, and the current production level requires over 11 million tons of green biomass (55% moisture content). Future developments may require over 13 million tons, making the industry total over 24 million tons in coming years.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Velarde, G. J. and Pirraglia, A. and Saloni, Daniel}, year={2013}, pages={5908–5924} }