@article{mutschler_kennedy_ullman_2023, title={Acylsugar-mediated resistance as part of a multilayered defense against thrips, orthotospoviruses, and beyond}, volume={56}, ISSN={["2214-5753"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cois.2023.101021}, abstractNote={Resistant varieties are critical tools for crop production, and single-resistance genes providing strong protection against pests or pathogens are deployed in agriculture. Durability of these traits is threatened by emergence of resistance-breaking pests and pathogens. This review focuses on acylsugar-mediated resistance in tomato. Wild tomatoes have type-IV trichomes that exude chemically complex mixtures of acylsugars altering behavior and suppressing multiple pest species, and with thrips and whiteflies (WF), suppressing virus transmission, for example, Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, respectively. Marker-assisted selection and bioassays led to development of advanced cultivated tomato breeding lines rich in acylsugar variations, allowing acylsugar-mediated resistance to be combined with other resistance traits providing a layered defense system that reduces pest populations and virus disease prevalence. This strategy also holds promise for enhancing durability of virus resistance genes by reducing the intensity of selection for resistance-breaking variants.}, journal={CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE}, author={Mutschler, Martha A. and Kennedy, George G. and Ullman, Diane E.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{dye_muga_mwangi_hoyer_ly_rosado_sharpee_mware_wambugu_labadie_et al._2023, title={Cassava begomovirus species diversity changes during plant vegetative cycles}, volume={14}, ISSN={1664-302X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1163566}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2023.1163566}, abstractNote={Cassava is a root crop important for global food security and the third biggest source of calories on the African continent. Cassava production is threatened by Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which is caused by a complex of single-stranded DNA viruses (family: Geminiviridae, genus: Begomovirus) that are transmitted by the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Understanding the dynamics of different cassava mosaic begomovirus (CMB) species through time is important for contextualizing disease trends. Cassava plants with CMD symptoms were sampled in Lake Victoria and coastal regions of Kenya before transfer to a greenhouse setting and regular propagation. The field-collected and greenhouse samples were sequenced using Illumina short-read sequencing and analyzed on the Galaxy platform. In the field-collected samples, African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), East African cassava mosaic Kenya virus (EACMKV), and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda variant (EACMV-Ug) were detected in samples from the Lake Victoria region, while EACMV and East African mosaic Zanzibar virus (EACMZV) were found in the coastal region. Many of the field-collected samples had mixed infections of EACMV and another begomovirus. After 3 years of regrowth in the greenhouse, only EACMV-like viruses were detected in all samples. The results suggest that in these samples, EACMV becomes the dominant virus through vegetative propagation in a greenhouse. This differed from whitefly transmission results. Cassava plants were inoculated with ACMV and another EACMV-like virus, East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV). Only ACMV was transmitted by whiteflies from these plants to recipient plants, as indicated by sequencing reads and copy number data. These results suggest that whitefly transmission and vegetative transmission lead to different outcomes for ACMV and EACMV-like viruses.}, journal={Frontiers in Microbiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Dye, Anna E. and Muga, Brenda and Mwangi, Jenniffer and Hoyer, J. Steen and Ly, Vanessa and Rosado, Yamilex and Sharpee, William and Mware, Benard and Wambugu, Mary and Labadie, Paul and et al.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{kennedy_sharpee_jacobson_wambugu_mware_hanley-bowdoin_2023, title={Genome segment ratios change during whitefly transmission of two bipartite cassava mosaic begomoviruses}, volume={13}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37278-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-023-37278-8}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Sharpee, William and Jacobson, Alana L. and Wambugu, Mary and Mware, Benard and Hanley-Bowdoin, Linda}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{catto_labadie_jacobson_kennedy_srinivasan_hunt_2023, title={Pest status, molecular evolution, and epigenetic factors derived from the genome assembly of Frankliniella fusca, a thysanopteran phytovirus vector}, volume={24}, ISSN={1471-2164}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09375-5}, DOI={10.1186/s12864-023-09375-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC Genomics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Catto, Michael A. and Labadie, Paul E. and Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G. and Srinivasan, Rajagopalbabu and Hunt, Brendan G.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{mahas_mahas_ray_kesheimer_steury_conzemius_crow_gore_greene jk,_kennedy_et al._2023, title={The spatiotemporal distribution, abundance, and seasonal dynamics of cotton-infesting aphids in the southern US}, volume={14}, ISSN={2075-4450}, DOI={10.3390/insects14070639}, abstractNote={Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) is an emerging aphid-borne pathogen infecting cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the southern United States (U.S.). The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, infests cotton annually and is the only known vector to transmit CLRDV to cotton. Seven other species have been reported to feed on, but not often infest, cotton: Protaphis middletonii Thomas, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas, Myzus persicae Sulzer, Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale Sasaki, and Smynthurodes betae Westwood. These seven have not been studied in cotton, but due to their potential epidemiological importance, an understanding of the intra- and inter-annual variations of these species is needed. In 2020 and 2021, aphids were monitored from North Carolina to Texas using pan traps around cotton fields. All of the species known to infest cotton, excluding A. fabae, were detected in this study. Protaphis middletonii and A. gossypii were the most abundant species identified. The five other species of aphids captured were consistently low throughout the study and, with the exception of R. rufiabdominale, were not detected at all locations. The abundance, distribution, and seasonal dynamics of cotton-infesting aphids across the southern U.S. are discussed.}, number={7}, journal={Insects}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Mahas, J.W. and Mahas, J.B. and Ray, C. and Kesheimer, A. and Steury, T.D. and Conzemius, S.R. and Crow, W. and Gore, J. and Greene JK,, J.K. and Kennedy, G.G. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={639} }
 @article{bilbo_kennedy_walgenbach_2023, title={Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) field resistance to spinetoram in North Carolina}, volume={165}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2022.106168}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2022.106168}, abstractNote={The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), “WFT”) is an invasive pest of fruit and vegetable crops throughout the southeastern United States. The spinosyn insecticides spinetoram (Radiant®) and spinosad (SpintTor®) have been used to manage WFT in NC tomatoes for >20 years. Control failures with spinetoram were reported by growers in the Piedmont of NC beginning in the mid-2010s. The goal of this study was to investigate the development of WFT resistance to Radiant in tomato fields in Piedmont and mountain production regions of NC. In 2019 and 2020, WFT populations were collected from staked-tomato fields and subjected to dose-response bioassays to estimate lethal concentration values (LC50) for comparison with a susceptible laboratory colony. In 2021, additional populations were collected from each region and evaluated using diagnostic doses of Radiant (100 and 1000 PPM v/v). Results from dose-response bioassays revealed resistance ratios (RR50) as high as 1487.7 in populations from Rowan County in the Piedmont. Additional diagnostic dose bioassays conducted in 2021 further supported reduced susceptibility to Radiant in all five tested populations. Populations from Henderson County in the mountains were much more susceptible than those in the Piedmont, with resistance rations of only 1.18 and 26.15. Bioassays with a single highly resistant colony over 17 generations found survival to remain mostly constant. These results provide evidence supporting the development of practical, field-evolved resistance to spinetoram in WFT in NC, and the need for improved insecticide resistance management strategies.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Bilbo, Tom R. and Kennedy, George G. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{illán_zhu_walgenbach_acebes‐doria_agnello_alston_andrews_beers_bergh_bessin_et al._2022, title={Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous <scp>United States}, volume={78}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.7113}, DOI={10.1002/ps.7113}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Illán, Javier Gutiérrez and Zhu, Gengping and Walgenbach, James F and Acebes‐Doria, Angel and Agnello, Arthur M and Alston, Diane G and Andrews, Heather and Beers, Elisabeth H and Bergh, J Christopher and Bessin, Ricardo T and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={4929–4938} }
 @article{arends_reisig_gundry_greene_kennedy_reay‐jones_huseth_2022, title={Helicoverpa zea</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding incidence and survival on <i>Bt</i> maize in relation to maize in the landscape}, volume={78}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6855}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6855}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Arends, Benjamin R. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Gundry, Shawnee and Greene, Jeremy K. and Kennedy, George G. and Reay‐Jones, Francis P.F. and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={2309–2315} }
 @article{lawton_huseth_kennedy_morey_hutchison_reisig_dorman_dillard_venette_groves_et al._2022, title={Pest population dynamics are related to a continental overwintering gradient}, volume={119}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2203230119}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2203230119}, abstractNote={
            Overwintering success is an important determinant of arthropod populations that must be considered as climate change continues to influence the spatiotemporal population dynamics of agricultural pests. Using a long-term monitoring database and biologically relevant overwintering zones, we modeled the annual and seasonal population dynamics of a common pest,
            Helicoverpa zea
            (Boddie), based on three overwintering suitability zones throughout North America using four decades of soil temperatures: the southern range (able to persist through winter), transitional zone (uncertain overwintering survivorship), and northern limits (unable to survive winter). Our model indicates
            H. zea
            population dynamics are hierarchically structured with continental-level effects that are partitioned into three geographic zones. Seasonal populations were initially detected in the southern range, where they experienced multiple large population peaks. All three zones experienced a final peak between late July (southern range) and mid-August to mid-September (transitional zone and northern limits). The southern range expanded by 3% since 1981 and is projected to increase by twofold by 2099 but the areas of other zones are expected to decrease in the future. These changes suggest larger populations may persist at higher latitudes in the future due to reduced low-temperature lethal events during winter. Because
            H. zea
            is a highly migratory pest, predicting when populations accumulate in one region can inform synchronous or lagged population development in other regions. We show the value of combining long-term datasets, remotely sensed data, and laboratory findings to inform forecasting of insect pests.
          }, number={37}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Lawton, Douglas and Huseth, Anders S. and Kennedy, George G. and Morey, Amy C. and Hutchison, William D. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Dorman, Seth J. and Dillard, DeShae and Venette, Robert C. and Groves, Russell L. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{kennedy_huseth_2022, title={Pest species respond differently to farm field size}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1091-6490"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214082119}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2214082119}, abstractNote={Agriculture faces numerous challenges relating to population growth and environmental quality. Strategies to address these challenges are expected to involve a redesign of agricultural production systems to increase productivity and sustainability (1, 2). Notably, changing how cropland is structured within agroecosystems is one redesign opportunity that could have multiple sustainability benefits. Agroecosystems are a complex arrangement of crop and noncrop habitats that support a diverse array of arthropods relevant to sustainable crop production, including pests, natural enemies, and pollinators. Farmers and ecologists have long known that the arrangement and abundance of crops have local impacts on pest infestations, leading to the idea that manipulation of cropland structure could alleviate pressure by pests, promote biological control, and reduce pesticide use (3–7). One aspect of this is that concentrated crop production, either size of fields planted to a single crop or prevalence of a single crop in the landscape, will result in more pest problems. Rosenheim et al. (8), in PNAS, tested this concept using a large, multicrop dataset collected from different agricultural systems to investigate whether the size of fields planted to a single crop or the amount of a crop in the surrounding landscape is positively related to pest abundance. Their key finding is the absence of a consistent relationship between pest abundance and the area of host crop at either the field or the landscape scale. They found negative, neutral, and positive relationships, suggesting that pests vary in their response to crop abundance at both the field and landscape scales (Fig. 1). The results provide a compelling argument that the relationship between pest pressure and the extent of host crop production is context dependent. This suggests that predicting the effect of crop abundance on the intensity of pest problems will require accounting for the ways in which individual pest species interact with their habitats, as well as the effects of landscape composition and configuration on their natural enemies. The results are important not only because of their relevance to the sustainable intensification of agricultural production systems but also because there has been a longstanding acceptance in the agroecological literature that increasing field size in agricultural monocultures is positively related to pest infestation levels, crop loss, and pesticide use (3, 5, 7, 9). The conceptual framework underlying this putative relationship is based largely on two ecological concepts: the resource concentration hypothesis and the natural enemies hypothesis (10, 11). The former predicts that population densities of specialist herbivores will be higher in large monocultures of their host plants than in diverse stands. The latter suggests reduced biological control of herbivores in large pure stands because these monocultures do not provide suitable habitat and resources for natural enemies. However, the generalization of these concepts to agricultural systems across broad spatial scales and the idea that large-scale monocultures intensify pest problems lacks rigorous theoretical or empirical support (8). Field studies in agricultural crops, primarily involving small plots, as well as studies in natural systems and modeling studies have shown that the effects of increasing field size on pest population density can be inconsistent (12–17). Rosenheim et al. (8) took advantage of existing data compiled by independent crop advisors or farm staff during regular sampling of pest populations or crop injury to inform decisions regarding pesticide applications. The dataset comprised >20,000 field-year observations spanning Fig. 1. The size of arthropod pest populations sampled in different annual and perennial crops were related to the size of the agricultural field and the abundance of the same crop in the surrounding landscape. Results showed that different arthropod species responded positively (pest 1) or negatively (pest 3) or had no relationship at all (pest 2) to the size of agricultural fields. Species tended to have similar trends at different spatial scales of crop production.}, number={39}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{goethe_dorman_wang_kennedy_huseth_2022, title={Spatial and temporal patterns of
            <i>Frankliniella fusca
            (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in wheat agroecosystems}, volume={146}, ISSN={0931-2048 1439-0418}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12979}, DOI={10.1111/jen.12979}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Applied Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Goethe, James and Dorman, Seth and Wang, Hehe and Kennedy, George and Huseth, Anders}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={570–578} }
 @article{krob_stewart_brown_kerns_graham_perkins_huseth_kennedy_reisig_taylor_et al._2022, title={Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States}, volume={115}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac136}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toac136}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Krob, Jessica L and Stewart, Scott D and Brown, Sebe A and Kerns, Dawson and Graham, Scott H and Perkins, Clay and Huseth, Anders S and Kennedy, George G and Reisig, Dominic D and Taylor, Sally V and et al.}, editor={Guedes, Raul NarcisoEditor}, year={2022}, month={Sep}, pages={1693–1702} }
 @article{ogburn_ohmen_huseth_reisig_kennedy_walgenbach_2022, title={Temperature-driven differences in phenology and habitat suitability for brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in two ecoregions of North Carolina}, volume={96}, ISSN={1612-4758 1612-4766}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-022-01497-1}, DOI={10.1007/s10340-022-01497-1}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Pest Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ogburn, Emily C. and Ohmen, Thomas M. and Huseth, Anders S. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Kennedy, George G. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={373–387} }
 @article{mclaughlin_hanley-bowdoin_kennedy_jacobson_2022, title={Vector acquisition and co-inoculation of two plant viruses influences transmission, infection, and replication in new hosts}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-022-24880-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={McLaughlin, Autumn A. and Hanley-Bowdoin, Linda and Kennedy, George G. and Jacobson, Alana L.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{arends_reisig_gundry_huseth_reay-jones_greene_kennedy_2021, title={Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize}, volume={11}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Arends, Benjamin and Reisig, Dominic D. and Gundry, Shawnee and Huseth, Anders S. and Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{dorman_hopperstad_reich_majumder_kennedy_reisig_greene_reay‐jones_collins_bacheler_et al._2021, title={Landscape‐level variation in <i>Bt</i> crops predict <scp><i>Helicoverpa ze</i></scp><scp><i>a</i></scp> (<scp>Lepidoptera: Noctuidae</scp>) resistance in cotton agroecosystems}, volume={77}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6585}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6585}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dorman, Seth J and Hopperstad, Kristen A and Reich, Brian J and Majumder, Suman and Kennedy, George and Reisig, Dominic D and Greene, Jeremy K and Reay‐Jones, Francis PF and Collins, Guy and Bacheler, Jack S and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={5454–5462} }
 @article{aimone_lavington_hoyer_deppong_mickelson-young_jacobson_kennedy_carbone_hanley-bowdoin_duffy_2021, title={Population diversity of cassava mosaic begomoviruses increases over the course of serial vegetative propagation}, volume={102}, ISSN={0022-1317 1465-2099}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001622}, DOI={10.1099/jgv.0.001622}, abstractNote={Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) represents a serious threat to cassava, a major root crop for more than 300 million Africans. CMD is caused by single-stranded DNA begomoviruses that evolve rapidly, making it challenging to develop durable disease resistance. In addition to the evolutionary forces of mutation, recombination and reassortment, factors such as climate, agriculture practices and the presence of DNA satellites may impact viral diversity. To gain insight into the factors that alter and shape viral diversity in planta, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the accumulation of nucleotide diversity after inoculation of infectious clones corresponding to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) in the susceptible cassava landrace Kibandameno. We found that vegetative propagation had a significant effect on viral nucleotide diversity, while temperature and a satellite DNA did not have measurable impacts in our study. EACMCV diversity increased linearly with the number of vegetative propagation passages, while ACMV diversity increased for a time and then decreased in later passages. We observed a substitution bias toward C→T and G→A for mutations in the viral genomes consistent with field isolates. Non-coding regions excluding the promoter regions of genes showed the highest levels of nucleotide diversity for each genome component. Changes in the 5′ intergenic region of DNA-A resembled the sequence of the cognate DNA-B sequence. The majority of nucleotide changes in coding regions were non-synonymous, most with predicted deleterious effects on protein structure, indicative of relaxed selection pressure over six vegetative passages. Overall, these results underscore the importance of knowing how cropping practices affect viral evolution and disease progression.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of General Virology}, publisher={Microbiology Society}, author={Aimone, Catherine D. and Lavington, Erik and Hoyer, J. Steen and Deppong, David O. and Mickelson-Young, Leigh and Jacobson, Alana and Kennedy, George G. and Carbone, Ignazio and Hanley-Bowdoin, Linda and Duffy, Siobain}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{aimone_lavington_hoyer_deppong_mickelson-young_jacobson_kennedy_carbone_hanley-bowdoin_duffy_2021, title={Population diversity of cassava mosaic begomoviruses increases over the course of serial vegetative propagation}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.22.436436}, DOI={10.1101/2021.03.22.436436}, abstractNote={Abstract}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Aimone, Catherine D. and Lavington, Erik and Hoyer, J. Steen and Deppong, David O. and Mickelson-Young, Leigh and Jacobson, Alana and Kennedy, George G. and Carbone, Ignazio and Hanley-Bowdoin, Linda and Duffy, Siobain}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{dorman_hopperstad_reich_kennedy_huseth_2021, title={Soybeans as a non-Bt refuge for Helicoverpa zea in maize-cotton agroecosystems}, volume={322}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107642}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2021.107642}, abstractNote={Geospatial models are crucial for identifying likely ‘hot-spots’ of Bt resistance evolution in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), thereby improving regional insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies and planted refuge compliance. To characterize H. zea distributions in relation to land use , we used historical trapping data collected from 2008 to 2019 in North Carolina to model the spatial and temporal abundance of H. zea populations across Bt -dominated landscapes. Helicoverpa zea abundance was standardized across site-year observations, and candidate landscape composition and configuration predictors of H. zea abundance were obtained. Spatiotemporal Bayesian hierarchical models were developed to make posterior predictions of H. zea abundance from environmental covariates, and results were used to generate interpolation prediction maps to visualize H. zea abundance across the sampled region. Our results suggest inverse distance weighted (IDW) soybeans is the most important predictor of H. zea abundance through time in row crop agroecosystems in North Carolina. Soybeans in North Carolina and southeastern U.S. likely serves as a critical non- Bt refuge for delaying H. zea resistance to Bt toxins in landscapes dominated by Bt maize and cotton. Moreover, soybean abundance can be used to predict the spatial abundance of H. zea in this region. Results can be applied to understand population dynamics of H. zea in landscapes dominated by genetically engineered (GE) crops expressing Bt toxins and will enable the development of sound insect resistance management strategies of H. zea populations to GE toxins targeting noctuid pests of maize and cotton. This work will also drive future geospatial studies investigating environmental predictors of resistance evolution in arthropod pests to GE technologies in crop production systems. Landscape-level variation in soybeans predicts spatial and temporal Helicoverpa zea abundance and likely serves as important non- Bt refugia in maize and cotton agroecosystems. • Helicoverpa zea population dynamics in row crops relate to landscape drivers • Landscape-level soybean and cotton variation in the southeastern U.S. associate with increased H. zea abundance through time • Soybeans likely serve as critical non- Bt refugia for delaying H. zea resistance in maize and cotton agroecosystems}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dorman, Seth J. and Hopperstad, Kristen A. and Reich, Brian J. and Kennedy, George and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={107642} }
 @article{chappell_codod_williams_kemerait_culbreath_kennedy_2020, title={Adding Epidemiologically Important Meteorological Data to Peanut Rx, the Risk Assessment Framework for Spotted Wilt of Peanut}, volume={110}, ISSN={0031-949X 1943-7684}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-19-0438-R}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-11-19-0438-R}, abstractNote={ Management of disease affecting peanut in the southeastern United States has benefited from extensive field research identifying disease-associated risk factors since the 1990s. An assessment of risk factors associated with tomato spotted wilt (TSW), caused by tomato spotted wilt virus and spread exclusively by thrips, is available to growers through Peanut Rx, a tool developed to inform peanut management decisions. Peanut Rx provides an assessment of relative TSW risk as an index. The assessment provides information about the relative degree to which a field characterized by a specified suite of practices is at risk of crop loss caused by TSW. Loss results when infection occurs, and infection rates are determined, in part, by factors outside a grower’s control, primarily the abundance of dispersing, viruliferous thrips. In this study, we incorporated meteorological variables useful for predicting thrips dispersal, increasing the robustness of the Peanut Rx framework in relation to variation in the weather. We used data from field experiments and a large grower survey to estimate the relationships between weather and TSW risk mediated by thrips vectors, and developed an addition to Peanut Rx that proved informative and easy to implement. The expected temporal occurrence of major thrips flights, as a function of heat and precipitation, was translated into the existing risk-point system of Peanut Rx. Results from the grower survey further demonstrated the validity of Peanut Rx for guiding growers’ decisions to minimize risk of TSW. }, number={6}, journal={Phytopathology®}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Chappell, Thomas M. and Codod, Clarence B. and Williams, Blake W. and Kemerait, Robert C. and Culbreath, Albert K. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1199–1207} }
 @article{chappell_ward_depolt_roberts_greene_kennedy_2020, title={Cotton thrips infestation predictor: a practical tool for predicting tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) infestation of cotton seedlings in the south-eastern United States}, volume={76}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5954}, DOI={10.1002/ps.5954}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chappell, Thomas M and Ward, Rebecca V and DePolt, Kelley T and Roberts, Phillip M and Greene, Jeremy K and Kennedy, George G}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={4018–4028} }
 @article{ruark-seward_bonville_kennedy_rasmussen_2020, title={Evolutionary dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus within and between alternate plant hosts and thrips}, volume={10}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72691-3}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-020-72691-3}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ruark-Seward, Casey L. and Bonville, Brian and Kennedy, George and Rasmussen, David A.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{d'ambrosio_kennedy_huseth_2020, title={Feeding behavior of <i>Frankliniella fusca</i> on seedling cotton expressing <scp>Cry51Aa2</scp>.834_16 <i>Bt</i> toxin}, volume={76}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5825}, DOI={10.1002/ps.5825}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={D'Ambrosio, Damon A and Kennedy, George G and Huseth, Anders S}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={2781–2786} }
 @article{d'ambrosio_kennedy_huseth_2020, title={Frankliniella fusca and Frankliniella occidentalis response to thrips-active Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt cotton with and without neonicotinoid seed treatment}, volume={129}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.105042}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2019.105042}, abstractNote={Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) and F. occidentalis (Pergande) are economically important thrips species in cotton production. In the Southeast and Mid-South, F. fusca is an early season seedling pest. In the West, F. occidentalis is a sporadic pest of seedling cotton and a predator of other cotton pests. A novel Bt toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 expressed in MON 88702 cotton, has activity against thrips and plant bugs, and will likely become an important management tool for early season pests in cotton. Determining its utility in cotton pest management requires understanding its effects on F. fusca and F. occidentalis. Individual adult female F. fusca and F. occidentalis were exposed to cotyledon disks cut from greenhouse-grown cotton expressing Cry51Aa2.834_16 (MON 88702) or a near-isoline (non-Bt) with or without an imidacloprid seed treatment. Insects were exposed for 72 h and mortality evaluated. Next, individually caged seedlings were infested with five adult female F. fusca or F. occidentalis and egg numbers counted after 72 h. Larval establishment determined after 10 days for F. fusca or 7 days for F. occidentalis. Exposure to MON 88702 in the absence of the imidacloprid seed treatment caused significant adult mortality in F. occidentalis. Exposure to the imidacloprid seed treatment caused significant adult mortality in both species on both MON 88702 and non-Bt cotton plants. Oviposition and larval establishment were reduced by both MON 88702 as well as imidacloprid seed treatment in both species, but the effect size differed between species. In F. fusca, the imidacloprid seed treatment caused the greatest reductions, whereas in F. occidentalis, MON 88702 had the greater effect.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={D'Ambrosio, Damon A. and Kennedy, George G. and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={105042} }
 @article{kennedy_huseth_2020, title={Pest pressure relates to similarity of crops and native plants}, volume={117}, ISSN={0027-8424 1091-6490}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020945117}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.2020945117}, abstractNote={Since the Green Revolution, scientists have documented countless unanticipated consequences of widespread pesticide use in agriculture. These consequences are balanced by the growing necessity to manage agricultural pests. The trade-offs have motivated research to produce inexpensive and accessible food while simultaneously improving the sustainability of agriculture from field to fork. Although decades of research inform our understanding of relationships between pests, crops, and pesticides, the general systemic drivers and patterns of crop-specific pesticide use remain unclear. Understanding fundamental ecological factors that motivate pesticide use on crops is a key knowledge gap that perpetuates this ongoing dependence on pesticides. Pearse and Rosenheim (1) study several general drivers of pest pressure and associated pesticide use in California, one of the most intensive agricultural production regions worldwide. Because of the immense crop diversity and accessible data about the pesticide inputs used on those crops, the authors are able use this complex agricultural system as a test bed to ask whether pest pressure and pesticide use on agricultural crops are related to the evolutionary distance between important crop plants and their native relatives growing in noncrop areas of California (1).

This study (1) builds on a growing body of evidence that the phylogenetic structure of plant communities can have predictable impacts on pests and diseases of plants in managed and natural systems (2⇓⇓–5). Pearse and Rosenheim examine economic crop value and evolutionary history to describe the numbers of arthropod pest and crop pathogen species affecting each crop in the study region. To do this, they investigate 93 major annual and perennial Californian crops (>600-ha average area) and link economic crop value, plant community ecology, and phylogenetic relationships to describe … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: gkennedy{at}ncsu.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1}, number={47}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={29260–29262} }
 @article{linak_jacobson_sit_kennedy_2020, title={Relationships of virus titers and transmission rates among sympatric and allopatric virus isolates and thrips vectors support local adaptation}, volume={10}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64507-1}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-020-64507-1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Linak, Jessica A. and Jacobson, Alana L. and Sit, Tim L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{huseth_d’ambrosio_kennedy_2020, title={Understanding the potential impact of continued seed treatment use for resistance management in Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt cotton against Frankliniella fusca}, volume={15}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239910}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0239910}, abstractNote={Transgenic cotton expressing Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt toxin (hereafter referred to as MON 88702) has the potential to be an important tool for pest management due to its unique activity against tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca. Unlike other Bt toxins targeting lepidopteran cotton pests, MON 88702 does not cause direct mortality but has an antixenotic effect that suppresses F. fusca oviposition. Previous work has shown neonicotinoid seed treated (NST) crops have similar behavioral effects on thrips. This study used non-choice and common garden experiments to examine how the presence of MON 88702 cotton and soybean (another F. fusca host) with and without NSTs might alter F. fusca infestation distributions. In a no-choice environment, significant larval establishment differences were observed, with untreated soybean plants becoming most heavily infested. In choice experiments, plants expressing MON 88702 or were neonicotinoid treated had significantly lower larval establishment. Larval density decreased as dispersal distance increased, suggesting reproductive decisions were negatively related to distance from the release point. Understanding how F. fusca responds to MON 88702 in an environment where adults can choose among multiple host plants will provide valuable context for projections regarding design of MON 88702 resistance refuges. Reduced larval establishment on NST cotton and soybean suggests that area-wide use of NSTs could reduce the number of susceptible F. fusca generated in unstructured crop refuges for MON 88702. These results also suggest that although the presence of NST MON 88702 could suppress reproduction and resistance selection, over time this benefit could erode resulting in increased larval establishment on NST cotton and soybean due to increased frequency of neonicotinoid resistant F. fusca populations.}, number={10}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Huseth, Anders S. and D’Ambrosio, Damon A. and Kennedy, George G.}, editor={Gao, YulinEditor}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={e0239910} }
 @article{ben-mahmoud_anderson_chappell_smeda_mutschler_kennedy_de jong_ullman_2019, title={A thrips vector of tomato spotted wilt virus responds to tomato acylsugar chemical diversity with reduced oviposition and virus inoculation}, volume={9}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53473-y}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-53473-y}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Ben-Mahmoud, Sulley and Anderson, Taylor and Chappell, Thomas M. and Smeda, John R. and Mutschler, Martha A. and Kennedy, George G. and De Jong, Darlene M. and Ullman, Diane E.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{huseth_d′ambrosio_yorke_head_kennedy_2019, title={Novel mechanism of thrips suppression by Cry51Aa2.834_16 <i>Bt</i> toxin expressed in cotton}, volume={76}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5664}, DOI={10.1002/ps.5664}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huseth, Anders S and D′Ambrosio, Damon A and Yorke, Benjamin T and Head, Graham P and Kennedy, George G}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1492–1499} }
 @article{chappell_huseth_kennedy_2019, title={Stability of neonicotinoid sensitivity in <i>Frankliniella fusca</i> populations found in agroecosystems of the southeastern USA}, volume={75}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5319}, DOI={10.1002/ps.5319}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chappell, Thomas M and Huseth, Anders S and Kennedy, George G}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={1539–1545} }
 @article{ben-mahmoud_smeda_chappell_stafford-banks_kaplinsky_anderson_mutschler_kennedy_ullman_2018, title={Acylsugar amount and fatty acid profile differentially suppress oviposition by western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, on tomato and interspecific hybrid flowers}, volume={13}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201583}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0201583}, abstractNote={Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) have been bred to exude higher amounts or different types of the specialized plant metabolites, acylsugars, from type IV trichomes. Acylsugars are known to deter several herbivorous insect pests, including the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); however, all previous studies investigated the effect of acylsugars on leaves, or acylsugar extracts obtained from leaves. In spite of the WFT predilection for flowers, there is a gap in knowledge about flower defenses against thrips damage. This is especially important in light of their capacity to acquire and inoculate viruses in the genus Orthotospovirus, such as Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), in flowers. Therefore, we turned our attention to assessing thrips oviposition differences on flowers of 14 entries, including 8 interspecific hybrids, 5 tomato lines bred for specific acylsugar-related characteristics (type IV trichome densities, acylsugar amount, sugar moiety and fatty acid profile), and a fresh market tomato hybrid, Mt. Spring, which only produces trace amounts of acylsugars. Our results show that the density of the acylsugar droplet bearing type IV trichomes is greatest on sepals, relative to other flower structures, and accordingly, WFT avoids oviposition on sepals in favor of trichome-sparse petals. In concordance with past studies, acylsugar amount was the most important acylsugar-related characteristic suppressing WFT oviposition. Certain acylsugar fatty acids, specifically i-C5, i-C9 and i-C11, were also significantly associated with changes in WFT oviposition. These results support continued breeding efforts to increase acylsugar amounts and explore modifications of fatty acid profile and their roles in deterring thrips oviposition. The finding that acylsugar production occurs and reduces thrips oviposition in tomato flowers will be important in efforts to use acylsugar-mediated resistance to reduce incidence of orthotospoviruses such as TSWV in tomato by deterring virus transmission and development of thrips vector populations in the crop.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Ben-Mahmoud, Sulley and Smeda, John R. and Chappell, Thomas M. and Stafford-Banks, Candice and Kaplinsky, Cassandre H. and Anderson, Taylor and Mutschler, Martha A. and Kennedy, George G. and Ullman, Diane E.}, editor={Gao, YulinEditor}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={e0201583} }
 @article{d’ambrosio_huseth_kennedy_2018, title={Determining Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Egg Distribution in Neonicotinoid Seed-Treated Cotton}, volume={112}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy393}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy393}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={D’Ambrosio, Damon A and Huseth, Anders S and Kennedy, George G}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={827–834} }
 @article{chappell_kennedy_2018, title={Estimating the Effectiveness of Imidacloprid When Used to Suppress Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus in Commercial Agriculture}, volume={111}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy164}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy164}, abstractNote={Abstract Imidacloprid is widely used to manage tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) in tobacco, tomato, and pepper, caused by Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) and spread by the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Imidacloprid suppresses transmission of TSWV by reducing probing and feeding by adult thrips on treated plants, thereby reducing the probability of transmission by infectious thrips. Because imidacloprid does not reduce probing and feeding on treated plants to zero, the reduction in transmission probability per viruliferous thrips can be offset by an increase in the number of viruliferous thrips challenging treated plants. A composite of these effects which we call ‘pathogen pressure’ experienced by plants is a function of thrips population size, the proportion of those thrips that are viruliferous, and the probability that viruliferous thrips successfully inoculate plants. To better understand the relationship between imidacloprid's effect on virus transmission, pathogen pressure, and TSW incidence in tobacco, we modeled TSW incidence as a function of the two most important variables affecting components of pathogen pressure, temperature, and precipitation, and the dependence of imidacloprid's effect on pathogen pressure. A model incorporating imidacloprid's effect as a reduction in pathogen pressure was found to be more descriptive than models incorporating the effect as a reduction in TSW incidence. Results reveal maximum proportional reduction in TSW incidence resulting from imidacloprid use is associated with minimal potential TSW incidence. As pathogen pressure increases, potential TSW incidence approaches 100%, and the benefits of imidacloprid use are highest at intermediate levels of pathogen pressure.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Chappell, Thomas M and Kennedy, George G}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={2024–2031} }
 @article{d'ambrosio_huseth_kennedy_2018, title={Evaluation of alternative mode of action insecticides in managing neonicotinoid-resistant Frankliniella fusca in cotton}, volume={113}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CROPRO.2018.07.011}, DOI={10.1016/J.CROPRO.2018.07.011}, abstractNote={Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) resistance to neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs) used in cotton has created a need for more diverse insecticide options targeting thrips. Alternative insecticides must protect seedlings while they are most vulnerable to F. fusca injury (emergence through five true leaves). In this study, we evaluated non-neonicotinoid foliar insecticide sprays currently registered for use on cotton against a neonicotinoid resistant F. fusca population. During two-seasons, we compared NSTs (imidacloprid, imidacloprid + thiodicarb, and thiamethoxam) to non-neonicotinoid foliar sprays of acephate, spinetoram, abamectin, cyantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole + abamectin in field trials to evaluate their efficacy against a neonicotinoid resistant F. fusca population. Applications were made to both early- and full-maturity cotton varieties (Stoneville 4946GLB2 & 6448GLB2) to examine F. fusca larval establishment, plant vigor, and seed cotton yield. With the exception of abamectin, foliar insecticide treatments consistently reduced F. fusca larval numbers and minimized true leaf damage at a level equal to or greater than NSTs. Yield was not affected by insecticide treatment. Non-neonicotinoid foliar sprays have utility in managing neonicotinoid-resistant F. fusca and should be recommended to alleviate selection pressure against NSTs in cotton and unnecessary economic losses due to ineffective NST use against resistant F. fusca populations.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={D'Ambrosio, Damon A. and Huseth, Anders S. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={56–63} }
 @article{huseth_chappell_chitturi_jacobson_kennedy_2018, title={Insecticide Resistance Signals Negative Consequences of Widespread Neonicotinoid Use on Multiple Field Crops in the U.S. Cotton Belt}, volume={52}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06015}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.7b06015}, abstractNote={The intensification of industrial agriculture has been enabled by improved crop varieties, genetically engineered crops, fertilizers, and pesticides. Over the past 15 years, neonicotinoid seed treatments have been adopted worldwide and are used on a large proportion of U.S. field crops. Although neonicotinoids are used widely, little is known about how large-scale deployment affects pest populations over long periods. Here, we report a positive relationship between the deployment of neonicotinoid seed-dressings on multiple crops and the emergence of insecticide resistance in tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca), a polyphagous insect herbivore that is an important pest of seedling cotton but not soybean or maize. Using a geospatial approach, we studied the relationship between neonicotinoid resistance measured in 301 F. fusca populations to landscape-scale crop production patterns across nine states in the southeastern U.S. cotton production region, in which soybean, maize and cotton are the dominant crops. Our research linked the spatiotemporal abundance of cotton and soybean production to neonicotinoid resistance in F. fusca that is leading to a dramatic increase in insecticide use in cotton. Results demonstrate that cross-crop resistance selection has important effects on pests and, in turn, drives pesticide use and increases environmental impacts associated with their use.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Huseth, Anders S. and Chappell, Thomas M. and Chitturi, Anitha and Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={2314–2322} }
 @article{rajabu_kennedy_ndunguru_ateka_tairo_hanley-bowdoin_ascencio-ibanez_2018, title={Lanai: A small, fast growing tomato variety is an excellent model system for studying geminiviruses}, volume={256}, ISSN={["1879-0984"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.03.002}, abstractNote={Geminiviruses are devastating single-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of crops in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Tomato, which is a host for more than 100 geminiviruses, is one of the most affected crops. Developing plant models to study geminivirus-host interaction is important for the design of virus management strategies. In this study, “Florida Lanai” tomato was broadly characterized using three begomoviruses (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV; Tomato mottle virus, ToMoV; Tomato golden mosaic virus, TGMV) and a curtovirus (Beet curly top virus, BCTV). Infection rates of 100% were achieved by agroinoculation of TYLCV, ToMoV or BCTV. Mechanical inoculation of ToMoV or TGMV using a microsprayer as well as whitefly transmission of TYLCV or ToMoV also resulted in 100% infection frequencies. Symptoms appeared as early as four days post inoculation when agroinoculation or bombardment was used. Symptoms were distinct for each virus and a range of features, including plant height, flower number, fruit number, fruit weight and ploidy, was characterized. Due to its small size, rapid growth, ease of characterization and maintenance, and distinct responses to different geminiviruses, “Florida Lanai” is an excellent choice for comparing geminivirus infection in a common host.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS}, author={Rajabu, C. A. and Kennedy, G. G. and Ndunguru, J. and Ateka, E. M. and Tairo, F. and Hanley-Bowdoin, L. and Ascencio-Ibanez, J. T.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={89–99} }
 @article{wang_kennedy_reay-jones_reisig_toews_roberts_herbert_taylor_jacobson_greene_2018, title={Molecular Identification of Thrips Species Infesting Cotton in the Southeastern United States}, volume={111}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy036}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy036}, abstractNote={Traditional identification of thrips species based on morphology is difficult, laborious, and especially challenging for immature thrips. To support monitoring and management efforts of thrips as consistent and widespread pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay with crude DNA extraction was developed to allow efficient and specific identification of the primary species of thrips infesting cotton. The assay was applied to identify over 5,000 specimens of thrips (including 3,366 immatures) collected on cotton seedlings from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia in 2016. One half of all adult samples were examined by morphological identification, which provided a statistically equivalent species composition as the qPCR method. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was the dominant species across all the locations (76.8-94.3% of adults and 81.6-98.0% of immatures), followed by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia (4.6-19% of adults and 1.7-17.3% of immatures) or Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in South Carolina (10.8% of adults and 7.8% of immatures). Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were occasionally found among adults but were rarely present among immature thrips. These five species of thrips represented 98.2-100% of samples collected across the Southeast. The qPCR assay was demonstrated to be a valuable tool for large-scale monitoring of species composition of thrips at different life stages in cotton. The tool will contribute to a better understanding of thrips population structure in cotton and could assist with development and application of improved management strategies.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Wang, Hehe and Kennedy, George G and Reay-Jones, Francis P F and Reisig, Dominic D and Toews, Michael D and Roberts, Phillip M and Herbert, D Ames, Jr. and Taylor, Sally and Jacobson, Alana L and Greene, Jeremy K}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={892–898} }
 @article{d'ambrosio_huseth_kennedy_2018, title={Temporal efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments against <scp><i>Frankliniella fusca</i></scp> on cotton}, volume={74}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4907}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4907}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={D'Ambrosio, Damon A and Huseth, Anders S and Kennedy, George G}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={2110–2115} }
 @article{huseth_d'ambrosio_kennedy_2017, title={Responses of neonicotinoid resistant and susceptible <i>Frankliniella fusca</i> life stages to multiple insecticide groups in cotton}, volume={73}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4590}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4590}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huseth, Anders S and D'Ambrosio, Damon A and Kennedy, George G}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={2118–2130} }
 @book{kennedy_2017, title={Thrips Infestation Predictor for Cotton: An Online Tool for Informed Thrips Management}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/GROW-COT-04-17-103}, DOI={10.1094/GROW-COT-04-17-103}, journal={Grow: Plant Health Exchange}, institution={Scientific Societies}, author={Kennedy, G.}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @article{houle_kennedy_2017, title={Tomato spotted wilt virus Can Infect Resistant Tomato when Western Flower Thrips Inoculate Blossoms}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-12-16-1716-re}, abstractNote={ Tomato spotted wilt is a major disease of crops worldwide. Resistant cultivars carrying the Sw-5 allele for resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) provide the most effective control method in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, infections of fruit on Sw-5+ tomato plants suggest the virus resistance may not be fully expressed in blossoms or developing fruit. The objective of this study was to determine if the thrips vector, the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), can transmit non-resistance breaking Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates when confined to blossoms on plants with and without the Sw-5 resistance allele. Twenty-one percent of 33 Sw-5+ plants inoculated by adult thrips feeding on blossom clusters or small fruit developed infections in the reproductive tissue, whereas 68% of 25 Sw-5– plants developed infections. Systemic infections also occurred following inoculation of blossoms in host genotypes with and without Sw-5. These results were further supported by field experiments that showed high proportions of infected fruit as well as a limited infection of foliage on the same stem as the infected fruit in Sw-5+ plants when F. occidentalis were abundant in blossoms. These findings help to explain observations of abundant late season infections of Sw-5 cultivars in commercial plantings and suggest that management of F. occidentalis infestations during the bloom period may be important for effective management of TSWV in susceptible tomato cultivars as well as cultivars expressing the Sw-5 allele for TSW resistance. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Houle, J. L. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1666–1670} }
 @article{reay-jones_greene_herbert_jacobson_kennedy_reisig_roberts_2017, title={Within-Plant Distribution and Dynamics of Thrips Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton}, volume={110}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tox131}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tox131}, abstractNote={Abstract A 2-yr study in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted to determine the abundance and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on different plant parts throughout the season in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Plant parts sampled included seedlings, terminals with two expanded leaves, leaves from the upper, middle, and lower sections of the canopy, white flowers, and medium-sized bolls. Adult thrips were significantly more abundant on seedlings and flowers in 2014, and on flowers followed by seedlings and leaves from the middle canopy in 2015. Immature thrips were significantly more abundant on seedlings, followed by flowers in 2014, and on seedlings followed by leaves from the lower canopy and flowers in 2015. Across locations and plant parts, thrips consisted of Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (46.8%), Frankliniella fusca Hinds (23.5%), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (17.1%), Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (7.4%), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (1.8%), and other species (3.4%). Frankliniella fusca represented 86.7% of all thrips on seedlings, while F. tritici was more abundant on terminals (51.6%), squares (57.5%), and flowers (75.1%). Across all leaf positions, F. fusca was the most abundant species (28.8%), followed by F. tritici (19.2%), N. variabilis (18.8%), F. occidentalis (12.9%), and T. tabaci (5.2%), as well as other species (15.0%). As neonicotinoid insecticides remain a primary tool to manage seedling infestations of F. fusca, our data indicate that mid- to late-season applications of neonicotinoid insecticides targeting other insect pests will intensify selection pressure for resistance on F. fusca, the primary pest of seedling cotton.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reay-Jones, Francis P. F. and Greene, Jeremy K. and Herbert, D. Ames and Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G. and Reisig, Dominic D. and Roberts, Phillip M.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={1563–1575} }
 @article{arrington_kennedy_abney_2016, title={Applying insecticides through drip irrigation to reduce wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) feeding damage in sweet potato}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4089}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Arrington, Amber E. and Kennedy, George G. and Abney, Mark R.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={1133–1140} }
 @article{leckie_d'ambrosio_chappell_halitschke_de jong_kessler_kennedy_mutschler_2016, title={Differential and Synergistic Functionality of Acylsugars in Suppressing Oviposition by Insect Herbivores}, volume={11}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153345}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0153345}, abstractNote={Acylsugars are secondary metabolites exuded from type IV glandular trichomes that provide broad-spectrum insect suppression for Solanum pennellii Correll, a wild relative of cultivated tomato. Acylsugars produced by different S. pennellii accessions vary by sugar moieties (glucose or sucrose) and fatty acid side chains (lengths and branching patterns). Our objective was to determine which acylsugar compositions more effectively suppressed oviposition of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Middle East—Asia Minor 1 Group), tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). We extracted and characterized acylsugars from four S. pennellii accessions with different compositions, as well as from an acylsugar-producing tomato breeding line. We also fractionated the acylsugars of one S. pennellii accession to examine the effects of its components. Effects of acylsugars on oviposition were evaluated by administering a range of doses to oviposition sites of adult whiteflies and thrips in non-choice and choice bioassays, respectively. The acylsugars from S. pennellii accessions and the tomato breeding line demonstrated differential functionality in their ability to alter the distribution of whitefly oviposition and suppress oviposition on acylsugar treated substrates. Tobacco thrips were sensitive to all compositions while western flower thrips and whiteflies were more sensitive to acylsugars from a subset of S. pennellii accessions. It follows that acylsugars could thus mediate plant-enemy interactions in such a way as to affect evolution of host specialization, resistance specificity, and potentially host differentiation or local adaptation. The acylsugars from S. pennellii LA1376 were separated by polarity into two fractions that differed sharply for their sugar moieties and fatty acid side chains. These fractions had different efficacies, with neither having activity approaching that of the original exudate. When these two fractions were recombined, the effect on both whiteflies and thrips exceeded the sum of the two fractions’ effects, and was similar to that of the original exudate. These results suggest that increasing diversity of components within a mixture may increase suppression through synergistic interactions. This study demonstrates the potential for composition-specific deployment of acylsugars for herbivore oviposition suppression, either through in planta production by tomato lines, or as biocides applied by a foliar spray.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Leckie, Brian M. and D'Ambrosio, Damon A. and Chappell, Thomas M. and Halitschke, Rayko and De Jong, Darlene M. and Kessler, André and Kennedy, George G. and Mutschler, Martha A.}, editor={Wang, Xiao-WeiEditor}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={e0153345} }
 @article{ditillo_kennedy_walgenbach_2016, title={Effects of Insecticides and Fungicides Commonly Used in Tomato Production on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phtyoseiidae)}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow234}, abstractNote={Abstract The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an important pest of tomatoes in North Carolina. Resident populations of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis have recently been detected on field-grown tomatoes in central North Carolina, and potentially can be a useful biological control agent against T. urticae. Laboratory bioassays were used to assess lethal and reproductive effects of 10 insecticides and five fungicides commonly used in commercial tomato production (chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, permethrin, imidacloprid, dimethoate, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, boscalid, cyazofamid, and mancozeb) on P. persimilis adult females and eggs. Insecticides were tested using concentrations equivalent to 1×, 0.5×, and 0.1× of the recommended field rates. Fungicides were tested at the 1× rate only. Dimethoate strongly impacted P. persimilis with high adult mortality, reduced fecundity, and reduced hatch of eggs laid by treated adults, particularly at high concentrations. The pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and fenpropathrin were associated with repellency and reproductive effects at high concentrations. Bifenthrin additionally caused increased mortality at high concentrations. Chlorantraniliprole, dinotefuran, and permethrin did not significantly affect mortality or reproduction. Imidacloprid significantly reduced fecundity and egg viability, but was not lethal to adult P. persimilis. Thiamethoxam negatively impacted fecundity at the 1× rate. There were no negative effects associated with fungicide exposure with the exception of mancozeb, which impacted fecundity. Field trials were conducted to explore the in vivo impacts of screened insecticides on P. persimilis populations in the field. Field trials supported the incompatibility of dimethoate with P. persimilis populations.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Ditillo, J. L. and Kennedy, G. G. and Walgenbach, J. F.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={2298–2308} }
 @article{huseth_chappell_langdon_morsello_martin_greene_herbert_jacobson_reay‐jones_reed_et al._2016, title={Frankliniella fusca
            resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides: an emerging challenge for cotton pest management in the eastern United States}, volume={72}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.4232}, DOI={10.1002/ps.4232}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Huseth, Anders S and Chappell, Thomas M and Langdon, Kevin and Morsello, Shannon C and Martin, Scott and Greene, Jeremy K and Herbert, Ames and Jacobson, Alana L and Reay‐Jones, Francis PF and Reed, Timothy and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={1934–1945} }
 @article{jacobson_nault_vargo_kennedy_2016, title={Restricted Gene Flow among Lineages of Thrips tabaci Supports Genetic Divergence Among Cryptic Species Groups}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0163882}, abstractNote={Knowledge of the relative influence of population- versus species-level genetic variation is important to understand patterns of phenotypic variation and ecological relationships that exist among and within morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species and subspecies. In the case of cryptic species groups that are pests, such knowledge is also essential for devising effective population management strategies. The globally important crop pest Thrips tabaci is a taxonomically difficult group of putatively cryptic species. This study examines population genetic structure of T. tabaci and reproductive isolation among lineages of this species complex using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial COI sequences. Overall, genetic structure supports T. tabaci as a cryptic species complex, although limited interbreeding occurs between different clonal groups from the same lineage as well as between individuals from different lineages. These results also provide evidence that thelytoky and arrhenotoky are not fixed phenotypes among members of different T. tabaci lineages that have been generally associated with either reproductive mode. Possible biological and ecological factors contributing to these observations are discussed.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Jacobson, Alana L. and Nault, Brian A. and Vargo, Edward L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{chappell_kennedy_walgenbach_2015, title={Predicting codling moth (Cydia pomonella) phenology in North Carolina on the basis of temperature and improved generation turnover estimates}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.3947}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a major worldwide pest of apples, pears and walnuts. A temperature-driven phenological model of codling moth, developed in Michigan, has been utilized in North Carolina and other states for decades. Systematic inaccuracy of this model in predicting moth emergence in North Carolina suggests that the relationship between emergence and temperature differs between the American midwest and southeast, or that additional factors may influence the system.


RESULTS
A method was developed to optimize the estimation of generation turnover intervals. Emergence was modeled as a function of heat unit accumulation. Significant differences between emergence predictions based on the resultant model and the existing model developed in Michigan were found.


CONCLUSION
A new model of codling moth emergence, incorporating improved estimates for generation turnover for North Carolina, offers predictive improvement with practical importance to management. Differences between the emergence of susceptible and resistant moth populations were also investigated, leading to the suggestion that resistance to insecticides should be considered in future studies of emergence phenology.}, number={10}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Chappell, Thomas M. and Kennedy, George G. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={1425–1432} }
 @article{huseth_petersen_poveda_szendrei_nault_kennedy_groves_2015, title={Spatial and Temporal Potato Intensification Drives Insecticide Resistance in the Specialist Herbivore, Leptinotarsa decemlineata}, volume={10}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127576}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0127576}, abstractNote={Landscape-scale intensification of individual crops and pesticide use that is associated with this intensification is an emerging, environmental problem that is expected to have unequal effects on pests with different lifecycles, host ranges, and dispersal abilities. We investigate if intensification of a single crop in an agroecosystem has a direct effect on insecticide resistance in a specialist insect herbivore. Using a major potato pest, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, we measured imidacloprid (neonicotinoid) resistance in populations across a spatiotemporal crop production gradient where potato production has increased in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA. We found that concurrent estimates of area and temporal frequency of potato production better described patterns of imidacloprid resistance among L. decemlineata populations than general measures of agricultural production (% cropland, landscape diversity). This study defines the effects individual crop rotation patterns can have on specialist herbivore insecticide resistance in an agroecosystem context, and how impacts of intensive production can be estimated with general estimates of insecticide use. Our results provide empirical evidence that variation in the intensity of neonicotinoid-treated potato in an agricultural landscape can have unequal impacts on L. decemlineata insecticide insensitivity, a process that can lead to resistance and locally intensive insecticide use. Our study provides a novel approach applicable in other agricultural systems to estimate impacts of crop rotation, increased pesticide dependence, insecticide resistance, and external costs of pest management practices on ecosystem health.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Huseth, Anders S. and Petersen, Jessica D. and Poveda, Katja and Szendrei, Zsofia and Nault, Brian A. and Kennedy, George G. and Groves, Russell L.}, editor={Rodriguez-Saona, CesarEditor}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={e0127576} }
 @article{meck_kennedy_walgenbach_2013, title={Effect of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on yield, quality, and economics of tomato production}, volume={52}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CROPRO.2013.05.011}, DOI={10.1016/J.CROPRO.2013.05.011}, abstractNote={The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important and consistent pest of vegetables in central and western North Carolina, particularly on tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum L. Small plot experiments were conducted in 2007, 2008 and 2009 in which acaricides were applied to early and late-planted staked tomatoes based on threshold levels ranging from 0 to 50 mites per leaflet, with a non-treated control included. Vine ripe fruit were harvested at weekly intervals from all plots, and fruit were weighed and graded for size and quality. A partial budget analysis was conducted to compare net profitability among treatments. Results from 2007 to 2008 showed that total and marketable yield was higher in plots with low versus high densities of T. urticae, and that yield differences were mostly due to number of fruit harvested rather than size of fruit. In 2009 there were no differences in yields among treatments. Gold fleck caused by T. urticae feeding directly on the fruit was another factor that influenced marketability, with more fruit affected and a higher percentage of surface area affected in higher densities versus lower densities of T. urticae. Net profitability varied considerably among planting dates and years, but an action threshold level to avoid yield losses by T. urticae injury on staked tomatoes appeared to be about eight mites per leaflet on a second or third recently expanded leaf.}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Meck, Elijah D. and Kennedy, George G. and Walgenbach, James F.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={84–90} }
 @article{jacobson_kennedy_2013, title={Effect of cyantraniliprole on feeding behavior and virus transmission of Frankliniella fusca and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Capsicum annuum}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2013.08.018}, abstractNote={The anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole was previously shown to reduce transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) to pepper, Capsicum annuum, by Frankliniella fusca but not Frankliniella occidentalis. This study examines the effects of cyantraniliprole and imidacloprid on thrips feeding using electrical penetration graphing (EPG), and on TSWV transmission in field cage studies. Some antifeedant responses were observed in the EPG studies when thrips fed on cyantraniliprole- and imidacloprid-treated plants; however, these responses were variable between species and among the 2, 6, and 10 day post-treatment time intervals during which feeding behavior was observed. Cyantraniliprole significantly reduced the probability of TSWV infection when spread by F. fusca in field-grown pepper when viruliferous thrips were released 7 days but not when released at 14 days after the insecticide treatment in one of 2 field trials. In the second trial cyantraniliprole significantly reduced the probability of infection when F. fusca were released 14 days but not 7 days after treatment. In both years, imidacloprid prevented or significantly reduced transmission of TSWV by F. fusca in field-grown pepper when viruliferous thrips were released 7 days and 14 after treatment. In one of two years, cyantraniliprole significantly reduced the incidence of TSWV in field-grown pepper that was spread by F. occidentalis when viruliferous thrips were released 7 days after the insecticide treatment, but not 14 days after the treatment. Imidacloprid did not reduce the incidence of TSWV in field-grown pepper when viruliferous F. occidentalis were released. Although these studies demonstrate that probing behavior of these thrips species is altered on cyantraniliprole-treated pepper plants, results of field cage studies did not consistently show a reduction in incidence of TSWV-infected plants.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={251–258} }
 @article{jacobson_kennedy_2013, title={Electrical penetration graph studies to investigate the effects of cyantraniliprole on feeding behavior of <i>Myzus persicae}, volume={70}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3626}, DOI={10.1002/ps.3626}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={836–840} }
 @article{chappell_beaudoin_kennedy_2013, title={Interacting Virus Abundance and Transmission Intensity Underlie Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Incidence: An Example Weather-Based Model for Cultivated Tobacco}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073321}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0073321}, abstractNote={Through a modeling approach, we investigated weather factors that affect the summer incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a virus vectored exclusively by thrips, in cultivated tobacco. Aspects of thrips and plant biology that affect disease spread were treated as functions of weather, leading to a model of disease incidence informed by thrips and plant biology, and dependent on weather input variables. We found that disease incidence during the summer was influenced by weather affecting thrips activity during the preceding year, especially during a time when thrips transmit TSWV to and from the plant hosts that constitute the virus’ natural reservoir. We identified an interaction between spring precipitation and earlier weather affecting thrips, relating this to virus abundance and transmission intensity as interacting factors affecting disease incidence. Throughout, weather is the basic driver of epidemiology in the system, and our findings allowed us to detect associations between atypically high- or low-incidence years and the local climatic deviations from normal weather patterns, brought about by El Niño Southern Oscillation transitions.}, number={8}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Chappell, Thomas M. and Beaudoin, Amanda L. P. and Kennedy, George G.}, editor={Bond-Lamberty, BenEditor}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={e73321} }
 @article{jacobson_kennedy_2013, title={Specific Insect-Virus Interactions Are Responsible for Variation in Competency of Different Thrips tabaci Isolines to Transmit Different Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Isolates}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0054567}, abstractNote={Local adaptation between sympatric host and parasite populations driven by vector genetics appears to be a factor that influences dynamics of disease epidemics and evolution of insect-vectored viruses. Although T. tabaci is the primary vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in some areas of the world, it is not an important vector of this economically important plant virus in many areas where it occurs. Previous studies suggest that genetic variation of thrips populations, virus isolates, or both are important factors underlying the localized importance of this species as a vector of TSWV. This study was undertaken to quantify variation in transmissibility of TSWV isolates by T. tabaci, in the ability of T. tabaci to transmit isolates of TSWV, and to examine the possibility that genetic interactions and local adaptation contribute to the localized nature of this species as a vector of TSWV. Isofemale lines of Thrips tabaci from multiple locations were tested for their ability to transmit multiple TSWV isolates collected at the same and different locations as the thrips. Results revealed that the probability of an isofemale line transmitting TSWV varied among virus isolates, and the probability of an isolate being transmitted varied among isofemale lines. These results indicate that the interaction of T. tabaci and TSWV isolate genetic determinants underlie successful transmission of TSWV by T. tabaci. Further analysis revealed sympatric vector-virus pairing resulted in higher transmission than allopatric pairing, which suggests that local adaptation is occurring between T. tabaci and TSWV isolates.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Jacobson, Alana L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2013}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jacobson_booth_vargo_kennedy_2013, title={Thrips tabaci Population Genetic Structure and Polyploidy in Relation to Competency as a Vector of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054484}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0054484}, abstractNote={Knowledge of population-level genetic differences can help explain variation among populations of insect vectors in their role in the epidemiology of specific viruses. Variation in competency to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that exists among populations of Thrips tabaci has been associated with the presence of cryptic species that exhibit different modes of reproduction and host ranges. However, recent findings suggest that vector competency of T. tabaci at any given location depends on the thrips and virus populations that are present. This study characterizes the population genetic structure of T. tabaci collected from four locations in North Carolina and examines the relationship between population genetic structure and variation in TSWV transmission by T. tabaci. Mitochondrial COI sequence analysis revealed the presence of two genetically distinct groups with one characterized by thelytokous, parthenogenetic reproduction and the other by arrhenotokous, sexual reproduction. Using a set of 11 microsatellite markers that we developed to investigate T. tabaci population genetic structure, we identified 17 clonal groups and found significant genetic structuring among the four NC populations that corresponded to the geographic locations where the populations were collected. Application of microsatellite markers also led to the discovery of polyploidy in this species. All four populations contained tetraploid individuals, and three contained both diploid and tetraploid individuals. Analysis of variation in transmission ofTSWV among isofemale lines initiated with individuals used in this study revealed that ‘clone assignment,’ ‘virus isolate’ and their interaction significantly influenced vector competency. These results highlight the importance of interactions between specific T. tabaci clonal types and specific TSWV isolates underlying transmission of TSWV by T. tabaci.}, number={1}, journal={PLoS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Jacobson, Alana L. and Booth, Warren and Vargo, Edward L. and Kennedy, George G.}, editor={Belshaw, RobertEditor}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={e54484} }
 @article{meck_walgenbach_kennedy_2012, title={Association of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) feeding and gold fleck damage on tomato fruit}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.07.027}, abstractNote={The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch has been established as an indirect pest of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by reducing yields through plant feeding. Field observations suggested that T. urticae feeding on fruit may have resulted in discoloration known as gold fleck. A series of experiments were undertaken in the field and laboratory to evaluate T. urticae feeding as a cause of gold fleck on the fruit. Field experiments showed that, as cumulative mite days increased, so did the percentage of fruit affected by gold fleck. Results from laboratory experiments showed that T. urticae feeding on tomato fruit did cause gold fleck. This study clearly demonstrated that T. urticae can damage tomato fruit directly in the form of gold fleck, which may impact marketability of that fruit.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Meck, Elijah D. and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={24–29} }
 @article{jacobson_johnston_rotenberg_whitfield_booth_vargo_kennedy_2012, title={Genome size and ploidy of Thysanoptera}, volume={22}, ISSN={0962-1075}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01165.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01165.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Insect Molecular Biology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Jacobson, A. L. and Johnston, J. S. and Rotenberg, D. and Whitfield, A. E. and Booth, W. and Vargo, E. L. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={12–17} }
 @article{beaudoin_kennedy_2012, title={Management of Winter Weeds Affects Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Dispersal}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en10308}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) naturally disperses from winter weeds to crops in spring, causing direct and indirect damage. Field preparation before planting includes use of herbicides or cultivation to kill unwanted vegetation, which adversely affects F. fusca host plants and potentially influences F. fusca dispersal. Common chickweed, Stellaria media (L.), infested with F. fusca, was used as a model to study effects of timing and type of vegetation management on adult dispersal. Infested weeds were caged and F. fusca weekly dispersal was monitored using sticky traps. Weed management treatments performed at an early (14 April–11 May) or late (2 wk after early treatment) date consisted of glyphosate, paraquat, disking, hoeing, or untreated control. Late glyphosate and hoeing treatments resulted in cumulative dispersal statistically similar to or greater than from control plots. Compared with the control, significantly more F. fusca dispersed from the glyphosate and hoeing plots during the 3 wk after treatment. More thrips dispersed from the late paraquat treatment 1 wk post-application than from the control. Dispersal from the disked treatment and early paraquat treatment was similar to that of the control 1- to 3-wk post-treatment. Early treatments resulted in significantly smaller cumulative dispersal than the control in all but one instance. Late disking and paraquat treatments resulted in cumulative F. fusca captures that were statistically similar or less than that in the control. Winter weed management type and timing affect F. fusca dispersal magnitude and duration.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Beaudoin, A. L. P. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={362–369} }
 @article{little_arellano_kennedy_cardoza_2011, title={Bottom-up effects mediated by an organic soil amendment on the cabbage aphid pests Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae}, volume={139}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01112.x}, abstractNote={Earthworm‐produced compost or vermicompost has been shown to increase resistance of plants to a variety of insect pests, but it is still unclear whether this resistance is dose dependent and whether the mechanisms responsible are the same for insect species with differing feeding habits and preferences. Therefore, we tested the effects of plants grown in various vermicompost concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60%) on the preference and performance of generalist, Myzus persicae L., and specialist, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (both Hemiptera: Aphididae), aphid pests. Preference was evaluated with leaf disk (apterous) and whole plant (alate) choice assays. After 24 h of feeding, there was no significant negative effect on the feeding preference noted for apterae of either species of any of the treatments tested. To the contrary, apterae B. brassicae showed a significant preference for vermicompost treatments over control leaf disks. Alate M. persicae preferred alighting on control plants over vermicompost‐grown plants, but B. brassicae showed no preference toward any of the treatments tested. Both aphid species deposited significantly more nymphs on control plants than on those grown in 20% vermicompost. Furthermore, plants grown in soil amended with 20% vermicompost significantly suppressed mass accumulation, as well as numbers of adults and nymphs of both aphid species compared to controls. These data clearly show that vermicompost soil amendments can significantly influence pest aphid preference and performance on plants and that these effects are not dose dependent, but rather species and morph dependent.}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Little, Amos G. and Arellano, Consuelo and Kennedy, George G. and Cardoza, Yasmin J.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={111–119} }
 @article{abney_kennedy_2011, title={Relative Susceptibility of Two Sweetpotato Varieties to Storage Root Damage by Sweetpotato Flea Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae)}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec10196}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The feeding of soil dwelling insects on storage roots is one of the most serious management issues faced by sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae), growers in the southern United States. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the relative susceptibility of two commonly grown sweetpotato varieties to sweetpotato flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae, various species). The incidence and severity of sweetpotato flea beetle damage was significantly lower in the variety Covington than Beauregard in two small plot replicated studies. Surveys conducted in commercial sweetpotato fields also showed significantly less sweetpotato flea beetle damage in fields planted to Covington compared with those planted to Beauregard. There was no clear evidence of varietal effect on the incidence of wireworm damage in the study. Results indicate that the severity of wireworm damage as measured by the size of feeding scars may be less in Covington than Beauregard.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Abney, Mark R. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={143–148} }
 @article{jacobson_kennedy_2011, title={The effect of three rates of cyantraniliprole on the transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus by Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Capsicum annuum}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2010.12.004}, abstractNote={Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a thrips-transmitted virus that causes major losses in many crops worldwide. Management of TSWV is complex, requiring multiple preventive measures. Currently, there are few chemical options that control thrips populations before they feed upon and transmit TSWV to crop plants. Cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr™) is an anthranilic diamide insecticide currently under development that exhibits anti-feedant properties. Transmission of TSWV by Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) to Capsicum annuum L. seedlings was reduced in plants treated with Cyazypyr™ applied to the soil at the rates of 1.45, 2.90 and 4.41 mg ai/plant. Mortality of F. fusca at 3 days post treatment did not differ significantly on excised foliage of Cyazypyr™ treated and control plants, but feeding injury was significantly less on treated foliage. Transmission of TSWV by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was not reduced in plants treated with 4.41 mg ai/plant.}, number={4}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Jacobson, A. L. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={512–515} }
 @article{willis_abney_kennedy_2010, title={Survey of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in North Carolina Sweetpotato Fields and Seasonal Abundance of Conoderus vespertinus}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec09174}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Adult and larval wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) populations were surveyed in North Carolina sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., fields during 2005 and 2006 by using yellow sticky traps and larval baits. Eight species of larvae and nine species of adult wireworms were identified. Conoderus vespertinus (F.) was the most prevalent wireworm species, making up 65.9% of the larvae and 62.9% of the adults captured. Adult C. vespertinus were most abundant in July, and larvae were smaller and more abundant after 15 July than earlier in the season, indicating an early summer generation turnover and oviposition in fields planted to sweetpotato. A significant positive relationship was observed between late-season abundance of C. vespertinus and the incidence of wireworm damage. Other wireworm species encountered were Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal), Conoderus bellus (Say), Conoderus falli (Lane), Conoderus lividus (Degeer), Conoderus scissus (Schaeffer), Glyphonyx bimarginatus (Schaeffer), and Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal).}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Willis, Rebecca Baumler and Abney, Mark R. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2010}, month={Aug}, pages={1268–1276} }
 @article{morsello_beaudoin_groves_nault_kennedy_2010, title={The influence of temperature and precipitation on spring dispersal of Frankliniella fusca changes as the season progresses}, volume={134}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00959.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Morsello, Shannon C. and Beaudoin, Amanda L. P. and Groves, Russell L. and Nault, Brian A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={260–271} }
 @article{beaudoin_kahn_kennedy_2009, title={Bell and Banana Pepper Exhibit Mature-Plant Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus Transmitted by Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/029.102.0105}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Tomato spotted wilt virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, TSWV) causes annual economic losses in pepper, Capsicum annuum L., across the southern United States and is transmitted by several species of thrips, including the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds). Reduced virus transmission and symptom severity as plant age increases is known as mature-plant resistance. TSWV transmission to pepper plants was examined in three and four age classes in field and greenhouse trials, respectively. In the field trial, ‘Camelot’ bell pepper plants were exposed to potentially viruliferous F. fusca 37, 51, or 65 d postsowing. Two greenhouse trials of Camelot bell and one trial each of ‘Bounty’ and ‘Pageant’ banana pepper plants were exposed to potentially viruliferous F. fusca, 43, 57, 71, or 85; 48, 62, 75, or 90; 42, 56, 70, or 84; and 43, 57, 71, or 85 d postsowing, respectively. Linear and hyperbolic regressions of percentage of infected plants per block on days postsowing indicated mature-plant resistance in all trials. All models were significant, but hyperbolic curves better fit the data than linear models. Hyperbolic models were used to calculate the number of days posttransplant at which a 50% decrease from the predicted percentage of infected plants at transplant age (42 d postsowing) was expected. This was referred to as days posttransplant-50 (DPT50). DPT50 occurred within 9 days posttransplant age for all trials, indicating that early TSWV management in pepper is critical.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Beaudoin, A. L. P. and Kahn, N. D. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={30–35} }
 @misc{kennedy_2009, title={Colorado Potato Beetle}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00066-7}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00066-7}, abstractNote={This chapter discusses Colorado potato beetle or Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is the most devastating, defoliating insect pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum ). The potato beetle is important because of the damage it causes to potato and some related crops, as well as its extraordinary ability to evolve resistance to insecticides used in its control. The host range of the Colorado potato beetle is largely restricted to plants in the genus Solanum. The Colorado potato beetle is primarily a pest of potatoes but may also damage tomato (Solanum esculentum) and eggplant (S. melongena ). In potato, yield reductions are related to both the amount of defoliation and the stage of plant growth during which it occurs. Yield reductions in tomato and eggplant result from feeding injury to the fruits as well as from defoliation. A series of insecticides was used in previous studies to control the beetle but they developed resistance to each of them. This stimulated a burst of research activity, which resulted in development of more holistic pest management approaches but none of them succeeded. Over time, it is likely that these concerns will diminish and transgenic potatoes will become an important tool for managing Colorado potato beetle.}, journal={Encyclopedia of Insects}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Kennedy, George G.}, year={2009}, pages={212–213} }
 @article{meck_walgenbach_kennedy_2009, title={Effect of vegetation management on autumn dispersal of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from tomato}, volume={133}, ISSN={["0931-2048"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01413.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={9-10}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Meck, E. D. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={742–748} }
 @misc{smith_kennedy_2009, title={History of Entomology}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00128-4}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00128-4}, abstractNote={This chapter provides a brief history of human and insect's interaction. History traces the interactions of humans and insects dating from the adoption of agriculture some 10,000 years ago and its inherent ecological disruptions. The class Insecta has plagued and fascinated humans for all of their history. The most striking features of the Insecta are diversity and numerical superiority. Of the 5–30 million species estimated to compose the global flora and fauna, approximately 1.7 million have been named, and more than half are insects. It is estimated that insects make up 75% of the known animal kingdom. Because insects occupy almost every conceivable terrestrial niche, they interact with humans in countless ways that accord them status as “pests.” This same diversity bestows on insects essential roles in the functioning of the biosphere as a sustainable biological system. Considering the countless interactions between humans and insects, it is not surprising that insects have become fixed in the fabric of human culture. They have become important components of art, language, literature, music, philosophy, and religion. In addition, insects are remarkable sources of knowledge, ideal models for the study of biological processes, including genetics, physiology, and molecular biology.}, journal={Encyclopedia of Insects}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Smith, Edward H. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2009}, pages={449–458} }
 @article{morsello_kennedy_2009, title={Spring temperature and precipitation affect tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, population growth and Tomato spotted wilt virus spread within patches of the winter annual weed Stellaria media}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00801.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Morsello, Shannon C. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={138–148} }
 @misc{shelton_romeis_kennedy_2008, title={IPM and Insect-Protected Transgenic Plants: Thoughts for the Future}, ISBN={9781402083723 9781402083730}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_14}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_14}, journal={Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Shelton, Anthony M. and Romeis, Jörg and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2008}, pages={419–429} }
 @article{puente_magori_kennedy_gould_2008, title={Impact of Herbivore-induced Plant Volatiles on Parasitoid Foraging Success: A Spatial Simulation of the Cotesia rubecula, Pieris rapae, and Brassica oleracea System}, volume={34}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9472-9}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-008-9472-9}, abstractNote={Many parasitoids are known to use herbivore-induced plant volatiles as cues to locate hosts. However, data are lacking on how much of an advantage a parasitoid can gain from following these plant cues and which factors can limit the value of these cues to the parasitoid. In this study, we simulate the Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-Brassica oleracea system, and ask how many more hosts can a parasitoid attack in a single day of foraging by following plant signals versus randomly foraging. We vary herbivore density, plant response time, parasitoid flight distance, and available host stages to see under which conditions parasitoids benefit from herbivore-induced plant cues. In most of the parameter combinations studied, parasitoids that responded to cues attacked more hosts than those that foraged randomly. Parasitoids following plant cues attacked up to ten times more hosts when they were able to successfully attack herbivores older than first instar; however, if parasitoids were limited to first instar hosts, those following plant cues were at a disadvantage when plants took longer than a day to respond to herbivory. At low herbivore densities, only parasitoids with a larger foraging radius could take advantage of plant cues. Although preference for herbivore-induced volatiles was not always beneficial for a parasitoid, under the most likely natural conditions, the model predicts that C. rubecula gains fitness from following plant cues.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Puente, Molly and Magori, Krisztian and Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={959–970} }
 @article{jasrotia_abney_neerdaels_kennedy_2008, title={Influence of soil temperature, rainfall, and planting and harvest dates on Chaetocnema confinis (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) damage to sweetpotato roots}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1238:IOSTRA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract A study was carried out in 10 counties of North Carolina from 2004 to 2006 to determine the effect of planting and harvest times on flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), damage to sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.), storage roots. Planting and harvesting of sweetpotatoes later in the season resulted in less damage than early planting and harvesting. Regression analysis was done to study the relationship of weather parameters with the flea beetle damage. Weather parameters included air temperature (Celsius), soil temperature at 5- and 10-cm depth (Celsius), rainfall (millimeters), and soil moisture (volume:volume) at 0–10-, 10–40-, and 40–100-cm depth. The best regression model included mean soil temperature at 10-cm depth, total rainfall, and number of adults caught on yellow sticky traps as independent variables (all between 1 August and harvest date of each field). Soil temperature and adult catches on yellow sticky traps of C. confinis were positively related to damage, whereas rainfall was negatively correlated. The model explained 45% of the total variation in the flea beetle damage. Soil temperature alone accounted for 32% of the total variation in flea beetle damage followed by rainfall (9%) and adult catches (4%). When the time interval was limited to 30 d before harvest, soil temperature was still the best explanatory variable accounting for 23% of the total variation in flea beetle damage followed by rainfall (7%) and adult catches (4%). Understanding the effects of planting/harvesting and weather factors on flea beetle damage will be useful in predicting the time when the sweetpotato crop is at greater risk from high levels of damage by C. confinis.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Jasrotia, Poonam and Abney, Mark R. and Neerdaels, Natalia B. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1238–1243} }
 @book{romeis_shelton_kennedy_2008, title={Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs}, ISBN={9781402083723 9781402083730}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, year={2008} }
 @misc{kennedy_2008, title={Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs}, ISBN={9781402083723 9781402083730}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_1}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_1}, journal={Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs}, publisher={Springer Netherlands}, author={Kennedy, George G.}, year={2008}, pages={1–26} }
 @article{meck_walgenbach_kennedy_2008, title={Phenology of the Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[1154:POTAMD]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is an important pest of apples in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The seasonal phenology of adult flight activity was monitored with baited red sphere traps in eight abandoned apple orchards in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and South Carolina in 2004 and 2005, ranging in elevation from 300 to 853 m. Trap captures showed that at elevations of ≥630 m, the apple maggot was primarly univoltine, with adult activity most intense during a 2-mo period from late June to late August in 2004 and from mid-July to mid-September in 2005. At lower elevation sites in North Carolina and South Carolina (300–328 m elevation), adults were active for a 5- to 6-mo period from late May or early June into November. Trap captures suggested the apple maggot was bivoltine at lower elevation sites. There was also evidence from trap captures of distinct early and late emerging flies from overwintering pupae. A winter simulation study in which pupae from maggot-infested apples collected in July (early emergers) and September (late emergers) were exposed to cold treatments (4°C) ranging from 3 to 52 wk showed that the postdiapause rate was more rapid for early versus late emergers when exposed to a minimum 8-wk cold period. For pupae receiving cold treatments ranging from 8 to 19 wk, early emergers eclosed 257–321 DD before late emergers, but this difference was only 146 DD for pupae receiving a 35-wk cold treatment. Climatic conditions in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, including a relatively long growing season and mild winters, are conducive to a more protracted apple maggot emergence period compared with more northern locations.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Meck, Michelle. C. and Walgenbach, James. F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1154–1161} }
 @article{morsello_groves_nault_kennedy_2008, title={Temperature and precipitation affect seasonal patterns of dispersing tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) caught on sticky traps}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[79:TAPASP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Effects of temperature and precipitation on the temporal patterns of dispersing tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, caught on yellow sticky traps were estimated in central and eastern North Carolina and eastern Virginia from 1997 through 2001. The impact that these environmental factors had on numbers of F. fusca and T. tabaci caught on sticky traps during April and May was determined using stepwise regression analysis of 43 and 38 site-years of aerial trapping data from 21 and 18 different field locations, respectively. The independent variables used in the regression models included degree-days, total precipitation, and the number of days in which precipitation occurred during January through May. Each variable was significant in explaining variation for both thrips species and, in all models, degree-days was the single best explanatory variable. Precipitation had a comparatively greater effect on T. tabaci than F. fusca. The numbers of F. fusca and T. tabaci captured in flight were positively related to degree-days and the number of days with precipitation but negatively related to total precipitation. Combined in a single model, degree-days, total precipitation, and the number of days with precipitation explained 70 and 55% of the total variation in the number of F. fusca captured from 1 April through 10 May and from 1 April through 31 May, respectively. Regarding T. tabaci flights, degree-days, total precipitation, and the number of days with precipitation collectively explained 57 and 63% of the total variation in the number captured from 1 April through 10 May and from 1 April through 31 May, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Morsello, Shannon C. and Groves, Russell L. and Nault, Brian A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={79–86} }
 @article{puente_kennedy_gould_2008, title={The Impact of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles on Parasitoid Foraging Success: A General Deterministic Model}, volume={34}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9471-x}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-008-9471-x}, abstractNote={Parasitoids respond to volatiles that plants produce when injured by herbivores. A considerable body of literature addresses the chemical pathways of herbivore-induced volatile production. However, there is almost no theory or data on how timing of volatile release in relationship to host availability for parasitization impacts the utility of these cues to parasitoids and on the extent that this volatile release timing might increase or decrease the percent of herbivores that become parasitized. This kind of information is critical in judging the benefits that might accrue from a breeding program aimed at enhancing herbivore-responsive volatile production. We developed a general model to begin examining this issue by using available parameters from two tritrophic systems. The model uses herbivore oviposition, development, and mortality rates, linked to a range of plant volatile induction and cessation periods for calculating the proportion of plants in a field that are (1) not producing volatiles but occupied by suitable herbivore hosts, (2) producing volatiles and occupied by suitable herbivore hosts, (3) producing volatiles but not occupied by suitable herbivore hosts, and (4) not producing volatiles and not occupied by suitable herbivore hosts. The impact of the plant volatiles on parasitoid foraging success is then determined by comparing the expected number of hosts parasitized when the parasitoid focuses solely on the volatile-producing plants to when it forages randomly among all plants. Under some conditions, parasitoids can attack three times more herbivores if they focus on volatile-producing plants. However, when we simulate plants that take several days to cease volatile production after pupation or death of the herbivore, parasitization rate does not increase when parasitoids use volatiles as cues. The utility of the volatile cues is consistently greater when a smaller proportion of plants is occupied by herbivores, indicating that their usefulness may be reduced to zero in fields saturated with volatiles.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Puente, Molly E. and Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={945–958} }
 @article{livingston_storer_van duyn_kennedy_2007, title={Do Refuge Requirements for Biotechnology Crops Promote Economic Efficiency? Some Evidence for Bt Cotton}, volume={39}, ISSN={1074-0708 2056-7405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800022823}, DOI={10.1017/S1074070800022823}, abstractNote={We examine producer behavior, resistance evolution, and returns under alternative refuge requirements in an eastern North Carolina region with multiple corn, cotton, and soybean fields infested by a mobile pest. Returns are highest, pyrethroid sprays occur least frequently, and pyrethroid resistance evolution is delayed most effectively with no refuge requirement. Complying with the current 20% refuge requirement costs the producer $8.67 per cotton acre, or $34.21 per non-transgenic insecticidal (Bt) cotton acre. Returns are highest under each refuge requirement when one-toxin Bt cotton is not phased out; however, removal of the technology at the earliest phase-out date minimizes regional pyrethroid sprays.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Livingston, Michael J. and Storer, Nicholas P. and Van Duyn, John W. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={171–185} }
 @misc{kennedy_gould_2007, title={Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants}, ISBN={9780521822138 9780511752353}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511752353.010}, DOI={10.1017/cbo9780511752353.010}, abstractNote={Plants play an important role in the interaction between phytophagous arthropods and the parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that attack them. They provide habitat for both phytophagous arthropods and their natural enemies, and they provide behavioral cues that are important in host/prey location by parasitoids and predators (Vet and Dicke, 1992). Plants also serve as the primary source of food for phytophagous species and, in the case of some parasitoids and predators, as a source of supplemental food. The nutritional quality and phytochemical content of this plant-supplied food is known to affect the vulnerability of phytophagous species to attack by parasitoids, predators, and pathogens, as well their suitability as hosts or prey following attack. The nutritional quality and phytochemical content of plant-supplied food can also affect parasitoids and predators that feed on plant tissues and plant products, such as pollen, nectar, and plant sap.}, journal={Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={269–300} }
 @article{stumpf_kennedy_2007, title={Effects of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates, host plants, and temperature on survival, size, and development time of Frankliniella occidentalis}, volume={123}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00541.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Stumpf, Christof F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={139–147} }
 @article{myers_sutton_abad_kennedy_2007, title={Pierce's disease of grapevines: Identification of the primary vectors in North Carolina}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-97-11-1440}, abstractNote={ In the past 10 years, the winegrape industry in the southeastern United States has experienced rapid growth; however, further expansion may be inhibited by Pierce's disease (PD). Epidemiological studies were conducted to identify the primary vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, the cause of PD of grape, by surveying sharpshooter population dynamics in the eastern Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. Sharpshooter species were assessed for the presence of X. fastidiosa in the field. Leafhoppers were trapped in three vineyards in the eastern Piedmont and one vineyard in the northeastern Coastal Plain in 2004 and 2005. Four insects were identified as most abundant: Oncometopia orbona, Graphocephala versuta, Paraphlepsius irroratus, and Agalliota constricta. Adult specimens of O. orbona, G. versuta, and P. irroratus were tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa by nested polymerase chain reaction. In all, 27% of O. orbona, 28% of G. versuta, and 33% of P. irroratus trapped were positive for X. fastidiosa over the two seasons. Transmission experiments demonstrated that both O. orbona and G. versuta have the ability to transmit X. fastidiosa to grape. These vectors are likely to be important in all winegrowing regions of the Southeast, because their presence has been documented throughout the southern states. In DNA analyses, X. fastidiosa strains from insects trapped in North Carolina were genetically similar to one another and to the known “PD strain” from California. This is the first report of these two leafhopper species transmitting X. fastidiosa to grapevines in the Southeast. }, number={11}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Myers, Ashley L. and Sutton, Turner B. and Abad, Jorge A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1440–1450} }
 @article{rosa_kennedy_2007, title={Thrips tabaci and tomato spotted wilt virus: inheritance of vector competence}, volume={124}, DOI={10.1111/j-1570-7458.2007.00564.x}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, author={Rosa, J. C. C. L. and Kennedy, George}, year={2007}, pages={161–166} }
 @article{kovanci_schal_walgenbach_kennedy_2006, title={Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the Oriental fruit moth in apple orchards}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1876-7184"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02980952}, number={3}, journal={PHYTOPARASITICA}, author={Kovanci, Orkun B. and Schal, Coby and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={252–260} }
 @article{gould_cohen_bentur_kennedy_duyn_2006, title={Impact of small fitness costs on pest adaptation to crop varieties with multiple toxins: A heuristic model}, volume={99}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-99.6.2091}, abstractNote={Abstract A deterministic two-locus model was used to examine how small fitness costs to individuals carrying resistance alleles could impact the risk of panmictic insect pest populations adapting to crop varieties that produced two distinct toxins. Parameters examined were 1) level of toxicity of each toxin, 2) initial frequencies of alleles for adaptation to the toxins, 3) percentage of population feeding on nontoxic plants, and 4) level of fitness cost associated with adaptation to each of the two toxins. Resistance to each toxin was assumed to be biochemically independent, controlled by a resistance coding allele at a single locus, and inherited as a partially recessive trait in the field. When plants are extremely toxic to the pest, effective refuge size is 10%, and there is a fitness cost to resistance alleles only when in homozygous form (5%), the pest population is never predicted to adapt to either toxin as long as the initial frequencies of the resistance alleles are below 0.05. Even if the initial frequency of the allele for adapting to one toxin is 0.95 when a two-toxin cultivar completely replaces a one-toxin cultivar, the model predicts that a low equilibrium allelic frequency will develop for both resistance alleles, as long as the frequency of the allele for adapting to the second toxin is initially 0.001 or less. If cultivars with one and two toxins are planted, the model predicts that resistance will develop. Nonrandom mating and stochastic variation within subpopulations also could lead to evolution of resistance.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Gould, F. and Cohen, M. B. and Bentur, J. S. and Kennedy, George and Duyn, J. Van}, year={2006}, pages={2091–2099} }
 @article{nault_shelton_gangloff-kaufmann_clark_werren_cabrera-la rosa_kennedy_2006, title={Reproductive modes in onion thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) populations from New York onion fields}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2006)35[1264:RMIOTT]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Thrips exhibit different reproductive modes including thelytoky (females produced from unfertilized eggs), arrhenotoky (males produced from unfertilized eggs and females produced from fertilized eggs) and deuterotoky (females and males produced from unfertilized eggs). We investigated patterns of reproductive modes in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, populations and potential effects of the bacterium Wolbachia and temperature on these modes. We also examined the possibility that male-producing T. tabaci populations were resistant to the frequently used insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin and methomyl. In New York during 2002–2004, T. tabaci populations were sampled from 20 onion fields and reproductive mode was determined by identifying sex of progeny from virgins. Half of the populations were thelytokous and half were a mix of thelytokous, arrhenotokous and deuterotokous individuals, which we refer to as a male-producing population. In two of four cases, the reproductive mode of a population from the same onion field changed across years, suggesting that populations either mix or an external factor caused the change. To address the latter, we speculated that Wolbachia or high temperature mediated reproductive modes. Samples of T. tabaci representing each reproductive mode were examined for Wolbachia using diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but it was not detected. Cytological examination of ovaries from two additional thelytokous lines also showed no evidence of Wolbachia. Similarly, high temperature did not affect sex allocation ratios in either thelytokous or male-producing populations. Male-producing T. tabaci populations were not positively correlated with resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, or tolerance to methomyl. The role of the different reproductive modes in T. tabaci populations in onion fields remains unclear.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nault, Brian A. and Shelton, Anthony M. and Gangloff-Kaufmann, Jody L. and Clark, Michael E. and Werren, John L. and Cabrera-La Rosa, Juan C. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={1264–1271} }
 @article{borchert_walgenbach_kennedy_2005, title={Assessment of sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.765}, abstractNote={Abstract Sublethal effects of the insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide were examined in oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in laboratory and field studies. In laboratory studies, oriental fruit moth larvae reared on diet amended with 0.1 ppm methoxyfenozide developed at the same rate as larvae reared on untreated diet, and paired moths reared as larvae from the same treated or untreated diets exhibited similar fecundity and fertility. Population growth differences over multiple generations were used to examine sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on population dynamics in the field. Multiple single-tree cages were placed over apple (Malus spp.) trees treated with two applications of methoxyfenozide (70 g [AI]/ha) and nontreated trees. Cages were infested at a single time point with virgin male and female oriental fruit moth adults, and population growth was evaluated by egg counts, shoot infestation, fruit damage, and larval counts over a 12-wk period. Significantly fewer eggs, larvae, and damaged fruit were found on methoxyfenozide-treated compared with nontreated trees in 2001. Observed population differences may have been a result of direct mortality to eggs and larvae of the first generation rather than sublethal effects. In 2002, no differences were observed between treatments, but a heavy rain event shortly after the early infestation impacted the experiment. A late moth release treatment was tested in 2002 to examine the effects of residual methoxyfenozide 55 d after initial application. Significantly fewer eggs were found in the methoxyfenozide treatment compared with the control, but no differences existed among treatments in shoot infestation, percentage of damaged fruit, or larval populations. It was concluded direct mortality of eggs and larvae exposed to methoxyfenozide rather than sublethal effects were most important in reduction of subsequent generations.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Borchert, DM and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={765–771} }
 @article{kovanci_schal_walgenbach_kennedy_2005, title={Comparison of Mating Disruption with Pesticides for Management of Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina Apple Orchards}, volume={98}, ISSN={0022-0493 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1248}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1248}, abstractNote={Abstract The efficacy of mating disruption by using Isomate-M 100 pheromone dispensers and two formulations of microencapsulated sprayable pheromone for management of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was compared with conventional insecticides in large plot studies in Henderson County, North Carolina, in 2000 and 2001. In addition, experiments were conducted in small and large plots to test the response of oriental fruit moth males to different application rates of sprayable pheromone. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in mating disruption blocks compared with conventional and abandoned orchards. Pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy captured significantly more moths than traps placed in the lower canopy across all treatments, and lures loaded with 100 μg of pheromone caught more moths than traps with 300 μg, but the difference between doses was statistically significant at only one location in 2001. Isomate-M 100 provided excellent trap shutdown and was significantly more effective than sprayable pheromone formulations. Fruit damage by oriental fruit moth larvae was very low (≤1%) in mating disruption blocks and was generally lower than in conventional and nonmanaged blocks. Based on male moth response to pheromone traps in small plots, there was little difference among doses of sprayable pheromone, ranging from 12.4 to 49.1 g (AI)/ha, but efficacy declined at 2.4 g (AI)/ha. With the exception of one orchard, there was no significant difference between 12.4 and 37.1 g (AI)/ha under low and high oriental fruit moth population pressure in large plot studies. Mating disruption proved to be an alternative to organophosphate insecticides for managing oriental fruit moth populations in North Carolina apple orchards.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kovanci, Orkun B. and Schal, Coby and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={1248–1258} }
 @article{kovanci_walgenbach_kennedy_schal_2005, title={Effects of application rate and interval on the efficacy of sprayable pheromone for mating disruption of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1876-7184"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02981299}, number={4}, journal={PHYTOPARASITICA}, author={Kovanci, OB and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG and Schal, C}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={334–342} }
 @article{stumpf_kennedy_2005, title={Effects of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates, host plants, and temperature on survival, size, and development time of Frankliniella fusca}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00251.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Stumpf, CF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={215–225} }
 @article{sorenson_kennedy_schal_walgenbach_2005, title={Geographical variation in pheromone response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae), in North Carolina: A 20-Y perspective}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2005)034[1057:GVIPRO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Pheromone traps were used to assess the distribution of two pheromone races of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in North Carolina, ≈10 and 20 yr after previous, similar assessments. In the previous studies, moths responding to a 97Z: 3E isomeric blend (Z blend) of 11-tetradecenyl acetate predominated in the far western parts of the state, whereas moths responding to a 3Z: 97E blend (E blend) prevailed in the east, with a substantial zone of overlap occurring in the eastern Piedmont. There was evidence that the E responsive population had expanded westward between 1978 and 1988. In this study, the distribution of the two races seemed to remain essentially unchanged from that observed in the late 1980s, and no evidence of a continued westward expansion of E responsive moths was detected.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Sorenson, CE and Kennedy, GG and Schal, C and Walgenbach, JF}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1057–1062} }
 @article{hurt_brandenburg_jordan_kennedy_bailey_2005, title={Management of spotted wilt vectored by Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Virginia market-type peanut}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-98.5.1435}, abstractNote={Abstract Field tests were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in northeastern North Carolina to evaluate the impact of cultural practices and in-furrow insecticides on the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, TSWV), which is transmitted to peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., primarily by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Treatments included in row plant populations of 7, 13, and 17 plants per meter; the virginia market-type ‘NC V-11’ and ‘Perry’; planting dates of early and late May; and phorate and aldicarb insecticide applied in-furrow. The incidence of plants expressing visual symptoms of spotted wilt was recorded from mid-June through mid-September. Treatment factors that reduced the incidence of symptoms of plants expressing spotted wilt symptoms included establishing higher plant densities, delaying planting from early May until late May, and applying the in-furrow insecticide phorate. Peanut cultivar did not have a consistent, significant effect on the incidence of symptomatic plants in this experiment.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hurt, CA and Brandenburg, RL and Jordan, DL and Kennedy, GG and Bailey, JE}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={1435–1440} }
 @article{nalepa_kennedy_brownie_2005, title={Role of visual contrast in the alighting behavior of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) at overwintering sites}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.425}, abstractNote={Abstract The multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is often a pest during autumn, when large numbers take flight and subsequently land on and enter buildings. Open field experiments were conducted during the autumn flight to examine the role of linear contrast in visually attracting beetles. White targets printed with 61 by 15-cm stripes that varied in orientation and degree of contrast were covered in insect adhesive, attached to a white background panel, and erected in sites known to be attractive to flying beetles. Flights occurred when temperatures rose above 21°C. Diurnally, peak flight occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours but shifted progressively earlier within that framework as the flight season advanced. Beetles significantly chose targets with high contrast, black stripes; the number of beetles landing on all other contrast levels did not differ significantly from controls. Vertically positioned stripes attracted more beetles than horizontal ones, but not significantly. The effects of high contrast were absolute rather than relative. The number of beetles landing on targets with 50% contrast stripes did not increase when these were the highest contrast targets available. Results suggest that visual intensity contrast is key to understanding the behavior of H. axyridis in autumn and call into question some commonly accepted ideas regarding choice of overwintering sites. First, during migratory flight, H. axyridis is not visually attracted to the color white per se, and second, it is unlikely that, during flight, pheromones are involved in beetle orientation.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nalepa, CA and Kennedy, GG and Brownie, C}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={425–431} }
 @article{kahn_walgenbach_kennedy_2005, title={Summer weeds as hosts for Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and as reservoirs for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in North Carolina}, volume={98}, DOI={10.1093/jee/98.6.1810}, abstractNote={In North Carolina, Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, TSWV) is vectored primarily by the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). TSWV overwinters in winter annual weeds from which it is spread to susceptible crops in spring. Because most susceptible crops are destroyed after harvest before winter weeds emerge in the fall, infected summer weeds are thought to be the principal source for spread of TSWV to winter annual weeds in fall. A survey of summer weeds associated with TSWV-susceptible crops in the coastal plain of North Carolina conducted between May and October revealed that relatively few species were commonly infected with TSWV and supported populations of F. fusca or F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis made up > 75% of vector species collected from 15 summer weed species during 2002. The number of F. occidentalis and F. fusca immatures collected from plant samples varied significantly among plant species. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Mollugo verticillata L., Cassia obtusifolia L., and Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats supported the largest numbers of immature F. occidentalis. Richardia scabra L., M. verticillata, and Ipomoea hederacea (L.) supported the largest numbers of F. fusca immatures. TSWV was present at 16 of 17 locations, and naturally occurring infections were found in 14 of 29 weed species tested. Five of the TSWV-infected species have not previously been reported as hosts of TSWV (A. palmeri, Solidago altissima L., Ipomoea lacunosa L., I. purpurea, and Phytolacca americana L.). Estimated rates of infection were highest in I. purpurea (6.8%), M. verticillata (5.3%), and I. hederacea (1.9%). When both the incidence of infection by TSWV and the populations of F. occidentalis and F. fusca associated with each weed species are considered, the following summer weed species have the potential to act as significant sources for spread of TSWV to winter annual weeds in fall: I. purpurea, I. hederacea, M. verticillata, A. palmeri, C. obtusifolia, R. scabra, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Polygonum pensylvanicum L., and Chenopodium album L.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Kahn, N. D. and Walgenbach, T. F. and Kennedy, George}, year={2005}, pages={1810–1815} }
 @article{abad_moyer_kennedy_holmes_cubeta_2005, title={Tomato spotted wilt virus on potato in eastern North Carolina}, volume={82}, ISSN={["1874-9380"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02853592}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH}, author={Abad, JA and Moyer, JW and Kennedy, GG and Holmes, GA and Cubeta, MA}, year={2005}, pages={255–261} }
 @article{sin_mcnulty_kennedy_moyer_2005, title={Viral genetic determinants for thrips transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus}, volume={102}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.0407354102}, abstractNote={
            Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted exclusively by thrips in nature. A reassortment-based viral genetic system was used to map transmissibility by thrips to the medium (M) RNA of TSWV. To locate determinants of thrips transmission in the M RNA, 30 single-lesion isolates (SLIs) were generated from a single TSWV isolate that was inefficiently transmitted by thrips. Three of the 30 SLIs were transmitted by thrips, and 27 were not. Sequence analysis of the M RNA, thrips transmissibility assays, G
            C
            protein analysis, and transmission electron microscopic studies revealed that a specific nonsynonymous mutation (C1375A) in the G
            N
            /G
            C
            ORF of the M RNA resulted in the loss of thrips transmissibility without inhibition of virion assembly. This was in contrast to other nontransmissible SLIs, which had frameshift and/or nonsense mutations in the G
            N
            /G
            C
            ORF but were defective in virion assembly. The G
            C
            glycoprotein was detectable in the C1375A mutants but not in the frameshift or nonsense mutants. We report a specific viral determinant associated with virus transmission by thrips. In addition, the loss of transmissibility was associated with the accumulation of defective haplotypes in the population, which are not transmissible by thrips, rather than with the presence of a dominant haplotype that is inefficiently transmitted by thrips. These results also indicate that the glycoproteins may not be required for TSWV infection of plant hosts but are required for transmissibility by thrips.
          }, number={14}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, author={Sin, SH and McNulty, BC and Kennedy, GG and Moyer, JW}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={5168–5173} }
 @article{kovanci_walgenbach_kennedy_borchert_2004, title={Evaluation of extended-season mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in apples}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1439-0418"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0418.2004.00906.x}, abstractNote={Abstract:  Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) has recently become a key pest of apples throughout the eastern USA. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption of Oriental fruit moth was successfully used in North Carolina apple orchards in the past few years. However, low levels of late‐season fruit damage occurred in some orchards treated in late May with hand‐applied pheromone dispensers because of inadequate dispenser longevity. To investigate alternative pheromone application schedules for extended mating disruption control, the following pheromone treatments were compared with conventional insecticides in Henderson County (NC) in 2002: late May application of hand‐applied dispensers; late June application of hand‐applied dispensers; late May application of hand‐applied dispensers supplemented with a late August application of sprayable pheromone dispensers; late May application of hand‐applied dispensers which have a longer activity period; and conventional insecticides as a control. All treatments were sprayed with an insecticide at petal fall in late April for thinning and for control of the first generation Oriental fruit moth adults. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in all mating disruption blocks compared with conventional insecticide blocks. Among pheromone treatments, the highest trap captures were recorded in the delayed hand‐applied dispenser treatment in June before treatment. However, the mean percentage fruit damage did not vary with timing of application of hand‐applied dispensers and the type of pheromone dispenser used. Clearly, the combination of each mating disruption treatment with insecticide application against first generation Oriental fruit moth was as effective as the conventional insecticide treatment under moderate population pressure.}, number={9-10}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Kovanci, OB and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG and Borchert, D}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={664–669} }
 @misc{kennedy_2004, title={Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena.  Edited by K M  Maredia, D  Dakouo, and , D  Mota‐Sanchez. Wallingford (United Kingdom) and Cambridge (Massachusetts): CABI Publishing. $149.00. xxv + 512 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–85199–652–3. 2003.}, volume={79}, ISSN={0033-5770 1539-7718}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425817}, DOI={10.1086/425817}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessEnvironmental SciencesIntegrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. Edited by K M Maredia, D Dakouo, and , D Mota‐Sanchez. Wallingford (United Kingdom) and Cambridge (Massachusetts): CABI Publishing. $149.00. xxv + 512 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0–85199–652–3. 2003.George G KennedyGeorge G KennedyEntomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Search for more articles by this author Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 79, Number 3September 2004 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/425817 Views: 4Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={3}, journal={The Quarterly Review of Biology}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Kennedy, George G}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={327–328} }
 @article{borchert_stinner_walgenbach_kennedy_2004, title={Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) phenology and management with methoxyfenozide in North Carolina apples}, volume={97}, DOI={10.1093/jee/97.4.1353}, abstractNote={The phenology of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), on apple (Malus spp.) in North Carolina was studied using pheromone traps and egg sampling in abandoned and commercial orchards in 2000 and 2001, with subsequent development of an oviposition degree-day model and management studies in relation to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), phenology. Oriental fruit moth eggs were found in greater numbers on leaves early and on fruit later in the growing season, on the top versus the bottom of the leaf surface, and on the calyx area versus the side or stem end of the fruit. A degree-day (DD) model to predict oriental fruit moth oviposition was developed based on temperature accumulations from peak moth trap capture of the first (overwintering) generation, by using 7.2 and 32.2 degrees C as the temperature limits. The model predicted four ovipositing generations of oriental fruit moth with the second beginning 507 DD after peak moth catch. Using predictions of the oriental fruit moth and codling moth degree-day oviposition models, an experiment was conducted to determine the level of second generation oriental fruit moth control with methoxyfenozide applied under different scenarios for first generation codling moth. Methoxyfenozide was equally effective in managing codling moth and oriental fruit moth for all treatment timings.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Borchert, D. M. and Stinner, R. E. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Kennedy, George}, year={2004}, pages={1353–1364} }
 @article{nalepa_kennedy_brownie_2004, title={Orientation of multicolored Asian lady beetles to buildings}, volume={50}, number={3}, journal={American Entomologist (Lanham, Md.)}, author={Nalepa, C. A. and Kennedy, G. G. and Brownie, C.}, year={2004}, pages={174–175} }
 @article{borchert_walgenbach_kennedy_long_2004, title={Toxicity and residual activity of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)}, volume={97}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-97.4.1342}, abstractNote={Abstract A series of studies were conducted to examine the residual activity and toxicity of the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), in North Carolina apple systems. Methoxyfenozide exhibited greater activity than tebufenozide against codling moth eggs in dose-response bioassays, with a 4.5- and 5.3-fold lower LC50 value to eggs laid on fruit treated before or after oviposition, respectively. Oriental fruit moth eggs were 57- and 12-fold less sensitive to methoxyfenozide than were codling moth eggs on fruit treated before and after oviposition, respectively. Methoxyfenozide was effective in reducing larval entries of both codling moth and oriental fruit moth in field residual activity bioassays, exhibiting activity for at least 28 d after application. Residue breakdown on fruit was ≈80% at 28 d after treatment for both methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, with the most rapid residue decline (60%) occurring during the first 14 d after application. Two applications of methoxyfenozide applied at 14-d intervals provided better canopy coverage and higher residue levels than one application. Spray volume (683 versus 2,057 liters/ha) did not affect the efficacy of methoxyfenozide. Leaf and fruit expansion during the season was measured to determine potential plant-growth dilution effects on residual activity. There was very little increase in leaf area after mid May, but increase in fruit surface area over the season was described by a second order polynomial regression. Implications for codling moth and oriental fruit moth management programs are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, author={Borchert, D. M. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Kennedy, George and Long, J. W.}, year={2004}, pages={1342–1352} }
 @inbook{kennedy_2003, place={San Diego, CA}, edition={1st}, title={Colorado potato beetle}, ISBN={9780080546056}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Insects}, publisher={Academic Press}, author={Kennedy, G.G.}, editor={Resh, V. and Carde, R.T.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={242–244} }
 @misc{roe_bailey_gould_kennedy_sutula_2003, title={Insecticide resistance assay}, volume={6,517,856}, number={2003 Feb. 11}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. and Sutula, C. L.}, year={2003} }
 @article{groves_walgenbach_moyer_kennedy_2003, title={Seasonal dispersal patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and tomato spotted wilt virus occurrence in central and eastern North Carolina}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The seasonal abundance and temporal pattern of Frankliniella fusca Hinds dispersal were monitored from 1996 to 2000 at 12 locations in central and eastern North Carolina. The predominant vector species of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) captured across all locations was F. fusca (98%). The temporal patterns of F. fusca dispersal observed during spring seasons varied among locations in all years except 2000. Regression analysis estimated that times of first flight in the spring seasons varied among locations, whereas flight duration intervals were similar. Temporal patterns of F. fusca captured varied significantly between aerial traps placed 0.1 and 1.0 m above the soil surface. Fewer total thrips were captured at 0.1 m, although thrips dispersal occurred earlier and over a greater time interval compared with 1.0-m traps. Temporal patterns of TSWV occurrence differed among locations in the spring seasons of 1999 and 2000, whereas patterns of virus occurrence were similar during the fall seasons. Patterns of F. fusca dispersal and subsequent TSWV occurrence were synchronous at locations in 1999 and 2000 where the greatest number of TSWV lesions was recorded. Knowledge of the temporal patterns of F. fusca dispersal and TSWV occurrence may be a useful indicator for describing the time when susceptible crops are at highest risk of TSWV infection.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Groves, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Moyer, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={1–11} }
 @article{storer_peck_gould_van duyn_kennedy_2003, title={Sensitivity analysis of a spatially-explicit stochastic simulation model of the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton}, volume={96}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.173}, abstractNote={Abstract The sensitivities of a model simulating the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea to Bt toxins in transgenic crops were investigated by examining effects of each of the model parameters on the frequency of resistance alleles after 8 yr. The functional dominance of resistance alleles and the initial frequency of those alleles had a major impact on resistance evolution. The survival of susceptible insects on the transgenic crops and the population dynamics of the insect, driven by winter survival and reproductive rates, were also important. In addition, agricultural practices including the proportion of the acreage planted to corn, and the larval threshold for spraying cotton fields affected the R-allele frequency. Many of these important parameters are inherently variable or cannot be measured with accuracy, so model output cannot be interpreted as being a forecast. However, this analysis is useful in focusing empirical research on those aspects of the insects’ life system that have the largest effects on resistance development, and indicates ways in which to improve products and agricultural practices to increase the expected time to resistance. The model can thus be used as a scientific basis for devising a robust resistance management strategy for Bt crops.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Storer, NP and Peck, SL and Gould, F and Van Duyn, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={173–187} }
 @article{storer_peck_gould_van duyn_kennedy_2003, title={Spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) to Bt transgenic corn and cotton in a mixed agroecosystem: a biology-rich stochastic simulation model}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-96.1.156}, abstractNote={Abstract A simulation model is developed to examine the role of spatial processes in the evolution of resistance in Helicoverpa zea populations to Bt corn and Bt cotton. The model is developed from the stochastic spatially explicit Heliothis virescens model described by Peck et al. (1999), to accommodate a spatial mix of two host crops (corn and cotton), and to reflect the agronomic practices, as well as the spatial and temporal population dynamics of H. zea, in eastern North Carolina. The model suggests that selection for resistance is more intense in Bt cotton fields than in Bt corn fields. It further suggests that local gene frequencies are highly dependent on local deployment levels of Bt crops despite the high mobility of the adult insects. Region-wide average gene frequencies depend on the region-wide level of Bt deployment, so incomplete technology adoption slows the rate of resistance evolution. However, on a local scale, H. zea populations in clusters of fields in which Bt use is high undergo far more rapid evolution than populations in neighboring clusters of fields in which Bt use is low. The model suggests that farm-level refuge requirements are important for managing the risk of resistance. The model can be used as an aid in designing plans for monitoring for resistance by suggesting the appropriate distribution of monitoring locations, which should focus on areas of highest Bt crop deployment. The findings need to be placed in the context of the input parameters, many of which are uncertain or highly variable in nature, and therefore, a thorough sensitivity analysis is warranted.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Storer, NP and Peck, SL and Gould, F and Van Duyn, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={156–172} }
 @misc{kennedy_2003, title={Tomato, Pests, parasitoids, and predators: Tritrophic interactions involving the genus Lycopersicon}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1545-4487"]}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112733}, abstractNote={Insect-plant interactions involving the cultivated tomato and its relatives in the genus Lycopersicon have been intensively studied for several decades, resulting in one of the best documented and in-depth examples of the mechanistic complexities of insect-plant interactions, which encompass both herbivores and their natural enemies. Trichome-mediated defenses are particularly significant in L. hirsutum f. glabratum and have been extensively implicated in negative tritrophic effects mediated by direct contact of parasitoids and predators with trichomes, as well as indirect effects mediated through their hosts or prey. Both constitutive and inducible defense traits of L. esculentum exert effects on selected parasitoids and predators. The effects of any particular plant defense trait on parasitoids and predators depend on the specific attributes of the plant trait and the details of the physical, biochemical, and behavioral interaction between the natural enemy, its host (prey), and the plant.}, journal={ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, pages={51–72} }
 @article{schmidt_linker_orr_kennedy_2003, title={Variation in biological parameters of Trichogramma spp. purchased from commercial suppliers in the United States}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1386-6141"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1025751428043}, number={5}, journal={BIOCONTROL}, author={Schmidt, VB and Linker, HM and Orr, DB and Kennedy, GG}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={487–502} }
 @article{hummel_walgenbach_barbercheck_kennedy_hoyt_arellano_2002, title={Effects of production practices on soil-borne entomopathogens in western North Carolina vegetable systems}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.84}, abstractNote={Abstract Populations of endemic soil entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC. Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk versus conservation tillage), two input approaches (chemically versus biologically based), and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato versus 3-yr rotation of corn, cucumber, cabbage, and tomato) were employed in large plots from 1995 to 1998. A Galleria mellonella (L.) trap bioassay was used to identify and monitor activity of Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae populations during the vegetable growing season (April–September). Seasonal detection of entomopathogens was significantly higher in conservation compared with conventional tillage systems. The strip-till operation did not affect levels of detection of S. carpocapsae. Pesticide use significantly reduced detection of entomopathogenic fungi. Type of ground cover significantly affected temperature in the upper 12 cm of soil; highest soil temperatures were observed under black plastic mulch and bare ground, whereas lowest temperatures were observed under rye mulch and clover intercrop. The high soil temperatures associated with certain ground covers may have reduced entomopathogen detection or survival. Although type of tillage appeared to be the primary factor affecting survival of endemic soil entomopathogens in our system, other factors, such as pesticide use and type of ground cover, can negate the positive effects of strip-tillage.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hummel, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Barbercheck, ME and Kennedy, GG and Hoyt, GD and Arellano, C}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={84–91} }
 @article{hummel_walgenbach_hoyt_kennedy_2002, title={Effects of production system on vegetable arthropods and their natural enemies}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0167-8809"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00345-0}, abstractNote={Populations of foliar insect pests and natural enemies were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC, USA. Two types of tillage (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage), two input approaches (chemically-based, biologically-based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), 3-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and tomato) were employed from 1995 to 1998. Tomato pest pressure was relatively low in all years, resulting in a limited impact of production systems on potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and its associated parasitoids and predators. Thrips (Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera)) populations were significantly higher in the biological input treatments in 3 of 4 years. Lepidopterous (primarily Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) damage on tomato was significantly higher in biological treatments in all years, damage by thrips and pentatomids (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) increasing each year in the continuous tomato crop schedule. Most insect populations were significantly influenced by type of insecticide input or ground cover. Few population measurements were affected by tillage type. Foliar insect problems in commercial vegetable production may be associated predominantly with insecticide input (i.e. more damage with biologically based insecticides) and use of intercropping (i.e. more damage in systems with living mulch); however, the long term effects of tillage and crop rotation remain to be seen.}, number={1-3}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Hummel, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Hoyt, GD and Kennedy, GG}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={165–176} }
 @article{hummel_walgenbach_hoyt_kennedy_2002, title={Effects of vegetable production system on epigeal arthropod populations}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0167-8809"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00346-2}, abstractNote={Populations of epigeal arthropods were monitored in vegetable production systems under varying degrees of sustainable agricultural practices in Fletcher, NC (USA). Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk, strip-tillage (ST)), two input approaches (chemically based, biologically based) and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.], 3-year rotation of sweet corn [Zea mays L.]/cabbage [Brassica oleracea L.], cucumber [Cucumis sativus L.]/cabbage and tomato) were employed from 1995–1998. A second study with tomatoes was performed in 1997–1998 to separate effects of pesticide use, intercropping and herbicide application. Pitfall traps (48-h sample period) were used at ∼25-day intervals to monitor relative activity of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), staphylinid (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) beetles and lycosid spiders (Araneidae: Lycosidae). Carabids and lycosids appeared to be more active in systems with ground cover. Trap catches of carabid species were not significantly affected by insecticide input, but trap catches of lycosids were lower in plots with conventional insecticide use. No consistent effect of tillage was found over time, although Scarites spp. were more active in minimally disturbed habitats in 1998. Two distinct patterns of seasonal activity were observed for carabid beetles and lycosid spiders. Ground cover generally enhanced abundance of carabids and lycosids, while tillage type, pesticide use and crop rotation had different effects.}, number={1-3}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Hummel, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Hoyt, GD and Kennedy, GG}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={177–188} }
 @misc{smith_kennedy_2002, title={History of Pesticides}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824706326.ch156}, DOI={10.1201/noe0824706326.ch156}, journal={Encyclopedia of Pest Management (Print)}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Smith, Edward and Kennedy, George}, year={2002}, month={May} }
 @article{groves_walgenbach_moyer_kennedy_2002, title={The role of weed hosts and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt virus}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.573}, abstractNote={ Wild plant species were systematically sampled to characterize reproduction of thrips, the vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and natural sources TSWV infection. Thrips populations were monitored on 28 common perennial, biennial, and annual plant species over two noncrop seasons at six field locations across North Carolina. Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum officianale consistently supported the largest populations of immature TSWV vector species. The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, was the most abundant TSWV vector species collected, comprising over 95% of vector species in each survey season. Perennial plant species (i.e., Plantago rugelii and Taraxacum officianale) were often only locally abundant, and many annual species (Cerastium vulgatum, Sonchus asper, and Stellaria media) were more widely distributed. Perennial species, including P. rugelii and Rumex crispus, remained TSWV infected for 2 years in a small-plot field test. Where these perennial species are locally abundant, they may serve as important and long-lasting TSWV inoculum sources. In random surveys across 12 locations in North Carolina, TSWV infection was documented by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 35 of 72 (49%) common perennial (N = 10), biennial (N = 4), and annual (N = 21) plant species across 18 plant families. Estimated rates of TSWV infection were highest in Cerastium vulgatum (4.2%), Lactuca scariola (1.3%), Molluga verticillata (4.3%), Plantago rugelii (3.4%), Ranunculus sardous (3.6%), Sonchus asper (5.1%), Stellaria media (1.4%), and Taraxacum officianale (5.8%). Nine plant species were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection, including Cardamine hirsuta, Eupatorium capillifolium, Geranium carolinianum, Gnaphalium purpureum, Linaria canadense, Molluga verticillata, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Triodanis perfoliata. Our findings document the relative potential of a number of common annual, biennial, and perennial plant species to act as important reproductive sites for F. fusca and as acquisition sources of TSWV for spread to susceptible crops. }, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Groves, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Moyer, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2002}, month={Jun}, pages={573–582} }
 @inbook{kennedy_2002, place={New York}, title={Thrips}, ISBN={9780471298175}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology}, publisher={J. Wiley & Sons}, author={Kennedy, G.G.}, editor={Maloy, O. and Murray, T.Editors}, year={2002} }
 @article{costa_kennedy_heagle_2001, title={Effect of host plant ozone stress on Colorado potato beetles}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X-30.5.824}, abstractNote={Abstract Effects of ozone (O3) stress of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., on fecundity, larval growth and survival of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were measured in greenhouse and field experiments. Chronic O3 exposure caused moderate to severe foliar injury on an O3-sensitive cultivar (‘Red Norland’) but caused only minor injury an O3-resistant cultivar (‘Superior’). Foliar injury caused by O3 was greater on old than on young leaves but feeding by adult beetles was greater on young leaves in all experiments. Foliar analyses of the five uppermost leaves (nodes 1–5) showed higher carbon (C) and higher nitrogen (N) concentration in Superior than in Norland. There were no significant O3 effects on C or N and no cultivar × O3 interactions. Egg production by newly emerged adult beetles feeding on plants exposed to high O3 levels was not significantly different from egg production on plants exposed to low O3 levels, regardless of cultivar O3 sensitivity. Feeding and energy conversion efficiency of neonates and survival of larvae to the adult stage were not significantly affected by the O3 treatment. Although present levels of tropospheric O3 are high enough to significantly affect yield of sensitive potato cultivars, our results indicate no significant effect of ambient O3 concentrations on Colorado potato beetle populations.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Costa, SD and Kennedy, GG and Heagle, AS}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={824–831} }
 @article{groves_sorenson_walgenbach_kennedy_2001, title={Effects of imidacloprid on transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus to pepper, tomato and tobacco by Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00171-X}, abstractNote={Abstract Rates of transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, to imidacloprid-treated and untreated tomato, pepper and tobacco were measured in greenhouse and small-plot field trials. The incidence of TSWV was reduced in greenhouse assays with all 3 crops receiving a soil application of imidacloprid at a rate of 9.9 g [AI]/1000 plants. Levels of TSWV were also reduced in small-plot field trials of tomato and pepper plants receiving transplant applications of imidacloprid at the same rate. No F. fusca were recovered from imidacloprid-treated tobacco (9.9 g [AI]/1000 plants) 24 days following an initial infestation. In the greenhouse, F. fusca populations reached higher levels on healthy than TSWV-infected tobacco. Applications of soil-applied imidacloprid reduced the number and duration of probing/feeding bouts by F. fusca on pepper and mustard (Brassica rapa L.). Reduced probing and feeding by viruliferous thrips on imidacloprid-treated plants may contribute to less TSWV incidence as observed in the field and greenhouse experiments.}, number={5}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Groves, RL and Sorenson, CE and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={439–445} }
 @article{meissner_walgenbach_kennedy_2001, title={Effects of mating disruption and conventional pesticide treatments on populations of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis, in North Carolina apple orchards}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00140-X}, abstractNote={Trials were conducted during four consecutive summers (1995–1998) in North Carolina apple orchards to compare the effects of mating disruption and conventional pesticide treatments on tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis, populations with regard to number of males caught in pheromone traps, number of egg masses, number of leaf shelters, and feeding damage. Pheromone traps caught significantly fewer males in mating disruption than in non-disruption plots. For the first generation, the number of tufted apple bud moth egg masses was higher in the conventional treatment, but in the second-generation egg mass numbers did not differ among treatments. Neither the number of TABM leaf shelters found per hour, nor the percentage of fruit with TABM feeding damage was significantly different among treatments. However, when TABM populations were high, damage was generally greater in mating disruption plots. Because this insect is usually not of economic concern until populations reach high densities, this insect appears to be less amenable to control with mating disruption compared to other tortricids.}, number={5}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Meissner, HE and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={373–378} }
 @article{lu_kennedy_gould_2001, title={Genetic analysis of larval survival and larval growth of two populations of Leptinotarsa decemlineata on tomato}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00812.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Lu, WH and Kennedy, GG and Gould, F}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={143–155} }
 @article{storer_van duyn_kennedy_2001, title={Life history traits of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt transgenic corn hybrids in Eastern North Carolina}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1268}, abstractNote={Abstract Transgenic varieties of field corn that express the Cry1Ab B. thuringiensis (Bt) toxin in ear tissue present the potential of reducing ear feeding by the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and for reducing the size of populations of the insect infesting other host crops. Life history parameters of H. zea feeding on ears of conventional and Bt field corn varieties were measured in field plots in eastern North Carolina in 1997 and 1998. Transformation events investigated were Mon-810 and Bt-11. Bt corn was found to cause a steady mortality of larvae during development, but permitted ≈15–40% survival to the prepupal stage compared with non-Bt corn. Mortality of prepupae and pupae from Bt corn was also higher than from non-Bt corn, reducing overall adult production by 65–95%. The larvae that did survive grew more slowly on Bt than on non-Bt corn, and produced pupae that weighed 33% less. Pupation and adult eclosion were delayed by 6–10 d by feeding on Bt corn ears. Corn varieties expressing Bt in ear tissue have the potential to reduce H. zea ear feeding by up to 80%, and the potential to reduce populations emerging from ear-stage corn fields to infest cotton, soybean and other crops by around 75%. To have a measurable effect on area-wide populations, Bt corn varieties would need to be planted in large proportions of corn fields. Extensive planting of varieties such as those tested here, having only moderate effects on H. zea, would raise concerns about rapid evolution of resistance.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Storer, NP and Van Duyn, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1268–1279} }
 @article{costa_barbercheck_kennedy_2001, title={Mortality of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) after sublethal stress with the CryIIIA delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis and subsequent exposure to Beauveria bassiana}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1096-0805"]}, DOI={10.1006/jipa.2001.5017}, abstractNote={Acute or chronic sublethal exposure of Colorado potato beetle larvae to the CryIIIA delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner did not significantly (P > 0.05) alter their subsequent susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. During the period of exposure to B. bassiana there was continued mortality from previous exposure to delta-endotoxin, and B. bassiana also caused significant mortality. Acute and chronic exposure to delta-endotoxin significantly prolonged larval development. The weights of prepupae and adults were significantly reduced by exposure to delta-endotoxin, with the greatest effect being from chronic exposure. Separation of the manifestations of stress in time (feeding vs soil stages) and space (toxin damage to the insect gut vs fungal penetration of the cuticle and activity in the hemocoel) may have precluded alteration of insect susceptibility to infection by B. bassiana. Endemic populations of B. bassiana are not expected to influence the development of resistance in the Colorado potato beetle to the delta-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY}, author={Costa, SD and Barbercheck, ME and Kennedy, GG}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={173–179} }
 @article{groves_walgenbach_moyer_kennedy_2001, title={Overwintering of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on winter annual weeds infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus and patterns of virus movement between susceptible weed hosts}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.9.891}, abstractNote={Overwintering of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, was investigated on common winter annual host plants infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Populations of tobacco thrips produced on TSWV-infected plants did not differ from those produced on healthy plants, whereas populations varied greatly among host plant species. The mean per plant populations of F. fusca averaged 401, 162, and 10 thrips per plant on Stellaria media, Scleranthus annuus, and Sonchus asper, respectively, during peak abundance in May. Adult F. fusca collected from plant hosts were predominately brachypterous throughout the winter and early spring, but macropterous forms predominated in late spring. Weed hosts varied in their ability to serve as overwintering sources of TSWV inoculum. Following the initial infection by TSWV in October 1997, 75% of Scleranthus annuus and Stellaria media retained infection over the winter and spring season, whereas only 17% of Sonchus asper plants remained infected throughout the same interval. Mortality of TSWV-infected Sonchus asper plants exceeded 25%, but mortality of infected Stellaria media and Scleranthus annuus did not exceed 8%. TSWV transmission by thrips produced on infected plants was greatest on Stellaria media (18%), intermediate on Scleranthus annuus (6%), and lowest on Sonchus asper (2%). Very few viruliferous F. fusca were recovered from soil samples collected below infected wild host plants. Vegetative growth stages of Stellaria media, Sonchus asper, and Ranunculus sardous were more susceptible to F. fusca transmission of TSWV than flowering growth stages, whereas both growth stages of Scleranthus annuus were equally susceptible. In a field study to monitor the spatial and temporal patterns of virus movement from a central source of TSWV-infected Stellaria media to adjacent plots of R. sardous, the incidence of infection in R. sardous plots increased from <1% in March to >42% in June 1999. Infection levels in the Stellaria media inoculum source remained high throughout the experiment, averaging nearly 80% until June 1999 when all Stellaria media plants had senesced. Dispersal of TSWV from the inoculum source extended to the limits of the experimental plot (>37 m). Significant directional patterns of TSWV spread to the R. sardous plots were detected in April and May but not in June. R. sardous infections were detected as early as March and April, suggesting that overwintering inoculum levels in an area can increase rapidly during the spring in susceptible weed hosts prior to planting of susceptible crops. This increase in the abundance of TSWV inoculum sources occurs at a time when vector populations are increasing rapidly. The spread of TSWV among weeds in the spring serves to bridge the period when overwintered inoculum sources decline and susceptible crops are planted.}, number={9}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Groves, RL and Walgenbach, JF and Moyer, JW and Kennedy, GG}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={891–899} }
 @article{bailey_brownie_bacheler_gould_kennedy_sorenson_roe_2001, title={Species diagnosis and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) field strains from the southern United States using feeding disruption bioassays}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.76}, abstractNote={Abstract Validation of a feeding disruption bioassay for the detection of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin and species identification is reported using field strains of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea collected from the southern United States in 1998. Feeding disruption is measured by a lack of fecal production from larvae exposed to a diagnostic concentration of CryIAc in a blue indicator diet. The bioassay provided rapid (24 h) diagnosis of the species composition of larvae tested and also monitored for the presence of resistance in H. virescens. An additional diagnostic concentration was established for monitoring resistance in H. zea. A probit model was used to compare the fecal production responses of insect strains over a range of CryIAc doses. Probability calculations, derived from our assay results, are also presented to aid in the interpretation of future results from field trials. Integration of the feeding disruption bioassay into integrated pest management programs is discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Bailey, WD and Brownie, C and Bacheler, JS and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Sorenson, CE and Roe, RM}, year={2001}, month={Feb}, pages={76–85} }
 @article{nault_costa_kennedy_2000, title={Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) feeding, development, and survival to adulthood after continuous exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp tenebrionis-treated potato foliage from the field}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.149}, abstractNote={Abstract Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), feeding, development, and survival to adulthood were examined after continuously exposing large larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis-treated potato foliage from the field. In laboratory assays, the overall consumption and the length of period to become prepupae were determined for larvae, which began as 3rd and 4th instars, that were offered potato leaf disks with naturally declining levels of B. thuringiensis residue. In small-cage field experiments, survival to adulthood and the period to adult emergence for beetles confined to potato plants treated with B. thuringiensis beginning as 3rd and 4th instars also were examined. Third instars remaining on plants after a B. thuringiensis application were unlikely to feed and 4th instars consumed only ≈50% as much foliage as those fed untreated foliage. Many late instars subjected to B. thuringiensis-treated foliage failed to survive to adulthood; 58–83% of these beetles died during the larval stage. Reduced feeding and poor survival of late instars suggest that counts of large larvae after application do not provide a complete picture of the efficacy of the B. thuringiensis treatment. Late instar Colorado potato beetles that were exposed continually to naturally declining levels of B. thuringiensis-treated potato foliage took an average of 1.8–4.5 d longer to become prepupae and 4–8 d longer to emerge as adults compared with those provided with untreated foliage. Delayed emergence of adults that fed on B. thuringiensis-treated potatoes as late instars indicated that development was prolonged in these insects because of ingestion of a sublethal dose of B. thuringiensis.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nault, BA and Costa, SD and Kennedy, GG}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={149–156} }
 @article{meissner_atterholt_walgenbach_kennedy_2000, title={Comparison of pheromone application rates, point source densities, and dispensing methods for mating disruption of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.820}, abstractNote={Abstract Small-plot (≈0.1 ha) studies were used to evaluate different pheromone dispensing systems, application rates, and point-source densities for mating disruption of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). Using polyvinyl chloride spirals impregnated with tufted apple bud moth pheromone (1:1 ratio of E11-tetradecenyl alcohol/E11-tetradecenyl acetate), pheromone rates of ≥1,482 spirals per hectare (74.1 g pheromone per hectare) were superior to a rate of 988 spirals per hectare (49.4 g pheromone per hectare) in decreasing male response to pheromone traps in 1995, whereas no differences were detected among rates of 988, 1,482 and 1,975 spirals per hectare in 1996. Within a range of 370–988 pheromone dispensers per hectare, point source densities were equally effective in suppressing male response to pheromone traps. Pheromone-impregnated paraffin disks were equally effective at inhibiting male response to pheromone traps compared with polyvinyl chloride spirals. However, a paraffin emulsion formulation of pheromone applied with a hand-held grease gun provided longer residual communication disruption effects than polyvinyl chloride spirals. Dilution of paraffin emulsion pheromone formulations in water for application with a backpack sprayer and airblast sprayer rendered them ineffective in reducing male response to pheromone traps. The releases of pheromone from polyvinyl chloride spirals and paraffin disks aged in the field were described by a linear and negative logarithmic curve, respectively, indicating that dispenser life time should be longer for spirals. The ratio of acetate to alcohol components of pheromone released from spirals increased over time, whereas the release ratio remained more constant for paraffin disks. This suggests that the disruption efficacy of spirals may be prematurely reduced because of imbalance of the released components.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Meissner, HE and Atterholt, CA and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={820–827} }
 @article{cho_walgenbach_kennedy_2000, title={Daily and temporal occurrence of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on tomato}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1347-605X"]}, DOI={10.1303/aez.2000.207}, abstractNote={Daily occurrence and flight activity of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in tomato fields was studied on five dates in 1990 and four dates in 1992. Higher number of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) were observed on tomato flowers in the morning than in the afternoon on 3 of 5 and 2 of 4 sample dates in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Numbers of Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) and immature thrips on flowers or foliage did not differ among sample hours. On tomato foliage, F. fusca and immature thrips were dominant, while few F. occidentalis or F. tritici were collected. Temperature was an important factor in the flight activity of F. tritici. Populations of F. tritici peaked earlier in the season and declined sooner than those of F. occidentalis. F. occidentalis and F. tritici both inhabited tomato flowers and subdivided this niche temporally, while F. fusca occupied a different niche, tomato foliage.}, number={2}, journal={APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY}, author={Cho, K and Walgenbach, JF and Kennedy, GG}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={207–214} }
 @article{roe_bailey_gould_sorenson_kennedy_bacheler_rose_hodgson_sutula_2000, title={Detection of resistant insects and IPM}, ISBN={0890542465}, journal={Emerging technologies for integrated pest management : concepts, research, and implementation}, publisher={St. Paul, MN : APS Press,}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Sorenson, C. E. and Kennedy, G. G. and Bacheler, J. S. and Rose, R. L. and Hodgson, E. and Sutula, C. L.}, year={2000}, pages={67} }
 @book{emerging technologies for integrated pest management: concepts, research, and implementation_2000, ISBN={0890542465}, publisher={St. Paul, MN: APS Press}, year={2000} }
 @misc{roe_bailey_gould_kennedy_2000, title={Insecticide resistance assay}, volume={6,060,039}, number={2000 May 9}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W. D. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={2000} }
 @article{kennedy_storer_2000, title={Life systems of polyphagous arthropod pests in temporally unstable cropping systems}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.467}, abstractNote={▪ Abstract  Annual cropping systems consist of a shifting mosaic of habitats that vary through time in their availability and suitability to insect pests. Agroecosystem instability results from changes that occur within a season with crop planting, development, and harvest. Further instability results from continuous alterations in biotic and abiotic insect life system components and from agricultural inputs. Changes to agroecosystems occur across seasons with changing agricultural practices, changing cropping patterns, and technological innovations. Much of this instability is a result of events unconnected with pest management.}, number={2000}, journal={Annual Review of Entomology}, author={Kennedy, George and Storer, N. P.}, year={2000}, pages={467–493} }
 @article{nault_kennedy_2000, title={Seasonal changes in habitat preference by Coleomegilla maculata: Implications for Colorado potato beetle management in potato}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1049-9644"]}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.1999.0781}, abstractNote={Abstract Seasonal abundance, dispersal, and overwintering of the 12-spotted ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), in the mid-Atlantic states were investigated to assess the potential to manipulate the habitat of this predator to increase its impact on Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), management in commercial potato plantings. C. maculata populations were highest in corn fields through August, and overwintering aggregations were found most commonly in habitats adjacent to these fields. Although adult and larval populations of C. maculata were synchronized with first-generation potato beetle eggs and small larvae, they were concentrated in wheat rather than potato fields because most of the potato plants had not yet emerged when C. maculata adults dispersed from their overwintering sites. The subsequent generation of C. maculata tended to aggregate in corn rather than potato in late May and early June. Therefore, given the current mixture of crops as well as climatic and marketing limitations on planting date for potatoes, the potential for habitat manipulation to increase the impact of C. maculata on Colorado potato beetle management in potato in the mid-Atlantic states appears to be limited.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Nault, BA and Kennedy, GG}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={164–173} }
 @article{yencho_kowalski_kennedy_sanford_2000, title={Segregation of leptine glycoalkaloids and resistance to Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) in F2 Solanum tuberosum (4x) x S-chacoense (4x) potato progenies}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1874-9380"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF02853941}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH}, author={Yencho, GC and Kowalski, SP and Kennedy, GG and Sanford, LL}, year={2000}, pages={167–178} }
 @article{costa_barbercheck_kennedy_2000, title={Sublethal acute and chronic exposure of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) to the delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis}, volume={93}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.680}, abstractNote={Abstract Sublethal exposure of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae to the δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis variety tenebrionis (Berliner) caused a dose-dependent reduction in feeding and weight gain when tested in a leaf disk bioassay. The highest doses of chronic (continuous-lower concentration) exposure resulted in peak foliage consumption on day 1 as compared with peak consumption on days 3 and 4 when exposure was acute (24-h higher concentration). Dose and exposure regimen interacted significantly in their effects on the extension of development. When development time was analyzed separately for each exposure regimen, only acute exposure caused significant delays in development that extended through to adult eclosion. The efficiency of conversion of ingested material to biomass (ECI) declined significantly with both exposure regimens. The lethal and most sublethal effects of exposure to δ-endotoxin were not cumulative, in that similar total doses, whether delivered acutely or chronically, produced different effects. Female adults that survived acute and chronic exposure to δ-endotoxin as larvae had significantly reduced weight and longevity, and tended to produce fewer eggs (45 and 44% reductions in acute and chronic exposures, respectively) when compared with control adults. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and net reproductive rate (R0) also appeared to be reduced.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Costa, SD and Barbercheck, ME and Kennedy, GG}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={680–689} }
 @article{garcia_kennedy_brandenburg_2000, title={Survival and Reproductive Success of Tobacco Thrips on Three Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infected and Noninfected Peanut Cultivars}, volume={27}, ISSN={0095-3679}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-2}, DOI={10.3146/i0095-3679-27-2-2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Peanut Science}, publisher={American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Garcia, L. E. and Kennedy, G. G. and Brandenburg, R. L.}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={49–52} }
 @article{roe_bailey_zhao_young_carter_gould_sorenson_kennedy_bacheler_1999, title={Assay kit for species and insecticide resistance diagnosis for tobacco budworm and bollworm in cotton}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Roe, R. M. and Bailey, W.D. and Zhao, G. and Young, H.P. and Carter, L.M. and Gould, F. and Sorenson, C.E. and Kennedy, G.G. and Bacheler, J.S.}, year={1999}, pages={926–930} }
 @inproceedings{storer_gould_kennedy_van duyn_1999, title={Ecology and biology of cotton bollworm in reference to modeling Bt resistance development in a Bt Cotton / Bt corn system}, volume={2}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference}, author={Storer, N.P. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G.G. and Van Duyn, J.W.}, year={1999}, pages={949–952} }
 @article{storer_gould_kennedy_peck_van duyn_1999, title={Evolution of region-wide resistance in cotton bollworm to Bt cotton as influenced by Bt corn: Identification of key factors through computer simulation}, volume={2}, number={1999}, journal={Beltwide Cotton Conferences. Proceedings}, author={Storer, N. P. and Gould, F. and Kennedy, G. G. and Peck, S. L. and Van Duyn, J. W.}, year={1999}, pages={952–956} }
 @article{nault_kennedy_1999, title={Influence of foliar-applied Bacillus thuringiensis subsp tenebrionis and an early potato harvest on abundance and overwinter survival of Colorado potato beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/92.5.1165}, abstractNote={The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis applications and early harvest of potatoes on reducing the size of overwintering Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), populations in eastern North Carolina were investigated over 3 yr. In large-plot (0.04 ha) experiments, potato beetle densities and defoliation levels in plots that were either treated with B. thuringiensis or left untreated were compared during the season. Similarly, the size of the overwintered potato beetle populations in these plots was compared the following spring. In a simulated harvest experiment, 1st-generation adults (generation that overwinters) were collected from untreated and B. thuringiensis -treated plots at various times and then placed into small field cages containing tubers and dead potato vines. Survival of these beetles was determined the following spring. Additionally, the effects of early harvests of ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Superior’ potatoes on marketable tuber yields were examined. Results suggest that a single foliar application of B. thuringiensis made when the large larval populations reached 1 per stem reduced and delayed the development of potato beetle populations and, more importantly, suppressed defoliation during the critical bloom stage. Although overwinter survival and the size of the overwintered population from plots treated with B. thuringiensis the previous season did not differ with those from untreated plots, overwinter survival was positively correlated with an increase in the period between planting and harvest. These results suggest that beetle populations could be reduced if potatoes are harvested before many 1st-generation adults emerge. To accomplish this while minimizing the potential for yield loss by harvesting too early, fields of the early-maturing variety Superior could be harvested as early as 85–92 d after planting.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nault, BA and Kennedy, GG}, year={1999}, month={Oct}, pages={1165–1171} }
 @article{kennedy_1999, title={Science in Transition: Meeting the Challenge
1}, volume={45}, ISSN={2155-9902 1046-2821}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/45.3.156}, DOI={10.1093/ae/45.3.156}, abstractNote={The theme for this joint meeting of the Entomological Society of America and the American Phytopathological Society, “Science in Transition,” reflects the many changes that are underway in science and in the scientific enterprise in the United States. These transitions are determining the directions in which scientific inquiry will proceed in the years to come. They also are shaping the environment in which science will be practiced, taught, and applied in the early years of the next millennium. We truly are in a period that is rich in challenges and opportunities for scientists and for scientific societies. Transition is being fueled from within the scientific enterprise by a continuing supply of new information and by conceptual and technological advances that are leading to new insights, new paradigms, and new avenues of inquiry. These advances are improving greatly our ability to develop solutions to important problems facing human and animal health, agriculture, and the environment. This is the nature of science.}, number={3}, journal={American Entomologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kennedy, George G.}, year={1999}, pages={156–160} }
 @article{hilbeck_kennedy_1998, title={Effects of temperature on survival and preimaginal development rates of Colorado potato beetle on potato and horse-nettle: potential role in host range expansion}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.1998.00407.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Hilbeck, A and Kennedy, GG}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={261–269} }
 @article{bailey_zhao_carter_gould_kennedy_roe_1998, title={Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00057-X}, abstractNote={Bioassay methodology was developed for species diagnosis of Heliothis virescens compared with Helicoverpa zea in cotton and to detect H. virescens larvae with significant levels of resistance to the biopesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay end-point is feeding disruption, which is measured by a lack of fecal production by larvae exposed to a diagnostic dose of CrylAc in a blue indicator diet. In laboratory tests, the bioassay accurately distinguished neonates of H. zea from H. virescens and was able to detect B. thuringiensis resistance in H. virescens. The assay is rapid compared with mortality assays and should be inexpensive. The assay should also be adaptable to current cotton integrated pest management programs and sampling techniques and detect most physiological mechanisms of B. thuringiensis resistance. The potential utility of the feeding disruption assay in cotton integrated pest management and with other crops, insect pests and insecticides is discussed. The studies reported here were conducted on laboratory strains of B. thuringiensis susceptible H. virescens and H. zea and a highly B. thuringiensis-resistant laboratory strain of H. virescens (YHD2) originally collected in North Carolina.}, number={7}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Bailey, WD and Zhao, G and Carter, LM and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG and Roe, RM}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={591–598} }
 @article{hilbeck_eckel_kennedy_1998, title={Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis - insecticides on population dynamics and egg predation of the Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina potato plantings}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1386-6141"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1009966404802}, number={1}, journal={BIOCONTROL}, author={Hilbeck, A and Eckel, C and Kennedy, GG}, year={1998}, pages={65–75} }
 @article{groves_kennedy_walgenbach_moyer_1998, title={Inoculation of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus into Cotton}, volume={82}, ISSN={0191-2917 1943-7692}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.8.959b}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.1998.82.8.959b}, abstractNote={ Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important virus of many crops throughout the world. Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., has previously been demonstrated to be susceptible to TSWV (1). During the fall of 1996, cotton was assayed as a potential host of TSWV, as it is an important early season host of thrips vectors of TSWV. Four commercial cotton varieties (DP 20, DP 52, DP 5409, and HS 46) were screened for susceptibility to four isolates of TSWV: two from tobacco, one from pineapple, and one from dahlia. Greenhouse-grown plants in the first true leaf stage were inoculated mechanically. Mean percent infection ranged from 20 to 33% (x = 27%) across all cotton varieties screened against all virus isolates 21 days post-inoculation. TSWV was recovered through mechanical inoculation from double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS ELISA) positive cotton leaves in 83% of indicator plants, Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight. Individual cotton plants testing TSWV ELISA positive were held for an additional 28 days with 4% of these again testing virus positive. The four cotton varieties were tested in the cotyledon, one-leaf, and four-leaf stages for susceptibility to tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, transmission of one TSWV isolate from tobacco. First instar thrips were obtained from an avirulent colony. Mean percent infection among all varieties assayed was 10, 63, and 5%, respectively, for the three developmental stages. Cotton appears to be most susceptible in the one-leaf developmental stage with potential to serve as a source for TSWV spread to other crops. }, number={8}, journal={Plant Disease}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Groves, R. L. and Kennedy, G. G. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Moyer, J. W.}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={959–959} }
 @article{nault_kennedy_1998, title={Limitations of using regression and mean separation analyses for describing the response of crop yield to defoliation: A case study of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) on potato}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/91.1.7}, abstractNote={The relationship between Irish potato tuber yield, Solanum tuberosum L., and defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was investigated and the use of regression and mean separation analyses as a basis for developing economic injury levels were compared. The type of statistical analysis used to describe this relationship greatly affected the interpretation of data. Mean separation (=multiple-comparison) procedures were inadequate to detect accurately defoliation levels tolerated by potato, because these procedures did not have significant statistical power to detect small reductions in yield. Similarly, regression analyses failed to identify a level of defoliation tolerable to potato because a consistent biological relationship between yield and defoliation could not be determined. For example, a quadratic term (nonlinear) in the analysis of variance was significant in only 2 of 8 experiments, and the relationship between 'Atlantic' and 'Superior' yield and defoliation in these experiments was concave, indicating that yield losses were greatest at low levels of defoliation. A plateau model (nonlinear) suggested that Atlantic potato could tolerate low levels of defoliation (1.8-13% in 4 of 6 data sets), but it did not fit data for the variety Superior. Although a negative linear model provided a statistically significant fit to 7 of 8 data sets (average slopes [±SEM] for Atlantic and Superior were -0.12 ± 0.01 and -0.15 ± 0.03 T/ha per the percentage of defoliation, respectively), it is likely that a linear model underestimates the actual level of defoliation that potato can tolerate, especially at low levels. The implications of these findings for the development of economic injury levels and economic thresholds for the Colorado potato beetle on potato are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nault, BA and Kennedy, GG}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={7–20} }
 @misc{hoy_feldman_gould_kennedy_reed_wyman_1998, title={Naturally occurring biological controls in genetically engineered crops}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012078147-8/50056-6}, DOI={10.1016/b978-012078147-8/50056-6}, abstractNote={The chapter provides a framework to predict and measure the impact of crop genetic engineering on conservation of biological control agents, a framework that may help guide future development and use of genetically engineered crop cultivars. The number of times and extent to which insecticide use can be prevented by pest-resistant cultivars is very important in determining the prospects for conservation of biological control agents. The extent to which broad-spectrum insecticide use can be reduced also determines the extent to which diversity in the arthropod community can be enhanced with both new natural enemies and new prey contributing to biological control. In the near term, conservation is most likely to come from the reduction in insecticide use, upon which development and sales of these new cultivars largely depend. Future cultivar improvements, however, being added to a system with reduced reliance on insecticides, may increase natural enemy populations, and reduced pest outbreak potential may be able to focus on more subtle means of conserving natural enemies. By careful and strategic consideration of potential traits targeted for genetic engineering and likely management practices for the cultivars possessing those traits, developers of genetically engineered cultivars can contribute substantially to the conservation of biological control agents in crop systems.}, journal={Conservation Biological Control}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Hoy, Casey and Feldman, Jennifer and Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George and Reed, Gary and Wyman, Jeff}, year={1998}, pages={185–205} }
 @article{johnson_gould_kennedy_1997, title={Effect of an entomopathogen on adaptation of Heliothis virescens populations to transgenic host plants}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0013-8703"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00165.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Johnson, MT and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={121–135} }
 @article{johnson_gould_kennedy_1997, title={Effects of natural enemies on relative fitness of Heliothis virescens genotypes adapted and not adapted to resistant host plants}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0013-8703"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00133.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Johnson, MT and Gould, F and Kennedy, GG}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={219–230} }
 @article{lu_kennedy_gould_1997, title={Genetic variation in larval survival and growth and response to selection by Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on tomato}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/26.1.67}, abstractNote={Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) originating from potato in Massachusetts (UM strain) differed from those originating from potato in New York (NY strain) in their ability to use tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, as a host. Larvae from the UM strain had higher survival and weighed more on tomato than larvae from the NY strain. Both strains responded to selection for adaptation to tomato. Larval survival to 4-d and the weight of 4-d-old larvae significantly increased in the NY strain after adults and larvae were maintained on tomato for 3 generations. The UM strain did not respond to selection during 4 generations; but 4-d-old larvae reared on tomato were significantly larger after 12 generations of selection than in the unselected control. In both strains, weights of larvae reared on tomato increased when selection on tomato occurred only during the larval stage. Reciprocal crosses between the selected and unselected strains provided no evidence for sex linkage or cytoplasmic inheritance of the differences in larval survival and larval weight on tomato. Similarly, there was no evidence that the food plant of the mother affected the survival of her offspring on either tomato or potato. However, there was evidence that the choice of food plant made by the mother during larval and adult stages affected the 4-d weight of her offspring on tomato; this effect was observed in the unselected NY strain, but not in a UM strain that had been selected in the larval stage on tomato for 8 generations. Increased adaptation to tomato was not associated with a decrease in adaptation to potato, as measured by weight and survival of 4-d-old larvae.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Lu, WH and Kennedy, GG and Gould, F}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={67–75} }
 @article{nault_hanzlik_kennedy_1997, title={Location and abundance of adult Colorado potato beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following potato harvest}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00036-7}, abstractNote={Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), population biology was investigated after Irish potatoes, Solanum tuberosum (L.), were harvested in eastern North Carolina. The abundance of adult Colorado potato beetles following potato harvest was estimated by taking more than 450 visual transects in 45 commercial potato fields in July and August, 1993 and 1994. Few second- and third-generation Colorado potato beetle egg masses and larvae, volunteer potato plants and wild hosts such as horsenettle, S. carolinense L., were encountered, suggesting that Colorado potato beetle generations produced after potatoes are harvested in June and early July do not contribute significantly to the overall overwintering population. Location and abundance of overwintering adult Colorado potato beetles within the soil in fields previously planted in potato were determined. Densities of overwintering adults in soil along field edges were greater than those within fields prior to emergence in the spring, suggesting that adults moved toward field edges to overwinter. However, given that the area within potato fields was much greater than the area along field edges, the estimated total number of overwintering adults within fields was greater than along the edges. In light of these results, tillage at different times between crop production seasons was evaluated for its effect on overwintering Colorado potato beetle survival, but was found to have little effect.}, number={6}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Nault, BA and Hanzlik, MW and Kennedy, GG}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={511–518} }
 @article{barbour_farrar_kennedy_1997, title={Populations of predaceous natural enemies developing on insect-resistant and susceptible tomato in North Carolina}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1049-9644"]}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.1997.0531}, abstractNote={Abstract Naturally occurring populations of immature and adult Geocoris punctipes, adult Coleomegilla maculata and immature coccinellids were monitored on field-grown tomato lines susceptible and resistant to Manduca sexta and Helicoverpa zea. Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens eggs and small larvae that serve as prey for these predators also were monitored. More H. zea and H. virescens eggs and small larvae were found on resistant than on susceptible plant lines. However, similar populations of large H. zea and H. virescens larvae were found on resistant and susceptible plants. The number of adult Geocoris punctipes, adult Coleomegilla maculata and immature coccinellids on resistant plants was always as high or higher than the number on susceptible plants. The data demonstrate no incompatibility of host-plant resistance with biological control provided by these predaceous insects, but indicate that the number of G. punctipes and coccinellids required to provide effective biological control may develop too late in the season to be of practical value. Large populations of stilt bugs ( Jalysus wickhami, Hemiptera: Berytidae) and spiders were observed to occur earlier in the growing season than either G. punctipes or coccinellids and may be a significant source of mortality for H. zea eggs and small larvae.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Barbour, JD and Farrar, RR and Kennedy, GG}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={173–184} }
 @article{arpaia_gould_kennedy_1997, title={Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0013-8703"]}, DOI={10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00117.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Arpaia, S and Gould, F and Kennedy, G}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={91–100} }
 @article{hilbeck_eckel_kennedy_1997, title={Predation on Colorado potato beetle eggs by generalist predators in research and commercial potato plantings}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1049-9644"]}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.1997.0506}, abstractNote={Abstract Field studies quantified predation on Colorado potato beetle [ Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] eggs and determined the relationship between predation and egg mass abundance in research and commercial potato plantings in eastern North Carolina. Predator exclusion experiments were conducted weekly in research plantings. In addition, egg mass density and predation on egg masses were monitored throughout the season in research plots and commercial potato fields. Predation was an important source of mortality for Colorado potato beetle eggs. Survivorship of eggs exposed to predators was consistently, significantly lower than survivorship of eggs protected from predation. Averaged over 2 years, the mean survivorship of eggs protected from predation was 69%, compared with 26% survivorship of eggs exposed to predation. Regression analysis failed to detect any relationship between egg mortality due to predation and egg abundance. These results imply that efforts to reduce Colorado potato beetle populations selectively will not be offset by an according decline in abundance of natural enemies and therefore should be fully compatible with naturally occurring biological control.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Hilbeck, A and Eckel, C and Kennedy, GG}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={191–196} }
 @article{hanzlik_kennedy_sanders_monks_1997, title={Response of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubner) to two potato hybrids selected for resistance to Colorado potato beetle}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00009-4}, abstractNote={The response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) to K411-2 and NYL 235-4, fifth- and sixth-generation potato accessions derived from crosses between Solanum tuberosum L. and S. berthaultii (Hawkes) and selected for resistance to Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae, Harris), was measured in field and greenhouse experiments. In one field test, which did not include NYL 235-4, the incidence of corn-borer damaged stems was eight times higher in the commercial potato varieties Atlantic, Superior and Norland than in K411-2. In a later field test, there were 11 times more European corn-borer damaged potato stems on Atlantic than on NYL 235-4. In a choice experiment, European corn-borer moths deposited significantly more egg masses on the susceptible Kennebec variety (72.9%) than on NYL 235-4 (27.1%), but in the absence of a choice, equal numbers of egg masses were deposited on both varieties. In a greenhouse experiment, fewer European corn-borer larvae (44%) were established on NYL 235-4 than on Kennebec plants.}, number={5}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Hanzlik, MW and Kennedy, GG and Sanders, DC and Monks, DW}, year={1997}, month={Aug}, pages={487–490} }
 @article{stewart_kennedy_sturz_1997, title={ncidence of insecticide resistance in populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on Prince Edward Island}, volume={129}, ISSN={0008-347X 1918-3240}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12921-1}, DOI={10.4039/ent12921-1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={The Canadian Entomologist}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Stewart, Jeff G. and Kennedy, George G. and Sturz, Antony V.}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{lu_kennedy_gould_1996, title={Differential predation by <i>Coleomegilla maculata</i> on Colorado potato beetle strains that vary in growth on tomato}, volume={81}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb02008.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb02008.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lu, Wenhua and Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred}, year={1996}, month={Oct}, pages={7–14} }
 @article{gould_kennedy_kopanic_1996, title={Environmental Issues Associated with Enhancing the Impact of Biological Control Agents}, volume={42}, ISSN={2155-9902 1046-2821}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/42.3.160}, DOI={10.1093/ae/42.3.160}, abstractNote={One major goal of graduate education is to familiarize students with the concepts, facts, and techniques that are essential to progress in a specific discipline. An additional goal should be to prepare students to use their newly acquired knowledge. One important challenge to scientists working in both basic and applied fields is to use incomplete and often conflicting sets of facts and theories in formulating public policies with broad impacts, or in prioritizing research programs at the level of the individual laboratory or at more general levels.}, number={3}, journal={American Entomologist}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George and Kopanic, Robert}, year={1996}, pages={160–174} }
 @article{nault_kennedy_1996, title={Evaluation of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Defoliation with Concomitant European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage on Potato Yield}, volume={89}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.2.475}, DOI={10.1093/jee/89.2.475}, abstractNote={The relationship between Irish potato, Solanum tuberosum L., yield and Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), defoliation has been established in many regions but rarely has been considered coincident damage by other pests. In eastern North Carolina, the Colorado potato beetle and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), attack potato each spring, and the potential exists for reduced potato yields caused by a combination of potato beetle and corn borer damage. Yields from potatoes damaged by both pests were evaluated in small-plot experiments for 3 yr. Plant damage was achieved by manipulating pest densities with insecticides and by augmenting plots with potato beetles from nearby commercial fields. Yields were measured at the end of each growing season in late June to early July. Defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetle during bloom significantly reduced yields of U.S. No. 1 tubers in 'Atlantic' each year, whereas European corn borer damage did not. Absence of an interaction effect between corn borer damage and defoliation on potato yield indicated that the yield/damage relationship for each pest can be defined independently.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Nault, Brian A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1996}, month={Apr}, pages={475–480} }
 @article{nault_french_kennedy_1996, title={Influence of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage to Potato and Foliage Availability on Overwinter Survival of First-Generation Colorado Potato Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North Carolina}, volume={89}, ISSN={0022-0493 1938-291X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.1.124}, DOI={10.1093/jee/89.1.124}, abstractNote={Survival of 1st-generation Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), adults following harvest of the Irish potato, Solanum tuberosum L., crop in late June was investigated in eastern North Carolina. First-generation adults that emerge before harvest may have access to postbloom-stage potato plants injured by European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), whereas beetles that emerge after harvest may have access only to cull tubers. We tested the hypotheses that adult overwinter survival is positively correlated with the period 1st-generation adult beetles had fed on potato foliage and that feeding on com borer-damaged plants affect overwinter survival of 1st-generation adults. Therefore, overwinter survival was examined after beetles were presented a continuous supply of potato tubers as the only source of food or were fed for 3, 7, 11-12, or 17 d on potato plants that were either damaged by the European com borer or undamaged, and then were provided tubers. Feeding on com borer-damaged plants did not affect overwinter survival of 1st-generation potato beetle adults (survival in 1993: damaged, 15% and undamaged, 14%; 1994: damaged, 11% and undamaged, 9%). First-generation adults that had access to potato foliage in late June and early July had a significantly better chance of surviving overwinter and reproducing the following year compared with beetles that had access only to tubers. Overwinter survival of 1st-generation beetles that had only tubers as a host was 0 and 0.5% in 1993 and 1994, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Nault, Brian A. and French, Ned M., II and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1996}, month={Feb}, pages={124–130} }
 @article{hilbeck_kennedy_1996, title={Predators Feeding on the Colorado Potato Beetle in Insecticide-Free Plots and Insecticide-Treated Commercial Potato Fields in Eastern North Carolina}, volume={6}, ISSN={1049-9644}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1996.0034}, DOI={10.1006/bcon.1996.0034}, abstractNote={Field studies in insecticide-free research plots and insecticide-treated commercial potato fields were conducted to determine the identity and seasonal abundance of the predators feeding on the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) in eastern North Carolina. Taxa were classified as predaceous on Colorado potato beetle eggs or larvae only if they were observed to feed on them in the field or to readily accept and survive for a prolonged period on a diet of eggs and small larvae in laboratory studies. Excluding soil arthropods, which were not sampled, Colorado potato beetle eggs and larvae were by far the most abundant prey available in potato fields during this study. The coccinellidColeomegilla maculata(DeGeer) was the most abundant predator but its abundance varied independently of prey abundance. In addition, 13 insect genera, at least three spider families, one phalangid, and one mite species were found to prey on the Colorado potato beetle. Prior to the application of carbofuran to commercial potato fields for control of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalisHubner) and Colorado potato beetle, dynamics and composition of the predator communities were generally similar to those in the much smaller untreated research plantings. Although carbofuran applications always suppressed or eliminated the predator population, predators recolonized the commercial fields within 1 to 2 weeks following its application.}, number={2}, journal={Biological Control}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hilbeck, Angelika and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1996}, month={Apr}, pages={273–282} }
 @article{nault_kennedy_1996, title={Sequential Sampling Plans for Use in Timing Insecticide Applications for Control of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Potato}, volume={89}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.6.1468}, DOI={10.1093/jee/89.6.1468}, abstractNote={Sequential sampling plans were developed for use in recommending control of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in potato, Solanum tuberosum L., fields based on the distribution of damaged stems. Likelihood ratio tests indicated that the beta-binomial distribution (aggregated) provided a better fit than the binomial (random) when the mean percentage of damaged stems in a field was ≥6%, but not when damage was <6%. Similarly, variance-ratio ( D ) and C ( a ) tests indicated that damage was aggregated generally at damage levels ≥6%. Because the slope ( b ) ± SEM of the binary form of the Taylor power law (1.15 ± 0.05) (total of 41 fields) revealed moderate overdispersion, and a weak linear relationship existed between the index of aggregation ( θ ) and p , sequential sampling plans were evaluated under various degrees of aggregation. The precision and practicality of the sequential sampling plans were evaluated through calculation of operational characteristic and average sample number functions for both simulated binomial and beta-binomial distributions. Precision of the sequential sampling plans decreased as the aggregation of O. nubilalis damage increased, especially when the proportion of damaged stems was near threshold. However, needed to make the decision.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Nault, Brian A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={1468–1476} }
 @article{nault_kennedy_1996, title={Timing insecticide applications for managing European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestations in potato}, volume={15}, ISSN={0261-2194}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(96)00012-9}, DOI={10.1016/0261-2194(96)00012-9}, abstractNote={European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), management using insecticides was investigated in Irish potato, Solatium tuberosum L, in eastern North Carolina. Additionally, activity of corn borer larvae on untreated ‘Kennebec’ potato plants was evaluated. Corn borer larvae produced new tunnels at the same rate throughout their development and ultimately produced 4.7 ± 0.4 (mean ± SEM) tunnels per plant per larva. Thus, for any given corn borer infestation level, estimates of damage to the crop will increase as the season progresses. Application timing of carbofuran, methamidophos and esfenvalerate were evaluated for control of corn borer damage in ‘Atlantic’ potato. The type and rate of insecticide and the level of corn borer damage at the time of application affected the level of damage at the end of the season. The greatest reduction in damage occurred when the insecticide was applied when many neonates were observed penetrating the plant. A single application of either carbofuran (1.12 kg a.i. ha−1) or methamidophos (0.84 or 1.12 kg a.i. ha−1) when ≈20–40% of the stems are damaged in early May should improve European corn borer management in potato.}, number={5}, journal={Crop Protection}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Nault, Brian A. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1996}, month={Aug}, pages={465–471} }
 @article{eckel_cho_walgenbach_kennedy_moyer_1996, title={Variation in thrips species composition in field crops and implications for tomato spotted wilt epidemiology in North Carolina}, volume={78}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00761.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00761.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Eckel, Craig S. and Cho, Kijong and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G. and Moyer, James W.}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={19–29} }
 @article{nault_follett_gould_kennedy_1995, title={Assessing compensation for insect damage in mixed plantings of resistant and susceptible potatoes}, volume={72}, ISSN={0003-0589 1874-9380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02849351}, DOI={10.1007/bf02849351}, number={3}, journal={American Potato Journal}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Nault, Brian A. and Follett, Peter A. and Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1995}, month={Mar}, pages={157–176} }
 @article{cho_eckel_walgenbach_kennedy_1995, title={Comparison of Colored Sticky Traps for Monitoring Thrips Populations (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Staked Tomato Fields}, volume={30}, ISSN={0749-8004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.2.176}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-30.2.176}, abstractNote={The response of flower thrips, Frankliniella spp., to various colors and sticky trap designs was evaluated in staked tomato fields in western North Carolina. Yellow sticky traps caught significantly more thrips compared with blue or white traps. There were no differences in the relative proportion of thrips species caught on different colored traps. The size of the flower sampling unit (i.e., 10-flowers versus all flowers per plant) did not influence the correlation between sticky trap catches and thrips abundance in flowers. Only F. occidentalis (Pergande) exhibited a significant correlation between percent abundance on all colors of sticky traps and percent abundance in flowers. Colored sticky traps caught high numbers of F. tritici (Fitch), despite the fact that few F. tritici were collected from flowers. In tests to evaluate different trap designs, cylindrical and cup traps caught more F. tritici than glass slide traps. Cylindrical sticky traps were more economical and enabled easier identification of thrips than glass slide or cup traps.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Cho, Kijong and Eckel, Craig S. and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={176–190} }
 @article{sorenson_van duyn_kennedy_bradley_eckel_fernandez_1995, title={Evaluation of a Sequential Egg Mass Sampling System for Predicting Second-Generation Damage by European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Field Corn in North Carolina}, volume={88}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/88.5.1316}, DOI={10.1093/jee/88.5.1316}, abstractNote={A sequential egg mass sampling plan was developed for prediction of stalk tunneling damage by 2nd-generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in field corn in eastern North Carolina. The plan was based on a critical density constructed from a linear relationship between egg mass numbers and subsequent stalk tunnel numbers ; the sampling unit consisted of 5 leaves on 10 consecutive plants. Decision lines were constructed using the mean crowding-mean method developed by Iwao (1975). The plan was evaluated through computer simulations and comparison with field data. Average sample number and operating characteristic curves for a range of thresholds are estimated. The expected costs and feasibility of scouting for European corn borer under various economic conditions are examined.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Sorenson, Clyde E. and Van Duyn, John W. and Kennedy, George G. and Bradley, J. R., Jr. and Eckel, Craig S. and Fernandez, George C. J.}, year={1995}, month={Oct}, pages={1316–1323} }
 @article{follett_gould_kennedy_1995, title={High-Realism Model of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera:Chrysolmelidae) Adaptation to Permethrin}, volume={24}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.2.167}, DOI={10.1093/ee/24.2.167}, abstractNote={A simulation model (REPO–PERM) was developed to predict the rate of resistance development in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), using field data on permethrin selection to initialize a number of ecological and genetic parameter values. Model explorations indicated that sex–linked traits, like permethrin resistance in Colorado potato beetle, respond to directional selection faster than autosomal traits, and that the distribution of individuals in the plant canopy can influence selection intensity and the rate of adaptation. Model predictions for rates of adaptation to permethrin under conditions typical of Virginia and North Carolina are consistent with documented development of resistance in these areas.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Follett, Peter A. and Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George C.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={167–178} }
 @article{kennedy_whalon_1995, title={MANAGING PEST RESISTANCE TO BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS ENDOTOXINS - CONSTRAINTS AND INCENTIVES TO IMPLEMENTATION}, volume={88}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/88.3.454}, abstractNote={Technological advances in combination with societal concerns over the potential for adverse health and environmental effects of chemical pesticides are operating to increase the use of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins in crop protection. Accompanying this increased use will be an increase in the intensity of selection for endotoxin resistance in a number of important pest species. To preserve the value of B. thuringiensis endotoxins in crop protection, it will be necessary to implement resistance management measures. This article analyzes the roles of pest control crises, societal values, level of awareness about resistance and resistance management, political action, economic considerations, competing technologies and products, and the difficulty of assessing the success of resistance management as constraints and incentives for the implementation of resistance management by the B. thuringiensis industry and by end users of B. thuringiensis products. Based on this analysis and a consideration of the attributes of new technologies that favor their ready adoption, we concluded that individual farmers have limited incentive to adopt resistance management technologies for B. thuringiensis endotoxins, and that the greatest incentive lies with the B. thuringiensis industry. However, the implementation of a coordinated, industry-wide, B. thuringiensis resistance management effort is likely to be constrained by competition among segments of the B. thuringiensis industry vested in different technologies (sprays versus transgenic plants) and among producers of B. thuringiensis products using the same technology. It is further concluded that successful implementation of resistance management for B. thuringiensis endotoxins will likely require that the B. thuringiensis industry prepackage resistance management technologies with their products, and that these prepackaged resistance management strategies do not add significantly to the costs or complexity of pest control by the end user.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and WHALON, ME}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={454–460} }
 @article{cho_eckel_walgenbach_kennedy_1995, title={Overwintering of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in North Carolina}, volume={24}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.1.58}, DOI={10.1093/ee/24.1.58}, abstractNote={Based on field cage studies, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) successfully overwintered and reproduced during the winter months in North Carolina. A field survey for thrips vectors of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was conducted during the winter and spring of 1990–1991 and 1991–1992 in North Carolina. Plant, litter, and soil samples were collected from three geographically distinct regions in North Carolina. Plant samples included 51 wild host species and five winter crops. Three species of TSWV vectors, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. occidentalis , and Thrips tabaci Lindeman, were collected from plant samples. F. fusca was the most abundant TSWV vector in plant samples and was collected from 30 wild host species and five winter crops. Few F. occidentalis and T. tabaci were collected from plant samples. T. tabaci was the most abundant vector collected from litter samples, and F. occidentalis was the second most abundant. Very few thrips were recovered from soil samples. Terebrantia thrips larvae were collected from 28 wild host species, five winter crops, and litter samples. In addition to TSWV vectors, 23 thrips species in the family Thripidae and 1 species in the family Merothripidae were collected from wild hosts, winter crops, or litter samples. The highest number of thrips species were observed in litter samples.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cho, Kijong and Eckel, Craig S. and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1995}, month={Feb}, pages={58–67} }
 @article{anspaugh_kennedy_roe_1995, title={Purification and Characterization of a Resistance-Associated Esterase from the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)}, volume={53}, ISSN={0048-3575}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1995.1057}, DOI={10.1006/pest.1995.1057}, abstractNote={Abstract Two strains of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were found to be resistant to carbofuran and azinphosmethyl when compared to a susceptible strain in bioassays using a discriminating insecticide dose. The percentage of mortalities for carbofuran were 115.1- and 70.8-fold lower in the resistant New York (NY) and Hot Spot (HS) strains, respectively, than in susceptible beetles. When treated with azinphosmethyl, the percentages of mortalities for the NY and HS populations were 65.1- and 4.4-fold lower, respectively, than the susceptible strain. The synergist S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) increased azinphosmethyl toxicity, suggesting esterase involvement in azinphosmethyl resistance. Although 1-naphthyl acetate esterase activities in individual fourth instars of resistant strains were not significantly different, a novel resistance-associated esterase (RAE) (p I = 6.23) was discovered in the first and fourth instars and adults of NY and HS CPBs, but not in the susceptible strain. The RAE was purified from fourth stadium NY CPBs by Rotofor followed by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. Methyl paraoxon was the most potent inhibitor of the purified RAE with an I 50 of 0.1 μ M . The esterase inhibitors octylihio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), DEF, and azinphosmethyl had I 50 s of 1.1, 5.5, and 9.8 μ M, respectively. Carbofuran and eserine hemisulfate were poor inhibitors, with I 50 s greater than 100 μ M . In substrate competition assays with the RAE, methyl paraoxon and OTFP were competitive inhibitors.}, number={2}, journal={Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Anspaugh, D.D. and Kennedy, G.G. and Roe, R.M.}, year={1995}, month={Oct}, pages={84–96} }
 @article{cho_eckel_walgenbach_kennedy_1995, title={Spatial Distribution and Sampling Procedures for Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Staked Tomato}, volume={88}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/88.6.1658}, DOI={10.1093/jee/88.6.1658}, abstractNote={Phytophagous thrips were sampled in commercial tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum L., fields in western North Carolina during a 3-yr period from 1990 to 1992. Tomato flowers were collected to sample thrips and evaluate 3 different sampling units (2, 5, and 10 flowers) for their relative net precision. Flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), and western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), were the dominant species collected, accounting for 96% of all specimens. Relative net precision values indicated that a 10-flower unit was more precise and cost-efficient than either the 2- or 5-flower unit. Frequency data collected from the 10-flower unit were described by the negative binomial distribution. Both F. occidentalis and F. tritici exhibited an aggregated distribution in tomato fields. Taylor power law provided a better fit to the data than Iwao patchiness regression. Slopes and intercepts of Taylor power law did not differ among thrips species or total thrips. A fixed-precision-level sequential sampling plan was developed using the parameters of Taylor power law generated from total number of thrips in a 10-flower sampling unit. The resulting sampling plan was tested with sequential sampling bootstrap simulations ( n = 500) using 11 independent data sets for the validation. Bootstrap simulation over a range of densities demonstrated that actual Do values at Do = 0.30 averaged <0.26 in every case.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cho, Kijong and Eckel, Craig S. and Walgenbach, James F. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1995}, month={Dec}, pages={1658–1665} }
 @article{kennedy_farrar_barbour_kennedy_1994, title={Field evaluation of insect resistance in a wild tomato and its effects on insect parasitoids}, volume={71}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01788.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01788.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kennedy, G. G. and Farrar, R. R., Jr. and Barbour, J. D. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={211–226} }
 @inbook{kennedy_french_1994, place={St. Paul, MN}, title={Monitoring resistance in Colorado potato beetle populations}, booktitle={Advances in potato pest biology and management}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Kennedy, G.G. and French, N.M., II}, editor={Zehnder, G.W. and Powelson, M.L. and Jansson, R.K. and Raman, K.V.Editors}, year={1994}, pages={278–293} }
 @inbook{gould_follett_nault_kennedy_1994, place={St. Paul, MN}, title={Resistance management strategies for transgenic potato plants}, booktitle={Advances in potato pest biology and management}, publisher={APS Press}, author={Gould, F. and Follett, P. and Nault, B. and Kennedy, G.G.}, editor={Zehnder, G.W. and Powelson, M.L. and Jansson, R.K. and Raman, K.V.Editors}, year={1994}, pages={255–277} }
 @article{french_follett_nault_kennedy_1993, title={Colonization of potato fields in eastern North Carolina by Colorado potato beetle}, volume={68}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01710.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01710.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={French, N. M., II and Follett, P. and Nault, B. A. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={247–256} }
 @article{follett_gould_kennedy_1993, title={Comparative Fitness of Three Strains of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Field: Spatial and Temporal Variation in Insecticide Selection}, volume={86}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/86.5.1324}, DOI={10.1093/jee/86.5.1324}, abstractNote={Fitness components were measured for permethrin-resistant, susceptible, and hybrid strains of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), on insecticide-treated and untreated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., under field conditions. The hybrid strain was created by crossing resistant females and susceptible males. In separate experiments, survivorship was determined for adults and larvae of various ages (1, 2, 4, and 6 d) that were exposed directly to a permethrin (Ambush 2EC) spray. Results indicated that there is significant selection against susceptible genotypes during all larval stages and the adult stage. One- and 2-d-old larvae, as well as adults, of the hybrid strain and the resistant strain had similar survival. Survival in 4- and 6-d-old larvae of the hybrid strain was intermediate between the susceptible and resistant strains. Weights of 4- and 6-d-old larvae of the resistant and hybrid strains that survived treatment with insecticide were significantly lower than weights of untreated larvae. In another set of experiments, viability of 1-d-old larvae and viability and fecundity of adults were estimated when beetles were placed on potato foliage at various intervals (2, 5, 8 and 13 d) after permethrin application. Selection against susceptible 1-d-old larvae was strongest when placement was 2 d after application and selection diminished on subsequent placement dates but remained significant for the duration of the experiment. Selection against susceptible larvae was more intense on old foliage than new foliage. Larvae of the hybrid and resistant strains had similar survival on treated foliage. When hybrid 1-d-old larvae were placed on foliage 2 and 5 d after application, the sex ratios of survivors were 91 and 75% male, respectively. These values were significantly higher than that of the resistant strain survivors on treated plants and hybrid survivors on untreated plants. This is consistent with the reported sex-linkage of this trait in Colorado potato beetle, but surprisingly, survivorship of hybrid males was significantly higher than survivorship in the resistant strain males for day 2 and 5 placements. Differences were not detected in survivorship and fecundity of adults of the three strains placed on plants at various intervals after insecticide application. Implications of these fitness studies for resistance management of Colorado potato beetle are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Follett, Peter A. and Gould, Fred and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={1324–1333} }
 @article{sorenson_kennedy_van duyn_bradley_1993, title={Distribution of second generation European corn borer, <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>, egg masses in field corn and relationship to subsequent tunneling damage}, volume={68}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01684.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01684.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sorenson, C. E. and Kennedy, G. G. and Van Duyn, J. W. and Bradley, J. R., Jr.}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={15–23} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1993, title={Field cage performance of two tachinid parasitoids of the tomato fruitworm on insect resistant and susceptible tomato lines}, volume={67}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01653.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01653.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, R. R., Jr. and Kennedy, G.}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={73–78} }
 @inbook{kennedy_1993, place={New York}, title={Impact of intraspecific variation on insect pest management}, booktitle={Evolution of Insect Pests: The Pattern of Variations}, publisher={J. Wiley & Sons}, author={Kennedy, G.G.}, editor={Kim, K.C. and McPheron, B.A.Editors}, year={1993}, pages={425–451} }
 @article{barbour_farrar_kennedy_1993, title={Interaction of Manduca sexta resistance in tomato with insect predators of Helicoverpa zea}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0013-8703"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01697.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, author={Barbour, J.D. and Farrar, R.R., Jr. and Kennedy, G.G.}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={143–155} }
 @article{follett_kennedy_gould_1993, title={REPO: A Simulation Model That Explores Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adaptation to Insecticides}, volume={22}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.2.283}, DOI={10.1093/ee/22.2.283}, abstractNote={A simulation model (REPO) was developed to predict the rate of resistance development in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), given various genetic, biological, and management conditions. Values used in exploring variables in the model were chosen to reflect the range of possibilities encountered in field populations of Colorado potato beetle. REPO is different from other resistance management models in that it is temperature-driven, considers age-specific selection, describes the pattern of immigration of colonists, and uses survivorship functions to describe dynamic relationships among genotypes during insecticide selection. The life history of Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina and other areas is presented as a backdrop to model exploration of some of the unique features of this pest that could influence resistance evolution. Foremost among ecological and management factors influencing rate of resistance development were the arrival period of colonizing beetles, timing of insecticide applications, action thresholds, and age-specific selection. Relevance of these findings to management of Colorado potato beetle and future research on this insect is discussed.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Follett, Peter A. and Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={283–296} }
 @article{derrick_van duyn_sorenson_kennedy_1992, title={Effect of Pheromone Trap Placement on Capture of Male European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Three North Carolina Crops}, volume={21}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.2.240}, DOI={10.1093/ee/21.2.240}, abstractNote={Modified screen mesh versions of the Hartstack pheromone trap were placed within and adjacent to fields of potato, corn, and cotton to investigate the effect of trap placement on male capture during the first, second, and third flights of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). During the first flight in 1988, traps within potato fields captured greater numbers of males than traps outside of the field in the grass border. In 1990, total captures were few and capture rates were equal between locations. Weekly trap captures within the field were significantly correlated with weekly egg mass numbers sampled in the field in 1990. During 1989 and 1990, traps within cornfields at ear level captured greater numbers of second-flight males than traps in the field at canopy height and traps in the field border. Weekly trap captures within the field at ear and canopy level and adjacent to the field were significantly correlated with egg masses. In cotton, traps within the field captured more males than traps outside the field during 1988 and 1989, and captures were equal between locations in 1990. These results confirm that in North Carolina, O. nubilalis males seek mates both within and outside of field boundaries and indicate the potential merit of trap placement within the field.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Derrick, M. E. and Van Duyn, J. W. and Sorenson, C. E. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1992}, month={Apr}, pages={240–246} }
 @article{sorenson_kennedy_van duyn_bradley_walgenbach_1992, title={Geographical variation in pheromone response of the European corn borer, <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>, in North Carolina}, volume={64}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01607.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01607.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sorenson, C. E. and Kennedy, G. G. and van Duyn, W. and Bradley, J. R., Jr. and Walgenbach, J. F.}, year={1992}, month={Aug}, pages={177–185} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_kashyap_1992, title={Influence of life history differences of two tachinid parasitoids ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on their interactions with glandular trichome/methyl ketone-based insect resistance in tomato}, volume={18}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00994248}, DOI={10.1007/bf00994248}, abstractNote={The effects of glandular trichome/methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone) -based insect resistance in the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, onArchytas marmoratus (Townsend) andEucelatoria bryani (Sabrosky) (Diptera: Tachinidae), both parasitoids ofHelicoverpa (=Heliothis)zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated in the laboratory.A. marmoratus deposits larvae (planidia) on the foliage of its host's food plant; planidia attach to passing hosts, penetrate the cuticle, and develop in the host pupae.E. bryani larviposits directly into its host; its larvae develop in the host larva.A. marmoratus planidia are killed by glandular trichomes of PI 134417 and also by trichomes of hybrid lines with no methyl ketones. The methyl ketones are toxic to planidia, but at least part of the effect is due to other factors, possibly physical entanglement. Both species can be affected indirectly by methyl ketones in the diet of the host. 2-Undecanone reduces the percentage ofA. marmoratus larvae that reach pupation. This effect is evidently due to premature death and desiccation of the host pupa caused by 2-undecanone. 2-Tridecanone in host diets had no effect onA. marmoratus. InE. bryani, 2-tridecanone in the diet of the host reduced the number of parasitoids yielded by each parasitized host, although not the overall percentage of hosts parasitized. 2-Undecanone in the diet of the host had no effect onE. bryani.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Farrar, R. R., JR. and Kennedy, G. G. and Kashyap, R. K.}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={499–515} }
 @article{heim_kennedy_gould_van duyn_1992, title={Inheritance of fenvalerate and carbofuran resistance in colorado beetles—<i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</i> (Say)—from North Carolina}, volume={34}, ISSN={0031-613X 1096-9063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780340402}, DOI={10.1002/ps.2780340402}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Pesticide Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Heim, D. Craig and Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred L. and Van Duyn, John W.}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={303–311} }
 @article{ellsworth_bradley_kennedy_patterson_stinner_1992, title={Irrigation effects on European corn borer ‐ maize water relations}, volume={64}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01589.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01589.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ellsworth, P. C. and Bradley, J. R., Jr. and Kennedy, G. G. and Patterson, R. P. and Stinner, R. E.}, year={1992}, month={Jul}, pages={11–21} }
 @inbook{kennedy_barbour_1992, place={Chicago, IL}, title={Resistance variation in natural and managed plants}, booktitle={Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution and Genetics}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Kennedy, G.G. and Barbour, J.D.}, editor={Fritz, R.S. and Simms, E.L.Editors}, year={1992}, pages={13–41} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_roe_1992, title={The protective role of dietary unsaturated fatty acids against 2‐undecanone‐induced pupal mortality and deformity in <i>Helicoverpa zea}, volume={62}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb00659.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1992.tb00659.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, R. R., Jr. and Kennedy, G. G. and Roe, R. M.}, year={1992}, month={Feb}, pages={191–200} }
 @misc{kennedy_farrar_kashyap_1991, title={2-Tridecanone—Glandular Trichome-Mediated Insect Resistance in Tomato}, ISBN={9780841218970 9780841213050}, ISSN={0097-6156 1947-5918}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0449.ch011}, DOI={10.1021/bk-1991-0449.ch011}, abstractNote={2-Tridecanone/glandular trichome-mediated resistance to the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) and the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in a wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, PI 134417, adversely affects several species of parasitoids and predators of the tomato fruit-worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). Rates of parasitism or predation, and parasitoid survival, were lower on PI 134417 foliage than rates on susceptible foliage. Removal of trichomes from PI 134417 foliage greatly reduced or eliminated these effects. Filter paper treated with 2-tridecanone at levels comparable to those in PI 134417 foliage had similar effects. Intermediate effects were found on a hybrid line with intermediate densities of trichomes but no 2-tridecanone, indicating at least a partial role of trichome density.}, journal={ACS Symposium Series}, publisher={American Chemical Society}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Farrar, Robert R., Jr. and Kashyap, R. K.}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={150–165} }
 @article{kashyap_kennedy_farrar_1991, title={Behavioral response ofTrichogramma pretiosum riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) to trichome/methyl ketone mediated resistance in tomato}, volume={17}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00982125}, DOI={10.1007/bf00982125}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kashyap, R. K. and Kennedy, G. G. and Farrar, R. R., Jr.}, year={1991}, month={Mar}, pages={543–556} }
 @article{campbell_walgenbach_kennedy_1991, title={Effect of Parasitoids on Lepidopterous Pests in Insecticide-Treated and Untreated Tomatoes in Western North Carolina}, volume={84}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.6.1662}, DOI={10.1093/jee/84.6.1662}, abstractNote={Studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to identify the parastoid complex of lepidopterous pests of tomatoes in western North Carolina, and to assess the compatibility of various insecticides with natural control of these pests. Trichogramma exiguum (Pinto & Platner) and T. pretiosum (Riley) were the primary egg parasitoids of Heltcoverpa (=He ltothts) zea (Boddie) and Manduca spp. in 1988, whereas T. exiguum was the predominant species collected from H. zea and Trtchoplusia nt (Hubner) in 1989. Parasitization of H. zea eggs on plants treated with endosulfan, methomyl, and Bacillus thurtngtensis Berliner var. kurstakt did not differ significantly from the untreated control. However, egg densities were higher in synthetic insecticide treatments presumably because of disruption of predators in these treatments. Despite the low toxicity of esfenvalerate to Trtchogramma spp. In laboratory bioassays, parasitization of H. zea and Heltothis vtrescens (F.) eggs in the field was significantly reduced on esfenvalerate-treated tomatoes. This decreased level of parasitization was attributed to an avoidance by Trtchogramma spp. to pyrethroid insecticides, which was previously reported. Under the relatively low-density lepidopterous populations observed in these studies, the efficacy of specific insecticides against H. zea and T. nt was more important in preventing damage than the level of parasitization of these pests, because the treatment with the lowest level of parasitization (esfenvalerate + B. thurtngtensts ) had the lowest levels of fruit damage in both years.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Campbell, C. D. and Walgenbach, J. F. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={1662–1667} }
 @article{gould_kennedy_johnson_1991, title={Effects of natural enemies on the rate of herbivore adaptation to resistant host plants}, volume={58}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01445.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01445.x}, abstractNote={AbstractThe potential of natural enemies to influence the rate of herbivore adaptation to resistance factors in plants is examined using conceptual and mathematical models. Results indicate that natural enemies could increase or decrease the rate of herbivore adaptation. The specific behavioral and physiological effects of a resistance factor on the herbivore, as well as the behavior of the natural enemy, and the population dynamics of the natural enemy/herbivore system are important in assessing the extent to which the natural enemies will affect the rate of herbivore adaptation to a resistance factor. Herbivore adaptation to partial resistance in a host‐plant is generally expected to be slower than adaptation to high levels of resistance, even in the presence of natural enemies, if genetic variance is not limiting.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Gould, F. and Kennedy, G.G. and Johnson, M.T.}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={1–14} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1991, title={Inhibition of Telenomus sphingis an egg parasitoid of Manduca spp. by trichome/2-tridecanone-based host plant resistance in tomato}, volume={60}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01534.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01534.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, R. R. and Kennedy, G.}, year={1991}, month={Aug}, pages={157–166} }
 @misc{farrar_kennedy_1991, title={Insect and Mite Resistance in Tomato}, ISBN={9783642842771 9783642842757}, ISSN={0341-5376}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84275-7_10}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-84275-7_10}, abstractNote={Host plant resistance has proven to be one of the most effective, economical, and environmentally sound pest control measures known. The term “host plant resistance” was defined by Painter (1951, 1958, 1968) as the relative amount of heritable qualities possessed by a plant which influence the ultimate degree of pest damage. Painter recognized three types of host plant resistance: (1) antibiosis, in which the pest is killed or it is not able to complete its life cycle; (2) non-preference (now called antixenosis; Kogan and Ortman 1978) in which the pest is either repelled or not attracted to, or inhibited from feeding on the plant; and (3) tolerance, in which the plant supports as many pests as other plants, but shows less yield reduction. These categories, however, are not mutually exclusive, and it is not always possible to distinguish one from another in any given case. Over the last several decades, a large volume of literature has been generated on host plant resistance in a variety of crops (reviewed by Panda 1979; Maxwell and Jennings 1980; C.M. Smith 1989).}, journal={Genetic Improvement of Tomato}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={Farrar, R. R., Jr. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1991}, pages={121–142} }
 @article{barbour_farrar_kennedy_1991, title={Interaction of fertilizer regime with host‐plant resistance in tomato}, volume={60}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01549.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01549.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Barbour, J. D. and Farrar, R. R., Jr. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={289–300} }
 @article{kashyap_kennedy_farrar_1991, title={Mortality and inhibition ofHelicoverpa zea Egg parasitism rates byTrichogramma in relation to trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance ofLycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, accession PI 134417}, volume={17}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00994589}, DOI={10.1007/bf00994589}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kashyap, R. K. and Kennedy, G. G. and Farrar, R. R., Jr.}, year={1991}, month={Dec}, pages={2381–2395} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1991, title={Relationship of leaf lamellar-based resistance to Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Heliothis zea in a wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, PI 134417}, volume={58}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01452.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01452.x}, abstractNote={AbstractSegregating populations of hybrids of the insect‐resistant wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, C.H. Mull, PI 134417, and the susceptible tomato cultivar of L. esculentum Mill, ‘Walter’, were screened by bioassays with the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and tomato fruitworm Heliothis zea (Boddie). Plant lines with a range of levels of resistance to H. zea were selected from one group of hybrids; plants with a range of resistance levels to L. decemlineata, from another group. The response of both insect species to both groups of plants was evaluated. Resistance to each of these species is under separate genetic control and apparently involves distinct mechanistic components, although it remains possible that at least some factors are important in conditioning resistance to both species.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, R.R., Jr. and Kennedy, G.G.}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={61–67} }
 @article{barbour_kennedy_1991, title={Role of steroidal glycoalkaloid ?-tomatine in host-plant resistance of tomato to colorado potato beetle}, volume={17}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01395604}, DOI={10.1007/bf01395604}, abstractNote={The role of the steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in the hostplant resistance of tomato to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was examined in short- (24 hr; using first- and fourth-instar larvae) and long-term (first-instar larvae reared through the prepupal stage) feeding experiments. Consumption rate, growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body mass, and survival were compared forL. decemlineata provided foliage from susceptible (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill. cv. Walter), resistant (L. hirsutum f.Glabratum C.H. Mull accession PI 134417), and F1 hybrid plants. Values obtained for dietetic indices were regressed against corresponding values for α-tomatine content of foliage provided to larvae. Differences in dietetic indices could not be attributed to variation in foliar α-tomatine content despite a long-standing literature showing theex planta α-tomatine inhibits feeding and growth byL. decemlineata.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Barbour, J. D. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1991}, month={May}, pages={989–1005} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1990, title={Growth Inhibitors in Host Plant Resistance to Insects: Examples from a wild tomato with Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)}, volume={25}, ISSN={0749-8004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.46}, DOI={10.18474/0749-8004-25.1.46}, abstractNote={Non-lethal, growth inhibiting allelochemicals have potential roles in host plant resistance to insects because they can extend the time the insects are exposed to other mortality factors. Four chemical constituents of the wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, PI 134417 were evaluated in artificial diet as growth inhibitors to Heliothis zea (Boddie): alpha-tomatine, chlorogenic acid, beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene. All caused small increases in developmental time, and, except for chlorogenic acid, small decreases in pupal weight. These changes may be too small to be of biological significance in host plant resistance. Our results suggest that the usual method of evaluating growth inhibitors, which is to weigh the insects after a fixed feeding period, is inadequate to assess the biological significance of any observed growth inhibitory effects. Because differences in weight after fixed feeding periods do not always translate into equivalent changes in developmental time or final weight, measurement of actual developmental time may be more appropriate.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Entomological Science}, publisher={Georgia Entomological Society}, author={Farrar, Robert R. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={46–56} }
 @article{heim_kennedy_vanduyn_1990, title={Survey of Insecticide Resistance Among North Carolina Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations}, volume={83}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.4.1229}, DOI={10.1093/jee/83.4.1229}, abstractNote={Laboratory bioassays of field-collected populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), revealed extensive variation in resistance to several chemicals registered for use on potato in North Carolina. Resistance to fenvalerate was most extensive in potato beetle populations from Carteret and Pamlico counties, with considerable levels of resistance also present in Pasquotank and Currituck counties. Azinphosmethyl resistance was most prominent in beetle populations from Carteret and Pasquotank counties, and carbofuran resistance was most extensive in Carteret, Currituck, and Pasquotank counties. Results also showed significant levels of variation in susceptibility to these insecticides among counties, among fields within counties, and among beetle populations within fields.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Heim, D. C. and Kennedy, G. G. and Vanduyn, J. W.}, year={1990}, month={Aug}, pages={1229–1235} }
 @article{ellsworth_patterson_bradley_kennedy_stinner_1989, title={Developmental consequences of water and temperature in the European corn borer – maize interaction}, volume={53}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb03576.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb03576.x}, abstractNote={AbstractMaize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25 ° & 30 ° C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E‐race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments.In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect‐crop interactions is discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ellsworth, P.C. and Patterson, R.P. and Bradley, J.R., Jr. and Kennedy, G.G. and Stinner, R.E.}, year={1989}, month={Dec}, pages={287–296} }
 @article{kennedy_gould_1989, title={Future Challenges for Entomology and the Entomological Society of America}, volume={35}, ISSN={0013-8754}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/35.3.190}, DOI={10.1093/besa/35.3.190}, abstractNote={Centennial celebrations are a time for examining the past and charting the future. Other chapters in this volume have been devoted to an examination of our past E. H. Smith's insightful treatise on the first hundred years of the Entomological Society of America examines the forces, issues, and personalities that have shaped our science and our society, and it provides a suitable point of departure for our consideration of the future.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kennedy, G. G. and Gould, E.}, year={1989}, month={Sep}, pages={190–200} }
 @article{kauffman_kennedy_1989, title={Inhibition ofCampoletis sonorensis parasitism ofHeliothis zea and of parasitoid development by 2-tridecanone-mediated insect resistance of wild tomato}, volume={15}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01012276}, DOI={10.1007/bf01012276}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kauffman, William C. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={1919–1930} }
 @article{ellsworth_umeozor_kennedy_bradley_van duyn_1989, title={Population consequences of diapause in a model system: the European corn borer}, volume={53}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb01284.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb01284.x}, abstractNote={AbstractThe diapause biology of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.), is described based on natural and controlled environment studies of feral and lab‐reared ECB's in North Carolina (NC). The diapause response is described as a function of photophase (h of light/day) as well as a function of larval age (instar) at onset of diapause‐inducing conditions. A critical photophase of 14.4 h and a critical mean larval instar of 3.3 is found in the lab studies and supported by three years of insectary studies. Seven years of black light trapping of ECB moths in Goldsboro, NC, revealed the likelihood of up to four moth flights/year.Information about the diapause biology of this insect is used to explain both the number of flights and the relative magnitude of the final moth flights. On average, the majority of ECB lineages pass through three generations/year with early maturing ECB's producing a significant and predictable fourth generation. The timing and magnitude of the fourth flight can be partly explained on the basis of the critical photophase and the timing and age structure of previous ECB generations. In most years, the fourth flight is smaller than the third due to the majority of the fourth generation's predisposition towards diapause. However, in at least one case (1977), the fourth flight was unusually large and could be predicted by slight temporal shifts in the previous three flights resulting in the majority of the fourth generation larvae averting diapause. The value of the ECB‐diapause interaction as a model system for the explanation and prediction of dynamic phenological events is discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ellsworth, P.C. and Umeozor, O.C. and Kennedy, G.G. and Bradley, J.R., Jr. and Van Duyn, J.W.}, year={1989}, month={Nov}, pages={45–55} }
 @article{farrar_barbour_kennedy_1989, title={Quantifying Food Consumption and Growth in Insects}, volume={82}, ISSN={1938-2901 0013-8746}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/82.5.593}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/82.5.593}, abstractNote={Relative consumption rate is frequently calculated as weight of food consumed divided by mean body weight over the course of the feeding period. However, mean weight incorporates weight change, which is a function of digestive efficiency; relative consumption rate, therefore, is inherently dependent on physiological responses. In short-term (within one instar) experiments quantifying insect behavior, the maximum amount of food an insect can eat is not likely to vary directly with body weight. Under such circumstances, it is more appropriate to relate consumption to the weight of the insect at the beginning of the test, not to mean weight. The use of mean weights produces a similar bias in relative growth rate.}, number={5}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Farrar, Robert R. and Barbour, James D. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1989}, month={Sep}, pages={593–598} }
 @article{sorenson_fery_kennedy_1989, title={Relationship Between Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Tobacco Hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Resistance in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum}, volume={82}, ISSN={1938-291X 0022-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/82.6.1743}, DOI={10.1093/jee/82.6.1743}, abstractNote={Segregation patterns of glandular trichome-mediated resistance to Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and to Manduca sexta (L.) were examined in short-term foliage consumption bioassays for the following plant populations: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Walter’, susceptible parent;. L. hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, PI 134417, resistant parent; F2 ((‘Walter’ × PI 134417) × (‘Walter’ × PI 134417));‘Walter’ × F1 (‘Walter’ × PI 134417); and F1 (‘Walter’ × PI 134417) × PI 134417. The component of L. decemlineata resistance associated with the foliar glandular trichomes segregated in a manner identical to M. sexta resistance. Because the levels of resistance to both insect species were highly correlated in segregating F1 backcross populations ( rT = 0.827; P ≤0.001), a common mechanism is indicated. PI 134417 also possesses a L. decemlineata resistance component associated with the foliar lamellae which causes extensive mortality (98%) of late instars and pupae compared with beetles reared on foliage of the commercial tomato cultivar ‘Walter’ (x mortality, 57%). F1 plants from crosses between ‘Walter’ and PI 134417 were shown to lack the trichome-mediated component of resistance to L. decemlineata but to possess significant levels of the lamella-based resistance component (x mortality, 89%). Thus, the lamella-based and trichome-mediated resistance components are under separate genetic control.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Economic Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Sorenson, C. E. and Fery, R. L. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1989}, month={Dec}, pages={1743–1748} }
 @article{kauffman_kennedy_1989, title={Relationship Between Trichome Density in Tomato and Parasitism of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs by Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)}, volume={18}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/18.4.698}, DOI={10.1093/ee/18.4.698}, abstractNote={During 1984 through 1986, eggs of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.) were collected from field-grown tomato accessions varying in levels of glandular trichome-based resistance to Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Eggs were subsequently held in the laboratory to determine levels of egg parasitism, mortality, and hatch. Parasitism of eggs by Trichogramma petiosum Riley and T. exiguum (Pinto and Platner) was greatest on the Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill) cultivar susceptible to M. sexta and was lowest on all backcross lines ( L. esculentum × PI 134417) × PI 134417) and the highly resistant L. hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Muller (PI 134417). Regression analyses indicated that trichome density accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in Trichogramma spp. parasitism of eggs. However, because the methyl ketones 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone, which contribute to the insect resistance of PI 134417, occur in the glandular trichome tips, their effects on parasitism by Trichogramma could not be separated from the effects of trichome density in this study. Egg density, canopy volume, and number of stem terminals per plot were unrelated to the percentage of parasitism by the Trichogramma studied here.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kauffman, William C. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1989}, month={Aug}, pages={698–704} }
 @article{kauffman_kennedy_1989, title={Toxicity of allelochemicals from wild insect-resistant tomatoLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum toCampoletis sonorensis, a parasitoid ofHeliothis zea}, volume={15}, ISSN={0098-0331 1573-1561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207437}, DOI={10.1007/bf01207437}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kauffman, W. C. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={2051–2060} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1988, title={2-Undecanone, a pupal mortality factor in Heliothis zea: sensitive larval stage and in planta activity in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum}, volume={47}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1988.tb01138.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1988.tb01138.x}, abstractNote={Abstract2‐Undecanone, a compound found in the tips of the Type VI glandular trichomes of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (accession PI 134417), when incorporated in artificial diet, was previously shown to cause pupal deformity and mortality among Heliothis zea (Boddie). In the present study, the developmental stage of H zea sensitive to the effects of dietary 2‐undecanone was determined by rearing larvae through the fourth instar on diet with or without 2‐undecanone, then transferring them to new diet either with or without 2‐undecanone. Dietary levels of 2‐undecanone (0.055% wet wt) were representative of concentrations found in PI 134417 foliage. Ingestion of 2‐undecanone during the fifth instar was both necessary and sufficient to cause pupal mortality. Rearing fifth instar H. zea on PI 134417 foliage with glandular trichomes intact (2‐undecanone present at 0.084 ± 0.026% wt wt) or with the trichomes, and hence 2‐undecanone, removed indicated that these effects occur in planta. Potential implications of these findings for using 2‐undecanone‐mediated resistance for insect pest management are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, Robert R., Jr. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1988}, month={Jun}, pages={205–210} }
 @article{smitley_kennedy_1988, title={Aerial dispersal of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) from field corn}, volume={5}, ISSN={0168-8162 1572-9702}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02053815}, DOI={10.1007/bf02053815}, abstractNote={Field data from 48 plots monitored during diverse weather conditions in two separate years were subjected to multiple regression analysis to determine which factors were related to spider-mite aerial dispersal. With the number of aerially dispersing mites as the dependent variable, partial regression coefficients (b) for mite population density and percent corn-leaf area infested with mites were positive, while those for percentNeozygites-infected mites and hours per week ≥90% r.h. were negative. When an aerial dispersal index (number of aerially dispersing mites/mites per plant) was used as the dependent variable, the partial regression coefficient for percent leaf area infested was positive, while coefficients for hours per week ≥90% r.h. and percentNeozygites-infected mites were negative. Mite aerial dispersal was greatest in predator-suppressed field plots under dry weather conditions. Mite aerial dispersal was substantially reduced in plots where moist weather conditions induced epizootics ofNeozygites floridana before corn plants became entirely infested with mites.}, number={1-2}, journal={Experimental and Applied Acarology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Smitley, David R. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1988}, month={Sep}, pages={33–46} }
 @article{brooks_becnel_kennedy_1988, title={Establishment of Endoreticulatus N. G. for Pleistophora fidelis (Hostounský & Weiser, 1975) (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) Based on the Ultrastructure of a Microsporidium in the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)}, volume={35}, ISSN={0022-3921}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04134.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04134.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Protozoology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Brooks, W. M. and Becnel, J. J. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1988}, month={Nov}, pages={481–488} }
 @article{margolies_kennedy_1988, title={Fenvalerate‐induced aerial dispersal by the twospotted spider mite}, volume={46}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1988.tb01117.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1988.tb01117.x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Margolies, David C. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1988}, month={Mar}, pages={233–240} }
 @misc{kennedy_smitley_1988, title={Method of controlling plant feeding mites with the fungus Neozygites floridana}, volume={4,752,468}, number={1988 Jun. 21}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Kennedy, G. G. and Smitley, D. R.}, year={1988} }
 @article{gray_moyer_kennedy_1988, title={Resistance in Cucumis melo to Watermelon Mosaic Virus 2 Correlated with Reduced Virus Movement Within Leaves}, volume={78}, ISSN={0031-949X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-78-1043}, DOI={10.1094/phyto-78-1043}, number={8}, journal={Phytopathology}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Gray, Stewart M. and Moyer, J. W. and Kennedy, G. G.}, year={1988}, pages={1043} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1987, title={2-Undecanone, a constituent of the glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum: Effects on Heliothis zea and Manduca sexta growth and survival}, volume={43}, ISSN={0013-8703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01040.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01040.x}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, Robert R., jr. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1987}, month={Apr}, pages={17–23} }
 @inbook{brandenburg_kennedy_1987, title={Ecological and agricultural considerations in the management of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)}, volume={2}, ISBN={9780946707119}, booktitle={Agricultural zoology reviews}, author={Brandenburg, R.L. and Kennedy, G.G.}, editor={Russell, G.E.Editor}, year={1987}, pages={185 236} }
 @article{kennedy_gould_deponti_stinner_1987, title={Ecological, Agricultural, Genetic, and Commercial Considerations in the Deployment of Insect-resistant Germplasm}, volume={16}, ISSN={1938-2936 0046-225X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/16.2.327}, DOI={10.1093/ee/16.2.327}, abstractNote={We make an attempt to identify the agricultural and ecological factors of greatest importance in assessing the applicability of different modalities (antibiosis, antixenosis, tolerance) and levels of insect resistance to the pest management requirements of different crops and cropping systems. Emphasis is placed on the importance of matching the type and level of resistance to the pest's biology (e.g., feeding habits, development on the crop, alternate hosts, patterns of invasion of the crop, number of generations passed in the crop) and the production requirements of the crop. We illustrate how, depending on context, the use of a particular modality and level of resistance may simplify pest management, reduce crop losses without simplifying pest management, or by changing a pest whose occurrence in damaging populations is highly predictable to one whose occurrence is irregular and unpredictable, complicate pest management. The HELSIM Heliothis zea population dynamics model is used to illustrate how simulation models can be used to explore the consequences of deploying particular modalities and levels of insect resistance. In exploring genetic considerations in the use of insect-resistant germplasm, we focus on the problem of maximizing the durability of insect resistance by minimizing selection for virulent biotypes. We examine whether some modalities of resistance are inherently more stable than others regarding selection of virulent biotypes, and argue that in judging the inherent durability of a particular resistance, exclusive focus on the genetic nature of the plant resistance is inadequate. Knowledge of the genetic variability of the target pest vis a vis the plant resistance and an understanding of the direct biological effects of the resistance on the insect are also essential. The selection pressure for virulent insect biotypes exerted by resistant crop cultivars is shown to be dependent upon the modality of resistance as well as the agricultural and ecological context in which it is deployed. Simulation models are used to illustrate how different deployment strategies can affect the durability of resistance.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Gould, Fred and Deponti, O. M. B. and Stinner, R. E.}, year={1987}, month={Apr}, pages={327–338} }
 @article{fery_kennedy_1987, title={Genetic Analysis of 2-Tridecanone Concentration, Leaf Trichome Characteristics, and Tobacco Hornworm Resistance in Tomato}, volume={112}, ISSN={0003-1062 2327-9788}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.5.886}, DOI={10.21273/jashs.112.5.886}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Fery, Richard L. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1987}, month={Sep}, pages={886–891} }
 @article{farrar_kennedy_1987, title={Growth, food consumption and mortality of Heliothis zea larvae on foliage of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum and the cultivated tomato, L. esculentum}, volume={44}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb00547.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb00547.x}, abstractNote={AbstractLarvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) were fed foliage of the resistant wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (PI 134417) and susceptible L. esculentum (cultivar “Walter”), either with the glandular trichomes removed or with the trichomes intact. Response variables measured included larval mortality, larval weight, consumption rate (CR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested material (ECI). Resistant foliage was found to contain factors in both the trichomes and leaf lamellae which increased larval mortality, reduced larval weight, reduced CR, and, except in second instars, reduced ECI. Susceptible foliage also contained trichome‐based factors which increased larval mortality and decreased weight, as well as CR of second instars and ECI of fifth instars. Implications of these findings for breeding resistant tomato cultivars are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farrar, Robert R., Jr. and Kennedy, George G.}, year={1987}, month={Aug}, pages={213–219} }
 @article{kennedy_farrar_riskallah_1987, title={Induced tolerance of neonate Heliothis zea to host plant allelochemicals and carbaryl following incubation of eggs on foliage of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum}, volume={73}, ISSN={0029-8549 1432-1939}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379425}, DOI={10.1007/bf00379425}, number={4}, journal={Oecologia}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kennedy, G. G. and Farrar, R. R. and Riskallah, M. R.}, year={1987}, month={Oct}, pages={615–620} }
 @article{kennedy_farrar_1987, title={Response of insecticide-resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata to 2-tridecanone and resistant tomato foliage: the absence of cross resistance}, volume={45}, ISSN={0013-8703 1570-7458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01080.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1987.tb01080.x}, abstractNote={AbstractInsecticide‐resistant Colorado potato beetles (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, from Long Island, New York and susceptible beetles from North Carolina were tested for response to 2‐tridecanone and foliage of the CPB resistant wild tomato, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, PI 134417. Populations did not differ in their response to 2‐tridecanone or PI 134417 foliage. Exposure of beetles to sublethal doses of 2‐tridecanone did not increase tolerance of either population to subsequent exposures to 2‐tridecanone. It was also found that the New York beetles suffered higher mortality than North Carolina beetles on CPB susceptible L. esculentum foliage and PI 134417 foliage from which the glandular trichomes, which contain 2‐tridecanone, were removed. Survival of North Carolina beetles was lower on PI 134417 foliage without trichomes than on L. esculentum foliage.}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Kennedy, George G. and Farrar, Robert R., Jr}, year={1987}, month={Nov}, pages={187–192} }
 @book{mckenzie_barfield_kennedy_berger_1985, place={Baton Rouge, LA}, title={The movement and dispersal of agriculturally important biotic agents :
an International Conference on the Movement and Dispersal of Biotic Agents : a symposium held at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, October 17-19, 1984 /}, ISBN={9780875117768}, publisher={Claitors Publishing Division}, year={1985} }
 @article{kennedy_1984, title={2-TRIDECANONE, TOMATOES AND HELIOTHIS-ZEA - POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY OF PLANT ANTIBIOSIS WITH INSECTICIDAL CONTROL}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1984.tb03396.x}, abstractNote={AbstractThe allelochemic, 2‐tridecanone, which conditions resistance in the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to Manduca sexta and plays an important role in the resistance to Leptinotarsa decemlineate is shown to induce an enhanced level of tolerance to the carbamate insecticide carbaryl in a third important insect pest of tomato, Heliothis zea. This phenomenon has important implications regarding the compatibility of using tomato cultivars having 2‐tridecanone‐mediated insect resistance in conjunction with insecticides to manage the full spectrum of tomato insect pests.}, number={3}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={KENNEDY, GG}, year={1984}, pages={305–311} }
 @article{kennedy_1983, title={EFFECTS OF EUROPEAN CORN-BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) DAMAGE ON YIELDS OF SPRING-GROWN POTATOES}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/76.2.316}, abstractNote={A 4-year field study of the effects of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) damage on yield of spring-grown potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., revealed no direct relationship between the level of damage and total yield or yields of U.S. no. 1 potatoes, whether damage was expressed in number of ECB damaged stems per plot, percent damaged stems per plot, or mean number of larval tunnels per plant. Yields were adversely affected by bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia spp. Simple regression analysis indicated that variation in soft rot incidence accounted for 14 to 25% of the variation in yields. The incidence of soft rot was related to damage as expressed by mean number of ECB tunnels per plant, with simple linear regressions accounting for 14 to 15% of variation in soft rot incidence. The relationship observed in this study indicates that substantial O. nubilalis damage can be tolerated in spring-grown potatoes in North Carolina and that, in most years, control is not justified.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG}, year={1983}, pages={316–322} }
 @article{kennedy_romanow_jenkins_sanders_1983, title={INSECTS AND DISEASES DAMAGING TOMATO FRUITS IN THE COASTAL-PLAIN OF NORTH-CAROLINA}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/76.1.168}, abstractNote={Direct insect- and disease-induced fruit losses on processing tomatoes were studied in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina by following cohorts of fruit weekly between fruit set and harvest. During both years of the study, insect-induced losses were greater in late-planted than in early-planted tomatoes. Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were the most damaging insects. Other insects damaging the fruits included Euschistus servus (Say), Acrosternum hilare (Say), Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenee) and Manduca spp. Numerous diseases directly affecting the fruits caused substantial reductions in yield. The pathogens causing the greatest fruit losses were Colletotrichum spp., Alternaria spp., Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) and Septoria lycopersici Speg.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and ROMANOW, LR and JENKINS, SF and SANDERS, DC}, year={1983}, pages={168–173} }
 @article{kennedy_moyer_1982, title={APHID (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE) TRANSMISSION AND SEPARATION OF 2 STRAINS OF SWEET-POTATO FEATHERY MOTTLE VIRUS FROM SWEET-POTATO}, volume={75}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/75.1.130}, abstractNote={The russet crack strain of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (RC-FMV) is transmitted by Aphis gossypii Glover in a typical nonpersistent fashion. The minimum acquisition and inoculation probe times resulting in successful transmission were 7 and 2 sec, respectively. The virus was retained by starved aphids for at least 60 min. No transmission occurred when the aphids were starved for 120 min after a virus acquisition access feeding period of 4 min. Transmission of RC-FMV from sweet potato plants was greatest when symptomatic foliage was used as a virus source; no transmission occurred from young, expanding foliage at the plant apex. Mixed infections of the common strain of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (C-FMV) and the RC-FMV strain in sweet potato were readily detected and the component viruses were isolated by using aphid transmission from graft-inoculated Ipomoea setosa Ker. plants to I. nil (L.) Roth seedlings. Mixed infections were not detected by aphid transmission directly from sweet potato.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and MOYER, JW}, year={1982}, pages={130–133} }
 @article{kennedy_yamamoto_dimock_williams_bordner_1981, title={EFFECT OF DAY LENGTH AND LIGHT-INTENSITY ON 2-TRIDECANONE LEVELS AND RESISTANCE IN LYCOPERSICON-HIRSUTUM F GLABRATUM TO MANDUCA-SEXTA (LEPIDOPTERA, SPHINGIDAE)}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/BF00990303}, abstractNote={First instarManduca sexta (L.) larvae confined on foliage fromLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) plants grown under a long-day regime exhibited greater mortality than larvae on foliage from plants grown under a short-day regime. 2-Tridecanone, a toxin important in the insect resistance of PI 134417, was significantly more abundant in the foliage of plants grown under the long-than the short-day regimes. Light intensity influenced neither 2-tridecanone levels nor the expression of resistance. The density of glandular trichomes, which secrete 2-tridecanone, was influenced by an interaction between day length and light intensity.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and YAMAMOTO, RT and DIMOCK, MB and WILLIAMS, WG and BORDNER, J}, year={1981}, pages={707–716} }
 @article{kennedy_anderson_1980, title={EUROPEAN CORN-BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) TRAPPING IN NORTH-CAROLINA WITH VARIOUS SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENT BLENDS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/73.5.642}, abstractNote={Both the (Z) and the (E) pheromone strains of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) were found to occur sympatrically in North Carolina. Traps baited with a blend of 97%Z and 3%E 11-tetradecenyl acetate (11–14: Ac) caught significantly more male moths than did traps baited with a 4%Z:96%E blend. An intermediate number of males was caught in traps baited with blends of 50%Z:50%E or 35%Z:65%E 11–14:Ac. Correlations between the numbers of moths caught in traps baited with the different blends were not consistently significant. The sex pheromone baited traps were far less effective than a BL trap for monitoring seasonal activity of the European corn borer moth population.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and ANDERSON, TE}, year={1980}, pages={642–646} }
 @article{kennedy_aboughadir_1979, title={BIONOMICS OF THE TURNIP APHID (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE) ON 2 TURNIP CULTIVARS}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0022-0493"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/72.5.754}, abstractNote={In greenhouse studies, apterous turnip aphids, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), reared on ‘Shogoin’ turnip had a longer prereproductive period, produced fewer progeny, and were smaller than their counterparts reared on ‘Purple Top White Glob’ (PTWG) turnip. Similarly, alate aphids reared on radish and placed on turnip as prereproductive adults, produced fewer progeny on Shogoin than on PTWG. Experiments in which apterous aphids were reared on one cultivar and transferred to the other as prereproductive adults suggested that the resistance of Shogoin operates primarily against the reproductive adult turnip aphid.

In 3 field plantings, turnip aphids were 3X more abundant on PTWG than on Shogoin in the one planting in which well-established aphid populations were observed. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), were significantly more abundant on Shogoin than on PTWG in one planting, but not in 2 others. Larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), were significantly more abundant on Shogoin than PTWG in 2 of the 3 experimental plantings.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and ABOUGHADIR, MF}, year={1979}, pages={754–757} }
 @book{rabb_kennedy_1979, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Movement of highly mobile insects : concepts and meth[o]dology in research : proceedings of a conference, "movement of selected species of Lepidoptera in the southeastern United States," Raleigh, North Carolina, April 9-11, 1979}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, year={1979} }
 @article{kennedy_yamamoto_1979, title={TOXIC FACTOR CAUSING RESISTANCE IN A WILD TOMATO TO THE TOBACCO HORNWORM AND SOME OTHER INSECTS}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.1979.tb02906.x}, abstractNote={Resistance in the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum P.I. 134417 to Manduca sexta L. is due primarily to the presence of a toxic factor. A concentrated chloroform extract from the foliage was also toxic to Heliothis zea, Keiferia lycopersicella, Aphis craccivora, A. gossypii and Myzus persicae.}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={KENNEDY, GG and YAMAMOTO, RT}, year={1979}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{kennedy_mclean_kinsey_1978, title={PROBING BEHAVIOR OF APHIS-GOSSYPII (HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA APHIDIDAE) ON RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE MUSKMELON}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/71.1.13}, abstractNote={Microscopic examination of stylets and sheaths and electronic recording of the probing behavior of the melon aphid on resistant and susceptible muskmelon revealed pronounced differences in probing on the 2 lines. Relative to the susceptible line, ‘Top Mark,’ stylets and sheaths in the resistant line, 91213, had significantly more branches ending in the phloem. Electronic recording of aphid probing revealed that on the resistant plants a significantly greater percentage of the probes led to stylet contact with the phloem sieve cells, but a smaller proportion of the sieve cell contacts resulted in ingestion than was the case on susceptible plants. In addition, the duration of periods of ingestion from the sieve cells was 2- to 3× greater on susceptible than on resistant plants.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG and MCLEAN, DL and KINSEY, MG}, year={1978}, pages={13–16} }
 @article{kennedy_1978, title={Recent advances in insect resistance of vegetable and fruit crops in North America: 1966-1977}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1093/besa/24.3.375}, abstractNote={Between 1966 and 1977, no fewer than 200 published papers dealt with insect resistance in fruit and vegetable crops in North America. These covered at least 30 different crops and 89 different crop/insect associations. The heritability of resistance was demonstrated in 35 cases.}, number={3}, journal={Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America}, author={Kennedy, George}, year={1978}, pages={375} }
 @article{kennedy_1976, title={HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AND SPREAD OF PLANT-VIRUSES}, volume={5}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/5.5.827}, abstractNote={Crop cuitivars resistant to insect vectors of plant viruses are likely to alter the population size, activity, and probing and feeding behavior of the vector, thereby influencing the pattern of virus spread. The effect of a vector resistant cuitivar on virus spread will depend upon the type of resistance (nonpreference, antibiosis, or tolerance), the level of resistance, the relative importance of primary and secondary virus spread, the length of the acquisition, inoculation, retention, and latent periods of the virus, and the effect of virus infection on vector resistance in the plant. Each combination of these factors may result in a different effect on virus spread; the possibilities are discussed. Because of the complexities involved, a thorough understanding of the ecology of virus spread, the biology of vector resistance, and the ecology of the vector arc essential to predict the effect of vector resistance on virus spread.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={KENNEDY, GG}, year={1976}, pages={827–832} }