@article{zilnik_burrack_2021, title={Susceptibility of North Carolina Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Flue Cured Tobacco to Chlorantraniliprole}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab055}, abstractNote={Abstract The tobacco budworm, Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (F.), has evolved resistance to numerous insecticides in the field. In tobacco, chlorantraniliprole can be applied as either a preventative systemic soil application at or near transplant, or a foliar application timed to current treatment thresholds. With a novel mode of action chlorantraniliprole provides an option for rotation with other insecticides to reduce the probability of insecticide resistance development. However, specific usage patterns in tobacco have the potential to increase the risk of resistance development to this insecticide. In particular, soil applied treatments may expose C. virescens to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide. We studied chlorantraniliprole susceptibility in nine field populations and one laboratory strain of C. virescens using a diet incorporation bioassay. Mortality was measured at 7, 10, and 14 d after exposure. Our results demonstrated that bioassays should be evaluated at 14 d after exposure to optimize interpretation of the dose–response due to the antifeeding properties of chlorantraniliprole. We observed low variation within field-collected populations. Field populations were as susceptible as the laboratory strain; the resistance ratio at the 14-d evaluation for field-collected populations ranged from 1.01 to 1.05. A discriminating dose of 0.117, 0.080, and 0.070 µg a.i./g diet could be used at 7, 10, and 14 d, respectively. Larval growth varied between field populations. Two field populations continued growing on diet containing chlorantraniliprole and differed in size from the laboratory and other populations. Further evaluation of growth inhibition will be necessary.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Zilnik, Gabriel and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1166–1172} }
 @article{zilnik_kraus_burrack_2021, title={Translocation and persistence of soil applied chlorantraniliprole as a control measure for Chloridea virescens in tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105413}, abstractNote={(Heliothis) virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (tobacco budworm) management in pre-topped tobacco remains a concern for growers. Chlorantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide, emerged as an option for C. virescens in early season tobacco because it selectively targets caterpillars, exhibits systemic action, and satisfies reduced risk classification. It is currently recommended for foliar application at threshold; however, because of its systemic action, many growers deploy soil applications at transplant. We conducted a series of experiments to determine the potential efficacy and longevity of soil applications of chlorantraniliprole for use against C. virescens in tobacco. First, tobacco plants were grown in the NCSU Phytotron, a controlled environment facility, and were treated with chlorantraniliprole soil applications either as a soil injection or soil drench at field equivalent rates at transplant. Plants were either watered daily or two times per week. A field experiment was established at two locations where at transplant in furrow and soil drench applications of chlorantraniliprole were compared to foliar applications. In both these experiments, one of the youngest leaves of adequate length on a subset of plants was sampled weeks three through nine after transplant in the phytotron and five through eight after transplant at the field stations. One-half of each leaf was exposed to second instar C. virescens to assess mortality and feeding, and the other half was analyzed for chlorantraniliprole concentration. Mortality differed between treatments in phytotron and field trials after 96 h exposure. Frass production and survivorship increased as plants grew. Phytotron trials demonstrated longer toxicity to C. virescens than field experiments, and chlorantraniliprole concentrations decreased at a slower rate in the Phytotron than in the field. Our field results suggest that soil applications of chlorantraniliprole are not likely to provide acceptable early season C. virescens control in the field.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Zilnik, Gabriel and Kraus, Dylan A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{antonelli_clayton_hartzog_webster_zilnik_2016, title={Transgenic pests and human health: A short overview of social, cultural, and scientific considerations}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-800246-9.00001-6}, abstractNote={Abstract Tropical disease mitigation is a multifaceted, complex issue that spans many disciplines within the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Effective control and prevention of diseases like malaria and dengue fever requires integrated research in order to understand these problems within their social and cultural contexts. This type of interdisciplinary research was recently endorsed by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2013) as critical for developing effective solutions for the world’s problems. Adopting such an interdisciplinary approach, we discuss various social, cultural, and ethical issues related to the control of dengue fever and malaria, especially those pertaining to the potential use of transgenic technologies.}, journal={Genetic Control of Malaria and Dengue}, author={Antonelli, T. and Clayton, A. and Hartzog, M. and Webster, S. and Zilnik, G.}, year={2016}, pages={1–30} }