@article{larson_perkins-veazie_ma_kon_2023, title={Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae9020279}, abstractNote={Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carbohydrates throughout a growing season in two cultivars and evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict apple carbohydrate content throughout changes in fruit development. Carbohydrates were quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at five timepoints between early fruitlet growth and harvest in ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. NIR spectra was collected for freeze-dried fruit samples using a benchtop near infrared spectrometer. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate early in the growing season (~40% of total carbohydrates). However, the relative contribution of sorbitol to total carbohydrates rapidly decreased by 59 days after full bloom (<10%). The proportion of fructose to total carbohydrates increased throughout fruit development (40–50%). Three distinct periods of fruit development, early, mid-season, and late, were found over all sampling dates using principal component analysis. The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components accounted for 90% of the variation in the data, samples separated among sampling date along PC1. Partial least squares regression was used to build the models by calibrating carbohydrates quantified with HPLC and measured reflectance spectra. The NIR models reliably predicted the content of fructose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, and total soluble sugars for both ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’; r2 ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. These results show that NIR can accurately estimate carbohydrates throughout the growing season and offers an efficient alternative to liquid or gas chromatography.}, number={2}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Larson, James E. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Kon, Thomas M.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_ma_schwickerath_meyer_chen_2023, title={The Absence of Malvidin-3-Glucoside in Petiole Tissue Predicts Rare Red-Type Flower of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis L.)}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2077-0472"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/3/598}, DOI={10.3390/agriculture13030598}, abstractNote={Eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis L., is a popular ornamental tree in the U.S. and has flower colors of purple-type, red-type, and white-type. Most redbuds cultivars have purple-type flowers. Red-types and white-types are much less common. These unusual flower colors have become an important trait for incorporation into novel redbud cultivars. Eastern redbud seedlings require 3–5 years before blooming, making flower color selection a slow and expensive process. The ability to select seedlings for flower color type would significantly increase the efficiency of the breeding process. Redbud flower color is dominated by anthocyanin content; leaf petioles often show visible pink to purple color, indicating the potential presence of anthocyanin. In this study, anthocyanin profiles of 14 cultivars and 25 progenies of ‘Appalachian Red’ (red-type) × ‘Oklahoma’ (purple-type) were determined using HPLC. The petiole anthocyanin profiles were strongly indicative of plant flower-color types. Both peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside were dominant in petioles from all purple-type plants. In contrast, malvidin-3-glucoside was absent from petioles of red-type plants, and neither peonidin-3-glucoside nor malvidin-3-glucoside was detected among white-type cultivars. These results indicate that the presence or absence of peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside in petioles can be a physiological marker for identifying redbud flower color types.}, number={3}, journal={AGRICULTURE-BASEL}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Schwickerath, Jack and Meyer, Elisabeth and Chen, Hsuan}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{sorokina_mccaffrey_deaton_ma_ordovas_perkins-veazie_steinbeck_levi_parnell_2021, title={A Catalog of Natural Products Occurring in Watermelon-Citrullus lanatus}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2296-861X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fnut.2021.729822}, abstractNote={Graphical Abstract}, journal={FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION}, author={Sorokina, Maria and McCaffrey, Kira S. and Deaton, Erin E. and Ma, Guoying and Ordovas, Jose M. and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope M. and Steinbeck, Christoph and Levi, Amnon and Parnell, Laurence D.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_bergmann_ma_perkins-veazie_2020, title={Extending Cut Paeonia Lactiflora Pall. Storage Duration Using Sub-Zero Storage Temperatures}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy10111694}, abstractNote={Cut peonies (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) have a relatively short vase life and limited availability due to seasonal production. Cultivars Festiva Maxima (FM), Monsieur Jules Elie (MJE), and Sarah Bernhardt (SB) stored at 0.7 °C had a longer flower open time at 12 weeks of storage compared to those held at −3.1 or 3.5 °C, while the flower bud time was unaffected. The flower open time of FM and MJE was no different for stems stored at a sub-zero temperature of −0.6 °C for 16 weeks compared to non-stored stems. Flower quality, opening, and lack of deformity was reduced at 16 weeks of storage in comparison to non-stored flowers, but higher for stems stored at −0.6 °C compared to 0.7 °C. Pre-treating stems before storage with pulses of a commercial hydrator solution or a 200 g·L−1 sucrose solution for 2 h at 4 °C had little commercial significance compared to non-pulsed control stems. The total phenolic content, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase were not effective indicators of open time or quality loss. This study is the first to demonstrate the successful use of a non-freezing, sub-zero storage temperature for peony, and the first to store cut peonies for 16 weeks, despite an increased risk of reduced flower quality.}, number={11}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Bergmann, Ben A. and Ma, Guoying and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{hartman_wehner_ma_perkins-veazie_2019, title={Citrulline and Arginine Content of Taxa of Cucurbitaceae}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2311-7524"]}, DOI={10.3390/horticulturae5010022}, abstractNote={Watermelon is the most significant, natural plant source of L-citrulline, a non-proteinaceous amino acid that benefits cardiovascular health and increases vasodilation in many tissues of the body. Watermelon is a member of the Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, melon, pumpkin, and cucumber. It is possible that other cucurbits could be good sources of citrulline or of arginine, its direct precursor. Twenty-one cultigens were evaluated in triplicate at two locations in North Carolina to estimate citrulline and arginine amounts and variation due to cultigen, replication, and environment. Cultigens containing the highest amount of citrulline (based on LS means) in g/kg fresh weight were ’Crimson Sweet’ watermelon (2.85), ’Dixielee’ watermelon (2.43), casaba-type melon (0.86), mouse melon (0.64), and horned melon rind (0.45). Additionally, mouse melon, horned melon, and bitter gourd (arils) may be interesting sources of arginine-family amino acids, perhaps because of their large seed and aril content relative to mesocarp.}, number={1}, journal={HORTICULTURAE}, author={Hartman, Jordan L. and Wehner, Todd C. and Ma, Guoying and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{fall_perkins-veazie_ma_mcgregor_2019, title={QTLs associated with flesh quality traits in an elitexelite watermelon population}, volume={215}, ISSN={["1573-5060"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10681-019-2356-y}, number={2}, journal={EUPHYTICA}, author={Fall, Leigh Ann and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and McGregor, Cecilia}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{jiang_perkins-veazie_ma_gunter_2017, title={Muskmelon Fruit Quality in Response to Postharvest Essential Oil and Whey Protein Sprays}, volume={52}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11328-16}, abstractNote={The consumption of fresh muskmelons (Cucumis melo reticulatus L.) has been linked to severe illness outbreaks due to contamination with bacterial pathogens. Antimicrobial essential oils (EOs) were incorporated into wash water sprays and evaluated as potential agents for postharvest disinfection of ‘Athena’ muskmelons. Freshly harvested fruits were sprayed with 0.5% EOs from cinnamon leaf, thyme, or clove bud emulsified in a whey protein emulsion (WP) as potential washing disinfectants, together with deionized water, water with 200 µL·L−1 free chlorine (pH 7, free turbidity), or oil-free WP as controls. Melons were treated, stored at 4 °C and then evaluated weekly for weight loss, rind color, mesocarp firmness and the compositional quality traits soluble solids content (SSC), pH, β-carotene content, and total ascorbic acid (AsA) for up to 21 days. Essential oil–treated melons were not different from controls in fruit quality and composition with the exception of fruits treated with thyme oil, which were statistically lower in SSC (0.8 °Brix) than those treated with water or cinnamon oil treatment. Internal carbon dioxide was statistically higher (≈0.1% higher in value, equal to a 25% increase) in muskmelons receiving whey protein–based treatments after storage for at least 7 days. Overall, our results suggest that EOs as disinfectants have little effect on quality or composition of muskmelon fruit.}, number={6}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Jiang, Chen and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Gunter, Christopher}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={887–891} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_ma_fernandez_bradish_bushakra_bassil_weber_scheerens_robbins_finn_et al._2016, title={Black raspberry fruit composition over two years from seedling populations grown at four US geographic locations}, volume={1133}, ISSN={0567-7572 2406-6168}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.52}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.52}, number={1133}, journal={Acta Horticulturae}, publisher={International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS)}, author={Perkins-Veazie, P. and Ma, G. and Fernandez, G.E. and Bradish, C.M. and Bushakra, J.M. and Bassil, N.V. and Weber, C.A. and Scheerens, J.C. and Robbins, L. and Finn, C.E. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={335–338} }
 @article{perkins-veazie_pattison_fernandez_ma_2016, title={Fruit Quality and Composition of Two Advanced North Carolina Strawberry Selections}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1553-8362"]}, DOI={10.1080/15538362.2016.1219289}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The advanced selections, NCS 10-038 and NCS 10-156, from the North Carolina breeding program were compared to the traditionally used cultivars, Camarosa and Chandler, for storage life and fruit composition in 2014 and 2015. Postharvest quality of NCS 10-038 was similar to that of ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’ after 8 days storage at 4 °C. NCS 10-156 was significantly worse in overall appearance and had more fruit shrivel, calyx browning, and mold than the other genotypes. However, NCS 10-156 was highest in soluble solids content and was similar in total anthocyanin content and total phenolic content to ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’. Further analysis of flavonoids by high performance liquid chromatography showed that NCS 10-156 was much lower in total flavonols than the other genotypes and comparable in anthocyanin pigments to ‘Chandler’. NCS 10-038, while similar in pigment profile to ‘Camarosa’, had less total anthocyanin than the other genotypes. NCS 10-038 had a lighter red color than the other genotypes and was similar in postharvest quality to ‘Chandler’ and ‘Camarosa’ and may be suitable for long-distance markets. NCS 10-156 is slightly softer than the other genotypes and more prone to mold while the higher soluble solids content may make it suitable for direct market sales. Both selections show postharvest promise for strawberry production in the humid mid-South region.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRUIT SCIENCE}, author={Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Pattison, Jeremy and Fernandez, Gina and Ma, Guoying}, year={2016}, pages={220–227} }
 @article{bradish_yousef_ma_perkins-veazie_fernandez_2015, title={Anthocyanin, carotenoid, tocopherol, and ellagitannin content of red raspberry cultivars grown under field or high tunnel cultivation in the Southeastern United States}, volume={140}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Bradish, C. M. and Yousef, G. G. and Ma, G. Y. and Perkins-Veazie, P. and Fernandez, G. E.}, year={2015}, pages={163–171} }
 @article{kim_perkins-veazie_ma_fernandez_2015, title={Shelf life and changes in phenolic compounds of organically grown blackberries during refrigerated storage}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.08.020}, abstractNote={Fruit of organically grown fresh market blackberry cultivars ‘Natchez’, ‘Ouachita’, and ‘Navaho’ harvested at shiny black and dull black ripeness stages were stored at 1 °C for 15 d or at 1 °C for 13 d plus 20 °C for 2 d. Berries were subjectively rated and anthocyanins and phenolic compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine storage effects on berry postharvest quality and phenolic compounds. Berries harvested at the shiny black ripeness stage or those stored constantly at 1 °C had lower leakage, decay, and softness and a higher overall rating. ‘Navaho’ fruit had generally better storability compared to the other cultivars. Total anthocyanin content was generally higher in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Navaho’ than in ‘Ouachita’, and increased with storage at 20 °C for 2 d, while shiny black and dull black fruit were similar in anthocyanin content. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was found to represent 87–96% of the total anthocyanin content, and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-xyloside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were also detected. Total phenolic content increased during storage for all cultivars, especially when berries were stored at 20 °C for 2 d. Hydroxybenzoic acids were the primary phenolic compounds identified in fruit tissues of the three cultivars. Content and proportion of cyanidin 3-xyloside and vanillic acid in ‘Natchez’ were significantly lower than in ‘Ouachita’ or ‘Navaho’ fruit. Results indicate that the fruit of blackberry fruit of these cultivars, when grown organically, could be held with acceptable results when harvested at the shiny black stage of ripeness and stored at 1 °C. Transferring fruit to room temperature for as little as 2 d, even after cold storage, decreased marketability. In contrast, phenolic composition differed among cultivars and generally increased with storage.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Kim, Moo Jung and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Ma, Guoying and Fernandez, Gina}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={257–263} }
 @article{reberg-horton_burton_danehower_ma_monks_murphy_ranells_williamson_creamer_2005, title={Changes over time in the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye (Secale cereale L.)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1573-1561"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-005-0983-3}, abstractNote={Published studies focused on characterizing the allelopathy-based weed suppression by rye cover crop mulch have provided varying and inconsistent estimates of weed suppression. Studies were initiated to examine several factors that could influence the weed suppressiveness of rye: kill date, cultivar, and soil fertility. Ten cultivars of rye were planted with four rates of nitrogen fertilization, and tissue from each of these treatment combinations was harvested three times during the growing season. Concentrations of a known rye allelochemical DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-(2H)benzoxazine-3-one) were quantified from the harvested rye tissue using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytotoxicity observed from aqueous extracts of the harvested rye tissue correlated with the levels of DIBOA recovered in harvested tissue. The amount of DIBOA in rye tissue varied depending on harvest date and rye cultivar, but was generally lower with all cultivars when rye was harvested later in the season. However, the late maturing variety 'Wheeler' retained greater concentrations of DIBOA in comparison to other rye cultivars when harvested later in the season. The decline in DIBOA concentrations as rye matures, and the fact that many rye cultivars mature at different rates may help explain why estimates of weed suppression from allelopathic agents in rye have varied so widely in the literature.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Reberg-Horton, SC and Burton, JD and Danehower, DA and Ma, GY and Monks, DW and Murphy, JP and Ranells, NN and Williamson, JD and Creamer, NG}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={179–193} }
 @article{ma_coble_corbin_burton_1997, title={Physiological mechanisms for differential responses of three weed species to Prosulfuron}, volume={45}, number={5}, journal={Weed Science}, author={Ma, G.-Y. and Coble, H. D. and Corbin, F. T. and Burton, J. D.}, year={1997}, pages={642–647} }