@article{kulesza_leon_sosinski_kilroy_meis_castillo_wilson_2024, title={Risk of weed seed and seedling emergence from poultry litter}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2639-6696"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20479}, DOI={10.1002/agg2.20479}, abstractNote={AbstractIn areas surrounding large poultry industries, poultry litter is often an alternative nitrogen fertilizer for crop production. However, farmers who have not used poultry litter in the past have concerns regarding potential weed seed contamination. A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of germinable weed seed in poultry litters (n = 61) submitted by growers and industry representatives across North Carolina. In a 9:1 potting media:poultry litter mix, a single grass seed germinated from the 61 surveyed poultry litters, equating to 0.3 viable seeds 100 g−1 poultry litter. Viable seed content averaged 1.1 seeds 100 g−1 litter using the extractable seedbank method on 25% of the litters from the survey, much higher than the grow out method, and the majority of seeds found were Amaranthaceae. A growth chamber experiment was then conducted and demonstrated that there was a negative relation between poultry litter application and weed seedling emergence. There was a 65%, 75%, and 85% reduction in Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., and Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson germination, respectively, from the control to highest application rate of poultry litter (26.9 Mg ha−1). A laboratory study showed that poultry litter leachates can decrease seed radicle length and integrity and is likely due to osmotic or salinity stress. The weed seed content in litter as well as the negative impact of poultry litter and its leachates on weed seedling emergence make it unlikely that poultry litter applications will significantly increase seedbanks above levels commonly observed in agricultural fields.}, number={1}, journal={AGROSYSTEMS GEOSCIENCES & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Leon, Ramon G. and Sosinski, Stephanie C. and Kilroy, Grace M. and Meis, Brittani and Castillo, Miguel S. and Wilson, Melissa L.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kulesza_woodley_heather_kilroy_2022, place={111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA}, title={Cover crops can increase ammonia volatilization and reduce the efficacy of urease inhibitors}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1435-0661"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20367}, DOI={10.1002/saj2.20367}, abstractNote={AbstractSurface application of urea can result in high nitrogen (N) losses through ammonia (NH3) volatilization. While management practices aim to increase the efficiency of nutrient cycling and prevent N loss, it is unknown whether the combination of multiple practices will have a synergistic or antagonistic effect. Therefore, laboratory volatilization studies were conducted to determine the effect of five cover crop treatments (surface clover [Trifolium incarnatum L.] and rye [Secale cereale L.], incorporated clover and rye, and bare soil), three N application timings (2, 4, and 8 wk after cover crop addition), and two N sources (untreated and treated urea) on the effectiveness of a urease inhibitor. Soils were incubated according to N application timing treatment, amended with the appropriate N source, and placed in chambers which captured NH3 over 7 d. There were significant interactions between cover crop treatment and N source and N source and N application timing on cumulative NH3 loss, ranging from 29 to 174 kg N ha−1. Losses were highest from treated urea when applied 2 wk after residue addition (75.9 kg N ha−1) or on top of surface residues (85.8 kg N ha−1). There was no significant effect of application timing on cumulative NH3 loss from untreated urea. However, inhibitor effectiveness did increase when residue was applied eight weeks after residue addition (77%) as compared with 2 wk after residue addition (45%). Future research should focus on alternate dosing or application timing to overcome high residue scenarios in these systems.}, number={2}, journal={SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL}, publisher={WILEY}, author={Kulesza, Stephanie B. and Woodley, Alex L. and Heather, Kayleigh and Kilroy, Grace}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }