@article{mccormick_grand_post_cubeta_2013, title={Phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of Fomes fasciatus and Fomes fomentarius in the United States}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1557-2536"]}, DOI={10.3852/12-336}, abstractNote={The wood-decay fungi Fomes fasciatus and F. fomentarius share many morphological characters that historically have made species delimitation challenging. We examined morphological, molecular and physiological characters of basidiomata and pure cultures of F. fasciatus and F. fomentarius sampled from multiple plant hosts and geographic regions in the United States to determine whether they support separation of the two species. We find that mean basidiospore size is significantly larger in F. fomentarius and represents the most informative morphological character for delineating the species. Basidiomata and pore-surface shape provided additional resolution of the species, but these characters often overlap and are more variable than basidiospore size. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and RPB2 sequences suggest that F. fasciatus and F. fomentarius represent distinct evolutionary lineages. The two species share less than 88% maximum identity for the ITS region. Limited intraspecific sequence variation at each locus also was observed. In vitro experiments of hyphal-growth response to a wide range of temperatures support differences in physiology between the two species.}, number={6}, journal={MYCOLOGIA}, author={McCormick, Meghan A. and Grand, Larry F. and Post, Justin B. and Cubeta, Marc A.}, year={2013}, pages={1524–1534} }
 @article{giles_peszlen_peralta_chang_farrell_grand_horvath_2012, title={Fungal biodegradation of genetically modified and lignin-altered quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)}, volume={66}, ISSN={["0018-3830"]}, DOI={10.1515/hf.2011.144}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={HOLZFORSCHUNG}, author={Giles, Richard and Peszlen, Ilona and Peralta, Perry and Chang, Hou-Min and Farrell, Roberta and Grand, Larry and Horvath, Balazs}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={105–110} }
 @article{miller_grand_tredway_2011, title={Identification and Distribution of Fungi Associated with Fairy Rings on Golf Putting Greens}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-11-10-0800}, abstractNote={ Traditional methods for identification of fairy ring fungi rely on the morphology of mature basidiocarps, which are ephemeral and often do not reach maturity on golf greens due to management practices. From 2007 to 2009, basidiocarps and soil samples were collected from 15 hybrid bermudagrass and 30 bentgrass greens exhibiting fairy ring symptoms in California, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Oklahoma, North Caroline, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. Genomic DNA was extracted from 122 unknown samples. Extractions were made from mycelium isolated from puffball or mushroom tissue, from mycelium isolated from a soil block, or through direct DNA extraction from infested soil. DNA also was extracted from 16 reference isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was amplified and sequenced using the basidiomycete-specific primer sets ITS1f/ITS4b and Basid0001/2R. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with the neighborjoining algorithm, with nodes evaluated by bootstrap analysis. Most samples grouped into one of three clades corresponding to species within the family Lycoperdaceae: Arachnion album, Bovista dermoxantha, and Vascellum curtisii. Although over 60 different basidiomycetes have been associated with fairy rings in turfgrasses, relatively few species were found on golf putting greens in this study. Presently, DNA sequencing may be the most efficient method for attempting speciation of fairy ring fungi from infested soil. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Miller, G. L. and Grand, L. F. and Tredway, L. P.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={1131–1138} }
 @article{grand_vernia_munster_2008, title={Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: Species of Trametes and Trichaptum}, volume={106}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S. and Munster, M. J.}, year={2008}, pages={243–246} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2007, title={Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Abortiporus, Bondarzewia, Grifola, Heterobasidion, Laetiporus and Meripilus}, volume={99}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S.}, year={2007}, pages={99–102} }
 @article{benson_grand_vernia_gottwald_2006, title={Temporal and spatial epidemiology of Phytophthora root rot in Fraser fir plantations}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/PD-90-1171}, abstractNote={ In 1999, 19 plots of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) with a disease focus were established in commercial plantings grown for Christmas tree production in the mountains of five western North Caro-lina counties. Progress of Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi as estimated by mortality was followed in each plot over 3 to 4 years in an attempt to understand dispersal of inoculum. Slope, aspect, and field production age at the time plots were established were recorded. Rainfall estimated from National Weather Service stations each growing season also was recorded. The relationship of site parameters and rainfall to dispersal and disease was investigated. Disease incidence and mortality were assessed in June and September each year for 3 or 4 years depending on plot. Phytophthora root rot as estimated by mortality counts over time in a logistic regression model progressed in only five of 19 plots over 3 years. None of the site parameters correlated with mortality data, although slightly more disease was found in plots with a north aspect. Rainfall was below normal in the 3 years of the study and did not correlate with mortality in any year. Lack of disease progress in the majority of plots was attributed to drought conditions in the region. In the five plots where mortality increased over time, spatial analysis suggested an aggregated pattern of diseased plants. Aggregation was apparent but not very strong among nearest neighbors, but was considerably stronger among groups of trees within a local area. This aggregation within groups was stronger when larger group sizes were examined by beta-binomial analysis. A spatial analysis by distance indices method (SADIE) indicated the presence of secondary clusters occurring several meters away from the main focus. A stochastic model also was employed that indicated a combination of spatial processes were likely involved, specifically a tendency toward spread within a local area, but not necessarily to the nearest neighboring trees, combined with an influence of background inoculum that could not be accounted for within local areas and may have come from external sources. Thus, all sources of inoculum including infected planting stock, inoculum in soil, infected trees, and contaminated equipment were equally important in epidemics of Phytophthora root rot in Fraser fir and dispersal of P. cinnamomi. }, number={9}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Benson, D. M. and Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S. and Gottwald, T. R.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={1171–1180} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2005, title={Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Coltricia, Coltriciella and Inonotus}, volume={91}, number={Jan-Mar 2005}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S.}, year={2005}, pages={35–38} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2005, title={Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Fomes, Fomitopsis, Fomitella and Ganoderma}, volume={94}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S.}, year={2005}, pages={231–234} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2004, title={Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Ceriporia, Ceriporiopsis and Perenniporia}, volume={90}, number={2}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S.}, year={2004}, pages={307–309} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2004, title={Biogeography and hosts of poroid wood decay fungi in North Carolina: species of Phellinus and Schizopora}, volume={89}, number={1}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S.}, year={2004}, pages={181–184} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2002, title={A preliminary checklist of fungi in the Nags Head Woods maritime forest in North Carolina}, volume={67}, number={3}, journal={Castanea}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C.S.}, year={2002}, pages={324–328} }
 @article{grand_vernia_2002, title={New Taxa and Hosts of Poroid Wood-Decay Fungi in North Carolina}, volume={67}, number={2}, journal={Castanea}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S.}, year={2002}, pages={193–200} }
 @article{bernard_vernia_grand_2001, title={Computer- and internet-based teaching resources for undergraduate plant pathology courses}, volume={13}, ISBN={1534-2581}, number={1}, journal={Micologia Aplicada International}, author={Bernard, B. and Vernia, C. S. and Grand, L. F.}, year={2001}, pages={61} }
 @article{starrett_blazich_shafer_grand_2001, title={In vitro colonization of micropropagated Pieris floribunda by ericoid mycorrhizae. II. Effects on acclimatization and growth}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Starrett, M. C. and Blazich, F. A. and Shafer, S. R. and Grand, L. F.}, year={2001}, pages={357–359} }
 @article{starrett_blazich_shafer_grand_2001, title={In vitro colonization of micropropagated Pieris floribunda byericoid mycorrhizae. I. Establishment of mycorrhizae onmicroshoots}, volume={36}, number={2}, journal={HortScience}, author={Starrett, M. C. and Blazich, F. A. and Shafer, S. R. and Grand, L. F.}, year={2001}, pages={353–356} }
 @article{benson_grand_2000, title={Incidence of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in North Carolina and sensitivity of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to metalaxyl}, volume={84}, ISSN={["0191-2917"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.661}, abstractNote={ A survey of Fraser fir Christmas trees in North Carolina for incidence of Phytophthora root rot was conducted during 1997 and 1998. Field sites (7- to 13-year-old trees) and nursery transplant beds (4- to 5-year-old trees) selected at random were surveyed based on foliar symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. Field sites were surveyed with a random transect method (>3,000 trees/field) or by counting all trees (<3,000 trees/field). Overall, incidence of Phytophthora root rot averaged 9% over the 58 field sites sampled, with a range of 0 to 75%. No relationship was found between number of years Fraser fir had been planted in the field site and disease incidence. Disease incidence did not increase as field sites were rotated through second or third crops of Fraser fir. Phytophthora spp. were recovered from 1.8% of asymptomatic trees sampled from 58 field sites across the state. P. cinnamomi accounted for 91% of the Phytophthora isolates recovered. In nursery transplant beds where a systematic sampling procedure was used, incidence of diseased trees averaged 2%, with a range of 0 to 12% across 16 locations. Recovery of Phytophthora spp. averaged 1.2% from root samples collected from 50 asymptomatic seedlings at each location. Isolates collected from the field and nursery transplant beds were grown on cornmeal agar incorporated with 0, 1, 1.25, 10, or 100 μg a.i. metalaxyl/ml. All 166 isolates of P. cinnamomi tested were sensitive to metalaxyl at 1 or 1.25 μg a.i. metalaxyl/ml. Although incidence of Phytophthora root rot has not increased in the state compared to a survey done in 1976 to 1977, the disease continues to limit production of Fraser fir in North Carolina. }, number={6}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Benson, DM and Grand, LF}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={661–664} }
 @misc{starrett_blazich_shafer_grand_2000, title={Methods for lyophilizing and using ericoid mycorrhizal fungi}, volume={6,146,880}, number={2000 Nov. 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Starrett, M. C. and Blazich, F. A. and Shafer, S. R. and Grand, L. F.}, year={2000} }
 @article{vernia_grand_2000, title={Polypores of a North Carolina Piedmont forest}, volume={74}, number={2000 Jan./Mar.}, journal={Mycotaxon}, author={Vernia, C. S. and Grand, L. F.}, year={2000}, pages={153–159} }
 @article{koenning_abdel alim_grand_2000, title={Stem canker of cotton caused by Phoma exigua in North Carolina}, volume={84}, number={2000}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Koenning, S. R. and Abdel Alim, F. F. and Grand, L. F.}, year={2000}, pages={1251} }
 @article{grand_vernia_hodges_1999, title={First report of Thyronectria austroamericana canker on Thornless Honey locust in North Carolina}, volume={83}, DOI={10.1094/pdis.1999.83.12.1177c}, abstractNote={ Specimens from a thornless honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Shade Master’) with cankers were submitted in May 1999 to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic by staff from the North Carolina Zoological Park (Asheboro). Abundant stromata of Gyrostroma austroamericana, the anamorph of Thyronectria austroamericana, were associated with the cankers. A visit to the Zoological Park during August 1999 revealed seven additional honey locust trees with multiple branch and stem cankers and dieback. All infected trees had perithecia of T. austroamericana and/or its anamorph. The fungus is distinguished by the large clusters of yellow-brown perithecia with dark brown tips produced on stromata emerging from lenticels, elliptical muriform ascospores, and sparse ascoconidia (1,2). Ascoconidia form as the result of ascospores budding within the ascus. Other trees of the cultivar are an integral part of the landscaping theme of the African Pavilion of the park, and park staff were concerned about disease spread. Infected trees were 8 years old, and several had evidence of sunscald cankers, a common infection court of T. austroamericana (2). Thornless cultivars of honey locust are popular landscape plants in the central and eastern United States and may be seriously affected by T. austroamericana (2). Apparently ‘Shade Master’ is very susceptible to the fungus and should not be used as a landscape tree, especially where the disease has been reported. This is the first report of T. austroamericana in North Carolina on any host. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the National Fungus Collection, Beltsville, MD (BPI 74693), and in the Mycological Herbarium, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. }, number={12}, journal={Plant Disease}, author={Grand, L. F. and Vernia, C. S. and Hodges, C. S.}, year={1999}, pages={1177} }
 @article{meier_grand_schoeneberger_reinert_bruck_1990, title={GROWTH, ECTOMYCORRHIZAE AND NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES OF LOBLOLLY-PINE SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO OZONE AND SOIL-WATER DEFICIT}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1873-6424"]}, DOI={10.1016/0269-7491(90)90092-Q}, abstractNote={Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings from three full-sib families were exposed to 0, 50, 100 or 150 ppb ozone (O3) (5 h/d, 5 d/week for 6 or 12 weeks). Soil water potential was maintained near pot capacity (−0.03 MPa) or soil was allowed to dry to approximately −1.0 MPa and resaturated. Chlorotic mottling and flecking of needles due to O3 injury were observed for seedlings from all pine families. Soil water deficit lessened the intensity of O3 symptoms, possibly due to stomatal closure. Exposure to O3 and soil water deficit each resulted in less seedling volume growth and dry weight, and changed the nonstructural carbohydrate content of seedlings compared with controls. Increasing O3 concentrations resulted in a linear reduction in foliar starch content but did and affect hexose or sucrose content. Soil water deficit resulted in less starch and soluble sugar contents in above- and below-ground plant parts compared with controls. Soil water deficit did not affect numbers or percentages of roots that formed ectomycorrhizal tips. A linear dose-response relationship between O3 and ectomycorrhizae was observed. The number of ectomycorrhizal tips/cm long root and the percentage of feeder roots that formed ectomycorrhizae were lower as O3 concentration increased. Overall, each stress alone caused less seedling growth and carbohydrate content compared with controls, but only O3 was responsible for suppression of ectomycorrhizae.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={MEIER, S and GRAND, LF and SCHOENEBERGER, MM and REINERT, RA and BRUCK, RI}, year={1990}, pages={11–27} }
 @article{meier_robarge_bruck_grand_1989, title={EFFECTS OF SIMULATED RAIN ACIDITY ON ECTOMYCORRHIZAE OF RED SPRUCE SEEDLINGS POTTED IN NATURAL SOIL}, volume={59}, ISSN={["0269-7491"]}, DOI={10.1016/0269-7491(89)90158-9}, abstractNote={Formation of ectomycorrhizae of red spruce (Picea rubens) grown in natural soil was measured after seedlings were exposed to 25 or 50 applications of simulated rain of pH 5·5, 3·5 or 2·5. Ectomycorrhizae were quantified as the total number of ectomycorrhizal tips per centimeter, and as the number of ectomycorrhizal tips for each morphotype and for Cenococcum geophilum. Rain solutions were applied to the soil alone, to foliage and stem alone, or to entire potted seedlings. Final soil pH was linearly related to rain solution acidity. Lower base saturation, calcium and zinc content, and higher exchangeable acidity were observed after pH 2·5 treatments if the soil was exposed. Rain solutions and the subsequent changes in soil characteristics did not affect the total numbers of ectomycorrhizal tips. Four morphotypes of ectomycorrhizae observed for these seedlings were unaffected by simulated rain. However, the numbers of ectomycorrhizal tips formed by C. geophilum tended to increase with rain solution acidity after 50 applications. Method of rain deposition did not affect ectomycorrhizae, suggesting both plant and soil mediated responses may favor certain mycobionts. The results of this study indicate that short-term acidic deposition does not induce significant changes in the frequency of ectomycorrhizae, but higher numbers of C. geophilum tips suggest there may be changes in the relative occurrence of specific morphotypes of fungus species.}, number={4}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION}, author={MEIER, S and ROBARGE, WP and BRUCK, RI and GRAND, LF}, year={1989}, pages={315–324} }
 @article{shafer_grand_bruck_heagle_1985, title={FORMATION OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE ON PINUS-TAEDA SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO SIMULATED ACIDIC RAIN}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0045-5067"]}, DOI={10.1139/x85-012}, abstractNote={ Effects of simulated acidic rain on formation of ectomycorrhizae were studied with Pinustaeda seedlings grown in plastic trays in a greenhouse. Trays of ectomycorrhizal seedlings were exposed 37 times over 16 weeks to simulated rains adjusted to pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.2, or 2.4. After exposures, mean percentages of short roots that were mycorrhizal (%M) were greatest (62.2%) for seedlings exposed to rains of pH 2.4. Values of %M exhibited a quadratic relationship with rain acidity (%M = 146.49 − 48.96 (rain pH) + 5.68 (rain pH)2). Values of R/S (root/shoot ratio) were negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with %M. Responses of ecetomycorrhiza formation and associated shoot growth to acidity of simulated rains suggest that rains of intermediate acidity (pH 4.0 and 3.2) inhibited ectomycorrhiza formation, or that increased soil acidity or other factors induced by rains at pH 2.4 enhanced ectomycorrhiza formation. }, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}, author={SHAFER, SR and GRAND, LF and BRUCK, RI and HEAGLE, AS}, year={1985}, pages={66–71} }
 @inbook{grand_harvey_1982, title={Quantitative measurement of ectomycorrhizae on plant roots}, ISBN={9780890540466}, booktitle={Methods and principles of mycorrhizal research}, publisher={St. Paul, Minn.:  American Phytopathological Society}, author={Grand, L. F. and Harvey, A. E.}, year={1982}, pages={157} }
 @article{meier_runion_grand_bruck, title={Effects of Fusarium subglutinans and soil water deficit of formation of ectomycorrhizae and root carbohydrates of loblolly pine seedlings}, volume={79}, journal={Phytopathology}, author={Meier, S. and Runion, G. B. and Grand, L. F. and Bruck, R. I.}, pages={124–129} }