@article{carrigan_yen_margherio_horner-devine_peil_ivy_grant_riskin_2023, title={Collaborative Ethnography and Matters of Care in Counterspaces}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2413-8053"]}, DOI={10.17351/ests2023.2049}, abstractNote={This paper offers a reflexive analysis of an interdisciplinary and cross-race collaboration to advance equity in engineering called LATTICE (Launching Academics on the Tenure-Track: an Intentional Community in Engineering). We engage two bodies of scholarship—matters of care in feminist science and technology studies (STS) and critical race theory on counterspaces—to theorize on the data infrastructure and narrative practices that we developed when applying critical methodologies to collective action in technoscience. We discuss how our care practices conflicted with traditional ethnographic practices and thus, inspired us to innovate on methods. These methods—member-checking and polyvocal memo-ing—make transgressing the boundaries of LATTICE counterspaces for public dissemination possible by invoking caring as praxis. We conclude that using these methods to discuss the contradictions and challenges in STS collaborations is an opportunity for advancing mutual intelligibility among interdisciplinary scholars and a politics of knowledge production grounded in values of care and friendship that may contribute to equity and justice in technoscience.}, number={3}, journal={ENGAGING SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY}, author={Carrigan, Coleen and Yen, Joyce and Margherio, Cara and Horner-devine, Claire and Peil, Burren and Ivy, Julie and Grant, Christine and Riskin, Eve}, year={2023}, pages={8–31} }
 @article{qaqish_grant_bowles_2020, title={Success Factors that Shape Black Male Transfer and Academic Experiences in Engineering}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1521-0413"]}, DOI={10.1080/10668926.2020.1771628}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Although many Black male students begin their collegiate experience at community colleges, a greater understanding of their four-year transfer experience is needed. This qualitative narrative study critically explores pathways of Black male engineering students who transferred from community colleges to four-year research-extensive institutions. The following research question guided the study: How do personal, social, and environmental factors shape the transfer experiences of Black male engineering students who attend four-year institutions? Thirteen engineering students between the ages of 21 and 56, with a mean age of 26 years, were selected for semi-structured interviews. Complementary data from online demographic surveys, researcher observation guides, memos, and field notes were obtained. The researcher used the constant comparative method to analyze and interpret data. Findings indicate that collaborative interactions within engineering communities of practice, especially with other transfer students, foster the development of Black male transfer students’ engineering mind-sets and complex problem-solving skills. Study habits and/or peer-led study groups established at community colleges translated to the four-year institution, influencing engineering student-success and enhancing knowledge through communities of practice. Lastly, participants’ responses suggest that faculty and staff interactions can influence their academic, social and professional experiences on campus. This study suggests the importance of communities of practice in the development of Black male transfer students’ engineering career at four-year institutions.}, number={10-12}, journal={COMMUNITY COLLEGE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE}, author={Qaqish, Olgha and Grant, Christine S. and Bowles, Tuere}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={885–898} }
 @article{grant_peeples_madsen_2018, title={Professional societies and African American engineering leaders: Paving pathways and empowering legacies}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1938-1425"]}, DOI={10.1557/mrs.2018.225}, abstractNote={Diversity and inclusion in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is a global issue. The challenging issues facing the world relating to STEM diversity cross national borders and require leveraging the talents of diverse constituents.1Active international efforts at inclusive talent development are being undertaken to empower persons from groups historically underrepresented in STEM communities.2,3The US National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME) reports that in the United States, African Americans are one of the most underrepresented minority groups in engineering relative to their population. This is in spite of a great deal of progress in “growing African American scientists, engineers, and technologists since the Howard University School of Engineering opened in 1910.”4The number of African Americans in engineering at all degree levels is not representative of their percentage in the US population. Table I shows a sampling of 2016 data from a National Science Foundation (NSF) survey of doctoral recipients in engineering.5Figure 1 illustrates a snapshot of African American representation in US colleges of engineering. These statistics show that African Americans remain underrepresented relative to US demographics.6–8}, number={9}, journal={MRS BULLETIN}, author={Grant, Christine S. and Peeples, Tonya and Madsen, Lynnette D.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={703–709} }
 @article{acosta_jiang_huang_cutler_grant_walker_gamcsik_2014, title={A microfluidic device to study cancer metastasis under chronic and intermittent hypoxia}, volume={8}, ISSN={1932-1058}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4898788}, DOI={10.1063/1.4898788}, abstractNote={Metastatic cancer cells must traverse a microenvironment ranging from extremely hypoxic, within the tumor, to highly oxygenated, within the host's vasculature. Tumor hypoxia can be further characterized by regions of both chronic and intermittent hypoxia. We present the design and characterization of a microfluidic device that can simultaneously mimic the oxygenation conditions observed within the tumor and model the cell migration and intravasation processes. This device can generate spatial oxygen gradients of chronic hypoxia and produce dynamically changing hypoxic microenvironments in long-term culture of cancer cells.}, number={5}, journal={Biomicrofluidics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Acosta, Miguel A. and Jiang, Xiao and Huang, Pin-Kang and Cutler, Kyle B. and Grant, Christine S. and Walker, Glenn M. and Gamcsik, Michael P.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={054117} }
 @article{hussain_grant_2012, title={Ibuprofen impregnation into submicron polymeric films in supercritical carbon dioxide}, volume={71}, ISSN={0896-8446}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2012.07.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.supflu.2012.07.014}, abstractNote={The impregnation of ibuprofen into submicron films (25–250 nm) of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, under supercritical CO2 conditions (at 40 °C and 50 °C and 13.8 and 20.7 MPa) was studied. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to perform real-time, in situ impregnation measurements. The amount of ibuprofen uptake into the polymer film was calculated directly from the QCM results. Different aspects of the process were studied including: the effect of CO2 density on uptake, distribution uniformity across the film thickness, and impregnation rate. The partitioning coefficient of ibuprofen PMMA and CO2 was high, whereas the diffusivity of ibuprofen was found to be order of magnitudes lower than that of CO2. These two effects are believed to result in high drug loading in the polymer. It was also concluded that CO2 helped in producing uniform concentration profiles of ibuprofen in the PMMA films. Finally, preliminary studies on the impregnation of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP, with ibuprofen were performed. The QCM response in the case of PVP films was significantly larger than that with PMMA at the same conditions. Some possible causes for this unusual behavior are discussed.}, journal={The Journal of Supercritical Fluids}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hussain, Yazan A. and Grant, Christine S.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={127–135} }
 @article{mousavi_hauser_wang_grant_2010, title={Effect of additive components on thermal stability of fiber finishes}, volume={80}, number={19}, journal={Textile Research Journal}, author={Mousavi, P. and Hauser, P. J. and Wang, D. and Grant, C. S}, year={2010}, pages={2081–2093} }
 @article{ma_wu_hurrey_wallen_grant_2010, title={Sugar Acetates as CO2-philes: Molecular Interactions and Structure Aspects from Absorption Measurement Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp9122634}, abstractNote={Sugar acetates, recognized as attractive CO(2)-philic compounds, have potential uses as pharmaceutical excipients, controlled release agents, and surfactants for microemulsion systems in CO(2)-based processes. This study focuses on the quantitative examination of absorption of high pressure CO(2) into these sugar derivatives using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a detector. In addition to the absorption measurement, the QCM is initially found to be able to detect the CO(2)-induced deliquescence of sugar acetates, and the CO(2) pressure at which the deliquescence happens depends on several influencing factors such as the temperature and thickness of the film. The CO(2) absorption in alpha-D-glucose pentaacetate (Ac-alpha-GLU) is revealed to be of an order of magnitude larger in comparison with its anomer Ac-beta-GLU, whereas alpha-D-galactose pentaacetate (Ac-alpha-GAL) absorbs CO(2) less than Ac-alpha-GLU due to the steric-hindrance between the acetyl groups on the anomeric and C4 carbons, implying the significant importance of the molecular structure and configuration of sugar acetates on the absorption. The effects of molecular size and acetyl number of sugar acetates on the CO(2) absorption are evaluated and the results indicate that the conformation and packing of crystalline sugar acetate as well as the accessibility of the acetyls are also vital for the absorption of CO(2). It is additionally found that a CO(2)-induced change in the structure from a crystalline system to an amorphous system results in an order of magnitude increase in CO(2) absorption. Further investigation illustrates the interaction strength between sugar acetates and CO(2) by calculating the thermodynamic parameters such as Henry's law constant, enthalpy and entropy of dissolution from the determined CO(2) absorption. Experiments and calculations demonstrate that sugar acetates exhibit high CO(2) absorption, as at least comparable to ionic liquids. Since the ionic liquids have potential uses in the separation of acidic gases, it is evident from this study that sugar acetates could be used as possible materials for CO(2) separation.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Ma, Shao-Ling and Wu, You-Ting and Hurrey, Michael L. and Wallen, Scott L. and Grant, Christine S.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={3809–3817} }
 @article{carla_hussain_grant_sarti_carbonell_doghieri_2009, title={Modeling Sorption Kinetics of Carbon Dioxide in Glassy Polymeric Films Using the Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Approach}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie800655w}, abstractNote={The nonequilibrium thermodynamics of glassy polymers (NET-GP) approach (Macromolecules 2005, 38, 10299.) has been applied to the development of a one-dimensional transport model aimed at describing the kinetics of sorption and dilation of polymeric films in supercritical carbon dioxide. The NET-GP model was combined with a simple rheological constitutive equation to build a sorption-diffusion-relaxation model able to describe mass uptake and swelling kinetics of polymeric films in contact with carbon dioxide over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The model calculations are compared with data on mass sorption kinetics for CO2 in supported glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films, measured in a high-pressure quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).}, number={8}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Carla, Vito and Hussain, Yazan and Grant, Christine and Sarti, Giulio C. and Carbonell, Ruben G. and Doghieri, Ferruccio}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={3844–3854} }
 @article{chin_grant_ollis_2009, title={Quantitative photocatalyzed soot oxidation on titanium dioxide}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1873-3883"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.020}, abstractNote={Abstract We report here the titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalyzed oxidation of deposited hurricane lamp soot. Sol–gel derived TiO 2 was coated on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) elements. Characterization by spectroscopic ellipsometry ( SE ) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed low surface roughness of 0–17%, and SE showed a linear variation of the TiO 2 thickness versus the number of sol–gel spin coats. Soot was deposited on the calcined TiO 2 film using an analytical rotor passing through a hurricane lamp flame, and subsequently irradiated with near-UV light. Varying the soot mass on the TiO 2 -coated QCM crystals revealed behaviors over 20,000 min ranging from total soot destruction of a single pass soot layer to minimal oxidation of an eight pass soot layer, the latter caused by soot screening of the incident UV light. A series/parallel reaction mechanism [P. Chin, G.W. Roberts, D.F. Ollis, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46 (2007) 7598] developed to describe previous literature data on TiO 2 -catalyzed soot photooxidation was successfully employed to capture the longer time changes in presumably graphitic soot mass as a function of UV illumination time from 1000 to 20,000 min and of soot layer thickness. Short time soot mass loss is attributed to oxidation of organic carbons deposited on the graphitic soot components. This kinetic model can be used to predict the rate of TiO 2 -catalyzed soot destruction as a function of near-UV illumination time and initial soot layer thickness.}, number={3-4}, journal={APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL}, author={Chin, Paul and Grant, Christine S. and Ollis, David F.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={220–229} }
 @article{kasturirangan_grant_teja_2008, title={Compressible lattice model for phase equilibria in CO2+polymer systems}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie071061+}, abstractNote={We present a compressible lattice model for representation of both low-pressure and high-pressure phase equilibria in CO2 + polymer systems. The model explicitly accounts for weak complex formation in these systems, using two parameters that are obtained by fitting experimental cloud point pressures or sorption equilibria. In addition, one of these parameters may be obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. We demonstrate the application of this model to the prediction of low-pressure sorption behavior in the CO2 + poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) system, using parameters obtained from high-pressure cloud point data. In addition, we show that we are able to predict the sorption behavior of CO2 + PLGA copolymer systems using a single parameter obtained from CO2 + poly(lactic acid) (PLA) cloud point data, together with enthalpies of association obtained from FTIR measurements.}, number={3}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kasturirangan, Anupama and Grant, Christine and Teja, Amyn S.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={645–649} }
 @article{hussain_wu_ampaw_grant_2007, title={Dissolution of polymer films in supercritical carbon dioxide using a quartz crystal microbalance}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1872-8162"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.supflu.2007.03.011}, abstractNote={Abstract The dissolution kinetics of polymeric materials in CO 2 is crucial to the understanding, design and control of CO 2 -based environmentally benign lithography processes. This study utilizes the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to monitor and evaluate the dissolution of poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate- r -2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate), poly(FOMA- r -THPMA), polymer films in supercritical CO 2 over a range of temperatures and pressures. Polymer dissolution rates at the range of pressures studied were evaluated to quantify the dissolution kinetics for the polymer. The experiments revealed that the polymer dissolution in supercritical CO 2 undergoes two apparent processes: a rapid absorption of CO 2 into the polymer film followed by a gradual dissolution of polymer film into the CO 2 at the polymer–CO 2 interface. The nature of these interfacial phenomena and their associated effect on the rate are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS}, author={Hussain, Yazan and Wu, You-Ting and Ampaw, Paa-Joe and Grant, Christine S.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={255–264} }
 @article{neeyakorn_varma_jaye_burnette_lee_nemanich_grant_krim_2007, title={Dynamics of vapor-phase organophosphates on silicon and OTS}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1573-2711"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34547211720&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s11249-007-9224-y}, number={3}, journal={TRIBOLOGY LETTERS}, author={Neeyakorn, Worakarn and Varma, Manju and Jaye, Cherno and Burnette, James E. and Lee, Sang M. and Nemanich, Robert J. and Grant, Christine S. and Krim, Jacqueline}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={269–276} }
 @article{comstock_alston-mills_grant_2007, title={Research ethics education: beyond RCR training}, volume={2}, journal={FCTL Newsletter}, author={Comstock, G. L. and Alston-Mills, B. and Grant, C.}, year={2007}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{mousavi_wang_grant_oxenham_hauser_2006, title={Effects of antioxidants on the thermal degradation of a polyol ester lubricant using GPC}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie050539b}, abstractNote={The thermal degradation of a polyol ester lubricant used as the main component of textile fiber finishes at high temperature (i.e., 220 °C) has been studied to model the real-world degradation of finishes on fiber manufacturing equipment. Chemical and physical analyses were performed on the thermally stressed lubricants using a combined analytical technique to measure the progress of degradation in the lubricant. The effects of two commonly used antioxidants in the fiber industry and two secondary arylamine antioxidants used in turbine engine oil on the thermal behavior of the lubricants were investigated. Phenyl-α-naphthylamine (PAN) shows a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the lubricant used in this study and could be considered as a potential fiber finish antioxidant for the textile industry.}, number={1}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Mousavi, P and Wang, DX and Grant, CS and Oxenham, W and Hauser, PJ}, year={2006}, month={Jan}, pages={15–22} }
 @article{mousavi_wang_grant_oxenham_hauser_2005, title={Measuring thermal degradation of a polyol ester lubricant in liquid phase}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie049135u}, abstractNote={Thermal degradation of two polyol ester lubricants with the same base chemical structures from two different manufacturers at high temperature (i.e., 220 °C) has been studied. Gel permeation chromatography was used to identify the high molecular weight products formed during thermal stressing of these lubricants. The amount of high molecular weight products generated at different stages of the degradation (e.g., dimers, oligomers) was quantified. Several other techniques were utilized as a combined analytical approach to provide comprehensive measurement of lubricant degradation in the liquid phase. The mechanism of degradation and the formation of oxidation products have been presented. A significant difference in the extent of degradation of the two lubricants was observed using different analytical techniques.}, number={15}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Mousavi, P and Wang, DX and Grant, CS and Oxenham, W and Hauser, PJ}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={5455–5464} }
 @article{carla_wang_hussain_efimenko_genzer_grant_sarti_carbonell_doghieri_2005, title={Nonequilibrium model for sorption and swelling of bulk glassy polymer films with Supercritical carbon dioxide}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma0506684}, abstractNote={A new procedure is introduced for the calculation of solubility isotherms of plasticizing agents in glassy polymer matrices with particular application to the case of absorption of supercritical gases in bulk glassy polymer films. The model presented is an extension of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics for glassy polymers (NET-GP) approach, modified to allow for the calculation of the effects of pressure, temperature, and gas concentration on the glass transition. Mass sorption and one- dimensional swelling behavior are analyzed for the carbon dioxide (CO2)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) system at high pressure. A quantitative comparison is presented between the model performance and experimental data measured using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and high-pressure ellipsometry (HPE).}, number={24}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Carla, V and Wang, K and Hussain, Y and Efimenko, K and Genzer, J and Grant, C and Sarti, GC and Carbonell, RG and Doghieri, F}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={10299–10313} }
 @article{hussain_krim_grant_2005, title={OTS adsorption: A dynamic QCM study}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-22144447874&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.03.016}, abstractNote={The uptake of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) from an organic solution has been studied in situ and in real time by means of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. Changes in both QCM frequency and resistance are reported for a range of OTS concentrations. In addition, the time dependence of OTS uptake has been used to calculate reaction constants. Silicon surfaces overall are characterized by higher levels of material uptake than gold.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Hussain, Y and Krim, J and Grant, C}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={81–86} }
 @article{wang_mousavi_hauser_oxenham_grant_2005, title={Quartz crystal microbalance in elevated temperature viscous liquids: Temperature effect compensation and lubricant degradation monitoring}, volume={268}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.05.075}, abstractNote={The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was extended to investigate viscous liquids at elevated temperatures in both isothermal and non-isothermal systems. An analysis of the frequency–temperature behavior of the QCM resulted in a new approach to compensate for the effect of the rate of temperature rise on the theoretical QCM temperature coefficients. The temperature-dependent viscosities of a series of liquids were evaluated by measuring the damping voltage of QCM. Thermal degradation experiments on pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate based lubricants demonstrated the potential application of QCM as an in situ sensor to evaluate the thermal stability of lubricants or other viscous fluids. The solid residue deposition rates and liquid phase property changes (i.e., product of density and viscosity) were extensively investigated by monitoring variations in the QCM frequency and damping voltage during the lubricant thermally stressing over a temperature range of 150–220 °C.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Wang, DX and Mousavi, P and Hauser, PJ and Oxenham, W and Grant, CS}, year={2005}, month={Oct}, pages={30–39} }
 @article{wang_mousavi_hauser_oxenham_grant_2004, title={Novel testing system for evaluating the thermal stability of polyol ester lubricants}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie030782f}, abstractNote={This paper reports the development of a novel testing system for evaluating the thermal stability of polyol ester lubricants. The thermal degradation of three pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate based lubricants in the temperature range of 180−220 °C was studied using the developed comprehensive system. The system includes (1) a high-temperature quartz crystal microbalance for the real-time, in situ measurement of the solid residual deposition on metal surfaces and the viscosity change of thermally stressed liquid phase; (2) an on-line gas chromatograph for monitoring the volatiles generation in real time; and (3) an off-line gel permeation chromatograph for determining the molecular weight distribution of the liquid-phase products. The results indicate that the strategy can provide an integrated picture of the thermal stability of lubricants by providing quantitative, real-time, in situ information on gas-, liquid-, and solid-phase products during the thermal decomposition of the lubricants.}, number={21}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Wang, DX and Mousavi, P and Hauser, PJ and Oxenham, W and Grant, CS}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={6638–6646} }
 @article{wu_akoto-ampaw_elbaccouch_hurrey_wallen_grant_2004, title={Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2): Experimental aspects of QCM theory and CO2 adsorption}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la035502f}, abstractNote={The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique has been developed into a powerful tool for the study of solid-fluid interfaces. This study focuses on the applications of QCM in high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) systems. Frequency responses of six QCM crystals with different electrode materials (silver or gold) and roughness values were determined in helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide at 35-40 degrees C and at elevated pressures up to 3200 psi. The goal is to experimentally examine the applicability of the traditional QCM theory in high-pressure systems and determine the adsorption of CO2 on the metal surfaces. A new QCM calculation approach was formulated to consider the surface roughness contribution to the frequency shift. It was found that the frequency-roughness correlation factor, Cr, in the new model was critical to the accurate calculation of mass changes on the crystal surface. Experiments and calculations demonstrated that the adsorption (or condensation) of gaseous and supercritical CO2 onto the silver and gold surfaces was as high as 3.6 microg cm(-2) at 40 degrees C when the CO2 densities are lower than 0.85 g cm(-3). The utilization of QCM crystals with different roughness in determining the adsorption of CO2 is also discussed.}, number={9}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Wu, YT and Akoto-Ampaw, PJ and Elbaccouch, M and Hurrey, ML and Wallen, SL and Grant, CS}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={3665–3673} }
 @article{burns_wu_grant_2003, title={Mechanisms of calcite dissolution using environmentally benign polyaspartic acid: A rotating disk study}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/la020815g}, abstractNote={The removal of calcium mineral deposits from metal surfaces is of practical interest for a variety of fields (i.e., food, petroleum, and chemical industries). This study investigated the mechanisms of calcite (CaCO3) dissolution using environmentally benign polyaspartic acid (PASP) under controlled hydrodynamic conditions by a rotating disk technique. The specific role of PASP conformation and surface interactions in the dissolution process was further studied using scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. Using this combined approach, the dissolution mechanisms were investigated as a function of pH (3.5−10.0), rotating speed (150−1500 rpm), polymer concentration (0.001−0.1 M), and molecular weight (3000 and 10 000 Mw). To quantify the effect of PASP on enhancing calcite dissolution, an enhancement factor, ηenh, was defined as a ratio of the rate of dissolution in PASP over the rate in water. Maximum enhancement was observed at pHs in the range 4−5, where an optimal combinatio...}, number={14}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Burns, K and Wu, YT and Grant, CS}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={5669–5679} }
 @article{elbaccouch_bondar_carbonell_grant_2003, title={Phase equilibrium behavior of the binary systems CO2 plus nonadecane and CO2 plus soysolv and the ternary system CO2 plus soysolv plus quaternary ammonium chloride surfactant}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0021-9568"]}, DOI={10.1021/je020201d}, abstractNote={Liquid phase and molar volume data were measured for the binary system CO 2 + soysolv at (298.15, 313.15, 323.15, 333.15, and 343.15) K and the ternary system CO 2 + soysolv + quaternary ammonium chloride surfactant at (298.15, 313.15, and 333.15) K, where the composition of soysolv to the surfactant is 99:1 wt % and 80:20 wt % on a CO 2 -free basis. Data were collected stoichiometrically with a high-pressure Pyrex glass cell, where no sampling or chromatographic equipment is required. The accuracy of the experimental apparatus was tested with phase equilibrium measurements for the system CO 2 + nonadecane at 313.15 K. A pressure-decay technique was used to calculate the mass of CO 2 loaded into the equilibrium section of the apparatus, and its accuracy was verified with a blank nitrogen experiment. The generated data show that CO 2 modified soysolv is an effective transport medium for the quaternary ammonium chloride surfactant.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA}, author={Elbaccouch, MM and Bondar, VI and Carbonell, RG and Grant, CS}, year={2003}, pages={1401–1406} }
 @article{wu_grant_2002, title={Effect of chelation chemistry of sodium polyaspartate on the dissolution of calcite}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1021/la0118939a}, number={18}, journal={Langmuir}, author={Wu, Y. T. and Grant, Christine}, year={2002}, pages={6813–6820} }
 @article{littlejohn_grant_wong_saez_2002, title={Effect of poly(aspartic acid) on the removal rates of brushite deposits from stainless steel tubing in turbulent flow}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie0201011}, abstractNote={This research investigates the effect of poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) and its sodium salt on the removal of brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD) deposits from stainless steel tubing in turbulent flows. In the absence of PASP, DCPD removal is dominated by the abrasion of solid particles from the deposit by fluid shear and is influenced by the kinetics of the interfacial dissolution process. The presence of PASP promotes DCPD removal for pHs between 4 and 10, with an optimum enhancement at pH 5. A decrease in the sensitivity of the removal rate to shear forces indicates that PASP inhibits solids detachment from the deposit for pH < 5. At higher pHs, PASP appears to reduce the shear stress required to remove particles from the deposit. A model for the interfacial dissolution process that includes mass transfer, adsorption equilibria, and the kinetics of acid dissolution and surface complexation is used to explain the trends of the experimental data on removal rates.}, number={18}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Littlejohn, F and Grant, CS and Wong, YL and Saez, AE}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={4576–4584} }
 @article{littlejohn_grant_saez_2000, title={Mechanisms for the removal of calcium phosphate deposits in turbulent flow}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie990624h}, abstractNote={This work investigates the mechanisms for the removal of calcium phosphate deposits from stainless steel tubing in turbulent flows. Two types of deposits were analyzed:  brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, DCPD) and a mixture of DCPD/hydroxyapatite (HAP). Cleaning studies were carried out at pHs ranging from 2.85 to 10. The data were analyzed by means of a mathematical model that incorporates the effects of interfacial dissolution and mass transfer. The results show that the HAP/DCPD cleaning rate is influenced both by the kinetics of the interfacial dissolution and by mass transfer. Within the same range of experimental conditions, the rate-limiting mechanism for DCPD removal was the abrasion of the solid by shear stresses. In this case, the interfacial dissolution process plays the role of decreasing the structural integrity of the deposit. These findings show that the removal mechanism of the HAP/DCPD mixture differs significantly from the behavior of individual components.}, number={4}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Littlejohn, F and Grant, CS and Saez, AE}, year={2000}, month={Apr}, pages={933–942} }
 @article{kabin_withers_grant_carbonell_saez_2000, title={Removal of solid organic films from rotating disks using emulsion cleaners}, volume={228}, ISSN={["0021-9797"]}, DOI={10.1006/jcis.2000.6832}, abstractNote={Measurements have been made of the rate of removal of a solid organic film (phenanthrene) from the surface of a rotating disk using emulsions containing water, the nonionic surfactant Tween 20, and d-limonene as the organic phase. The results show that phenanthrene removal initially occurs by the uptake of phenanthrene into the emulsion drops as small aggregates. Simultaneously, the organic phase penetrates into the phenanthrene film, diminishing the adhesive force between the film and the substrate. After sufficient time, the phenanthrene film detaches from the rotating disk surface as a solid. This detachment mechanism accounts for the vast majority of the phenanthrene removal ( approximately 90%). Initial solubilization rates were analyzed using two solubilization models. Both models assume that phenanthrene removal occurs via a mass transfer limited removal of phenanthrene-laden emulsion drops from the phenanthrene film surface into the bulk solution. One model treats the emulsion as homogeneous while the other accounts for the finite size of the emulsion droplets. The latter model was also used to relate the flux of organic phase impacting the phenanthrene film to the detachment times. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE}, author={Kabin, JA and Withers, ST and Grant, CS and Carbonell, RG and Saez, AE}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={344–358} }
 @article{colberg_saez_grant_hutchison_hesterberg_1999, title={Dynamic hydration of phospholipid films in aqueous environments}, volume={151}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0344267705&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00842-5}, abstractNote={A dynamic study of the hydration of phospholipid films attached to solid substrates when exposed to liquid water at room temperature is presented. The phospholipids used were 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), and a modification of DPPE with a fluorescent molecular probe: n-(5-fluoresceinthicarbamoyl)-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (FITC-DPPE). Three different experimental techniques were used: rates of hydration were measured by depositing the phospholipid film on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) studies were carried out with FITC-DPPE films deposited on the internal surface of a cylindrical quartz tube, and X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine possible changes of the film’s crystalline structure during hydration. The DPPE films exhibited different successive hydration stages: within the first 2 h, the films uniformly hydrate towards a limiting water uptake (short-time behavior); however, at one point, hydration rates suddenly increase and the hydration process continues for longer periods of time, of the order of 24 h. No evidence of change in the film crystalline structure was found when dry and hydrated DPPE films were analyzed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The FITC-DPPE films showed a completely different hydration pattern: water uptake reached a maximum value at short times and then decreased continuously until an asymptotic value was reached. The TIRF results on FITC-DPPE films show that the evolution of fluorescence with time closely resembles the hydration results obtained in the QCM. This is attributed to the self quenching occurring in the phospholipid films.}, number={3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Colberg, MT and Saez, AE and Grant, CS and Hutchison, K and Hesterberg, D}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={483–495} }
 @article{kabin_saez_grant_carbonell_1999, title={Removal rates of major and trace components of an organic film using aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie980587e}, abstractNote={This work examines the cleaning of organic films composed of a primary component (abietic acid) mixed with trace amounts of a second contaminant (benzoic acid). Films were removed from a rotating disk in the presence of aqueous solutions of two poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants: C 12 E 5 and C 16 E 8 . With C 12 E 5 the abietic acid was removed from the disk in three successive cleaning stages - solubilization, shear removal, and rollup - whereas the benzoic acid was almost completely removed during the initial solubilization stage. Also, with C 12 E 5 the results show that the micellar solubilization rate of the trace contaminant is directly proportional to its concentration in the film. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 12 E 5 is an order of magnitude greater than the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. Solutions of C 16 E 8 removed the abietic acid by only the solubilization and rollup stages. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 16 E 8 was equal to the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. A mathematical model is proposed to quantify the simultaneous removal of benzoic acid and abietic acid during the micellar solubilization stage. The model takes into account the mass-transfer rate between the film and the bulk solution, as well as the micellization rates at the film/surfactant solution interface. The model adequately represents the experimental data.}, number={3}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kabin, JA and Saez, AE and Grant, CS and Carbonell, RG}, year={1999}, month={Mar}, pages={683–691} }
 @article{colberg_carnes_saez_grant_hutchinson_hesterberg_1998, title={Hydration and removal of supported phospholipid films in aqueous surfactant solutions}, volume={327}, ISSN={["0040-6090"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032141167&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/s0040-6090(98)00638-5}, abstractNote={Dynamic studies of the hydration and removal of phospholipid films attached to solid substrates were performed. The phospholipids used were 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), and a modification of DPPE containing a fluorescent molecular probe: n-(5-fluoresceinthicarbamoyl)-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (FITC-DPPE). The phospholipid films were exposed to water and aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The film mass was determined as a function of time by means of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The crystalline structure of the film during the hydration process was analyzed by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction. At low surfactant concentrations (below 20% of the critical micelle concentration (CMC)), the presence of surfactant increased the hydration rate of the film, as well as its maximum water uptake. At surfactant concentrations as low as 50% of the CMC, competitive hydration and removal of the phospholipid film were observed. X-Ray diffraction measurements show that the crystal structure of the DPPE films did not change significantly upon exposure to water and surfactant solutions. In contrast, FITC-DPPE films exhibited changes in the long-range spacing of their crystalline structure upon hydration.}, number={1998 Aug. 31}, journal={THIN SOLID FILMS}, author={Colberg, MT and Carnes, K and Saez, AE and Grant, CS and Hutchinson, K and Hesterberg, D}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={247–251} }
 @article{kabin_tolstedt_saez_grant_carbonell_1998, title={Removal of organic films from rotating disks using aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants: Effect of surfactant molecular structure}, volume={206}, DOI={10.1006/jcis.1998.5689}, abstractNote={In prior work, we examined the removal of abietic acid films from rotating fiberglass laminate disks by aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant. A three-stage cleaning mechanism was found, consisting successively of solubilization, shear-driven cleaning, and roll-up. We extend this work by exploring the influence of the surfactant molecular structure on the kinetics of the cleaning process. Five different poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants (CxEy) were used. Both the alkyl (x) and ethoxy (y) chain lengths were varied. Not all of the surfactants exhibited a three-stage cleaning mechanism. It was found that for surfactants with relatively high solubilization rates, the shear-driven cleaning stage did not occur. The selection of the most efficient surfactant depends on whether the surfactant concentration is below or above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). At submicellar concentrations, faster cleaning is obtained by surfactants that can induce shear-driven removal. At concentrations above the CMC, it is found that surfactant efficiency for a fixed alkyl or ethoxy chain length increases as the surfactant becomes more hydrophilic. This is attributed in part to the lower viscosity that the film achieves with the more hydrophilic surfactants due to their partitioning into the film, as well as their ability to carry water into the film. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Colloid and Interface Science}, author={Kabin, J. A. and Tolstedt, S. L. and Saez, A. E. and Grant, Christine and Carbonell, R. G.}, year={1998}, pages={102–111} }
 @article{littlejohn_saez_grant_1998, title={Use of sodium polyaspartate for the removal of hydroxyapatite/brushite deposits from stainless steel tubing}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie980006l}, abstractNote={This research investigates the use of sodium polyaspartate, a nontoxic, biodegradable polycarboxylic sequestrant, for removing calcium phosphate deposit consisting of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and brushite or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) from stainless steel surfaces. Cleaning studies show that the use of sodium polyaspartate under alkaline conditions significantly enhances the removal rates when compared to deionized water. In acidic solutions, sodium polyaspartate concentrations below 300 ppm inhibit removal of HAP/DCPD deposits whereas higher concentrations increase the removal rate. Comparative cleaning studies at alkaline pHs show that sodium polyaspartate cleans the surface at a rate comparable to sodium citrate but slower than in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Supplementary dissolution experiments show that sodium polyaspartate enhances the HAP/DCPD dissolution rate while inhibiting the release of Ca2+. On the basis of these findings, we have concluded that sodium polyaspartate improves the HA...}, number={7}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Littlejohn, F and Saez, AE and Grant, CS}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={2691–2700} }
 @article{grant_webb_jeon_1997, title={A noninvasive study of milk cleaning processes: Calcium phosphate removal}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0145-8876"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-4530.1997.tb00419.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING}, author={Grant, CS and Webb, GE and Jeon, YW}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={197–230} }
 @article{yan_saez_grant_1997, title={Removal of oil films from stainless steel tubes}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0001-1541"]}, DOI={10.1002/aic.690430127}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AICHE JOURNAL}, author={Yan, JF and Saez, AE and Grant, CS}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={251–259} }
 @article{beaudoin_carbonell_grant_1996, title={Dynamic and equilibrium phase behavior in the C(12)E(5) abietic acid H2O system}, volume={182}, ISSN={["0021-9797"]}, DOI={10.1006/jcis.1996.0489}, abstractNote={Abstract Previous research has investigated the removal of representative flux residues (abietic acid (AA) in isopropyl alcohol (IPA)) from printed wiring assemblies using aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant (pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C12E5)). To optimize cleaning with this surfactant, greater understanding of the equilibrium and dynamic phase behavior in the AA-C12E5-H2O system is required. In this research, partial ternary phase diagrams were developed at 60 and 45°C (above the binary cloud point). Increasing the AA content of the system caused isotropic surfactant (L2) and lamellar liquid crystalline (La) phases to form at lower temperatures than in the binary C12E5–H2O system. As the temperature increased, the solubility of AA in the L2 phase increased considerably, while the AA content of the La phase was not affected as strongly. The dynamic phase behavior resulting from contact of micellar C12E5solutions with AA or AA/IPA particles at 24°C (below the binary cloud point) and 45°C was also observed. When AA or AA/IPA particles were contacted with 4.1 × 10−3MC12E5solutions, the surfactant and water penetrated into the particles to create isotropic liquid aggregates. When particles were contacted with more concentrated micellar C12E5solutions (0.25M), a new concentrated surfactant phase surrounded the particles and solubilized the AA.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE}, author={Beaudoin, SP and Carbonell, RG and Grant, CS}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={465–472} }
 @article{kabin_saez_grant_carbonell_1996, title={Removal of organic films from rotating disks using aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants: Film morphology and cleaning mechanisms}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie960195c}, abstractNote={In this work, we consider the cleaning of an organic liquid film, consisting initially of a concentrated solution of abietic acid in isopropyl alcohol, from the surface of a rotating disk by using aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant, pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether. The results show that the removal process takes place in three consecutive stages. The first stage is controlled by the solubilization of the abietic acid by surfactant penetration and subsequent mass transfer from the interface to the bulk of the aqueous solution. During the first stage, the film absorbs water from the aqueous solution and breaks up into drops that leave portions of the surface exposed. The absorption of surfactant and water reduces the organic-phase viscosity, until the drops start to move on the disk surface under the action of shear forces. These drops aggregate into spiral-shaped continuous rivulets through which the organic phase flows until it comes off the disk edge. Such behavior occurs during the sec...}, number={12}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kabin, JA and Saez, AE and Grant, CS and Carbonell, RG}, year={1996}, month={Dec}, pages={4494–4506} }
 @article{beaudoin_grant_carbonell_1995, title={REMOVAL OF ORGANIC FILMS FROM SOLID-SURFACES USING AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS .1. EXPERIMENTS}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie00037a017}, abstractNote={An important step in the production of printed wiring assemblies (PWAs) is the postsolder removal of flux residues from the surface. Traditionally, this has been accomplished using CFC-113-based solutions, but the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Acts have forced the development of alternative cleaners. This is a study of the mechanisms by which aqueous solutions of a nonionic surfactant (pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl either (C{sub 12}E{sub 5})) remove films of flux residues (abietic acid in isopropyl alcohol) from PWA surfaces. Cleaning rates were studied in a rotating disk apparatus to control hydrodynamic conditions. The cleaning process followed a three-step mechanism. In the first stage, surfactant liquefies the organic by partitioning into the film. In the second and third stages, shear stresses at the PWA surface remove aggregates of the surfactant-laden liquefied AA from the bulk AA film and the PWA substrate, respectively.}, number={10}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={BEAUDOIN, SP and GRANT, CS and CARBONELL, RG}, year={1995}, month={Oct}, pages={3307–3317} }
 @article{beaudoin_grant_carbonell_1995, title={Removal of organic films from solid surfaces using aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants. 2. Theory}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1021/ie00037a018}, abstractNote={The removal of organic films of solder flux components (abietic acid in isopropyl alcohol) from disks of epoxy-glass laminate by aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant (C{sub 12}-E{sub 5}) proceeds through three stages. The controlling mechanisms in each stage were deduced from experimental observations. In this paper, theoretical models are developed to analyze the cleaning rates in the three different stages. The duration of the first stage is calculated assuming that convective and diffusive transport of surfactant monomer into the organic film controls the stage. The second stage is analyzed considering that shear forces remove aggregates from a continuous film of liquefied residue, while the third stage cleaning rate model is based on the shear-induced removal of isolated aggregates adsorbed directly to the solid substrate. Parameters in the models are evaluated using experimental cleaning rate data.}, number={10}, journal={Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research}, author={Beaudoin, S. P. and Grant, Christine and Carbonell, R. G.}, year={1995}, pages={3318–3325} }
 @misc{grant_1993, title={ELECTROKINETIC SEPARATION OF ULTRAFINE MATERIALS - A REVIEW}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0360-2540"]}, DOI={10.1080/15422119308544977}, abstractNote={1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Importance of Separation Technology A report on Separation and Purification conducted by the National Research Council (NRC) emphasizes the necessity for more economically efficient technologies in the area of separation.1 Separations (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and liquid-liquid) are essential to most manufacturing operations in chemical processing industries in the United States. The efficiency of a given separation method is often a major factor in the cost of a manufactured product. This cost is in the form of equipment, energy, and time required to effect the separation. For example, in biotechnology, the separation of the final products from dilute aqueous solutions is a critical part of the process. In the area of strategic metal mining, the majority of domestic sources are dilute; they often contain low grade ores and produce process wastes that must be separated. In the area of waste treatment, as allowable pollutant release levels are reduced, the concept of removing pollutants...}, number={1}, journal={SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION METHODS}, author={GRANT, CS}, year={1993}, pages={55–91} }
 @article{perka_grant_overcash_1993, title={WASTE MINIMIZATION IN BATCH VESSEL CLEANING}, volume={119}, ISSN={["0098-6445"]}, DOI={10.1080/00986449308936114}, abstractNote={Although the cleaning of processing vessels has always been a significant source of waste, only recently have fundamental studies been undertaken to understand the cleaning process. The study described here began with a review of the literature on industrial cleaning practices. The literature was found to be mainly empirical. In order to provide a practical direction for research into the cleaning process, observations were made of a commercial batch processing facility. Based on these observations, short-term process improvements are suggested, and a new area for fundamental research is identified. @KEYWORDS Waste minimization Reflux cleaning Reactor Batch vessel.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS}, author={PERKA, AT and GRANT, CS and OVERCASH, MR}, year={1993}, pages={167–177} }
 @article{grant_clayfield_matteson_1992, title={SURFACTANT ENHANCED ELECTROOSMOTIC SEPARATION OF IRON-OXIDE ULTRAFINES}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0166-6622"]}, DOI={10.1016/0166-6622(92)80181-z}, abstractNote={Electro-osmotic and vacuum separation techniques were applied to the study or naturally occurring iron oxide (Fe2O3·H2O) ultrafine (≈ 2 μm) slurries. The absence of a significant particle zeta potential for electro-osmosis was overcome by increasing the concentration of potential-determining ions, through the addition of sodium hydroxide. The resulting electrostatic dispersion of the particles significantly reduced the rate and extent of hydraulic separation. Subsequent addition of small amounts of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB; 5 · 10−+−5 · 10−3 M) reflocculates the particles through electrostatic adsorption of CTA+ ions, while maintaining sufficient zeta potential to utilize electro-osmotic separation techniques. In the case of NaOH and CTAB-treated samples, the final moisture content of an electro-osmotic filtered sample is over 40% lower than for an untreated vacuum separated sample. From electrophoretic measurements, the correlation between NaOH concentration and the extent of separation, the mechanism of adsorption, flocculation and subsequent dewatering is presented.}, number={4}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES}, author={GRANT, CS and CLAYFIELD, EJ and MATTESON, MJ}, year={1992}, month={Aug}, pages={257–272} }
 @article{grant_matteson_clayfield_1991, title={SURFACTANT-ENHANCED ELECTROOSMOTIC DEWATERING OF MINERAL ULTRAFINES}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0149-6395"]}, DOI={10.1080/01496399108050496}, abstractNote={Abstract The rate and extent of electroosmotic dewatering of mineral ultrafines are dependent on the surface charge density which is quantitatively measured by the zeta potential. This research tailors the surface electrical properties of a naturally uncharged ochre (iron oxide) mineral slurry by altering the concentration of potential determining hydroxide ions to facilitate electroosmotic dewatering. The adsorption of hydroxide ions (9 × 10−4 to 9 × 10−3 M) onto the iron oxide surface provides the necessary increase in zeta potential; however, the resulting electrostatic dispersion of the particles severely limits the hydraulic permeability. Subsequent addition of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (5 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−3 M), a cationic surfacant, reflocculates the particles, while maintaining sufficient zeta potential to generate an electroosmotic effect. Hydraulic performance of the treated slurries is characterized by measurement of flow rate data and specific resistance determination. Further characteri...}, number={6}, journal={SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={GRANT, CS and MATTESON, MJ and CLAYFIELD, EJ}, year={1991}, pages={773–802} }