@article{sanders_stewart_pacifici_hess_olfenbuttel_deperno_2023, title={Variations in reproduction and age structure in the North American river otter in North Carolina, USA}, volume={87}, ISSN={0022-541X 1937-2817}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22361}, DOI={10.1002/jwmg.22361}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Wildlife Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sanders, Charles W., II and Stewart, Dennis L. and Pacifici, Krishna and Hess, George R. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lasky_parsons_schuttler_hess_sutherland_kalies_clark_olfenbuttel_matthews_clark_et al._2021, title={Carolina critters: a collection of camera-trap data from wildlife surveys across North Carolina}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecy.3372}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={Lasky, Monica and Parsons, Arielle W. and Schuttler, Stephanie G. and Hess, George and Sutherland, Ron and Kalies, Liz and Clark, Staci and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Matthews, Jessie and Clark, James S. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{cove_kays_bontrager_bresnan_lasky_frerichs_klann_lee_crockett_crupi_et al._2021, title={SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1939-9170"]}, DOI={10.1002/ecy.3353}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={ECOLOGY}, author={Cove, Michael V. and Kays, Roland and Bontrager, Helen and Bresnan, Claire and Lasky, Monica and Frerichs, Taylor and Klann, Renee and Lee, Thomas E., Jr. and Crockett, Seth C. and Crupi, Anthony P. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{sanders_olfenbuttel_pacifici_hess_livingston_deperno_2020, title={LEPTOSPIRA, PARVOVIRUS, AND TOXOPLASMA IN THE NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTER (LONTRA CANADENSIS) IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/2019-05-129}, abstractNote={Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina, US, and was once extirpated from the central and western portions of the state. Over time and after a successful reintroduction project, otters are now abundant and occur throughout North Carolina. However, there is a concern that diseases may have an impact on the otter population, as well as on other aquatic mammals, either through exposure to emerging diseases, contact with domestic animals such as domestic cats (Felis catus), or less robust condition of individuals through declines in water quality. We tested brain and kidney tissue from harvested otters for the pathogens that cause leptospirosis, parvovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are priority zoonoses and are maintained by domestic and wild mammals. Although parvovirus is not zoonotic, it does affect pets, causing mild to fatal symptoms. Across the 2014–15 and 2015–16 trapping seasons, we tested 220 otters (76 females, 144 males) using real-time PCR for Leptospira interrogans, parvovirus, and Toxoplasma gondii. Of the otters tested, 1% (3/220) were positive for L. interrogans, 19% (41/220) were positive for parvovirus, and 24% (53/220) were positive for T. gondii. Although the pathogens for parvovirus and toxoplasmosis are relatively common in North Carolina otters, the otter harvest has remained steady and the population appears to be abundant and self-sustaining. Therefore, parvovirus and toxoplasmosis do not currently appear to be negatively impacting the population. However, subsequent research should examine transmission parameters between domestic and wild species and the sublethal effects of infection.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sanders, Charles W., II and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and Pacifici, Krishna and Hess, George R. and Livingston, Robert S. and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={791–802} }
 @article{sanders_pacifici_hess_olfenbuttel_deperno_2020, title={Metal contamination of river otters in North Carolina}, volume={192}, ISBN={1573-2959}, ISSN={0167-6369 1573-2959}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8106-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10661-020-8106-8}, abstractNote={Aquatic apex predators are vulnerable to environmental contaminants due to biomagnification. North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations should be closely monitored across their range due to point and nonpoint pollution sources. Nonetheless, no information exists on environmental contaminants in the North Carolina otter population. Metals and metalloids occur naturally across the landscape, are essential for cellular function, and become toxic when concentrated unnaturally. We conducted our study across the three Furbearer Management Units (FMU) and 14 river basins of North Carolina. We determined the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, and zinc in liver and kidney samples from 317 otters harvested from 2009 to 2016. Arsenic, lead, and thallium samples were tested at levels below the limit of detection. With the exception of cadmium, we detected all other elements at higher levels in the liver compared with the kidney. Specifically, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, and zinc levels differed by tissue type analyzed. Most element concentrations remained stable or increased with otter age. We detected higher levels of mercury and selenium in the Lower Pee Dee and Cape Fear river basins. River basins within the Mountain FMU were higher in cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, whereas the Coastal Plain FMU was lower in cobalt and manganese. None of the elements occurred at toxic levels. Our research establishes baseline concentration levels for North Carolina, which will benefit future monitoring efforts and provide insight into future changes in the otter population.}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sanders, Charles W., II and Pacifici, Krishna and Hess, George R. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hess_loflin_selm_2020, title={Research note: Shout-out survey for quantifying reasons for trail use}, volume={29}, ISSN={["2213-0799"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2019.100234}, abstractNote={Gathering data about why people use greenway trails (e.g., health, recreation, transportation) requires interaction with trail users who typically do not want to stop for a survey; runners and bicyclists are particularly challenging. We placed a series of signs along trails asking users to shout out their answer to a simple question as they passed a surveyor, who also recorded observational data. In a feasibility study along greenway trails in Raleigh, NC, USA, we counted 541 users, 66% of whom shouted out whether they were using the trail for recreation or transportation. Of all users who passed, 45% were on bicycles and 55% on foot. Of those who responded, 11% were using the trail for transportation and 89% for recreation; 86% of transportation users were bicyclists. This method is generalizable and offers a way to collect additional information as individuals pass surveyors who might otherwise collect only observational data.}, journal={JOURNAL OF OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM-RESEARCH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Hess, George R. and Loflin, Alexandria M. and Selm, Kathryn R.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{selm_peterson_hess_beck_mchale_2019, title={Educational attainment predicts negative perceptions women have of their own climate change knowledge}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0210149}, abstractNote={Education may encourage personal and collective responses to climate change, but climate education has proven surprisingly difficult and complex. Self-perception of knowledge and intelligence represent one factor that may impact willingness to learn about climate change. We explored this possibility with a case study in Raleigh, North Carolina in 2015 (n = 200). Our goal was to test how gender and ethnicity influenced perceptions people had of their own climate change knowledge. Survey respondents were asked how strongly they agreed with the statement “I feel knowledgeable about climate change” (1 = strongly disagree, and 5 = strongly agree). Our survey instrument also included demographic questions about race, age, income, gender, and education, as well as respondent’s experience with natural disasters and drought. We observed an interaction between education and gender where women’s self-perceived knowledge was higher than men among people with low levels of educational attainment, but was higher for men than women among people with high levels of educational attainment. In addition, minority respondents self-reported lower perceived climate change knowledge than white respondents, regardless of educational attainment. This study enhances our understanding of the gender gap in self-perceptions of climate knowledge by suggesting it is contingent on educational attainment. This could be the result of stereotype-threat experienced by women and minorities, and exacerbated by educational systems. Because people who question their knowledge are often more able to learn, particularly in ideologically charged contexts, highly educated women and minorities may be more successful learning about climate change than white men.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Selm, Kathryn R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Hess, George R. and Beck, Scott M. and McHale, Melissa R.}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{selm_hess_peterson_beck_mchale_2018, title={Developing an Instrument to Measure Autonomous Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change among Urban Households}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2296-701X"]}, DOI={10.3389/fevo.2018.00013}, abstractNote={The capacity of households in urban environments to adapt and react to climate change can affect the resilience of the whole community, and instruments for systematically measuring that capacity are needed. We used Raleigh, NC as a case study to explore the dimensions of autonomous adaptive capacity of urban households and to create a scale and associated survey instrument to measure them. Our approach was guided by four capitals that support human livelihoods: social, human, physical, and financial. We surveyed 200 households in Raleigh, NC, and used a principal components analysis to test the scale and survey instrument. Results suggest the scale is a useful and concise tool. Three major dimensions were present among the scale items: financial capital, political awareness, and access to resources. Together, these three dimensions can be used to measure adaptive capacity among different households. These findings are supported by similar work illustrating the value of income inequality and political awareness as indicators of adaptive capacity. Our results also demonstrate that complex relationships among the livelihood capitals may confound our ability to measure financial, physical, and human capitals separately. This framework for assessing adaptive capacity of households, with further refinement and testing, may be used in urban areas to evaluate programs designed to impact resilience to climate change.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Selm, Kathryn R. and Hess, George R. and Peterson, M. Nils and Beck, Scott M. and McHale, Melissa R.}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @article{fish_moorman_deperno_schillaci_hess_2018, title={Predictors of Bachman's Sparrow Occupancy at its Northern Range Limit}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.017.0108}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 Peucaea aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow), a songbird endemic to the southeastern US, has experienced long-term population declines and a northern range-boundary retraction. Habitat loss and degradation, largely related to fire suppression, are believed to be the major causes of population declines, but these relationships are less studied at the northern range-extent. Hence, we investigated habitat selection of Bachman's Sparrow on Fort Bragg Military Installation, where vegetation is characterized by extensive fire-maintained Pinus palustris (Longleaf Pine) uplands. We surveyed breeding male sparrows using repeat-visit point-counts. We visited 182 points 3 times from April to July during the 2014 and 2015 breeding seasons. We measured vegetation and distance to other habitat features (e.g., wildlife openings, streams) at each point. We recorded presence or absence of Bachman's Sparrows and fit encounter histories into a single-season occupancy model in program Unmarked, including a year effect on detection. Occupancy probability was 0.52 and increased with greater grass-cover and at intermediate distances from wildlife openings, and decreased with years-since-fire and with greater shrub height. Predictors of Bachman's Sparrow occupancy were similar to those reported for other portions of the range, supporting the importance of frequent prescribed fire to maintain herbaceous groundcover used by birds for nesting and foraging. However, our study indicated that other habitat features (e.g., canopy openings) provided critical cover within extensive upland Longleaf Pine-Aristida stricta (Wiregrass) forest.}, number={1}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Fish, Alexander C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Schillaci, Jessica M. and Hess, George R.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={104–116} }
 @article{winiarski_moorman_carpenter_hess_2017, title={Reproductive consequences of habitat fragmentation for a declining resident bird of the longleaf pine ecosystem}, volume={8}, ISSN={2150-8925}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ECS2.1898}, DOI={10.1002/ECS2.1898}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={Ecosphere}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Winiarski, Jason M. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Carpenter, John P. and Hess, George R.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={e01898} }
 @article{beck_mchale_hess_2016, title={Beyond Impervious: Urban Land-Cover Pattern Variation and Implications for Watershed Management}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1432-1009"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-016-0700-8}, abstractNote={Impervious surfaces degrade urban water quality, but their over-coverage has not explained the persistent water quality variation observed among catchments with similar rates of imperviousness. Land-cover patterns likely explain much of this variation, although little is known about how they vary among watersheds. Our goal was to analyze a series of urban catchments within a range of impervious cover to evaluate how land-cover varies among them. We then highlight examples from the literature to explore the potential effects of land-cover pattern variability for urban watershed management. High-resolution (1 m(2)) land-cover data were used to quantify 23 land-cover pattern and stormwater infrastructure metrics within 32 catchments across the Triangle Region of North Carolina. These metrics were used to analyze variability in land-cover patterns among the study catchments. We used hierarchical clustering to organize the catchments into four groups, each with a distinct landscape pattern. Among these groups, the connectivity of combined land-cover patches accounted for 40 %, and the size and shape of lawns and buildings accounted for 20 %, of the overall variation in land-cover patterns among catchments. Storm water infrastructure metrics accounted for 8 % of the remaining variation. Our analysis demonstrates that land-cover patterns do vary among urban catchments, and that trees and grass (lawns) are divergent cover types in urban systems. The complex interactions among land-covers have several direct implications for the ongoing management of urban watersheds.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Beck, Scott M. and McHale, Melissa R. and Hess, George R.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={15–30} }
 @article{metzger_mchale_hess_steelman_2016, title={Same time, same place: analyzing temporal and spatial trends in urban metabolism using proximate counties in the North Carolina Triangle}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1573-1642"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-015-0503-3}, number={1}, journal={URBAN ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Metzger, Alexander E. and McHale, Melissa R. and Hess, George R. and Steelman, Toddi A.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={1–18} }
 @article{kays_costello_forrester_baker_parsons_kalies_hess_millspaugh_mcshea_2015, title={Cats are rare where coyotes roam}, volume={96}, ISSN={0022-2372 1545-1542}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv100}, DOI={10.1093/jmammal/gyv100}, abstractNote={Domestic cats (Felis catus) have caused the extinction of many island species and are thought to kill many billions of birds and mammals in the continental United States each year. However, the spatial distribution and abundance of cats and their risk to our protected areas remains unknown. We worked with citizen scientists to survey the mammals at 2,117 sites in 32 protected areas and one urban area across 6 states in the eastern United States using camera traps. We found that most protected areas had high levels of coyote (Canis latrans) activity, but few or no domestic cats. The relative abundance of domestic cats in residential yards, where coyotes were rare, was 300 times higher than in the protected areas. Our spatial models of cat distribution show the amount of coyote activity and housing density are the best predictors of cat activity, and that coyotes and cats overlap the most in small urban forests. Coyotes were nocturnal at all sites, while cats were nocturnal in protected areas, but significantly more diurnal in urban sites. We suggest that the ecological impact of free-ranging cats in the region is concentrated in urban areas or other sites, such as islands, with few coyotes. Our study also shows the value of citizen science for conducting broadscale mammal surveys using photo-vouchered locations that ensure high data quality.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Mammalogy}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kays, Roland and Costello, Robert and Forrester, Tavis and Baker, Megan C. and Parsons, Arielle W. and Kalies, Elizabeth L. and Hess, George and Millspaugh, Joshua J. and McShea, William}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={981–987} }
 @article{youth_hess_peterson_mchale_bigsby_2015, title={Demographic shifts around drinking water supply reservoirs in North Carolina, USA}, volume={21}, ISSN={1354-9839 1469-6711}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2015.1035240}, DOI={10.1080/13549839.2015.1035240}, abstractNote={Infrastructure intended to serve the public good frequently has implications for environmental justice and social sustainability. Drinking water supplies for sub/urban areas in North Carolina, USA, have regularly been secured by constructing dams to impound reservoirs. We used high-resolution, publicly available US Census data to explore whether 66 such reservoirs in North Carolina have induced demographic shifts in the communities that find themselves adjacent to the newly created lakeshores. Our principal findings include: (1) The ratio of white people to non-white people was significantly higher in communities within 0.5 miles of reservoir shorelines than in more distant communities; (2) even as North Carolina overall became less white from 1990 to 2010, the ratio of white people to non-white people within the 0.5 miles of the shoreline increased relative to the overall ratio in the State; and (3) similar, but less distinct, shifts in per capita income occurred during the period. Our results are consistent with the proposition that reservoirs have induced demographic shifts in communities adjacent to newly created lakeshores similar to the shifts associated with environmental gentrification and amenity migration, and may now be associated with perpetuating those shifts. These findings raise concerns about environmental justice and social sustainability that should be considered when planning and building infrastructure that creates environmental amenities. Where reservoirs are being planned, social costs, including the costs of demographic shifts associated with environmental gentrification or amenity migration, and disproportionate regulatory burdens, should be mitigated through innovative policy if possible.}, number={7}, journal={Local Environment}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Youth, Michael D. and Hess, George R. and Peterson, M. Nils and McHale, Melissa R. and Bigsby, Kevin M.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={827–843} }
 @article{mchale_pickett_barbosa_bunn_cadenasso_childers_gartin_hess_iwaniec_mcphearson_et al._2015, title={The new global urban realm: complex, connected, diffuse, and diverse social-ecological systems}, volume={7}, number={5}, journal={Sustainability}, author={McHale, M. R. and Pickett, S. T. A. and Barbosa, O. and Bunn, D. N. and Cadenasso, M. L. and Childers, D. L. and Gartin, M. and Hess, G. R. and Iwaniec, D. M. and McPhearson, T. and et al.}, year={2015}, pages={5211–5240} }
 @article{bigsby_mchale_hess_2014, title={Urban Morphology Drives the Homogenization of Tree Cover in Baltimore, MD, and Raleigh, NC}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1435-0629"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10021-013-9718-4}, number={2}, journal={ECOSYSTEMS}, author={Bigsby, Kevin M. and McHale, Melissa R. and Hess, George R.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={212–227} }
 @article{berke_spurlock_hess_band_2013, title={Local comprehensive plan quality and regional ecosystem protection: The case of the Jordan Lake watershed, North Carolina, USA}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1873-5754"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.08.009}, abstractNote={To better manage common-pool resources, planners and conservation specialists continue to call for comprehensive and spatial planning functions of local governments to focus on entire ecological units rather than areas defined by jurisdictional boundaries. Local comprehensive plans were quantitatively analyzed and case studies were conducted within an urbanizing lake watershed to determine how well plans support watershed protection. On average, plans are not supportive of lake water resource protection. Plan quality scores revealed a free rider problem, as scores were unexpectedly higher for non-users compared to users of Jordan Lake as a drinking water supply; in other words, local jurisdictions that benefit more from the water supply contributed less in terms of comprehensive planning to protect that supply. Core determinates of watershed protection in comprehensive plans were networks for information exchange, a civic culture supportive of collaborative governance, and a centralized role for planning. To more effectively address regional scale common-pool resources problems, we recommend that (1) state and federal governments require or incentivize coordinated planning among local governments, (2) plan quality principles be applied during creation of comprehensive plans, and (3) plan effectiveness be tracked through time. Integral with these recommendations, future research should identify and test methods and metrics to evaluate plan effectiveness and outcomes.}, journal={LAND USE POLICY}, author={Berke, Philip and Spurlock, Danielle and Hess, George and Band, Larry}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={450–459} }
 @article{allen_moorman_peterson_hess_moore_2013, title={Predicting success incorporating conservation subdivisions into land use planning}, volume={33}, ISSN={0264-8377}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.12.001}, abstractNote={Conservation subdivisions have emerged as a development option for communities wishing to conserve important ecological features and maintain rural character without decreasing housing density. Yet, these alternatives to conventional subdivisions rarely are used. We used logistic regression models to identify variables that predict county level success at adopting an ordinance and having a conservation subdivision built. Important predictors for adopting ordinances were median income, percent urban population, and a negative interaction between the two variables; important predictors for successfully completing a conservation subdivision were the adoption of an ordinance allowing conservation subdivisions and percent of residents with at least a four year college degree. Urban counties and the rural counties with higher median income were most successful adopting ordinances. Urban counties with higher education levels and an ordinance in place were most likely to have a conservation subdivision built within them. In poor rural counties, implementation may be more difficult because of limited resources to develop ordinances; these counties could collaborate with land trusts, other planning departments, or a regional council of governments to help lessen the financial burden associated with rewriting ordinances and implementing new land use practices.}, journal={Land Use Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Allen, Stephen and Moorman, Christopher and Peterson, M. Nils and Hess, George and Moore, Susan}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={31–35} }
 @article{allen_moorman_peterson_hess_moore_2012, title={Overcoming socio-economic barriers to conservation subdivisions: A case-study of four successful communities}, volume={106}, ISSN={0169-2046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.012}, abstractNote={Conservation subdivisions have emerged as an option to conserve open space, protect water quality and wildlife habitat, and maintain scenic views without compromising property rights. Despite economic and ecological advantages over traditional subdivisions, conservation subdivisions remain rare. We used a mixed-method study combining a survey of 246 people who attended conservation subdivision workshops with a qualitative case study of four communities that successfully developed conservation subdivisions to identify potential barriers to conservation subdivisions and strategies to overcome those barriers. A principal component analysis based on survey respondent rankings grouped barriers into: resistance to change among stakeholders, concerns about differences between traditional subdivisions and conservation subdivisions, concerns about consumer demand, and misperceptions about construction costs. Survey respondents indicated the top barrier to completion of conservation subdivisions was lack of incentives for developers. The case study communities overcame resistance from developers and landowners through educational efforts including informal meetings, charrettes, and workshops focusing on the environmental and economic benefits of conservation subdivisions. The communities had support from elected officials, and planning staff devoted necessary resources to rewrite ordinances, review sketch plans, and perform site visits. To overcome barriers to conservation subdivisions, communities could provide incentives including density bonuses and expedited approval processes. Encouraging participation in workshops and design charrettes for proposed developments may alleviate concerns of landowners who perceive a loss of property rights from new regulations and aid in the acceptance of conservation subdivisions.}, number={3}, journal={Landscape and Urban Planning}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Allen, Stephen C. and Moorman, Christopher E. and Peterson, M. Nils and Hess, George R. and Moore, Susan E.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={244–252} }
 @article{carr_cheshire_hess_bailey_devine_2011, title={Assessing embedded geospatial student learning outcomes in forestry and natural resources curricula}, volume={109}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Carr, J. D. and Cheshire, H. M. and Hess, G. R. and Bailey, D. and Devine, H. A.}, year={2011}, pages={409–416} }
 @article{miller_nelson_hess_2009, title={A new object-oriented method of impervious surface classification using feature analyst}, volume={61}, journal={Professional Geographer}, author={Miller, J. A. and Nelson, S. A. C. and Hess, G. R.}, year={2009}, pages={1–15} }
 @article{miller_nelson_hess_2009, title={An Object Extraction Approach for Impervious Surface Classification with Very-High-Resolution Imagery}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1467-9272"]}, DOI={10.1080/00330120902742920}, abstractNote={Detailed land cover maps provide important information for research and decision-making but are often expensive to develop and can become outdated quickly. Widespread availability of aerial photography provides increased accessibility of high-resolution imagery and the potential to produce high-accuracy land cover classifications. However, these classifications often require expert knowledge and are time consuming. Our goal was to develop an efficient, accurate technique for classifying impervious surface in urbanizing Wake County, North Carolina. Using an iterative training technique, we classified 111 nonmosaicked, very-high-resolution images using the Feature Analyst software developed by Visual Learning Systems. Feature Analyst provides object extraction classifications by analyzing spatial context in relation to spectral data to classify high-resolution imagery. Our image classification results were 95 percent accurate in impervious surface extraction, with an overall total accuracy of 92 percent. Using this method, users with relatively limited geographic information system (GIS) training and modest budgets can produce highly accurate object-extracted classifications of impervious and pervious surface that are easily manipulated in a GIS.}, number={2}, journal={The Professional Geographer}, author={Miller, J.E. and Nelson, S.A.C. and Hess, G.R.}, year={2009}, pages={250–264} }
 @article{kohut_hess_moorman_2009, title={Avian use of suburban greenways as stopover habitat}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-009-0099-6}, abstractNote={Greenways may provide stopover habitat for migrating birds in otherwise inhospitable suburban landscapes. We examined the effect of greenway forested corridor width, vegetation composition and structure, and adjacent land cover on the species richness and abundance of migrating songbirds during spring and fall migration in Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA. Generally, migrating birds were more abundant in wider forest corridors during spring and fall migration. During the spring, migrants were detected more commonly in greenways with taller trees and a higher percentage of hardwood trees. In the fall, migrant richness and abundance was highest in greenways with lower canopy cover, possibly because of the increased vertical complexity of the vegetation at these sites. Forest-interior migrant richness was not correlated with corridor width in either season, but these species were more abundant in greenways bordered by less bare earth and pavement cover in the spring. No other bird groupings were correlated with adjacent land cover measures. Although migrants used greenways of all widths, forested corridors wider than 150 m should be conserved whenever possible to provide stopover habitat for forest-interior migrants. Shrub cover should be retained to maintain vegetative complexity. Habitat for the greatest diversity of migrants can be provided by constructing greenways in areas of lower development intensity and encouraging residents to retain shrubs and trees on properties bordering greenways.}, number={4}, journal={Urban Ecosystems}, author={Kohut, S. and Hess, G. and Moorman, C.}, year={2009}, pages={487–502} }
 @article{hess_keto_2009, title={Counting grass as a rich introduction to population estimation}, volume={38}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, author={Hess, G. R. and Keto, E. M.}, year={2009}, pages={56–60} }
 @article{thompson_hess_bowman_magnusdottir_stubbs-gipson_groom_miller_steelman_stokes_2009, title={Courses without Borders?: Collaborative graduate education across multiple campuses}, volume={38}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, author={Thompson, J. R. and Hess, G. R. and Bowman, T. A. and Magnusdottir, H. and Stubbs-Gipson, C. E. and Groom, M. and Miller, J. R. and Steelman, T. A. and Stokes, D. L.}, year={2009} }
 @article{hess_tosney_liegel_2009, title={Creating effective poster presentations: AMEE Guide no. 40}, volume={31}, ISSN={["0142-159X"]}, DOI={10.1080/01421590902825131}, abstractNote={Poster presentations have become an important part of professional meetings and are recognized as valuable tools for teaching and assessment. An effective poster is a visual communication tool that will help you engage colleagues in conversation, convey your main point to large numbers of people, and advertise your work. An effective poster is a highly condensed version of a research paper constructed primarily of visual displays of data with just enough supporting text to provide context, interpretation, and conclusions. A new AMEE Guide, ‘Creating Effective Poster Presentations’, provides guidance and is illustrated with annotated examples.}, number={4}, journal={MEDICAL TEACHER}, author={Hess, George R. and Tosney, Kathryn W. and Liegel, Leon H.}, year={2009}, pages={356–358} }
 @article{steelman_hess_2009, title={Effective Protection of Open Space: Does Planning Matter?}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0364-152X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-009-9272-1}, abstractNote={High quality plans are considered a crucial part of good land use planning and often used as a proxy measure for success in plan implementation and goal attainment. We explored the relationship of open space plan quality to the implementation of open space plans and attainment of open space protection goals in Research Triangle, North Carolina, USA. To measure plan quality, we used a standard plan evaluation matrix that we modified to focus on open space plans. We evaluated all open space plans in the region that contained a natural resource protection element. To measure plan implementation and open space protection, we developed an online survey and administered it to open space planners charged with implementing the plans. The survey elicited each planner's perspective on aspects of open space protection in his or her organization. The empirical results (1) indicate that success in implementation and attaining goals are not related to plan quality, (2) highlight the importance of when and how stakeholders are involved in planning and implementation processes, and (3) raise questions about the relationship of planning to implementation. These results suggest that a technically excellent plan does not guarantee the long-term relationships among local land owners, political and appointed officials, and other organizations that are crucial to meeting land protection goals. A greater balance of attention to the entire decision process and building relationships might lead to more success in protecting open space.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Steelman, Toddi A. and Hess, George R.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={93–104} }
 @article{miller_groom_hess_stokes_thomson_bowman_fricke_king_marquadt_2008, title={Where is biodiversity conservation in local planning?}, journal={Conservation Biology}, author={Miller, J. R. and Groom, M. and Hess, G. R. and Stokes, D. L. and Thomson, J. and Bowman, T. and Fricke, L. and King, B. and Marquadt, R.}, year={2008} }
 @article{mason_moorman_hess_sinclair_2007, title={Designing suburban greenways to provide habitat for forest-breeding birds}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.07.002}, abstractNote={Appropriately designed, greenways may provide habitat for neotropical migrants, insectivores, and forest-interior specialist birds that decrease in diversity and abundance as a result of suburban development. We investigated the effects of width of the forested corridor containing a greenway, adjacent land use and cover, and the composition and vegetation structure within the greenway on breeding bird abundance and community composition in suburban greenways in Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA. Using 50 m fixed-radius point counts, we surveyed breeding bird communities for 2 years at 34 study sites, located at the center of 300-m-long greenway segments. Percent coverage of managed area within the greenway, such as trail and other mowed or maintained surfaces, was a predictor for all development-sensitive bird groupings. Abundance and richness of development-sensitive species were lowest in greenway segments containing more managed area. Richness and abundance of development-sensitive species also decreased as percent cover of pavement and bare earth adjacent to greenways increased. Urban adaptors and edge-dwelling birds, such as Mourning Dove, House Wren, House Finch, and European Starling, were most common in greenways less than 100 m wide. Conversely, forest-interior species were not recorded in greenways narrower than 50 m. Some forest-interior species, such as Acadian Flycatcher, Hairy Woodpecker, and Wood Thrush, were recorded primarily in greenways wider than 100 m. Others, including ground nesters such as Black-and-white Warbler, Louisiana Waterthrush, and Ovenbird, were recorded only in greenways wider than 300 m. Landscape and urban planners can facilitate conservation of development-sensitive birds in greenways by minimizing the width of the trail and associated mowed and landscaped surfaces adjacent to the trail, locating trails near the edge of greenway forest corridors, and giving priority to the protection of greenway corridors at least 100 m wide with low levels of impervious surface (pavement, buildings) and bare earth in the adjacent landscape.}, number={1-2}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Mason, Jamie and Moorman, Christopher and Hess, George and Sinclair, Kristen}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={153–164} }
 @article{miller_hess_moorman_2007, title={Southern two-lined salamanders in urbanizing watersheds}, volume={10}, ISSN={1083-8155 1573-1642}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-006-0012-5}, DOI={10.1007/s11252-006-0012-5}, number={1}, journal={Urban Ecosystems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Miller, Jennifer E. and Hess, George R. and Moorman, Christopher E.}, year={2007}, pages={73–85} }
 @article{hess_koch_rubino_eschelbach_drew_favreau_2006, title={Comparing the potential effectiveness of conservation planning approaches in central North Carolina, USA}, volume={128}, ISSN={["1873-2917"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.003}, abstractNote={We compared four approaches to conservation site selection to protect forest biodiversity in the Triangle Region of North Carolina, USA. Using biological inventory data and an inventory-based conservation plan as benchmarks, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a focal species plan and three “simple” plans (large forested patches, close to wetlands and riparian areas, diverse forest types). Effectiveness was measured in three ways: the number of inventory elements captured at least once by the plan (representation), the total number of inventory elements captured (completeness), and the proportion of land in the inventory-based plan included (overlap). We further examined the potential effectiveness of the simple plans by calculating their overlap with land identified by the focal species approach. The simple and focal species plans did not differ markedly in terms of representation, but diverged when completeness and overlap were considered. Although representation rates for all four plans were relatively high, lower rates for completeness and overlap raise concerns about long-term viability. The simple plans did not identify the same lands as the focal species plan, and are thus unlikely to provide appropriate habitat for the focal species. Each approach we tested failed to capture some subset of species and communities, highlighting the importance of explicit conservation targets and consideration of ecological processes. Forced to act quickly and with little data, our findings suggest using initially a set of complementary simple plans, each focused on a different habitat type. This should be considered a stopgap measure, however, while more sophisticated plans are constructed, defining explicit conservation targets and considering ecological processes.}, number={3}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hess, GR and Koch, FH and Rubino, MJ and Eschelbach, KA and Drew, CA and Favreau, JM}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={358–368} }
 @article{hess_bartel_leidner_rosenfeld_rubino_snider_ricketts_2006, title={Effectiveness of biodiversity indicators varies with extent, grain, and region}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1873-2917"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.037}, abstractNote={Abstract The use of indicator taxa for conservation planning is common, despite inconsistent evidence regarding their effectiveness. These inconsistencies may be the result of differences among species and taxonomic groups studied, geographic location, or scale of analysis. The scale of analysis can be defined by grain and extent, which are often confounded. Grain is the size of each observational unit and extent is the size of the entire study area. Using species occurrence records compiled by NatureServe from survey data, range maps, and expert opinion, we examined correlations in species richness between each of seven taxa (amphibians, birds, butterflies, freshwater fish, mammals, freshwater mussels, and reptiles) and total richness of the remaining six taxa at varying grains and extents in two regions of the US (Mid-Atlantic and Pacific Northwest). We examined four different spatial units of interest: hexagon (∼649 km 2 ), subecoregion (3800–34,000 km 2 ), ecoregion (8300–79,000 km 2 ), and geographic region (315,000–426,000 km 2 ). We analyzed the correlations with varying extent of analysis (grain held constant at the hexagon) and varying grain (extent held constant at the region). The strength of correlation among taxa was context dependent, varying widely with grain, extent, region, and taxon. This suggests that (1) taxon, grain, extent, and study location explain, in part, inconsistent results of previous studies; (2) planning based on indicator relationships developed at other grains or extents should be undertaken cautiously; and (3) planning based on indicator relationships developed in other geographic locations is risky, even if planning occurs at an equivalent grain and extent.}, number={4}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hess, George R. and Bartel, Rebecca A. and Leidner, Allison K. and Rosenfeld, Kristen M. and Rubino, Matthew J. and Snider, Sunny B. and Ricketts, Taylor H.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={448–457} }
 @book{hess_steelman_beechwood_cavalieri_crooks_doig_norwood_paxton_schuster_trinks_2006, title={Guided by planning, powered by people: open space protection in the Triangle}, institution={Raleigh: Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University}, author={Hess, G. and Steelman, T. A. and Beechwood, B. and Cavalieri, S. and Crooks, L. and Doig, S. and Norwood, C. and Paxton, D. and Schuster, G. and Trinks, M.}, year={2006} }
 @article{favreau_drew_hess_rubino_koch_eschelbach_2006, title={Recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of surrogate species approaches}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1572-9710"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10531-005-2631-1}, number={12}, journal={BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Favreau, Jorie M. and Drew, C. Ashton and Hess, George R. and Rubino, Matthew J. and Koch, Frank H. and Eschelbach, Katherine A.}, year={2006}, month={Nov}, pages={3949–3969} }
 @article{schaberg_aruna_cubbage_hess_abt_richter_warren_gregory_snider_sherling_et al._2005, title={Economic and ecological impacts of wood chip production in North Carolina: an integrated assessment and subsequent applications}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1872-7050"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00029-7}, abstractNote={The North Carolina Wood Chip Mill Study represents an integrated assessment of the economic and ecological impacts associated with production of wood chips at satellite chip mills in the state of North Carolina (NC), USA. Mandated by the Governor of NC, the study was attended by a high degree of public scrutiny. We report principal findings, and describe the processes by which we dealt with uncertainty resulting from limited data availability, methods used to foster public involvement and efforts to reconcile public concerns over forest harvests with our narrower mandate to examine chip mills. We considered the hypotheses that chip mills fostered widespread industrial clearcutting, increased utilization of previously noncommercial timber (especially small hardwoods), depleted future growing stocks of sawtimber, and might create adverse ecological consequences or impair aesthetics important to recreational forest users. NC wood-based industries are a major component of the state's economy, but lagged the state in economic growth from 1977 to 1996. Over the same period, the nature-based tourism sector grew rapidly. Forest land losses in North Carolina from 1982 to 1997 totaled more than one million acres. We used an econometric model to adjust timber land base and project timber supply dynamics to 2020. The simulation indicated that softwood removals exceeded growth from 1990 onward. Hardwood removals exceed growth by 2005, causing inventory levels to decline slightly by the end of the projection period. Wood chip mills processed approximately 27% of the state's chipwood harvest and 12% of the state's total timber harvest. They were statistically correlated with increased timber harvests in the state, especially in the Piedmont and the Mountains. Chip mills have effective storm water management plans and do not show visible signs of adversely affecting water quality. Higher levels of timber harvest alter forest structures in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, generally creating less habitat for bird, amphibian and reptile species of conservation concern. Fewer species are adversely affected in the Mountains. Public opinion about chip mills is polarized, and controversy exists principally in the western portion of the state. Overall, public acceptance of study findings was favorable, and selected elements of the research findings have been used to support a variety of advocacy positions.}, number={2}, journal={FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS}, author={Schaberg, RH and Aruna, PB and Cubbage, FW and Hess, GR and Abt, RC and Richter, DD and Warren, ST and Gregory, JD and Snider, AG and Sherling, S and et al.}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={157–174} }
 @inproceedings{potter_frampton_potter_hess_2005, title={Fraser fir population size and pollen dispersal: a landscape genetics model}, booktitle={20th Annual Symposium for the US Regional Chapter of the International Association for Landscape Ecology}, author={Potter, K. M. and Frampton, J. and Potter, K. and Hess, G. R.}, year={2005} }
 @article{sinclair_hess_moorman_mason_2005, title={Mammalian nest predators respond to greenway width, landscape context and habitat structure}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0169-2046"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.04.001}, abstractNote={Birds of conservation concern breed in suburban greenways, yet abundant populations of mammals that depredate bird nests might reduce nest success. We evaluated how three factors influenced the abundance of mammalian nest predators in thirty-four 300-m long forested greenway segments in Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA: (1) the width of the forested corridor containing the greenway, (2) the land-use adjacent to the forested corridor, and (3) the habitat structure within the greenway. Forest corridor width and adjacent land-use were measured using aerial photographs. Attributes of adjacent land use included categorical measures of development intensity (low-density residential, high-density residential, office/institutional), and the proportions of forest canopy, grass, buildings, and pavement. Several measures of habitat structure within the greenway were collected in the field, including trail width and surface type, and percentage of mature forest. We measured the relative abundance of mammalian nest predators with scent-station transects, operated for five nights during the 2002 breeding bird season. Total abundance of mammalian nest predators increased significantly as forest corridor width decreased. We found no relationship between categorical measures of land-use and total abundance of mammalian nest predators. Specific attributes of the landscape adjacent to the greenway, however, did have an effect. Greenways adjacent to landscapes with fewer buildings had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators. The abundance of individual species varied with the amount of canopy, lawn, and pavement in the adjacent landscape. Some measures of habitat structure of greenways also were correlated with the abundance of mammalian nest predators. Greenway segments with wider trails had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators, as did segments with a higher percentage of mature forest. No habitat structure variables were significant for all species. To reduce the overall risk of avian nest predation by mammals, forested greenways should be designed with wider forest corridors and narrower, unpaved trails. Some greenway characteristics that favor high-nest predator populations also favor birds of conservation concern. Similarly, some characteristics correlated with lower predator occurrence are also correlated with lower abundance of birds of conservation concern. Thus, management of greenways and the surrounding landscape must balance reduction of predator communities with the promotion of desired bird communities and other conservation goals.}, number={2-4}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Sinclair, KE and Hess, GR and Moorman, CE and Mason, JH}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={277–293} }
 @article{sinclair_hess_moorman_mason_2005, title={Mammalian nest predators respond to greenway width, landscape context and habitat structure}, volume={71}, ISSN={0169-2046}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00082-9}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-2046(04)00082-9}, abstractNote={Birds of conservation concern breed in suburban greenways, yet abundant populations of mammals that depredate bird nests might reduce nest success. We evaluated how three factors influenced the abundance of mammalian nest predators in thirty-four 300-m long forested greenway segments in Raleigh and Cary, North Carolina, USA: (1) the width of the forested corridor containing the greenway, (2) the land-use adjacent to the forested corridor, and (3) the habitat structure within the greenway. Forest corridor width and adjacent land-use were measured using aerial photographs. Attributes of adjacent land use included categorical measures of development intensity (low-density residential, high-density residential, office/institutional), and the proportions of forest canopy, grass, buildings, and pavement. Several measures of habitat structure within the greenway were collected in the field, including trail width and surface type, and percentage of mature forest. We measured the relative abundance of mammalian nest predators with scent-station transects, operated for five nights during the 2002 breeding bird season. Total abundance of mammalian nest predators increased significantly as forest corridor width decreased. We found no relationship between categorical measures of land-use and total abundance of mammalian nest predators. Specific attributes of the landscape adjacent to the greenway, however, did have an effect. Greenways adjacent to landscapes with fewer buildings had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators. The abundance of individual species varied with the amount of canopy, lawn, and pavement in the adjacent landscape. Some measures of habitat structure of greenways also were correlated with the abundance of mammalian nest predators. Greenway segments with wider trails had a higher abundance of mammalian nest predators, as did segments with a higher percentage of mature forest. No habitat structure variables were significant for all species. To reduce the overall risk of avian nest predation by mammals, forested greenways should be designed with wider forest corridors and narrower, unpaved trails. Some greenway characteristics that favor high-nest predator populations also favor birds of conservation concern. Similarly, some characteristics correlated with lower predator occurrence are also correlated with lower abundance of birds of conservation concern. Thus, management of greenways and the surrounding landscape must balance reduction of predator communities with the promotion of desired bird communities and other conservation goals.}, number={2-4}, journal={Landscape and Urban Planning}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sinclair, K and Hess, G and Moorman, C and Mason, J}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={277–293} }
 @misc{hess_2004, title={Book Review: Road Ecology: Science and Solutions}, volume={19}, ISSN={0921-2973}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:LAND.0000036194.94365.44}, DOI={10.1023/B:LAND.0000036194.94365.44}, number={5}, journal={Landscape Ecology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hess, George}, year={2004}, pages={563–565} }
 @book{lee_greene_wellman_al._2004, title={Teaching and learning through inquiry: A guidebook for institutions and instructors}, publisher={Sterling, Va.: Stylus Pub.}, author={Lee, V. S. and Greene, D. B. and Wellman, D. J. and al.}, year={2004} }
 @article{stefanski_rubino_hess_2003, title={Estimating patch occupancy when patches are incompletely surveyed}, volume={2543}, journal={Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, author={Stefanski, L. A. and Rubino, M. J. and Hess, G. R.}, year={2003}, pages={1–20} }
 @article{rubino_hess_2003, title={Planning open spaces for wildlife 2: modeling and verifying focal species habitat}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00203-7}, abstractNote={In the face of human population growth that is transforming the Earth, scientists, land managers, and planners are working to prevent, mitigate, and reverse the consequent loss of species, ecosystems, and landscapes. Because of the need to act quickly with incomplete data, a number of shortcuts have been developed that rely on identifying key species for planning efforts. By developing conservation plans for a small set of carefully selected focal species, planners hope to create a protective umbrella for a wider array of species and functional landscapes. In an earlier paper, we described an approach for selecting a set of focal species. In this paper, we report a process for the rapid identification and verification of potential habitat for a focal species. Using the barred owl as an example, we present the process for a suburbanizing region of North Carolina, USA. The barred owl was selected to represent bottomland hardwood and forested wetland landscapes in the region. Using a geographic information system (GIS), we assembled data layers from readily available remotely sensed, conventional survey, and physiographic data to create a model of barred owl habitat. Barred owls occupy bottomland hardwood forests, which we identified using land cover, soils, and wetlands data. We eliminated from consideration bottomland forest habitat within 100 m of a road and within 60 m of open vegetative cover. Patches of the remaining bottomland forest larger than 86 ha in size were considered large enough to meet all barred owl habitat needs. Simple presence/absence surveys detected barred owls in approximately 65% of patches identified by our model as suitable habitat. We tested the barred owl’s suitability as an umbrella for bottomland forest species using an existing database of rare and outstanding elements of natural diversity. Umbrella coverage for barred owl habitat (bottomland forest patches≥86 ha) varied with taxa from 0% for invertebrate species to 75% for vertebrate species. However, umbrella coverage for all bottomland forest, including patches <86 ha, was at or near 100% for all taxa. The relatively simple modeling and verification processes we used can be carried out with a minimal amount of data and time, making it an attractive tool in situations where time and resources are in short supply.}, number={1-2}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rubino, MJ and Hess, GR}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={89–104} }
 @article{drew_hess_2003, title={Response to G.S. Cumming (2002). 'Habitat shape, species invasions, and reserve design: insights from simple models.' - Online publication enhances integration of current research in the classroom}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={Conservation Ecology}, author={Drew, C. A. and Hess, G. R.}, year={2003} }
 @article{hess_king_2002, title={Planning open spaces for wildlife I. Selecting focal species using a Delphi survey approach}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0169-2046"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00230-4}, abstractNote={In a world being transformed by human population growth, conservation biology has emerged as one discipline focused on preventing, mitigating, and reversing the loss of species, ecosystems, and landscapes. Because of the need to act quickly with incomplete information, conservation biologists have developed shortcuts that rely on identifying key species to be focused on during planning efforts. We describe a process that can be used to select those species, using a suburbanizing region in the United States as an example. The Triangle region of North Carolina, USA—Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill and surroundings—is undergoing rapid suburbanization, resulting in land-use changes that will alter wildlife communities and might result in the loss of some species. We are developing a wildlife conservation plan for the region based on a combination of landscape and focal species approaches. The objective of the research described in this paper was to identify focal species to be used for conservation planning in the region; our effort focused on amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. In theory, habitat conserved by planning for a few carefully chosen focal species is expected to encompass habitat for many other species with similar requirements. To identify focal species, we used a three-part Delphi survey, administered to a panel of experts. The panel identified six landscape types and nine associated focal species: extensive undisturbed habitat (bobcat, eastern box turtle); riparian and bottomland forest (barred owl, beaver); upland forest (ovenbird, broad-winged hawk); mature forest (pileated woodpecker); pastures and grassy fields (loggerhead shrike); and open and early successional forest (northern bobwhite). The panelists generally agreed that a combined landscape—focal species approach was reasonable, but noted a number of problems to be expected during the planning phase. The most critical of these problems are that the approach has not been well tested, required data are often unavailable, and implementation will be difficult in the face of extreme economic pressures to develop land. Administering the Delphi survey was more labor-intensive, and took longer, than we anticipated; it might have been more effective had it been completed more quickly. Nevertheless, we believe this process can be applied to a broad range of conservation problems, which are often characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and the need to act quickly.}, number={1}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Hess, GR and King, TJ}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={25–40} }
 @inbook{hess_2002, title={Spatial aspects of disease dynamics}, ISBN={0198506201}, booktitle={Ecology of wildlife diseases}, publisher={New York: Oxford University Press}, author={Hess, G. R.}, year={2002}, pages={102–118} }
 @article{hess_cheshire_2002, title={Spatial information technologies: Integrating the tools with the curricula}, volume={100}, ISBN={0022-1201}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Forestry}, author={Hess, G. R. and Cheshire, H. M.}, year={2002}, pages={29} }
 @misc{hess_fischer_2001, title={Communicating clearly about conservation corridors}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00155-4}, abstractNote={Conflicting definitions lead to confusion when people communicate about ‘corridors’, particularly when they come from different disciplinary backgrounds. Usage of ‘corridor’ in game management, island biogeography, and metapopulation literature focused on function, namely, the movement of flora and fauna from one area to another. A structural usage of the term arose in the field of landscape ecology as it developed in North America with the matrix–patch–corridor paradigm of landscape structure. ‘Corridor’ is now used to describe both the structural and functional aspects of linear landscape features, often implicitly, in a wide range of disciplinary literature. Lack of a clear and consistent terminology leads to confusion about the goals or implied functions of corridors. Consequently, the manner in which corridors should be designed, managed, and evaluated is also unclear. Proper design and management of a corridor depends critically on a clear and explicit statement of its intended functions. If corridors are not designed to perform well-defined functions, the outcome may be disappointing, or even deleterious. The roles corridors play derive from six ecological functions: habitat, conduit, filter, barrier, source, and sink. These ecological functions have been recognized widely and adopted by a number of disciplines, including conservation biology, wildlife management, landscape ecology, and landscape planning. We review briefly the history of the term ‘corridor’ in the context of conservation, catalog some of its definitions and uses, review the functions of corridors, and differentiate between the structural and functional aspects of corridors. We reject the notion of defining ‘corridor’ succinctly, because of the complex and multiple functions a corridor may serve. Instead, we suggest that conservationists and planners consider and document explicitly all of the possible functions of corridors when designing them. Addressing explicitly these functions when designing a corridor should eliminate much of the confusion surrounding their roles, and focus attention on establishing design criteria for corridors that function as intended.}, number={3}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Hess, GR and Fischer, RA}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={195–208} }
 @article{hess_zimmerman_2001, title={Woody debris volume on clearcuts with and without satellite chip mills}, volume={25}, ISBN={0148-4419}, number={4}, journal={Southern Journal of Applied Forestry}, author={Hess, G. R. and Zimmerman, D.}, year={2001}, pages={173} }
 @article{hess_bay_2000, title={A  regional assessment of windbreak habitat suitability}, volume={61}, number={2}, journal={Environmental Monitoring and Assessment}, author={Hess, G. R. and Bay, J. M.}, year={2000}, pages={237–254} }
 @article{hess_campbell_fiscus_hellkamp_mcquaid_munster_peck_shafer_2000, title={A conceptual model and indicators for assessing the ecological condition of agricultural lands}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030007x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Hess, GR and Campbell, CL and Fiscus, DA and Hellkamp, AS and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Peck, SL and Shafer, SR}, year={2000}, pages={728–737} }
 @article{hellkamp_bay_campbell_easterling_fiscus_hess_mcquaid_munster_olson_peck_et al._2000, title={Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in six mid-Atlantic states}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030015x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Hellkamp, AS and Bay, JM and Campbell, CL and Easterling, KN and Fiscus, DA and Hess, GR and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Olson, GL and Peck, SL and et al.}, year={2000}, pages={795–804} }
 @article{hellkamp_shafer_campbell_bay_fiscus_hess_mcquaid_munster_olson_peck_et al._1998, title={Assessment of the condition of agricultural lands in five mid-Atlantic states}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0167-6369"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1005955807061}, number={1-2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Hellkamp, AS and Shafer, SR and Campbell, CL and Bay, JM and Fiscus, DA and Hess, GR and McQuaid, BF and Munster, MJ and Olson, GL and Peck, SL and et al.}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={317–324} }
 @inbook{serow_hess_abt_ukpabi_1998, title={Evaluating a web-based course}, ISBN={0536010536}, booktitle={Program evaluation handbook}, publisher={Needham Heights, Mass.: Simon & Schuster Custom Publishing}, author={Serow, R. C. and Hess, G. R. and Abt, R. C. and Ukpabi, C. V.}, year={1998}, pages={57–60} }
 @article{hess_abt_serow_1998, title={Reshaping expectations for web-based collaborative learning}, volume={7}, number={1998}, journal={Natural Resources and Environmental Issues}, author={Hess, G. R. and Abt, R. and Serow, R.}, year={1998}, pages={104–109} }
 @article{hess_brooks_1998, title={The class poster conference as a teaching tool}, volume={27}, number={1998}, journal={Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education}, author={Hess, G. R. and Brooks, E. N.}, year={1998}, pages={155–158} }
 @article{hess_bay_1997, title={Generating confidence intervals for composition-based landscape indexes}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1572-9761"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1007967425429}, number={5}, journal={LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY}, author={Hess, GR and Bay, JM}, year={1997}, month={Oct}, pages={309–320} }