@article{gookin_strong_bruno-barcena_stauffer_williams_wassack_azcarate-peril_estrada_seguin_balzer_et al._2022, title={Randomized placebo-controlled trial of feline-origin Enterococcus hirae probiotic effects on preventative health and fecal microbiota composition of fostered shelter kittens}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.923792}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2022.923792}, abstractNote={IntroductionDiarrhea is the second most common cause of mortality in shelter kittens. Studies examining prevention strategies in this population are lacking. Probiotics are of particular interest but studies in cats are largely limited to healthy adults or those with induced disease. Only one study in domestic cats describes the use of host-derived bacteria as a probiotic. We previously identified Enterococcus hirae as a dominant species colonizing the small intestinal mucosa in healthy shelter kittens. Oral administration of a probiotic formulation of kitten-origin E. hirae (strain 1002-2) mitigated the increase in intestinal permeability and fecal water loss resulting from experimental enteropathogenic E. coli infection in purpose-bred kittens. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that administration of kitten-origin E. hirae to weaned fostered shelter kittens could provide a measurable preventative health benefit.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial to determine the impact of a freeze-dried E. hirae probiotic on body weight gain, incidence of diarrhea, carriage of potential diarrheal pathogens, and composition of the intestinal microbiota in weaned fostered shelter kittens.ResultsOne-hundred thirty kittens completed the study. Fifty-eight kittens received the probiotic and 72 received the placebo. There were no significant differences in age, weight upon initiation of the study, number of days in the study, average daily gain in body weight, or weight at completion of the study. Kittens treated with E. hirae were 3.4 times less likely to develop diarrhea compared to kittens treated with placebo (odds ratio = 0.294, 95% CI 0.109–0.792, p = 0.022). A significant impact of E. hirae was not observed on the presence or abundance of 30 different bacterial, viral, protozoal, fungal, algal, and parasitic agents in feces examined by qPCR. With exception to a decrease in Megamonas, administration of the E. hirae probiotic did not alter the predominant bacterial phyla present in feces based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.DiscussionDecreased incidence of diarrhea associated with preventative administration of E. hirae to foster kittens supports a rationale for use of E. hirae for disease prevention in this young population at high risk for intestinal disease though additional studies are warranted.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Gookin, Jody L. L. and Strong, Sandra J. J. and Bruno-Barcena, Jose M. and Stauffer, Stephen H. H. and Williams, Shelby and Wassack, Erica and Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea and Estrada, Marko and Seguin, Alexis and Balzer, Joerg and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{alpi_stafford_swift_danehower_paxson_davidson_2020, title={Characterization of Veterinary Pharmacy and Pharmacology Literature and its Availability to Pharmacy Education}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1553-6467"]}, DOI={10.5688/ajpe7314}, abstractNote={Objective. To characterize the veterinary pharmacy and pharmacology literature cited by veterinary drug monographs and journal articles and describe the database indexing and availability of this literature in libraries serving pharmacy schools. Methods. Citations in American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics monographs, Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (JVPT) articles, and Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook, Eighth Edition (Plumb’s) were analyzed for publication type and age. Three zones of cited journals were determined by Bradford’s Law of Scattering based on citation counts. Results. Monographs most often cited journal articles (1886 [64.7%]), unpublished “grey” literature (632 [21.7%]), and books (379 [13.0%]), but only a few cited proceedings (16 [0.5%]). In JVPT, articles predominated (9625 [91.9%]). Articles comprised 54.8% (1,959) of Plumb’s citations; proceedings, 27.0%; books, 15.7%; and grey literature, 2.5%. The age of cited items varied, with 17.1% of monograph citations less than five years old, compared to 26.3% of cited items in JVPT and 40.5% of cited items in Plumb’s being less than five years old. Zone 1 consisted of three veterinary journals for monographs, four veterinary journals for Plumb’s, and 16 veterinary and human journals for JVPT. Indexing coverage was above 92% in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed for zone 1 and 2 journals. Libraries serving both pharmacy and veterinary education programs subscribe to 95% of zone 1 journals, while libraries serving pharmacy education at institutions without a veterinary program subscribe to an average of 59% of zone 1 journals. Conclusion. Veterinary pharmacy and pharmacology literature relies on journals from human and veterinary practice, veterinary proceedings, and, less often, books and drug manufacturer information. Libraries supporting pharmacy programs could contribute to the education of future pharmacists who will be filling veterinary prescriptions by increasing access to this literature.}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION}, author={Alpi, Kristine M. and Stafford, Emma and Swift, Emily M. and Danehower, Sarah and Paxson, Heather I and Davidson, Gigi}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @book{pharmacotherapeutics for veterinary dispensing_2019, ISBN={["978-1-119-40454-5"]}, DOI={10.1002/9781119404576}, journal={PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS FOR VETERINARY DISPENSING}, year={2019}, pages={1–623} }
 @article{gilbertie_davis_davidson_mcdonald_schirmer_schnabel_2019, title={Oral reserpine administration in horses results in low plasma concentrations that alter platelet biology}, volume={51}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.13048}, abstractNote={SummaryBackgroundReserpine is a popular drug in the equine industry for long‐term tranquilisation. Clinical observations revealed that blood from horses receiving oral reserpine was hypercoagulable. No studies have documented the pharmacokinetics of orally administered reserpine nor the effects of reserpine on platelets in horses.ObjectivesTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral reserpine in horses and the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of reserpine on platelet functionality in vitro.Study designExperimental controlled study.MethodsThe pharmacokinetics of oral reserpine (2.5 mg/horse, once) were determined in six healthy adult horses. Plasma samples were collected and concentrations of reserpine were determined by UPLC‐MS/MS. Using this data, the in vitro effects of reserpine on platelets were examined. Aggregation, adhesion and releasate assays for serotonin and thromboxane B2 were performed on platelets exposed to varying concentrations of reserpine (0.01–10 ng/mL), aspirin (negative control) and saline (unexposed control).ResultsOral reserpine administration demonstrated low plasma concentrations with a Cmax of 0.2 ± 0.06 ng/mL and a prolonged half‐life of 23.6 ± 6.24 h. Simulations over a dose range of 2–8 μg/kg predicted Cmax at steady state between 0.06–0.9 ng/mL. Platelets exposed to these reserpine concentrations in vitro displayed increased aggregation and adhesion compared to unexposed or aspirin‐exposed platelets as well as compared to higher concentrations of reserpine. These functional changes correlated with lower concentrations of serotonin and higher concentrations of thromboxane B2 in the platelet suspension supernatant.Main limitationsThis study used a small number of horses and only in vitro platelet experiments.ConclusionsOral reserpine demonstrates low plasma concentrations and a prolonged half‐life in horses. At these concentrations, reserpine causes significant changes in platelet function, most likely due to serotonin release and re‐uptake which primes platelets for activation and thromboxane B2 release. These findings suggest that clinicians should harvest blood for biological processing prior to the onset of reserpine administration.}, number={4}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Gilbertie, J. M. and Davis, J. L. and Davidson, G. S. and McDonald, A. M. and Schirmer, J. M. and Schnabel, L. V.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={537–543} }
 @article{young_royal_park_davidson_2018, title={Pharmacists' Knowledge of Veterinary Pharmacotherapy and the Impact of an Educational Intervention}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1549-4810"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/8755122518794023}, DOI={10.1177/8755122518794023}, abstractNote={ Background: To date, there is very limited data regarding pharmacists’ preparedness to handle animal prescriptions. No previous studies exist examining the impact of a veterinary-pharmacy–focused educational intervention. Objective: To assess pharmacists’ baseline knowledge of veterinary pharmacotherapy, as relevant to their professional responsibilities, and assess the impact of a piloted educational program. Methods: Two studies were conducted. The first study involved a statewide assessment of pharmacists’ knowledge of veterinary pharmacotherapy; the second study assessed the impact of an educational intervention to improve pharmacists’ veterinary pharmacotherapy knowledge base. Participants in the pilot study were assessed via pretest and posttest. Results: The statewide sample of participants (n = 602) received a mean score of 5.9 (SD = 2.6) on a 17-item questionnaire. There were no discernible differences in participants’ knowledge based on the subject matter of the question (pathophysiology, dosing, counseling, compounding, legality, and toxicology). Using the same 17-item questionnaire, pilot study participants (n = 60) received a mean score of 5.2 (SD = 2.4) on the pretest and 16.6 (SD = 0.7) on the posttest. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that a substantial portion of pharmacists lack the knowledge needed to process and dispense the veterinary prescriptions most commonly encountered in community pharmacies. Furthermore, this study shows that implementation of an educational intervention can increase pharmacists’ knowledge of core concepts necessary to safely care for animal patients. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHARMACY TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Young, Natalie W. and Royal, Kenneth D. and Park, Mina and Davidson, Gigi S.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={244–251} }
 @article{risselada_marcellin-little_messenger_griffith_davidson_papich_2016, title={Assessment of in vitro release of carboplatin from six carrier media}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1381}, abstractNote={Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in vitro carboplatin release from 6 carrier media.
SAMPLE 6 carboplatin-containing carrier media.
PROCEDURES An in vitro release study was performed with 6 commercially available carrier media: a hemostatic gelatin sponge, a poloxamer copolymer gel, and 2 sizes (3 and 4.8 mm in diameter) of beads molded from each of 2 commercial calcium sulfate products. All carrier media contained 10 mg of carboplatin. Carrier media specimens were placed in 37°C PBS solution for 96 hours. Carboplatin concentrations in PBS solution were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography at 15 time points to calculate the amount and proportion of carboplatin released from each specimen.
RESULTS Peak release of carboplatin from the poloxamer copolymer gel and hemostatic gelatin sponge were achieved after 4 and 20 hours, respectively. Maximum release did not differ significantly between the poloxamer copolymer gel and hemostatic gelatin sponge, but both released significantly more carboplatin within 96 hours than did both of the commercial calcium sulfate products. The poloxamer copolymer gel released 99% of the carboplatin, and the hemostatic gelatin sponge released 68.5% of the carboplatin. Peak release of carboplatin from the calcium sulfate beads was not reached within 96 hours.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, carboplatin release from the hemostatic gelatin sponge was incomplete. The poloxamer copolymer gel and hemostatic gelatin sponge released carboplatin rapidly in vitro, whereas calcium sulfate beads did not.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Risselada, Marije and Marcellin-Little, Denis J. and Messenger, Kristen M. and Griffith, Emily and Davidson, Gigi S. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={1381–1386} }
 @article{tomas_bledsoe_wall_davidson_lascelles_2015, title={Initial evaluation of a canine stifle arthrotomy post-operative pain model}, volume={204}, ISSN={["1532-2971"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.010}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.010}, abstractNote={Most models of acute post-operative orthopedic pain involve the injection of a clinically irrelevant pro-inflammatory agent. The ideal model should, however, be clinically relevant and allow full functional recovery of enrolled animals after research is completed. This study explored the validity of a model employing arthrotomy and objectively measured limb use. Six purpose-bred Beagles underwent arthrotomies on each stifle with a washout period in between. Using a randomized crossover design, each dog received placebo and an extended-release buprenorphine (ER-Bup) preparation. Static and dynamic ground reaction forces (GRFs) were measured prior to and for 72 h following surgery using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW). GRFs for each hind limb were compared using difference (delta), and symmetry indices (SI). The effects of surgery and of treatment were analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA. The results indicated significantly decreased limb use compared to baseline for placebo, and significantly increased limb use in the ER-Bup group over placebo at all times for % bodyweight distribution (%BWdistrib), peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI). There was a significant treatment by time interaction for velocity (P = 0.03) and %BWdistrib (P = 0.01, 0.003). Overall, the data show that reduced limb use was present for at least 72 h following arthrotomy. In addition, the use of the ER-Bup analgesic decreased lameness, confirming the validity of this approach as a model of post-operative pain. Subjective assessments did not detect the pain-inducing effects of arthrotomy or pain-alleviating effects of treatment, and subjective measures of procedural pain in research dogs need to be developed.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Tomas, A. and Bledsoe, D. and Wall, S. and Davidson, G. and Lascelles, B. D. X.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={293–298} }
 @article{jacob_hoppin_steers_davis_davidson_hansen_lunn_murphy_papich_2015, title={Opinions of clinical veterinarians at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections}, volume={247}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.8.938}, DOI={10.2460/javma.247.8.938}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine opinions of faculty members with clinical appointments, clinical veterinarians, residents, and interns at a US veterinary teaching hospital regarding antimicrobial use and antimicrobial-resistant infections.
Design—Cross-sectional survey.
Sample—71 veterinarians.
Procedures—An online questionnaire was sent to all veterinarians with clinical service responsibilities at the North Carolina State University veterinary teaching hospital (n = 167). The survey included 23 questions regarding demographic information, educational experiences, current prescribing practices, and personal opinions related to antimicrobial selection, antimicrobial use, restrictions on antimicrobial use, and antimicrobial resistance.
Results—Of the 167 veterinarians eligible to participate, 71 (43%) responded. When respondents were asked to rate their level of concern (very concerned = 1; not concerned = 5) about antimicrobial-resistant infections, most (41/70 [59%]) assigned a score of 1, with mean score for all respondents being 1.5. Most survey participants rated their immediate colleagues (mean score, 1.9) as more concerned than other veterinary medical professionals (mean score, 2.3) and their clients (mean score, 3.4). Fifty-nine of 67 (88%) respondents felt that antimicrobials were overprescribed at the hospital, and 32 of 69 (46%) respondents felt uncomfortable prescribing at least one class of antimicrobials (eg, carbapenems or glycopeptides) because of public health concerns.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings indicated that veterinarians at this teaching hospital were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, thought antimicrobials were overprescribed, and supported restricting use of certain antimicrobial classes in companion animals. Findings may be useful in educating future veterinarians and altering prescribing habits and antimicrobial distribution systems in veterinary hospitals.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Jacob, Megan E. and Hoppin, Jane A. and Steers, Nicola and Davis, Jennifer L. and Davidson, Gigi and Hansen, Bernie and Lunn, Katharine F. and Murphy, K. Marcia and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={938–944} }
 @article{parkinson_tolbert_messenger_odunayo_brand_davidson_peters_reed_papich_2015, title={Evaluation of the Effect of Orally Administered Acid Suppressants on Intragastric pH in Cats}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12493}, abstractNote={BackgroundAcid suppressant drugs are a mainstay of treatment for cats with gastrointestinal erosion and ulceration. However, clinical studies have not been performed to compare the efficacy of commonly PO administered acid suppressants in cats.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo compare the effect of PO administered famotidine, fractionated omeprazole tablet (fOT), and omeprazole reformulated paste (ORP) on intragastric pH in cats. We hypothesized that both omeprazole formulations would be superior to famotidine and placebo.AnimalsSix healthy adult DSH colony cats.MethodsUtilizing a randomized, 4‐way crossover design, cats received 0.88–1.26 mg/kg PO q12h fOT, ORP, famotidine, and placebo (lactose capsules). Intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH for 96 hours beginning on day 4 of treatment. Plasma omeprazole concentrations at steady state (day 7) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. Mean percentage time that intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 were compared among groups using ANOVA with a posthoc Tukey‐Kramer test (α = 0.05).ResultsThe mean percentage time ± SD that intragastric pH was ≥3 was 68.4 ± 35.0% for fOT, 73.9 ± 23.2% for ORP, 42.8 ± 18.6% for famotidine, and 16.0 ± 14.2% for placebo. Mean ± SD plasma omeprazole concentrations were similar in cats receiving fOT compared to those receiving ORP and in a range associated with acid suppression reported in other studies.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese results suggest that both omeprazole formulations provide superior acid suppression in cats compared to famotidine or placebo. Fractionated enteric‐coated OT is an effective acid suppressant despite disruption of the enteric coating.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Parkinson, S. and Tolbert, K. and Messenger, K. and Odunayo, A. and Brand, M. and Davidson, G. and Peters, E. and Reed, A. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2015}, pages={104–112} }
 @article{benito_hansen_depuy_davidson_thomson_simpson_roe_hardie_lascelles_2013, title={Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index: Responsiveness and Testing of Criterion Validity}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0891-6640"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12077}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12077}, abstractNote={BackgroundProgress in establishing if therapies provide relief to cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD)‐associated pain is hampered by a lack of validated owner‐administered assessment methods.HypothesisThat an appropriately developed subjective owner‐completed instrument (Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index‐FMPI) to assess DJD‐associated impairment would have responsiveness and criterion validity.AnimalsTwenty‐five client‐owned cats with DJD‐associated pain.MethodsFMPI responsiveness (ability to detect the effect of an analgesic treatment) and validity (correlation with an objective measure) were explored through a stratified, randomized, double blinded, placebo‐controlled, crossover 10‐week clinical study. Meloxicam was administered to effect pain relief. A linear mixed model, backward stepwise regression, and Pearson correlations were used to assess responsiveness and criterion validity with the assumption that the NSAID would increase activity.ResultsPositive responses of cats to placebo (P = .0001) and meloxicam treatment (P = .0004) were detected; however, the instrument did not detect any difference between placebo and meloxicam (linear mixed model), even for the high impairment cases. Percent meloxicam target dose administered, temperament, and total baseline FMPI score were covariates that most affected FMPI scores. Controlling for significant covariates, most positive effects were seen for placebo treatment. Positive treatment effects on activity were detected, but only for the cases designated as most highly impaired.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceNeither responsiveness nor criterion validity were detected by the inclusion criteria for cases in this study. The data suggest that further work is indicated to understand factors affecting activity in cats to optimize inclusion criteria.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Benito, J. and Hansen, B. and DePuy, V. and Davidson, G. S. and Thomson, A. and Simpson, W. and Roe, S. and Hardie, E. and Lascelles, B. D. X.}, year={2013}, pages={474–482} }
 @article{levine_gookin_papich_davidson_2013, title={Twice-daily dosing of RDZ no longer recommended for treatment of intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection}, volume={16}, ISSN={1098-612X 1532-2750}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x13506430}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x13506430}, abstractNote={We would like to thank Xenoulis et al1 for their recent retrospective study in which information is provided on the outcome of cats that were treated with ronidazole for Tritrichomonas foetus infection. We agree with the authors’ recommendation of a treatment regimen for infections caused by T foetus of 30 mg/kg ronidazole (RDZ) q24h for 14 days.1 However, they reference a previous study of ours that recommended that cats that relapse should be treated with 30–50 mg/kg RDZ PO q12h.1,2 Based on our recent feline RDZ pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, we no longer recommend twice-daily dosing of RDZ.3 In our PK study, we determined that the half-life of RDZ is long (10.5 h), and that 48 h after a single dose of 30 mg/kg immediaterelease RDZ capsules orally there was still drug remaining in the cats’ plasma.3 Simulations based on our PK studies showed that twice-daily administration of 30 mg/kg RDZ PO would lead to drug accumulation.3 Neurotoxicity, including tremors, ataxia and agitation, is a reported and potentially dangerous side effect of RDZ in cats.4,5 As such, we no longer advocate twice-daily RDZ at this dose. However, it should also be noted that our PK studies did not assess the efficacy of our revised recommendations of once-daily 30 mg/kg RDZ administration for T foetus-infected cats. Such work remains to be done. We wanted to draw readers’ attention to these recent PK studies, so that cats are not inadvertently overdosed and risk neurologic sequelae based on outdated recommendations. References 1 Xenoulis PG, Lopinski DJ, Read SA, et al. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats: a retrospective study of 104 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15: 1098–1103. 2 Gookin JL, Copple CN, Papich MG, et al. Efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 536–543. 3 LeVine DN, Papich MG, Gookin JL, et al. Ronidazole pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral immediaterelease capsule administration in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13: 244–250. 4 Rosado TW, Specht A and Marks SL. Neurotoxicosis in four cats receiving ronidazole. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21: 328–331. 5 Pham D. Chronic intermittent diarrhea in a 14-month-old Abyssinian cat. Can Vet J 2009; 50: 85–87.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={LeVine, Dana N and Gookin, Jody L and Papich, Mark G and Davidson, Gigi S}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={198–198} }
 @article{papich_levine_gookin_davidson_stagner_hayes_2013, title={Ronidazole pharmacokinetics in cats following delivery of a delayed-release guar gum formulation}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12019}, abstractNote={Ronidazole (RDZ) is the only known effective treatment for feline diarrhea caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. This study aimed to develop guar gum‐coated colon‐targeted tablets of RDZ and to determine the pharmacokinetics of this delayed‐release formulation in cats. Guar gum‐coated tablets were administered orally once to five healthy cats (mean dose 32.3 mg/kg). The tablets were then administered once daily for 5 days to four cats (mean dose 34.5 mg/kg), and absorption studies repeated on day 5. Plasma was collected and analyzed for RDZ concentration, and pharmacokinetic noncompartmental and deconvolution analysis were performed on the data. There was negligible RDZ release until after 6 h, and a delayed peak plasma concentration (mean Cmax 28.9 μg/mL) at approximately 14.5 h, which coincides with colonic arrival in cats. Maximum input rate (mg/kg per hour) occurred between 6 and 16 h. This delayed release of ronidazole from guar gum‐coated tablets indicates that release of RDZ may be delayed to deliver the medication to a targeted area of the intestine. Repeated dosing with guar gum tablets to steady‐state did not inhibit drug bioavailability or alter the pharmacokinetics. Such targeted RDZ drug delivery may provide improved efficacy and reduce adverse effects in cats.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Papich, M. G. and LeVine, D. N. and Gookin, J. L. and Davidson, G. S. and Stagner, W. C. and Hayes, R. B.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={399–407} }
 @article{clode_davis_davidson_salmon_lafevers_gilger_2011, title={Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of a compounded 0.2% solution of terbinafine following topical ocular administration to normal equine eyes}, volume={14}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00841.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective To determine the transcorneal penetration and systemic absorption of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution following repeated topical administration to normal equine eyes.Sample population Six healthy adult horses with normal ocular examinations.Procedures One eye of each horse received 0.2 mL of a compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution every 4 h for seven doses. During the 1 h following administration of the final dose, multiple peripheral blood samples were obtained, and a single aqueous humor (AH) sample was collected at the end of the hour. AH and plasma concentrations of terbinafine were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stability of the formulation was assessed with HPLC analysis over a 14‐day time period.Results Terbinafine was not detected in the AH or plasma of any horse at any time point. No signs of ocular irritation or systemic toxicity were noted in any horse at any time point. The solution was stable over 14 days.Conclusion Topical ocular administration of compounded 0.2% terbinafine solution does not result in detectable AH or plasma levels following administration to normal equine eyes, suggesting its use for deep corneal or intraocular fungal infections in equine ophthalmology may be limited.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Clode, Alison and Davis, Jennifer and Davidson, Gigi and Salmon, Jacklyn and Lafevers, Heath and Gilger, Brian}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={41–47} }
 @article{levine_papich_gookin_davidson_davis_hayes_2011, title={Ronidazole pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral immediate-release capsule administration in healthy cats}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jfms.2010.12.001}, abstractNote={Ronidazole (RDZ) is an effective treatment for feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection, but has produced neurotoxicity in some cats. An understanding of the disposition of RDZ in cats is needed in order to make precise dosing recommendations. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV) RDZ and immediate-release RDZ capsules were evaluated. A single dose of IV RDZ (mean 9.2 mg/kg) and a 95 mg immediate-release RDZ capsule (mean 28.2 mg/kg) were administered to six healthy cats in a randomized crossover design. Plasma samples were collected for 48 h and assayed for RDZ using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Systemic absorption of oral RDZ was rapid and complete, with detection in the plasma of all cats by 10 min after dosing and a bioavailability of 99.64 (±16.54)%. The clearance of RDZ following IV administration was 0.82 (±0.07) ml/kg/min. The terminal half-life was 9.80 (±0.35) and 10.50 (±0.82) h after IV and oral administration, respectively, with drug detectable in all cats 48 h after both administrations. The high oral bioavailability of RDZ and slow elimination may predispose cats to neurotoxicity with twice-daily administration. Less frequent administration should be considered for further study of effective treatment of T foetus-infected cats.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={LeVine, Dana N. and Papich, Mark G. and Gookin, Jody L. and Davidson, Gigi S. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Hayes, Rebecca B.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={244–250} }
 @article{tolbert_bissett_king_davidson_papich_peters_degernes_2010, title={Efficacy of Oral Famotidine and 2 Omeprazole Formulations for the Control of Intragastric pH in Dogs}, volume={25}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0651.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0651.x}, abstractNote={Background:  Little is known about the efficacy of commonly used acid suppressants on intragastric pH in dogs.Objective:  To compare the effect of oral famotidine, 2 formulations of omeprazole, and placebo on intragastric pH in dogs with a catheter‐free, continuous pH monitoring system.Animals:  Six healthy adult mixed‐breed colony dogs.Methods:  Utilizing a randomized, 4‐way cross over, open‐label study, dogs were administered famotidine PO (1.0–1.3 mg/kg q12h), omeprazole tablet (1.5–2.6 mg/kg q24h), omeprazole reformulated paste (RP) (Gastrogard, 1.5–2.6 mg/kg q24h), and placebo for 7 days followed by a 10‐day washout period. Radiotelemetric pH capsules were placed with gastroscopy assistance to continuously record intragastric pH for 4 days (days 4–7 of dosing). The percentage of time that intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was compared among treatment groups using repeated measures of analysis of variance. Tukey's Studentized range test was used to determine which groups were different with α= 0.05.Results:  Mean ± SD percent time intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was 22 ± 8% and 14 ± 6% for famotidine, 63 ± 14% and 52 ± 17% for omeprazole tablet, 54 ± 17% and 44 ± 18% for omeprazole RP, and 6 ± 6% and 5 ± 5% for placebo. Both omeprazole formulations significantly increased intragastric pH compared with famotidine and placebo, but omeprazole tablet and RP was not significantly different from each other.Conclusion:  Oral omeprazole tablet and RP provide superior gastric acid suppression to famotidine, and should therefore be considered more effective for the treatment of acid related disorders in dogs.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Tolbert, K. and Bissett, S. and King, A. and Davidson, G. and Papich, M. and Peters, E. and Degernes, L.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={47–54} }
 @article{trumpatori_carter_hash_davidson_mathews_roe_lascelles_2010, title={Evaluation of a Midhumeral Block of the Radial, Ulnar, Musculocutaneous and Median (RUMM Block) Nerves for Analgesia of the Distal Aspect of the Thoracic Limb in Dogs}, volume={39}, ISSN={0161-3499}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00712.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00712.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To evaluate a technique for midhumeral peripheral nerve blockade in the dog.


STUDY DESIGN
Cadaveric technique development; in vivo placebo-controlled, prospective crossover study.


ANIMALS
Canine cadavers (n=38) and 8 clinically healthy, adult hound dogs.


METHODS
A technique for peripheral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and median nerves (RUMM block) was evaluated using cadaver limbs. Eight purpose-bred, research dogs were anesthetized; a RUMM block was performed on each thoracic limb. One limb from each dog randomly received 0.5% bupivacaine and the opposite limb was assigned to receive sterile saline solution as a control. After recovery from anesthesia, skin sensation at selected dermatomes was evaluated for 24 hours using a mechanical stimulus. Weight-bearing, conscious proprioception, and withdrawal reflex were also evaluated. One month after initial testing, each dog was reanesthetized and each limb received the opposite treatment.


RESULTS
Sensory thresholds were significantly increased over baseline measurements when compared with control limbs for all nerves. Complete sensory block was achieved in radial (15/16), ulnar (3/16), musculocutaneous (8/16), and median (11/16) nerves, using a mechanical stimulus of analgesia. Complete simultaneous block of all nerves was only obtained in 1 of 16 limbs.


CONCLUSION
RUMM block resulted in desensitization of the skin in the associated dermatomes for 4-10 hours. Complete sensory block of the dermatomes supplied by the radial nerve was most consistent.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
RUMM block may be an effective technique to provide adjunctive analgesia for dogs undergoing surgery of the distal aspect of the thoracic limb.}, number={7}, journal={Veterinary Surgery}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Trumpatori, Brian J. and Carter, Jennifer E. and Hash, Jon and Davidson, Gigi S. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Roe, Simon C. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={785–796} }
 @article{hardie_lascelles_meuten_davidson_papich_hansen_2011, title={Evaluation of intermittent infusion of bupivacaine into surgical wounds of dogs postoperatively}, volume={190}, ISSN={["1090-0233"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.008}, abstractNote={Thirty-one dogs were randomised to receive intermittent wound infusion of bupivacaine or saline after surgery. Wound pressure sensitivity, pain scores, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, analgesic drugs administered, time to walking and time to eating after surgery were recorded. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations were measured. The relative frequency distributions of the non-interventional and interventional pain scores, but not the relative frequency distributions of palpation pain scores or wound pressure sensitivity, were significantly different between groups following surgery. There was a significant difference between groups in the time to eating and in the amount and timing of analgesic drugs administered. Measured plasma bupivacaine concentrations demonstrated systemic absorption of the drug. Bupivacaine infusion into surgical wounds after surgery may improve post-operative recovery, but no effect on wound tenderness was demonstrated in this study.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Hardie, Elizabeth M. and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Meuten, Travis and Davidson, Gigi S. and Papich, Mark G. and Hansen, Bernie D.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={287–289} }
 @article{hummel_grooters_davidson_jennings_nicklas_birkenheuer_2011, title={Successful management of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog using itraconazole, terbinafine, and mefenoxam}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1369-3786"]}, DOI={10.3109/13693786.2010.543705}, abstractNote={Medical therapy for pythiosis is hampered by a lack of efficacious drugs. The present report describes a case of canine gastrointestinal pythiosis in which lesions were resolved through the administration of itraconazole, terbinafine, and the agricultural fungicide mefenoxam. No substantial adverse effects occurred in association with administration of the latter compound. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of mefenoxam and to further assess its tolerability and potential efficacy for the treatment of pythiosis in dogs.}, number={5}, journal={MEDICAL MYCOLOGY}, author={Hummel, James and Grooters, Amy and Davidson, Gigi and Jennings, Samuel and Nicklas, Jodi and Birkenheuer, Adam}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={539–542} }
 @article{close_gerard_davidson_schramme_2011, title={Successful treatment of infectious (Salmonella type III: 44) polyarthritis and osteomyelitis in a 4-week-old foal}, volume={23}, ISSN={["2042-3292"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00152.x}, abstractNote={Summary 
 
This article describes the acute onset of infectious polyarthritis and osteomyelitis in a 4-week-old foal. Analysis of synovial fluid obtained from the left femoropatellar and right tarsocrural joints combined with clinical signs consisting of joint effusion and lameness yielded a diagnosis of septic arthritis. Bacterial culture of synovial fluid from the left stifle revealed Salmonella type III: 44. Rapid, sustained clinical improvement was noted following discontinuation of empirical antimicrobial therapy (potassium penicillin and amikacin sulphate) and initiation of treatment with ceftiofur and ampicillin. The importance of combining knowledge of veterinary pharmacology and microbiology so that appropriate antimicrobials may be selected with regard to the local environment in which they are to eradicate infection is emphasised. Despite frequent reference to amikacin sulphate as an effective antimicrobial for treating infections in foals caused by Salmonella, factors are discussed that explain why amikacin may not be clinically effective for treating infectious arthritis caused by Salmonella.}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION}, author={Close, K. and Gerard, M. and Davidson, G. and Schramme, M.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={121–126} }
 @misc{papich_davidson_schnatz_2009, title={Appreciation for study on bromide administration in dogs}, volume={235}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Papich, M. G. and Davidson, G. and Schnatz, R. G.}, year={2009}, pages={659–659} }
 @article{mathews_linder_davidson_goldman_papich_2009, title={Assessment of clotrimazole gels for in vitro stability and in vivo retention in the frontal sinus of dogs}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.5.640}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the stability and retention of viscous formulations of the antifungal drug clotrimazole in vitro and to evaluate retention times, absorption, and histologic response to these compounds when placed in the frontal sinus of dogs.
Animals—6 male Beagles.
Procedures—1% clotrimazole gels were formulated with hydroxypropyl cellulose, poloxamer, and carboxymethylcellulose sodium bases. Commercially available 1% clotrimazole creams were also evaluated. Each compound was incubated at 37°C in a funnel. Volume retained and clotrimazole stability were evaluated for 4 weeks. Six compounds were then chosen for in vivo evaluation. The frontal sinuses of 6 dogs were filled with 1 of the 6 compounds. Computed tomographic evaluation was performed weekly for up to 4 weeks to evaluate gel retention. Blood samples were collected to evaluate clotrimazole absorption. Following euthanasia, sinuses were examined histologically.
Results—Commercially available clotrimazole creams were not retained in funnels in vitro. In vivo, hydroxypropyl cellulose– and carboxymethylcellulose-based gels resulted in the most severe inflammatory response and were retained the longest. Poloxamer-based gels had a shorter retention time and were associated with less inflammation. Clotrimazole was minimally absorbed. Despite a marked inflammatory response to several of the clotrimazole-containing gels, no notable adverse clinical responses were observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Poloxamer gels had the most promise for improving drug contact within the frontal sinus of dogs, while limiting the inflammatory response. Poloxamer gels have the additional benefit of improved handling as a result of reverse gelation (ie, they gel when warmed to 37°C).}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mathews, Kyle G. and Linder, Keith E. and Davidson, Gigi S. and Goldman, Rebecca B. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={640–647} }
 @article{davis_kirk_davidson_papich_2009, title={Effects of compounding and storage conditions on stability of pergolide mesylate}, volume={234}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.234.3.385}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of temperature and light over a 35-day period on stability of pergolide mesylate after compounding in an aqueous vehicle.
Design—Evaluation study.
Procedures—Pergolide was compounded into a formulation with a final target concentration of 1 mg/mL. Aliquots of the formulation were then stored at −20°, 8°, 25°, or 37°C without exposure to light or at 25°C with exposure to light for 35 days. Samples were assayed in triplicate by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography immediately after compounding and after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days of storage.
Results—Mean ± SD concentration of pergolide in the formulation immediately after compounding was 1.05 ± 0.086 mg/mL. Samples exposed to light while stored at 25°C had undergone excessive degradation by day 14, samples stored at 37°C had undergone excessive degradation by day 21, and samples stored at 25°C without exposure to light had undergone excessive degradation by day 35. The decrease in expected concentration corresponded with the appearance of degradation peaks in chromatograms and with a change in color of the formulation.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that pergolide mesylate was unstable after compounding in an aqueous vehicle and that storage conditions had an effect on stability of the compounded formulation. Compounded pergolide formulations in aqueous vehicles should be stored in a dark container, protected from light, and refrigerated and should not be used > 30 days after produced. Formulations that have undergone a color change should be considered unstable and discarded.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Davis, Jennifer L. and Kirk, Loren Madden and Davidson, Gigi S. and Papich, Mark G.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={385–389} }
 @misc{davis_kirk_davidson_papich_2009, title={Supports compounding standards response}, volume={234}, ISBN={0003-1488}, number={7}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Davis, J. L. and Kirk, L. M. and Davidson, G. S. and Papich, M. G.}, year={2009}, pages={873–873} }
 @article{lascelles_gaynor_smith_roe_marcellin-little_davidson_boland_carr_2008, title={Amantadine in a multimodal analgesic regimen for alleviation of refractory osteoarthritis pain in dogs}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0014.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0014.x}, abstractNote={Background:Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not always provide sufficient pain relief in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).Hypothesis:The use of amantadine in addition to NSAID therapy will provide improved pain relief when compared with the use of nonsteroidal analgesics alone in naturally occurring OA in dogs.Animals:Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs with pelvic limb lameness despite the administration of an NSAID.Methods:The study was randomized, blinded, and placebo controlled with parallel groups (days 21–42). On day 0, analgesic medications were discontinued. On day 7, all dogs received meloxicam for 5 weeks. On day 21, all dogs received amantadine (3–5 mg/kg once daily per os) or placebo for 21 days, in addition to receiving meloxicam. Assessments were performed before the study and on days 7, 21, and 42. Primary outcome measures were blinded owner assessments of activity using client‐specific outcome measures (CSOM) on days 0, 7, 21, and 42. Data were analyzed by a mixed model approach.Results:For CSOM activity, there was a significant time by treatment effect (P=.009). On the basis of the planned post hoct‐tests of postrandomization means, there was a significant difference between treatment groups on day 42 (P=.030), with the amantadine group being more active.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:In dogs with osteoarthritic pain refractory to an NSAID, physical activity is improved by the addition of amantadine. Amantadine might be a useful adjunct therapy for the clinical management of canine osteoarthritic pain.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lascelles, B. D. X. and Gaynor, J. S. and Smith, E. S. and Roe, S. C. and Marcellin-Little, D. J. and Davidson, G. and Boland, E. and Carr, J.}, year={2008}, pages={53–59} }
 @misc{davidson_2005, title={Painless control of controlled substances}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1479-3261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1476-4431.2005.00171.x}, abstractNote={AbstractObjective:  To explain the regulations regarding controlled substance use, and present the veterinary practitioner with simple systems for ensuring complete regulatory compliance.Data source:  United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Agency.Conclusions:  All practitioners using controlled substances should perform mental audits and ask the following questions of their practice: can I trace the ultimate disposition of every dosing unit of controlled substances used in my hospital from purchase to patient? Are all controlled substances stored in an adequately secure location such as a locking cabinet or safe? Have I performed an actual count inventory of all controlled substances in my practice within the last 2 years? Do I have a system that will alert me to any controlled substances that have been diverted or are unaccounted for? Are all of my controlled substance invoices and order forms in an easily retrievable yet secure storage area? Do I have documented policy and procedure indicating my practice standards for compliant use of controlled substances?}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE}, author={Davidson, GS}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={254–260} }
 @article{buur_baynes_yeatts_davidson_defrancesco_2005, title={Analysis of diltiazem in Lipoderm (R) transdermal gel using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography applied to homogenization and stability studies}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0731-7085"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.053}, abstractNote={A simple and novel method for the extraction and quantification of diltiazem hydrochloride was developed and applied to homogenization and stability studies. The method used solid phase extraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Validation showed inter-day recoveries ranging from 84.00 to 96.52% with relative standard deviations ranging from 12.01 to 15.94%. Intra-day recoveries ranged from 67.95 to 106.1% with relative standard deviations less than 5%. The method showed excellent linearity from 50 to 250 mg/ml in undiluted gel (R2 = 0.996). The homogenization study showed good homogenization using both 50 and 100 depression techniques. Diltiazem was stable at a concentration of 246 mg/ml for 30 days and at a concentration of 99.6 mg/ml for 60 days no matter the storage conditions explored in this study.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS}, author={Buur, JL and Baynes, RE and Yeatts, JL and Davidson, G and DeFrancesco, TC}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={60–65} }
 @misc{davidson_2004, title={Pharm profile considerations}, volume={26}, number={12}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Davidson, G.}, year={2004}, pages={912–913} }
 @article{davidson_2003, title={The compounding controversy: What veterinarians should know to protect themselves and their patients}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0587-2871"]}, DOI={10.5326/0390013}, abstractNote={While the controversy over compounding for animals is contemporary, the practice of compounding for animals is not. Pharmaceutical compounding is an ancient art and science. Compounding has been an integral part of the practice of veterinary medicine since the first cures were blended together to help an animal patient. Skilled healers have utilized compounds for both human and animal patients for thousands of years. With hundreds of species requiring treatment and dozens of new diseases emerging, the half-life of truth in veterinary medicine is particularly short. As a result of a complex and lengthy approval process, the veterinary pharmaceutical industry can never be expected to adequately supply labeled products to treat every disease encountered in every species. Consequently, in order to provide state-of-the-art veterinary therapy, the veterinarian must frequently alter commercially available dosage forms to meet needs for individual patients. This activity is defined as compounding by the major veterinary drug regulatory agencies in North America, the Canadian Bureau for Veterinary Drugs (BVD) and the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDACVM). In some cases, as with potassium bromide and cisapride, there are no commercially available products for any species, and these life-saving therapies must be compounded from raw chemicals. Often, the safety of the caregiver also depends on the ability to get medications into the animal in the least invasive, most palatable manner possible. Compliance is paramount in achieving successful therapeutic outcomes, but many owners will not administer unpalatable or invasive therapies if they perceive that their pet will “hate” them as a result. Compounding based on individual patient need is an ageless solution for all of these problems.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Davidson, G}, year={2003}, pages={13–17} }
 @article{olivry_rivierre_jackson_murphy_davidson_sousa_2002, title={Cyclosporine decreases skin lesions and pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis: a blinded randomized prednisolone-controlled trial}, volume={13}, ISSN={["0959-4493"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0036546956&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1046/j.1365-3164.2002.00283.x}, abstractNote={Abstract During the last decade, oral cyclosporin (CsA) has proven to be effective, in randomized controlled trials, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in human patients. The purpose of this blinded randomized controlled trial was to test the hypothesis that CsA was successful in reducing the gravity of clinical signs of AD in dogs. Thirty dogs with nonseasonal AD were randomly allocated to receive an oral solution of either NEORAL CsA (5 mg kg−1) or prednisolone (0.5 mg kg−1) once daily for 6 weeks. Before, and 3 and 6 weeks after therapy, skin lesions were graded by clinicians using the Canine AD Extent and Severity Index (CADESI). Pruritus was assessed by the owners using a visual analog scale (PVAS). In both groups, CADESI and PVAS values were significantly lower at 6 weeks post treatment than before the initiation of therapy (Friedman test, P < 0.0004). The percentage reductions in CADESI and PVAS values from baseline were not statistically different between groups (Mann–Whitney test, P > 0.3). In this experiment, the tolerability and safety of oral CsA and prednisolone appeared similar. One‐fifth of dogs given oral CsA occasionally developed diarrhoea or soft stools. One dog that was given CsA developed a generalized papillomatous skin eruption during the second half of the trial. Our study provides randomized controlled trial evidence that CsA reduces the severity of clinical signs in dogs with nonseasonal AD. Moreover, the anti‐allergic efficacy of CsA appears comparable with that of prednisolone. We propose that oral CsA should be considered as a valuable alternative to glucocorticoid therapy in dogs with AD.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY}, author={Olivry, T and Rivierre, C and Jackson, HA and Murphy, KM and Davidson, G and Sousa, CA}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={77–87} }
 @article{davidson_2002, title={S-adenosylmethionine}, volume={24}, number={8}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Davidson, G.}, year={2002}, pages={600-} }
 @article{davidson_2000, title={Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate}, volume={22}, number={5}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Davidson, G.}, year={2000}, pages={454} }
 @article{davidson_horeish_1999, title={Enalapril maleate}, volume={21}, number={12}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Davidson, G. and Horeish, C.}, year={1999}, pages={1118} }
 @article{davidson_1997, title={Narcotic regulation in the United States: Taking the pain out of analgesic therapy}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0882-0511"]}, DOI={10.1016/S1096-2867(97)80010-2}, abstractNote={Maintaining accurate controlled substance records need not deter a veterinarian from obtaining and using opiate analgesics and anesthetics. Paperwork and behavior requirements for ordering, receiving, storing, administering, dispensing, and prescribing controlled substances are described in detail. Important regulatory information resources are also listed.}, number={2}, journal={SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY-SMALL ANIMAL}, author={Davidson, G}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={133–142} }