@article{gookin_holmes_clarke_stauffer_meredith_vandewege_torres-machado_friedenberg_seiler_mathews_et al._2024, title={Acquired dysfunction of CFTR underlies cystic fibrosis-like disease of the canine gallbladder}, volume={327}, ISSN={["1522-1547"]}, DOI={10.1152/ajpgi.00145.2024}, abstractNote={Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatory protein (CFTR) genomic variants and expression of mRNA, protein, and electrogenic anion secretory activity of CFTR were characterized in dog gallbladder. Acquired inhibition of CFTR expression by gallbladder epithelium was identified as underpinning a naturally occurring muco-obstructive disease of the dog gallbladder that bears striking pathological similarity to animal models of cystic fibrosis.}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Holmes, Jenny and Clarke, Lane L. and Stauffer, Stephen H. and Meredith, Bryanna and Vandewege, Michael W. and Torres-Machado, Nicole and Friedenberg, Steven G. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Mathews, Kyle G. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Oct}, pages={G513–G530} }
 @article{gookin_jewell_aicher_seiler_cullen_mathews_2024, title={Increased lipogenesis and lipidosis of gallbladder epithelium in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0303191}, abstractNote={Background Gallbladder disease in people is frequently associated with disorders of lipid metabolism and metabolic syndrome. A recently emergent gallbladder disease of dogs, referred to as mucocele formation, is characterized by secretion of abnormal mucus by the gallbladder epithelium and is similarly associated with hyperlipidemia, endocrinopathy, and metabolic dysfunction. The cause of gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown. Methods A prospective case-controlled study was conducted to gain insight into disease pathogenesis by characterization of plasma lipid abnormalities in 18 dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation and 18 age and breed matched control dogs using direct infusion mass spectrometry for complex plasma lipid analysis. This analysis was complemented by histochemical and ultrastructural examination of gallbladder mucosa from dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation and control dogs for evidence of altered lipid homeostasis of the gallbladder epithelium. Results Gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs carried a unique lipidomic signature of increased lipogenesis impacting 50% of lipid classes, 36% of esterified fatty acid species, and 11% of complex lipid species. Broad enrichment of complex lipids with palmitoleic acid (16:1) and decreased abundance within complex lipids of presumptive omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) was significant. Severe lipidosis of gallbladder epithelium pinpoints the gallbladder as involved causally or consequently in abnormal lipid metabolism. Conclusion Our study supports a primary increase in lipogenesis in dogs with mucocele formation and abnormal gallbladder lipid metabolism in disease pathogenesis.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Jewell, Dennis E. and Aicher, Kathleen M. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Cullen, John M. and Mathews, Kyle G.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{gookin_hartley_aicher_mathews_cullen_cullen_callahan_stowe_seiler_jacob_et al._2023, title={Gallbladder microbiota in healthy dogs and dogs with mucocele formation}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0281432}, abstractNote={To date studies have not investigated the culture-independent microbiome of bile from dogs, a species where aseptic collection of bile under ultrasound guidance is somewhat routine. Despite frequent collection of bile for culture-based diagnosis of bacterial cholecystitis, it is unknown whether bile from healthy dogs harbors uncultivable bacteria or a core microbiota. The answer to this question is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of biliary infection and as a baseline to exploration of other biliary diseases in dogs where uncultivable bacteria could play a pathogenic role. A pressing example of such a disease would be gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs. This prevalent and deadly condition is characterized by excessive secretion of abnormal mucus by the gallbladder epithelium that can eventually lead to rupture of the gallbladder or obstruction of bile flow. The cause of mucocele formation is unknown as is whether uncultivable, and therefore unrecognized, bacteria play any systematic role in pathogenesis. In this study we applied next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify the culture-negative bacterial community of gallbladder bile from healthy dogs and gallbladder mucus from dogs with mucocele formation. Integral to our study was the use of 2 separate DNA isolations on each sample using different extraction methods and sequencing of negative control samples enabling recognition and curation of contaminating sequences. Microbiota findings were validated by simultaneous culture-based identification, cytological examination of bile, and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) performed on gallbladder mucosa. Using culture-dependent, cytological, FISH, and 16S rRNA sequencing approaches, results of our study do not support existence of a core microbiome in the bile of healthy dogs or gallbladder mucus from dogs with mucocele formation. Our findings further document how contaminating sequences can significantly contribute to the results of sequencing analysis when performed on samples with low bacterial biomass.}, number={2}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Hartley, Ashley N. and Aicher, Kathleen M. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Cullen, Rachel and Cullen, John M. and Callahan, Benjamin J. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Jacob, Megan E. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{cordle_seiler_barnes_olby_2023, title={MRI features can help to confirm a diagnosis of progressive myelomalacia, but may not be accurate in dogs lacking characteristic clinical signs at the time of imaging}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13178}, abstractNote={AbstractProgressive myelomalacia (PMM) is a fatal sequela of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs, with unpredictable onset in the days after the inciting injury. No single reliable diagnostic test is currently available. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features such as T2‐weighted spinal cord hyperintensity and loss of subarachnoid signal in a half‐Fourier single‐shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) sequence have been associated with PMM, but are sometimes present in other dogs with severe deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 22 dogs with a clinical or histopathologic diagnosis of PMM and 38 deep pain‐negative paraplegic dogs were compared in a retrospective case‐control study. Length of T2‐weighted hyperintense spinal cord change and HASTE signal loss were significantly associated with clinically evident PMM (P = .0019 and P = .0085), however, there were no significant differences between groups when analysis was restricted to dogs not yet showing clinical signs of PMM. The PMM group also had significantly shorter compressive lesions than the control group (P = 0.026), suggesting a possible role of more severe focal pressure at the extrusion site. A segment of total loss of contrast enhancement in the venous sinuses and meninges, a feature not previously described, was more common in the PMM group and the difference approached significance (P = 0.054). Findings show that MRI features can support the diagnosis in dogs with clinical evidence of PMM, and absence of these features supports absence of PMM at time of imaging. However, their absence does not reliably differentiate dogs with imminent progressive myelomalacia from other dogs with severe deficits following intervertebral disc extrusion.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Cordle, Katelyn J. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Barnes, Danielle and Olby, Natasha J.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{slead_callahan_schreeg_seiler_stowe_azcarate-peril_jacob_gookin_2023, title={Microbiome analysis of bile from apparently healthy cats and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16852}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16852}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundBacterial infection of bile is a common cause of hepatobiliary disease in cats. Whether bile harbors a core microbiota in health or in cases of suspected hepatobiliary disease in cats is unknown.ObjectivesEstablish if gallbladder bile in apparently healthy cats harbors a core microbiota composed of bacterial taxa common to many individuals. Compare results of bile cytology, bile culture, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in apparently healthy cats and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease.AnimalsForty‐three client‐owned cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease and 17 control cats.MethodsBile was collected by ultrasound guided cholecystocentesis (cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease) or laparotomy after euthanasia (controls). Bile samples underwent cytologic examination, aerobic and anaerobic culture, and DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.ResultsMicrobiome sequencing did not identify a core microbiota in control cats or cats having bile sampled because of clinical suspicion for hepatobiliary disease. Microbiome profiles from control cats were indistinguishable from profiles obtained from sampling instruments and reagents that were not exposed to bile (technical controls). Bacterial taxa that could not be explained by contamination or off‐target amplification were identified only in samples from cats with bactibilia and positive bile culture results for Escherichia coli. In several E. coli positive samples, microbiome sequencing also identified a small number of potentially co‐infecting bacterial genera not identified by culture.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCat bile does not harbor a core microbiota. Uncultured bacteria may contribute to pathogenesis of hepatobiliary disease in cats with bile E. coli infection.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Slead, Tanner S. and Callahan, Benjamin J. and Schreeg, Megan E. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Stowe, Devorah M. and Azcarate-Peril, Maria Andrea and Jacob, Megan E. and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gilbertie_schaer_engiles_seiler_deddens_schubert_jacob_stefanovski_ruthel_hickok_et al._2022, title={A Platelet-Rich Plasma-Derived Biologic Clears Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms While Mitigating Cartilage Degeneration and Joint Inflammation in a Clinically Relevant Large Animal Infectious Arthritis Model}, volume={12}, ISSN={2235-2988}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022}, DOI={10.3389/fcimb.2022.895022}, abstractNote={The leading cause of treatment failure in Staphylococcus aureus infections is the development of biofilms. Biofilms are highly tolerant to conventional antibiotics which were developed against planktonic cells. Consequently, there is a lack of antibiofilm agents in the antibiotic development pipeline. To address this problem, we developed a platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-derived biologic, termed BIO-PLY (for the BIOactive fraction of Platelet-rich plasma LYsate) which has potent in vitro bactericidal activity against S. aureus synovial fluid free-floating biofilm aggregates. Additional in vitro studies using equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes showed that BIO-PLY protected these cells of the joint from inflammation. The goal of this study was to test BIO-PLY for in vivo efficacy using an equine model of infectious arthritis. We found that horses experimentally infected with S. aureus and subsequently treated with BIO-PLY combined with the antibiotic amikacin (AMK) had decreased bacterial concentrations within both synovial fluid and synovial tissue and exhibited lower systemic and local inflammatory scores compared to horses treated with AMK alone. Most importantly, AMK+BIO-PLY treatment reduced the loss of infection-associated cartilage proteoglycan content in articular cartilage and decreased synovial tissue fibrosis and inflammation. Our results demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of AMK+BIO-PLY and represents a new approach to restore and potentiate antimicrobial activity against synovial fluid biofilms.}, journal={Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Gilbertie, Jessica M. and Schaer, Thomas P. and Engiles, Julie B. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Deddens, Bennett L. and Schubert, Alicia G. and Jacob, Megan E. and Stefanovski, Darko and Ruthel, Gordon and Hickok, Noreen J. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{seiler_cohen_d'anjou_french_gaschen_knapp_salwei_saunders_2022, title={ACVR and ECVDI Consensus Statement for the Standardization of the Abdominal Ultrasound Examination}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13151}, abstractNote={AbstractThis consensus statement is designed to provide a standard of care document and describes the ACVR and ECVDI definition for performing a standard abdominal ultrasound examination in dogs and cats. The ACVR and ECVDI define a standard abdominal ultrasonographic examination as a complete exam of the abdominal organs which is appropriately documented. The consensus statement intends to provide guidance to veterinary sonographers and veterinarians for the performance and documentation of high‐quality diagnostic ultrasound examination. The document may also serve as a teaching aid for veterinary students, veterinarians, and residents in diagnostic imaging who seek proficiency in diagnostic ultrasound. Finally, it may serve an additional role in educating the public as to what a high‐quality abdominal ultrasound examination should entail.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Cohen, Eli B. and D'anjou, Marc-Andre and French, John and Gaschen, Lorrie and Knapp, Stephanie and Salwei, Rochelle M. and Saunders, H. Mark}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{appleby_vaden_monteith_seiler_2022, title={Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13184}, abstractNote={AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health condition in cats that can lead to poor quality of life and financial implications for therapy. Currently staging and identification of CKD is limited by diagnostic testing such as creatinine and urine‐specific gravity, which do not change until late in the disease course. Other methods to evaluate CKD would be valuable in the clinical setting. Shear wave elastography is one novel ultrasound method, which has shown promise in identifying increases in tissue stiffness and identifying CKD in people. As CKD is often histologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, shear wave elastography has the potential to identify CKD and differentiate between stages of CKD in cats. This prospective observational case‐control study with 78 cats found no difference in shear wave velocities between groups (P = 0.33), a contradictory finding to one prior publication. There was no effect of weight (P = 0.65), nor the presence of mineralization (P = 0.31) or infarction (P = 0.52) on cortical shear wave velocities. There was a significant effect of age on shear wave velocity (P = 0.018) where velocities increased with age. The intraclass correlation coefficient was only moderate (0.62). Possible reasons for the difference in results between our work and that published prior, include differences in methodology and differences in instrumentation. Variability in measurements in our population may be due to the effects of respiratory motion or limitations in shear wave elastography software. As such, shear wave elastography is not currently recommended as a tool to evaluate CKD in cats and further work is necessary.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Appleby, Ryan B. and Vaden, Shelly L. and Monteith, Gabrielle and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{gremillion_cohen_vaden_seiler_2021, title={Optimization of ultrasonographic ureteral jet detection and normal ureteral jet morphology in dogs}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.13000}, abstractNote={AbstractUreteral jets are visualized with ultrasound as echogenic streams extending from the ureterovesicular junction into the urinary bladder. In clinical practice, diuretics are sometimes administered to increase visibility of ureteral jets, however this has not been well described in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this prospective, crossover study was to describe the normal morphology of canine ureteral jets, determine an optimal protocol for diuretic administration to increase visibility of ureteral jets, and confirm in vitro the effect that differences in specific gravity and velocity have on visibility. Ultrasound of 10 normal dogs was performed at baseline and following 1 mg/kg furosemide administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Increased numbers of ureteral jets were seen post‐furosemide administration compared to baseline, with an overall increased number of ureteral jets identified following intravenous administration when compared to subcutaneous administration. Time to first ureteral jet was significantly shorter with intravenous compared to subcutaneous administration. Urine specific gravity significantly decreased following furosemide administration. For the in vitro study, saline solutions of varying specific gravities were infused into a bath of hypertonic saline with specific gravity of 1.037. There was good visibility in vitro with infusion of solutions of specific gravities of 1.010‐1.025. Infusion of saline solution with a specific gravity of 1.030 had reduced visibility, while infusion of saline with equivalent specific gravity (1.037) was not visible with B‐mode ultrasonography. Both intravenous and subcutaneous furosemide administration significantly increase ureteral jet detection with ultrasound secondary to differences in specific gravity, confirming results of prior studies.}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Gremillion, Christine and Cohen, Eli B. and Vaden, Shelly and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{lindaberry_vaden_aicher_seiler_robertson_cianciolo_yang_gookin_2021, title={Proteinuria in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation: A retrospective case control study}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.16051}, abstractNote={AbstractBackgroundProteinuria is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in dogs. An association between proteinuria and gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown.ObjectiveDetermine if gallbladder mucocele formation or clinicopathologic comorbidities are associated with proteinuria.AnimalsTwenty‐five dogs with mucocele formation and 25 breed and age‐matched control dogs from a prior study.MethodsRetrospective case control study. Proteinuria defined by calculated urine dipstick protein concentration (mg/mL) to urine specific gravity (USG) ratio. Clinicopathologic findings, postcosyntropin cortisol concentration, thyroid function profile, and illness severity score were recorded.ResultsMedian urine dipstick protein concentration to USG ratio and number of dogs having a ratio ≥1.5 were significantly higher for dogs with mucocele formation compared to control dogs. Proteinuria was not significantly associated with CBC or serum biochemistry profile abnormalities but increased in relation to severity of illness.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceGallbladder mucocele formation is significantly associated with proteinuria in dogs. Diagnosis and treatment of proteinuria in dogs with mucocele formation might minimize long term kidney morbidity in these patients.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lindaberry, Crystal and Vaden, Shelly and Aicher, Kathleen M. and Seiler, Gabriela and Robertson, James and Cianciolo, Rachel and Yang, Ching and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={878–886} }
 @article{gieger_seiler_nolan_2021, title={Treatment of feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma with lomustine chemotherapy and 8 Gy abdominal cavity radiation therapy}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612X20959602}, abstractNote={Objectives The goal of this study was to document the outcomes and toxicity of a novel multimodality treatment protocol for feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma (FGL) in which cats were treated at 21-day intervals. Methods This was a prospective, single-arm study. Twelve client-owned cats with cytologically diagnosed FGL were treated with a combination of abdominal cavity radiation therapy (RT; 8 Gy total dose administered in two 4 Gy fractions, 21 days apart), lomustine chemotherapy (approximately 40 mg/m2, administered orally at 21-day intervals for four treatments), prednisolone (5 mg PO q24h) and cobalamin (250 µg/week SC). Results Three cats were euthanized prior to the second treatment and it was difficult to discern treatment-associated toxicity from progressive disease. Four of the remaining cats developed cytopenias, resulting in 7–14-day lomustine treatment delays and/or dose reductions. Six cats had a partial response to treatment and three had stable disease based on ultrasound at day 21 (50% overall response rate). Three of these six cats completed the study and lived >240 days; one died of refractory diabetes mellitus with no clinical evidence of FGL, and the other two died as a result of FGL. The median overall survival time was 101 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 9–240). The median progression-free survival time was 77 days (95% CI 8–212). Necropsies were performed in eight cats, which revealed multifocal lymphoma throughout the gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Conclusions and relevance Oncological outcomes reported herein are comparable to those achieved with multiagent injectable chemotherapy (eg, CHOP). Treatment was seemingly well tolerated in most cats and was relatively cost-effective. It is therefore plausible that improved disease control may be achievable through continued optimization and intensification of the combinatorial chemoradiotherapy protocol. }, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Gieger, Tracy L. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Nolan, Michael W.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={469–476} }
 @article{rivas_seiler_robertson_ryu_mathews_2019, title={Ability of positive and negative contrast computed tomographic peritoneography to delineate canine liver lobe fissures}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1532-950X"]}, DOI={10.1111/vsu.13318}, abstractNote={AbstractObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of contrast peritoneography in delineating liver lobe fissures by using computed tomography (CT).Study designProspective cross‐sectional study.AnimalsCanine cadavers (n = 10).MethodsAn abdominal CT image of each cadaver was obtained under three conditions: without peritoneal contrast (precontrast), after insufflation of the peritoneal cavity with CO2 (negative contrast), and after intraperitoneal administration of iohexol (positive contrast). Images were reconstructed in three planes. Three reviewers independently scored each plane/contrast combination. Observers measured the length of each fissure in each plane. The measurable length of fissures was compared between techniques but was not compared with the actual length on cadavers.ResultsWhen assessment of all fissures was combined, measurements were obtained in 96 to 108 of 120 (80%‐90%) positive contrast studies, 56 to 96 of 120 (47%‐80%) negative contrast studies, and 12 to 32 of 120 (10%‐27%) precontrast CT images. All observers measured fissures in all planes that were approximately two times longer on positive compared with negative contrast studies and two times longer on negative contrast studies compared with CT images without contrast. Measurable fissure lengths were greater on positive contrast CT images (P < .0001) than on other CT images.ConclusionPositive contrast CT peritoneography improved the delineation of hepatic interlobar fissures in normal canine cadavers.Clinical significanceThese results justify further studies to determine the ability to locate large hepatic masses in dogs with positive CT. Positive contrast CT peritoneography may assist treatment planning in dogs with large hepatic tumors.}, number={8}, journal={VETERINARY SURGERY}, author={Rivas, Luis R. and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Robertson, Ian D. and Ryu, Hongyu and Mathews, Kyle G.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1444–1449} }
 @article{gookin_mathews_cullen_seiler_2018, title={Qualitative metabolomics profiling of serum and bile from dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0191076}, abstractNote={Mucocele formation is characterized by secretion of abnormally thick mucus by the gallbladder epithelium of dogs that may cause obstruction of the bile duct or rupture of the gallbladder. The disease is increasingly recognized and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The cause of gallbladder mucocele formation in dogs is unknown. There is a strong breed predisposition and affected dogs have a high incidence of concurrent endocrinopathy or hyperlipidemia. These observations suggest a significant influence of both genetic and metabolic factors on disease pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated a theory that mucocele formation is associated with a syndrome of metabolic disruption. We surmised that a global, untargeted metabolomics approach could provide unique insight into the systemic pathogenesis of gallbladder mucocele formation and identify specific compounds as candidate biomarkers or treatment targets. Moreover, concurrent examination of the serum and hepatic duct bile metabolome would enable the construction of mechanism-based theories or identification of specific compounds responsible for altered function of the gallbladder epithelium. Abnormalities observed in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation, including a 33-fold decrease in serum adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP), lower quantities of precursors required for synthesis of energy transporting nucleotides, and increases in citric acid cycle intermediates, suggest excess metabolic energy and a carbon surplus. Altered quantities of compounds involved in protein translation and RNA turnover, together with accumulation of gamma-glutamylated and N-acetylated amino acids in serum suggest abnormal regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism. Increases in lathosterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol suggest a primary increase in cholesterol synthesis and diversion to bile acid formation. A number of specific biomarker compounds were identified for their ability to distinguish between control dogs and those that formed a gallbladder mucocele. Particularly noteworthy was a significant decrease in quantity of biologically active compounds that stimulate biliary ductal fluid secretion including adenosine, cAMP, taurolithocholic acid, and taurocholic acid. These findings support the presence of significant metabolic disruption in dogs with mucocele formation. A targeted, quantitative analysis of the identified serum biomarkers is warranted to determine their utility for diagnosis of this disease. Finally, repletion of compounds whose biological activity normally promotes biliary ductal secretion should be examined for any therapeutic impact for resolution or prevention of mucocele formation.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Gookin, Jody L. and Mathews, Kyle G. and Cullen, John and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2018}, month={Jan} }
 @article{seiler_griffith_2018, title={Comparisons between elastographic stiffness scores for benign versus malignant lymph nodes in dogs and cats}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12557}, abstractNote={AbstractLymph node evaluation is an important component of oncology staging in dogs and cats, however diagnosis of malignancy currently requires cytology or histopathology. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that allows estimation of tissue stiffness. In people, it has been shown to increase the sensitivity of sonography in detection of metastatic lymph nodes. The objective of this prospective, cross‐sectional study was to determine if elastographic stiffness differs for malignant versus benign canine and feline lymph nodes that were considered abnormal in gray‐scale ultrasound imaging. Animals scheduled for ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspirates of a lymph node at a single center were prospectively enrolled. Elastography was performed by a board‐certified veterinary radiologist (G.S.) prior to tissue sampling. Softness was scored qualitatively as 1–4 (1 = hard; 4 = soft) on an image depicted by a color scale (blue = hard, red = soft). Quantitative analysis was performed using custom‐made software. Fifty‐one lymph nodes were included in the evaluation, 21 had benign and 30 had neoplastic cytology. Benign lymph nodes were softer (median score of 2.5, range 1–4) than malignant lymph nodes (median = 2, range 1–3), and differences were significant in qualitative and quantitative analyses (P < 0.01). Of the lymph nodes with a score of 2 or below (hard), 19/25 (76%) were malignant, of the lymph nodes with a score over 2 (soft), 24/36 (67%) were benign. Findings indicated that elastographic stiffness scores differed between benign and malignant lymph node groups; however overlapping scores for the two groups limited the use of this technique for routine clinical diagnosis of malignancy.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Griffith, Emily}, year={2018}, pages={79–88} }
 @article{hahn_specchi_masseau_reinero_benchekroun_rechy_seiler_pey_2018, title={The computed tomographic "tree-in-bud" pattern: Characterization and comparison with radiographic and clinical findings in 36 cats}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12564}, abstractNote={AbstractIn humans, a CT “tree‐in‐bud” pattern has been described as a characteristic of centrilobular bronchiolar dilation, with bronchiolar plugging by mucus, pus, or fluid. Aims of this retrospective, descriptive, multi‐center study were to characterize the CT appearance of a “tree‐in‐bud” pattern in a group of cats, and compare this pattern with radiographic and clinical findings. Databases from four hospitals were searched during the period of January 2012 to September 2015 and cats with thoracic radiographs, thoracic CT scans and CT reports describing findings consistent with a “tree‐in‐bud” pattern were included. Images were reviewed by two veterinary radiologists and characteristics were recorded based on consensus. Clinical findings were recorded by one observer from each center. Thirty‐six cats met inclusion criteria. Six cats were asymptomatic, 12 were diagnosed with bronchial disease and 23 were suspected to have bronchial disease. Right cranial and right caudal lung lobes were most commonly affected on both imaging modalities. Localization of the “tree‐in‐bud” pattern was most often peripheral. On radiographs, the CT “tree‐in‐bud” pattern often appeared as soft‐tissue opacity nodules; their number and affected pulmonary segments were often underestimated compared with CT. In conclusion, the “tree‐in‐bud” pattern should be considered as a differential diagnosis for radiographic soft tissue opaque nodules in feline lungs. Based on lesion localization and presence or suspicion of a concomitant bronchial disease for cats in this sample, authors propose that the CT “tree‐in‐bud” pattern described in humans is also a characteristic of bronchial or bronchiolar plugging and bronchial disease in cats.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Hahn, Harriet and Specchi, Swan and Masseau, Isabelle and Reinero, Carol and Benchekroun, Ghita and Rechy, Jaime and Seiler, Gabriela and Pey, Pascaline}, year={2018}, pages={32–42} }
 @article{bullen_evola_griffith_seiler_saker_2017, title={Validation of ultrasonographic muscle thickness measurements as compared to the gold standard of computed tomography in dogs}, volume={5}, journal={PeerJ}, author={Bullen, L. E. and Evola, M. G. and Griffith, E. H. and Seiler, G. S. and Saker, K. E.}, year={2017} }
 @article{lewis_olby_early_mariani_muñana_seiler_griffith_2016, title={Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats}, volume={30}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14526}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.14526}, abstractNote={BackgroundQuantification of brain herniation on MRI and its immediate clinical implications are poorly described.ObjectivesDefine the normal position of caudal fossa structures on brain MRIs in dogs and cats utilizing morphometry, compare this to dogs and cats with caudal transtentorial herniation (CTH), foramen magnum herniation (FMH) or both identified on MRI, and investigate associations between herniation severity, clinical signs, and 24‐hour outcome.AnimalsNinety‐two controls (66 dogs, 26 cats), 119 cases with herniation (88 dogs, 31 cats).MethodsRetrospective case series. The MRI database was searched for controls with normal brain anatomy and cases with brain herniation. Morphometry in controls established TTX (transtentorial to rostroventral cerebellum) to quantify CTH and FMX (caudoventral cerebellum to foramen magnum) to quantify FMH. Measurements were compared between cases and controls. Correlations with specific clinical variables and outcome were investigated.ResultsMeasurements in medium/large control dogs versus small dog and cat controls were significantly different (P < .001, TTX: −0.46, −0.305, −0.3, FMX: 0.695, 0.27, 0.25, respectively). 119/1564 (7.6%) cases that underwent brain imaging had brain herniation. TTX and FMX were significantly different between controls and cases with CTH or FMH (P < .001). 67/89 (75%) cases with supratentorial lesions had no signs directly attributable to herniation. 71/119 (60%) had a normal anesthetic recovery. TTX was significantly associated with 24‐hour survival (P < .001).Conclusions and clinical importanceBrain herniation can be quantified on MRI. Clinical signs directly attributable to brain herniation commonly are absent, and more severe CTH based on TTX is associated with a worse short‐term outcome.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lewis, M.J. and Olby, N.J. and Early, P.J. and Mariani, C.L. and Muñana, K.R. and Seiler, G.S. and Griffith, E.H.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1672–1680} }
 @article{bray_munana_meichner_white_seiler_2016, title={Eosinophilic meningomyelitis associated with T-cell lymphoma in a cat}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1939-165X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85005995766&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/vcp.12406}, abstractNote={AbstractA 12‐year‐old cat was presented for evaluation of progressive tetraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated T2‐hyperintensity, and contrast enhancement within the C4–C7 spinal cord, with marked meningeal contrast enhancement and segmental nerve root thickening. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid contained 407 total nucleated cells/μL, with 99% eosinophils. The cat transiently improved with prednisolone, clindamycin, and ivermectin therapy, but subsequently worsened and was euthanized. Necropsy revealed an asymmetric infiltration predominantly of the white matter, meninges, and nerve roots of the C4–C6 spinal cord segments by an unencapsulated, poorly demarcated neoplasm composed of atypical lymphocytes admixed with eosinophils, causing perivascular hemorrhage and lytic necrosis. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for CD3, ultimately confirming T‐cell lymphoma.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY}, author={Bray, Kathryn Y. and Munana, Karen R. and Meichner, Kristina and White, Laura A. and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={698–702} }
 @article{seiler_campbell_nixon_tsuruta_dayton_jennings_redding_lustgarten_2016, title={FEASIBILITY AND SAFETY OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IN THE DISTAL LIMB OF SIX HORSES}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12333}, abstractNote={Vascular alterations play important roles in many orthopedic diseases such as osteoarthritis, tendonitis, and synovitis in both human and equine athletes. Understanding these alterations could enhance diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) could be a valuable method for evaluation of blood flow and perfusion of these processes in the equine distal limb, however no reports were found describing feasibility or safety of the technique. The goal of this prospective, experimental study was to describe the feasibility and safety of distal limb CEUS in a sample of six horses. For each horse, CEUS of the distal limb was performed after intravenous injections of 5 and 10 ml, as well as intra‐arterial injections of 0.5 and 1 ml contrast medium. Vital parameters were monitored and CEUS images were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively for degree of contrast enhancement. None of the horses had clinically significant changes in their vital parameters after contrast medium injection. One horse had a transient increase in respiratory rate, and several horses had mild increases of systolic blood pressure of short duration after intravenous, but not after intra‐arterial injections. Intra‐arterial injection was possible in all horses and resulted in significantly improved contrast enhancement both quantitatively (P = 0.027) and qualitatively (P = 0.019). Findings from this study indicated that CEUS is a feasible and safe diagnostic test for evaluation of the equine distal limb. Future studies are needed to assess the clinical utility of this test for horses with musculoskeletal diseases.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Campbell, Nigel and Nixon, Britton and Tsuruta, James K. and Dayton, Paul A. and Jennings, Samuel and Redding, W. Rich and Lustgarten, Meghann}, year={2016}, pages={282–289} }
 @article{gookin_correa_peters_malueg_mathews_cullen_seiler_2015, title={Association of Gallbladder Mucocele Histologic Diagnosis with Selected Drug Use in Dogs: A Matched Case-Control Study}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.13649}, abstractNote={BackgroundThe cause of gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation in dogs currently is unknown. Many available drugs represent a newer generation of xenobiotics that may predispose dogs to GBM formation.ObjectiveTo determine if there is an association between the histologic diagnosis of GBM in dogs and administration of selected drugs.AnimalsEighty‐one dogs with a histologic diagnosis of GBM and 162 breed, age, and admission date‐matched control dogs from a single referral institution.MethodsMedical records of dogs with GBM and control dogs from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Owner verification of drug history was sought by a standard questionnaire. Reported use of heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives as well as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, analgesics, corticosteroids, or medications for treatment of osteoarthritis was recorded.ResultsDogs with GBM were 2.2 times as likely to have had reported use of thyroxine (as a proxy for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism) as control dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949–5.051), 3.6 times as likely to have had reported treatment for Cushing's disease (95% CI, 1.228–10.612), and 2.3 times as likely to have had reported use of products containing imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.094–4.723). Analysis of a data subset containing only Shetland sheepdogs (23 GBM and 46 control) indicated that Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation were 9.3 times as likely to have had reported use of imidacloprid as were control Shetland sheepdogs (95% CI, 1.103–78.239).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study provides evidence for an association between selected drug use and GBM formation in dogs. A larger epidemiologic study of Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation and exposure to imidacloprid is warranted.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Gookin, J. L. and Correa, M. T. and Peters, A. and Malueg, A. and Mathews, K. G. and Cullen, J. and Seiler, G.}, year={2015}, pages={1464–1472} }
 @article{mai_seiler_lindl-bylicki_zwingenberger_2015, title={CT AND MRI FEATURES OF CAROTID BODY PARAGANGLIOMAS IN 16 DOGS}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12254}, abstractNote={Carotid body tumors (paragangliomas) arise from chemoreceptors located at the carotid bifurcation. In imaging studies, this neoplasm may be confused with other neck neoplasms such as thyroid carcinoma. The purpose of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study was to describe computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of confirmed carotid body tumors in a multi‐institutional sample of dogs. A total of 16 dogs met inclusion criteria (14 examined using CT and two with MRI). The most common reason for imaging was a palpable cervical mass or respiratory signs (i.e., dyspnea or increased respiratory noises). The most commonly affected breed was Boston terrier (n = 5). Dogs were predominantly male castrated (n = 10) and the median age was 9 years [range 3–14.5]. Most tumors appeared as a large mass centered at the carotid bifurcation, with poor margination in six dogs and discrete margins in ten dogs. Masses were iso‐ to hypoattenuating to adjacent muscles in CT images and hyperintense to muscles in T1‐ and T2‐weighted MRI. For both CT and MRI, masses typically showed strong and heterogeneous contrast enhancement. There was invasion into the adjacent structures in 9/16 dogs. In six of these nine dogs, the basilar portion of the skull was affected. The external carotid artery was entrapped in seven dogs. There was invasion into the internal jugular vein in three dogs, and into the external jugular, maxillary, and linguo‐facial veins in one dog. Imaging characteristics helped explain some clinical presentations such as breathing difficulties, Horner's syndrome, head tilt, or facial nerve paralysis.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Mai, Wilfried and Seiler, Gabriela S. and Lindl-bylicki, Britany J. and Zwingenberger, Allison L.}, year={2015}, pages={374–383} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_labens_davis_daniel_griffith_seiler_2015, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF NATURALLY OCCURING TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES OF THE EQUINE DISTAL LIMB}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12284}, abstractNote={Compression elastography is an ultrasonographic technique that estimates tissue strain and may have utility in diagnosing and monitoring soft tissue injuries in the equine athlete. Recently, elastography has been proven to be a feasible and repeatable imaging modality for evaluating normal tendons and ligaments of the equine distal forelimb. The purposes of this prospective study were to investigate the ability of elastography to detect spontaneously occurring lesions of equine tendons and ligaments diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gray‐scale ultrasound (US) and to characterize the differences in the elastographic appearance of acute vs. chronic injuries. Fifty seven horses with a total of 65 lesions were evaluated. Images were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Acute lesions were found to be significantly softer (P < 0.0001) than chronic lesions (P < 0.0001) and the stiffness of lesions increased with progression of healing (P = 0.0138). A negative correlation between lesion hypoechogenicity and softness was appreciated with more hypoechoic lesions appearing softer (P = 0.0087) and more hyperechoic regions harder (P = 0.0002). A similar finding occurred with increased signal intensity on short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and proton density (PD) MRI sequences correlating with increased softness on elastography (P = 0.0164). Using US and MRI as references, commonly encountered soft tissue injuries of the equine distal limb could be detected with elastography. However, elastography was limited for detecting small, proximal injuries of the hindlimb proximal suspensory ligament. Elastographic evaluation of equine tendons and ligaments may allow better characterization of lesion chronicity and severity, and sequential examinations may optimize lesion management, rehabilitation, and return to training.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Davis, Weston and Daniel, Thomas M. and Griffith, Emily and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2015}, pages={670–679} }
 @article{kesimer_cullen_cao_radicioni_mathews_seiler_gookin_2015, title={Excess Secretion of Gel-Forming Mucins and Associated Innate Defense Proteins with Defective Mucin Un-Packaging Underpin Gallbladder Mucocele Formation in Dogs}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0138988}, abstractNote={Mucosal protection of the gallbladder is vital yet we know very little about the mechanisms involved. In domestic dogs, an emergent syndrome referred to as gallbladder mucocele formation is characterized by excessive secretion of abnormal mucus that results in obstruction and rupture of the gallbladder. The cause of gallbladder mucocele formation is unknown. In these first mechanistic studies of this disease, we investigated normal and mucocele-forming dog gallbladders to determine the source, identity, biophysical properties, and protein associates of the culprit mucins with aim to identify causes for abnormal mucus behavior. We established that mucocele formation involves an adoptive excess secretion of gel forming mucins with abnormal properties by the gallbladder epithelium. The mucus is characterized by a disproportionally significant increase in Muc5ac relative to Muc5b, defective mucin un-packaging, and mucin-interacting innate defense proteins that are capable of dramatically altering the physical and functional properties of mucus. These findings provide an explanation for abnormal mucus behavior and based on similarity to mucus observed in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis, suggest that abnormal mechanisms for maintenance of gallbladder epithelial hydration may be an instigating factor for mucocele formation in dogs.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Kesimer, Mehmet and Cullen, John and Cao, Rui and Radicioni, Giorgia and Mathews, Kyle G. and Seiler, Gabriela and Gookin, Jody L.}, year={2015}, month={Sep} }
 @article{mariani_jennings_olby_borst_brown_robertson_seiler_mackillop_2015, title={Histiocytic Sarcoma with Central Nervous System Involvement in Dogs: 19 Cases (2006-2012)}, volume={29}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12554}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12554}, abstractNote={BackgroundReports of histiocytic sarcoma (HS) involving the central nervous system (CNS) are sparse and consist mainly of case reports describing 1–3 animals.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to report the signalments, clinical signs, clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome of a series of dogs with HS and CNS involvement.AnimalsNineteen dogs with HS examined at veterinary referral hospitals.MethodsRetrospective case series. Medical records were reviewed and cases with a histopathological diagnosis of CNS HS were included in the study. Diagnostic imaging studies of the CNS were evaluated and histopathologic samples were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis.ResultsRetrievers and Pembroke Welsh Corgis were overrepresented in this cohort of dogs. Tumors involved the brain in 14 dogs and the spinal cord in 5. In 4 dogs, HS was part of a disseminated, multiorgan process whereas it appeared confined to the CNS in 15 dogs. Diagnostic imaging had variable appearances although extraaxial masses predominated in the brain. There was meningeal enhancement in all dogs that was often profound and remote from the primary mass lesion. Pleocytosis was present in all dogs with CSF evaluation. Median survival was 3 days.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBreed predispositions appear to vary from reports of HS in other organ systems. Some unique imaging and clinicopathologic characteristics, particularly brain herniation, profound meningeal enhancement, and pleocytosis in combination with 1 or more mass lesions, might help to differentiate this neoplasm from others involving the CNS, although this requires further study.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Mariani, C.L. and Jennings, M.K. and Olby, N.J. and Borst, L.B. and Brown, J.C., Jr and Robertson, I.D. and Seiler, G.S. and MacKillop, E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={607–613} }
 @article{lourenco_randall_seiler_lunn_2015, title={Abdominal ultrasonographic findings in acromegalic cats}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1532-2750"]}, DOI={10.1177/1098612x14556847}, abstractNote={Objectives Acromegaly is increasingly recognized as a cause of insulin resistance in cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). The objective of this study was to determine if ultrasonographic changes in selected abdominal organs of acromegalic cats could be used to raise the index of suspicion for this condition. Methods In this retrospective case-control study, medical records of cats presenting to North Carolina State University or Colorado State University from January 2002 to October 2012 were reviewed. Cats were included in the acromegaly group if they had insulin-resistant DM with increased serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) concentrations and had an abdominal ultrasound examination performed with report available. A control group included age-matched cats that had abdominal ultrasound examination performed for investigation of disease unlikely to involve the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas or liver. Results Twenty-four cats were included in each group. IGF-1 concentrations in the acromegaly group ranged from >148 to 638 nmol/l. When compared with age-matched controls, cats with acromegaly demonstrated significantly increased median left and right kidney length, significantly increased median left and right adrenal gland thickness, and significantly increased median pancreatic thickness. Hepatomegaly and bilateral adrenomegaly were reported in 63% and 53% of acromegalic cats, respectively, and in none of the controls. Pancreatic abnormalities were described in 88% of the acromegalic cats and 8% of the controls. Conclusions and relevance These findings indicate that compared with non-acromegalic cats, age-matched acromegalic patients have measurably larger kidneys, adrenal glands and pancreas. Diagnostic testing for acromegaly should be considered in poorly regulated diabetic cats exhibiting organomegaly on abdominal ultrasound examination. }, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF FELINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Lourenco, Bianca N. and Randall, Elissa and Seiler, Gabriela and Lunn, Katharine F.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={698–703} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_schnabel_prange_seiler_2016, title={Navigational ultrasound imaging: A novel imaging tool for aiding interventional therapies of equine musculoskeletal injuries}, volume={48}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.1111/evj.12410}, abstractNote={SummaryReasons for performing studyNavigational ultrasound imaging, also known as fusion imaging, is a novel technology that allows real‐time ultrasound imaging to be correlated with a previously acquired computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. It has been used in man to aid interventional therapies and has been shown to be valuable for sampling and assessing lesions diagnosed with MRI or CT that are equivocal on ultrasonography. To date, there are no reports of the use of this modality in veterinary medicine.ObjectivesTo assess whether navigational ultrasound imaging can be used to assist commonly performed interventional therapies for the treatment of equine musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI and determine the appropriateness of regional anatomical landmarks as registration sites.Study designRetrospective, descriptive clinical study.MethodsHorses with musculoskeletal injuries of the distal limb diagnosed with MRI scheduled for ultrasound‐guided interventional therapies were evaluated (n = 17 horses with a total of 29 lesions). Anatomical landmarks used for image registration for the navigational procedure were documented. Accuracy of lesion location and success of the procedure were assessed subjectively and described using a grading scale.ResultsAll procedures were accurately registered using regional anatomical landmarks and considered successful based on our criteria. Anatomical landmarks were described for each lesion type. The addition of navigational imaging was considered to greatly aid the procedures in 59% of cases and added information to the remainder of the procedures. The technique was considered to improve the precision of these interventional procedures.ConclusionsNavigational ultrasound imaging is a complementary imaging modality that can be used for the treatment of equine soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries diagnosed with MRI.}, number={2}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Lustgarten, M. and Redding, W. R. and Schnabel, L. V. and Prange, T. and Seiler, G. S.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{lustgarten_redding_labens_morgan_davis_seiler_2014, title={ELASTOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METACARPAL TENDONS IN HORSES WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF TENDON INJURY}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12104}, abstractNote={Tendon and ligament injuries are common causes of impaired performance in equine athletes. Gray‐scale ultrasonography is the current standard method for diagnosing and monitoring these injuries, however this modality only provides morphologic information. Elastography is an ultrasound technique that allows detection and measurement of tissue strain, and may provide valuable mechanical information about equine tendon and ligament injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, reproducibility, and repeatability of elastography; and to describe elastographic characteristics of metacarpal tendons in sound horses. Nineteen legs for 17 clinically sound horses without evidence of musculoskeletal pathology were included. Elastographic images of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the branches of the suspensory ligament (tendon of the interosseous muscle) were described quantitatively and qualitatively. There was no statistically significant difference between operators (P = 0.86) nor within operators (P = 0.93). For qualitative assessments, reproducibility (0.46) was moderate and repeatability (0.78) was good. Similar to human Achilles tendons, equine tendons were classified as predominantly hard using elastography. There was no statistically significant difference in stiffness of the flexor tendons (P = 0.96). No significant difference in stiffness was found with altered leg position during standing (P = 0.84) and while nonweight bearing (P = 0.61). The flexor tendons were softer when imaged in longitudinal versus transverse planes (P < 0.01) however, the suspensory branches were not (P = 0.67). Findings supported future clinical application of elastography as a noninvasive “stall‐side” imaging modality for evaluation of the tendons and ligaments of the distal forelimb in horses.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Lustgarten, Meghann and Redding, W. Rich and Labens, Raphael and Morgan, Michel and Davis, Weston and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={92–101} }
 @article{ryan_glass_seiler_zwingenberger_mai_2014, title={MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH LATERAL CEREBRAL VENTRICULOMEGALY IN ENGLISH BULLDOGS}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/vru.12123}, abstractNote={Multiple congenital or developmental anomalies associated with the central nervous system have been reported in English Bulldogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify and describe the prevalence and MRI characteristics of these anomalies and their association with presence and degree of cerebral ventriculomegaly. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of 50 English Bulldogs were evaluated. Forty‐eight dogs had some degree of cerebral ventriculomegaly, 27 of which had an otherwise normal brain. Presence of lateral ventriculomegaly was not significantly associated with presence of another intracranial lesion. Appearance of the septum pellucidum was variable, ranging from intact to incomplete or completely absent. The corpus callosum was subjectively thinned in all but three dogs, two of which had normal lateral ventricles. Fusion of the rostral colliculi was not found in any dog. A persistent craniopharyngeal canal was identified in one dog. Aqueductal stenosis caused by fusion of the rostral colliculi was not identified in any dog. Findings indicated that cerebral ventriculomegaly is a common finding in English Bulldogs with or without other intracranial lesions, aqueductal stenosis caused by fusion of the rostral colliculi is unlikely to be a common etiology leading to obstructive hydrocephalus, and a large craniopharyngeal canal is a rare finding that has unknown clinical significance at this time.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Ryan, Christopher T. and Glass, Eric N. and Seiler, Gabriela and Zwingenberger, Allison L. and Mai, Wilfried}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={292–299} }
 @article{seiler_brown_reetz_taeymans_bucknoff_rossi_ohlerth_alder_rademacher_drost_et al._2013, title={Safety of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs and cats: 488 cases (2002-2011)}, volume={242}, number={9}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Seiler, G. S. and Brown, J. C. and Reetz, J. A. and Taeymans, O. and Bucknoff, M. and Rossi, F. and Ohlerth, S. and Alder, D. and Rademacher, N. and Drost, T. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={1255–1259} }
 @article{seiler_robertson_mai_widmer_suran_nemanic_lamb_lang_johnson_thrall_2012, title={USEFULNESS OF A HALF-FOURIER ACQUISITION SINGLE-SHOT TURBO SPIN-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCE IN IDENTIFYING ARACHNOID DIVERTICULA IN DOGS}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01893.x}, abstractNote={Single‐shot turbo spin‐echo sequences are heavily T2‐weighted sequences that are exceptionally well suited to evaluate the subarachnoid space. In the T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo sequences that are used routinely in spinal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the subarachnoid space is not well differentiated from the surrounding epidural fat, which could lead to decreased detection of lesions of the subarachnoid space such as arachnoid diverticula. Our purpose was to determine the added value of a single‐shot turbo spin‐echo sequence in identifying cystic lesions of the subarachnoid space in dogs. MR images of six dogs with a confirmed arachnoid diverticulum and 24 dogs with other spinal disease were included. Six observers were asked to interpret only T2‐weighted images initially, and in a second session, T2‐weighted and half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) sequences. The MR images were anonymized, and no signalment, history, or clinical information was provided. Without the HASTE sequences, 25% of arachnoid diverticula were identified. Adding the HASTE sequence increased the diagnosis of arachnoid diverticulum to 52.8%. The resulting difference, after adding the HASTE sequence, of 27.8% was statistically significant (P = 0.002). No false‐positive diagnoses of arachnoid diverticulum were made with either sequence. Although sensitivity in this study was likely artificially low, the significantly increased detection rate of arachnoid diverticula when using HASTE imaging indicates that this sequence is a valuable addition to MR imaging protocols for the canine spine.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Robertson, Ian D. and Mai, Wilfried and Widmer, William R. and Suran, Jantra and Nemanic, Sarah and Lamb, Christopher R. and Lang, Johann and Johnson, Jeffrey L. and Thrall, Donald E.}, year={2012}, pages={157–161} }
 @article{seiler_salmon_mantuo_feingold_dayton_gilger_2011, title={Effect and Distribution of Contrast Medium after Injection into the Anterior Suprachoroidal Space in Ex Vivo Eyes}, volume={52}, ISSN={1552-5783}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-7525}, DOI={10.1167/iovs.11-7525}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
To determine the effects and posterior distribution of injections made into the anterior suprachoroidal space (SCS).


METHODS
The anterior SCS of adult porcine and canine ex vivo eyes was cannulated. Latex injections and high frequency ultrasound (50 MHz) was used to image the effect and distension of the SCS. Flow characteristics and percentage maximal distribution of microbubble contrast injection into the SCS were assessed by 2D and 3D ultrasound.


RESULTS
Mean (SD) distension of the SCS with PBS increased from 1.57 (0.48) mm after injection of 250 μL to 3.28 (0.57) mm with 1000 μL PBS. Eyes injected at physiologic IOP had no significant difference in SCS distension. In real-time 2D ultrasound, the contrast agent flowed from the injection site to the opposite ventral anterior SCS and the posterior SCS. Contrast arrived at the opposite and posterior SCS 7.8 (4.6) and 7.7 (4.6) seconds after injection, respectively. In sagittal images, contrast was visible in 24.0%to 27.2% of the SCS; in 10 of 12 eyes, contrast reached the posterior pole of the eye. In 3D images, contrast medium occupied 39.0% to 52.1% of the entire SCS.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the SCS can expand, in a dose-dependent manner, to accommodate various volumes of fluid and that it is possible to image the SCS with ultrasound contrast. The authors' hypothesis that a single anterior SCS injection can reach the ocular posterior segment was supported. Further development of SCS injections for treatment of the ocular posterior segment is warranted.}, number={8}, journal={Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science}, publisher={Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Mantuo, Rebecca and Feingold, Steven and Dayton, Paul A. and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={5730} }
 @article{cervera_mai_vite_johnson_dayrell-hart_seiler_2011, title={COMPARATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS BETWEEN GLIOMAS AND PRESUMED CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS IN DOGS}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01749.x}, abstractNote={Cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, and gliomas are common intraaxial brain lesions in dogs. An accurate differentiation of these two lesions is necessary for prognosis and treatment decisions. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of 21 dogs with a presumed cerebrovascular accident and 17 with a glioma were compared. MR imaging findings were reviewed retrospectively by three observers unaware of the final diagnosis. Statistically significant differences between the appearance of gliomas and cerebrovascular accidents were identified based on lesion location, size, mass effect, perilesional edema, and appearance of the apparent diffusion coefficient map. Gliomas were predominantly located in the cerebrum (76%) compared with presumed cerebrovascular accidents that were located mainly in the cerebellum, thalamus, caudate nucleus, midbrain, and brainstem (76%). Gliomas were significantly larger compared with presumed cerebrovascular accidents and more commonly associated with mass effect and perilesional edema. Wedge‐shaped lesions were seen only in 19% of presumed cerebrovascular accidents. Between the three observers, 10–47% of the presumed cerebrovascular accidents were misdiagnosed as gliomas, and 0–12% of the gliomas were misdiagnosed as cerebrovascular accidents. Diffusion weighted imaging increased the accuracy of the diagnosis for both lesions. Agreement between observers was moderate (κ=0.48, P<0.01).}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Cervera, Vicente and Mai, Wilfried and Vite, Charles H. and Johnson, Victoria and Dayrell-Hart, Betsy and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2011}, pages={33–40} }
 @article{suran_durham_mai_seiler_2011, title={CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF EXTRADURAL COMPRESSIVE MATERIAL ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01734.x}, abstractNote={Gadolinium‐enhancement of compressive extradural material is detected occasionally with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in dogs. Our goal was to characterize contrast enhancement of extradural compressive material associated with intervertebral disc herniation, and to evaluate the association between enhancement and histopathologic findings and the onset of clinical signs. Ninety‐three dogs with a total of 99 lesions diagnosed as intervertebral disc herniation on MR imaging were assessed. Images were evaluated for lesion location, type of herniation, degree of compression, intramedullary T2‐weighted (T2W) intensities, and contrast enhancement. In 23 dogs, surgically removed compressive material was evaluated histopathologically for hemorrhage, inflammation, neovascularization, fibroplasia, fibrosis, mineralization, necrosis, and chronicity. Contrast enhancement of extradural compressive material, meninges, and both the compressive materials and meninges was present in 51.5%, 39.4%, and 17.2% of lesions, respectively. Extradural enhancement occurred more frequently in extrusions than protrusions (P=0.001). Meningeal enhancement and more severe neurologic deficits were significantly associated with a shorter duration of clinical signs (P=0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Intramedullary T2W hyperintensities, present with 44.4% of lesions, were associated with more severe neurologic deficits (P=0.001). Lesions with extradural enhancement were more often considered subacute to chronic in duration and more frequently associated with hemorrhage compared with nonenhancing material; however, no statistically significant association was established between contrast enhancement and histopathologic findings. Contrast enhancement of extradural compressive material and the meninges was found to be common with intervertebral disc herniation, and should not be interpreted as a specific sign of a mass lesion such as neoplasia.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Suran, Jantra Ngosuwan and Durham, Amy and Mai, Wilfried and Seiler, Gabriela S.}, year={2011}, pages={10–16} }
 @article{kinns_aronson_hauptman_seiler_2010, title={CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND OF THE FELINE KIDNEY}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01646.x}, abstractNote={Contrast-enhanced ultrasound offers a noninvasive means of subjectively and quantitatively evaluating renal perfusion in cats with renal disease, or in renal transplant patients. In this study, we characterized the pattern of ultrasonographic contrast enhancement in 16 normal feline kidneys in eight cats using contrast-enhanced power Doppler and contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound techniques. Mean time to peak contrast enhancement for the whole kidney was longer using contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound (16.8s, SD 4.7s) than contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasound (12.2s, SD 1.8s). The time to peak enhancement for the cortex alone in contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound was 13s (SD 3.2s), and for the renal medulla was 25.5s (SD 8.7s). The half time for washout of contrast agent was 39s (SD 14.5s) for contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound. The pattern of contrast enhancement in these normal feline kidneys can be used as normal reference values for the evaluation of clinical patients. Contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasound may allow the differentiation between cortical and medullary perfusion patterns.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Kinns, Jennifer and Aronson, Lilian and Hauptman, Joe and Seiler, Gabriela}, year={2010}, pages={168–172} }
 @article{seiler_robertson_mukundan_thrall_2011, title={IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PULSATILITY ARTIFACT IN THE CANINE CERVICAL SPINE}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1740-8261"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01769.x}, abstractNote={Pulsatile venous flow in the internal vertebral venous plexus of the cervical spine can lead to vertical, linear T2‐hyperintensities in the spinal cord at the cranial aspect of C3 and C4 in transverse T2‐weighted images in large breed dogs that are not accompanied by ghosting. The artifact is more conspicuous in pre‐ and postcontrast transverse T1‐weighted images and is accompanied by ghosting in that sequence, typical of a pulsatility artifact. A flow‐related artifact was confirmed as the cause for this appearance by noting its absence after either exchange of phase and frequency encoding direction or by flow compensation. Care should be exercised to avoid misdiagnosing this pulsatility artifact seen in transverse T2‐weighted images of the midcervical spine in large dogs as an intramedullary lesion when T1‐images or phase‐swap images are not available to confirm its artifactual origin.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Robertson, Ian D. and Mukundan, Srinivasan and Thrall, Donald E.}, year={2011}, pages={313–316} }
 @article{seiler_rhodes_cianciolo_casal_2010, title={ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CAIRN TERRIERS WITH PRECLINICAL RENAL DYSPLASIA}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01674.x}, abstractNote={Renal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal differentiation of renal tissue. The ultrasonographic appearance of dysplastic canine kidneys has been reported in the late stage of the disease where inflammatory and degenerative changes are already present and the dogs are in chronic renal failure. In this study, we describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the kidneys of five related Cairn Terriers affected with renal dysplasia before the onset of clinical or laboratory evidence of renal failure. Common findings included poor corticomedullary definition and multifocal hyperechoic speckles in the renal medulla, or a diffusely hyperechoic medulla. Severity of ultrasonographic changes was related to the severity of histopathologic findings. The ability to detect dysplastic changes before clinical signs develop makes ultrasound a potentially useful screening method for canine renal dysplasia.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Seiler, Gabriela S. and Rhodes, James and Cianciolo, Rachel and Casal, Margret L.}, year={2010}, pages={453–457} }