@article{carnevale_muro_leal_alves_monteiro_gomes_pereira_ferreira_neta_watanabe_et al._2024, title={The effects of feeding sows at onset of farrowing supplemental energy (blend of carbohydrates and glycerol) on farrowing kinetics and piglet vitality}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1751-732X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.animal.2024.101104}, abstractNote={Delivering piglets is one of the most energy demanding activities sows undergo in their lifetime. Sows can have myometrial contractions from two to 12 hours before the first piglet is expelled as well as a nest building behavior. Thus, when the first piglet is delivered the female has already used part of her energy supply. When the sow gets exhausted due to lack of energy, the farrowing process can be interrupted, causing damage to the viability and vitality of the piglets. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of feeding sows an energy supplement at onset of farrowing on farrowing kinetics and piglet vitality. The energy supplement consisted of a blend of carbohydrates and glycerol which provides 43,9 kJ of metabolizable energy per kg of metabolic weight. A total of 180 sows were used. At onset of farrowing, sows were assigned to one of the following treatments: sows that were not supplied energy at the onset of farrowing, serving as controls (CON, n = 85); sows fed the energy supplement at the onset of farrowing (ESP, n = 95). Farrowing kinetics, blood glucose concentration, and piglet vitality were recorded for each sow. Blood glucose concentration was assessed by puncturing the auricular vein and using a portable glucometer at four different time points: after the birth of the 1st piglet (T0), and at 20 (T20), 40 (T40), 80 (T80), and 180 (T180) minutes after the birth of the 1st piglet. The vitality of the 1st, 6th, 12th, 17th, and 20th piglet born was evaluated using the Apgar score. Piglet birth weight and average colostrum intake were measured. The farrowing duration was 20 min shorter (P < 0.05) for ESP sows in comparison with CON sows. Sows from ESP treatment had higher (P ≤ 0.05) blood glucose concentration at T20 and T40 compared to the CON sows. The inter-piglet birth interval was shorten (P < 0.05) by 14 min between the 1st and 2nd piglet for the ESP treatment. The 17th and 20th piglets born from ESP sows had higher (P < 0.05) Apgar score compared to piglets of the same birth order from CON sows. Colostrum intake was higher (P < 0.01) for piglets born from ESP sows. Litter growth performance did not differ (P > 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a blend of carbohydrates and glycerol as energy supplement for farrowing sows improved farrowing kinetics and piglet vitality score.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL}, author={Carnevale, R. F. and Muro, B. B. D. and Leal, D. F. and Alves, L. K. S. and Monteiro, M. S. and Gomes, N. A. C. and Pereira, F. A. and Ferreira, F. N. A. and Neta, C. S. S. and Watanabe, T. T. N. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{muro_carnevale_monteiro_yao_ferreira_neta_pereira_maes_janssens_almond_et al._2023, title={A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Creep Feeding Effects on Piglet Pre- and Post-Weaning Performance}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani13132156}, abstractNote={In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the effects of providing piglets with creep feed during lactation on piglet pre- and post-weaning performance. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Creep feeding in lactation improved pre-weaning piglet performance in 46% of the studies selected, while 58% of the included studies reported that creep feeding in lactation improved piglet performance during the nursery phase. Creep feeding increased the average piglet body weight (creep = 7.23 ± 0.30, no creep = 6.96 ± 0.31; p = 0.03) and litter weight (creep = 81.2 ± 4.18, no creep = 76.4 ± 4.22; p < 0.001) at weaning. The average piglet body weight and litter weight were positively associated (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) with total creep feed intake. Creep feeding of piglets for more than 14 days increased (p = 0.003) the litter weight at weaning compared to litters not provided or provided for shorter periods with creep feed. The present work strengthened the notion that creep feeding during lactation presents opportunities for improving weaning weights and post-weaning piglet performance compared to litters not provided or provided for shorter periods with creep feed.}, number={13}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Muro, Bruno B. D. and Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Monteiro, Matheus S. and Yao, Renjie and Ferreira, Felipe N. A. and Neta, Clarice S. S. and Pereira, Francisco A. and Maes, Dominiek and Janssens, Geert P. J. and Almond, Glen W. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kittle_leonard_knauer_almond_2023, title={Comparison of Ammonia Concentrations Between Flush and Pull-Plug Waste Management Systems in Wean-Finish Swine Barns.}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skad068.139}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kittle, J. and Leonard, Suzanne M. and Knauer, Mark and Almond, Glen}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{carnevale_muro_pierozan_monteiro_leal_poor_alves_gomes_silva_maes_et al._2023, title={Peripheral glycemia and farrowing traits in pigs: An observational study}, volume={270}, ISSN={["1878-0490"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105203}, abstractNote={Monitoring and maintaining adequate glycemia is pivotal to an optimal farrowing process benefiting sows and newborn piglets. The present observational study was performed to (1) evaluate if the peripheral glycemia (measured on ear vein) of sows at the onset of farrowing is related to farrowing traits and to (2) identify and quantify factors associated with peripheral glycemia and the interactions with farrowing kinetics. To this end, datasets with farm characteristics and sow farrowing data from four different farms were used. All sows were closely monitored during farrowing starting from the birth of the first piglet to the expulsion of the placenta. Farrowing duration (FD) was defined as the time elapsed between the birth of the first-born and the last-born piglet in the litter. Fasting period, defined as the time from the last meal until onset of farrowing, was recorded. Glycemia was assessed with a portable glucometer. The measurement was performed immediately after the birth of the first piglets, considered as the initial glycemia (IGly) and at the end of farrowing, considered as the final glycemia (FGly). The data were screened for correlations. Traits that were correlated with the glycemia at p < 0.2 were included in a multivariate regression model. The use of oxytocin, manual assistance, and IGly were negatively associated with farrowing duration (p < 0.05), whereas total piglets born and parity were positively associated to farrowing duration (p < 0.05). Fasting period was negatively associated with IGly (p < 0.05). Further, sows were classified based on their IGly in three groups according to quartile distribution. High group: initial glycemia ≥ 4.72mMol/L; Intermediate group: initial glycemia ≥ 4mMol/L and ≤ 4.71mMol/L; Low group: initial glycemia ≤ 3.99mMol/L. Sows in categories of high and intermediate IGly did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05) in their average FGly (5.06 ± 0.13 mMol/L and 4.64 ± 0.12 mMol/L, respectively). IGly can be used as a tool to identify sows more prone to prolonged FD. The results demonstrate that glucose metabolism varies with farrowing traits and is dependent on the glycemia at the onset of farrowing.}, journal={LIVESTOCK SCIENCE}, author={Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Muro, Bruno B. D. and Pierozan, Carlos R. and Monteiro, Matheus S. and Leal, Diego F. and Poor, Andre P. and Alves, Laya K. S. and Gomes, Nadia A. C. and Silva, Caio A. and Maes, Dominiek and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{brown_walthart_pieters_almond_bowman_bromfield_karriker_zhitnitskiy_2023, title={Swine Medicine Education: A Survey of North American and Caribbean Veterinary Colleges Curricula}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, DOI={10.3138/jvme-2023-0086}, abstractNote={ Numerous demands on the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine training program have the potential to reduce the amount of time allocated to food animal species in general, including swine medicine, despite it being a key component of veterinary education. The objective of this study was to describe swine medicine training opportunities at North American and Caribbean veterinary education institutions. A 21-question survey was developed and distributed to veterinary colleges across North America and the Caribbean. The survey was available from October 2021 to March 2022, and one response was accepted per institution. Seventy-four percent of contacted institutions completed the survey, representing 29 veterinary colleges located in the United States, Canada, or the Caribbean. Responses were aggregated, analyzed, and grouped by topic: institution opportunities, curriculum opportunities, clinical opportunities, and faculty involvement in the swine medicine curricula. There was substantial variation among institutions in the delivery and resources allocated to swine medicine specific curricula. Swine veterinarians help ensure the health and well-being of animals and food safety. More research is required to evaluate the outcomes of the currently available opportunities. Concurrently, veterinary education institutions should prevent the attrition of swine educational programs by investing in the support and development of swine opportunities for students. }, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Brown, Justin T. and Walthart, Becca K. and Pieters, Maria and Almond, Glen W. and Bowman, Andrew S. and Bromfield, Corinne R. and Karriker, Locke A. and Zhitnitskiy, Perle E.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{kick_grete_crisci_almond_käser_2023, title={Testable Candidate Immune Correlates of Protection for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccination}, volume={11}, ISSN={2076-393X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030594}, DOI={10.3390/vaccines11030594}, abstractNote={Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an on-going problem for the worldwide pig industry. Commercial and experimental vaccinations often demonstrate reduced pathology and improved growth performance; however, specific immune correlates of protection (CoP) for PRRSV vaccination have not been quantified or even definitively postulated: proposing CoP for evaluation during vaccination and challenge studies will benefit our collective efforts towards achieving protective immunity. Applying the breadth of work on human diseases and CoP to PRRSV research, we advocate four hypotheses for peer review and evaluation as appropriate testable CoP: (i) effective class-switching to systemic IgG and mucosal IgA neutralizing antibodies is required for protective immunity; (ii) vaccination should induce virus-specific peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production with central memory and effector memory phenotypes; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) proliferation and IFN-γ production with a CCR7- phenotype that should migrate to the lung; (iii) nursery, finishing, and adult pigs will have different CoP; (iv) neutralizing antibodies provide protection and are rather strain specific; T cells confer disease prevention/reduction and possess greater heterologous recognition. We believe proposing these four CoP for PRRSV can direct future vaccine design and improve vaccine candidate evaluation.}, number={3}, journal={Vaccines}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kick, Andrew R. and Grete, Alicyn F. and Crisci, Elisa and Almond, Glen W. and Käser, Tobias}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={594} }
 @misc{monteiro_muro_carnevale_poor_araujo_viana_almond_moreno_garbossa_leal_2023, title={The beneficial effects of providing prepartum sows with nesting materials on farrowing traits, piglet performance and maternal behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis}, volume={259}, ISSN={["1872-9045"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105795}, abstractNote={Sows are highly motivated to engage in nest-building behavior prior to farrowing. Studies have shown that providing nesting material to farrowing sows reduces the occurrence of redirected nest-building behaviors, improves farrowing traits and maternal behavior, and decreases pre-weaning mortality. However, in some studies, access to nesting material had no effect on farrowing traits and piglet performance. Further, sow response to nest materials are largely variable among studies, mainly influenced by the type and quantity of nesting material provided and farrowing system. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out to evaluate the effects of the provision of nesting materials on farrowing performance, maternal behavior, and piglet performance. A total of 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Nest-building behavior was enhanced when nesting material was provided. The systematic review indicates that sows supplied with nesting material had reduced pre-farrowing redirected nest-building behavior and reduced postural changes during farrowing. Sows provided with nesting material had increased nursing bouts and had better response to piglet distress call. An increase (P = 0.03) in the number of piglets born alive were observed for sows provided with nesting material. Provision of nesting materials reduced (P < 0.05) piglet birth interval and pre-weaning mortality. The use of straw or lucerne hay as nest materials reduced (P < 0.05) stillbirth rate and pre-weaning mortality. The use of man-made materials (e.g., hessian, jute, or burlap sacks) tended to reduce stillbirth rate (P = 0.06). Provision of nesting materials had no effect (P > 0.05) on weaning weight. The present study strengthened the hypothesis that provision of nesting material to sows prior to farrowing increases sow maternal care traits and piglet performance. • Provide nesting material is essential to increase pre-partal sows-welfare; • Nesting materials reduce stereotypes and postural changes during pre and -farrowing; • Nesting material increase born alive and maternal carefulness after farrowing; • Provide nesting material reduces piglets birth-interval and pre-weaning mortality; • Straw or lucerne reduces stillbirth and man-made materials tend to reduce stillbirth.}, journal={APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE}, author={Monteiro, Matheus S. and Muro, Bruno B. D. and Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Poor, Andre P. and Araujo, Kawany M. and Viana, Carlos H. C. and Almond, Glen W. and Moreno, Andrea M. and Garbossa, Cesar A. P. and Leal, Diego F.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{donatelli muro_rodrigues oliveira_carnevale_leal_monteiro_poor_pereira_souza_ferreira_almond_et al._2022, title={Altrenogest Supplementation during Early Pregnancy Improves Reproductive Outcome in Pigs}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani12141801}, abstractNote={Progesterone plays an important role in initial conceptus development and in a successful pregnancy, but results related to progesterone or its analogues (altrenogest) supplementation in early pregnancy of pigs are conflicting. The present study evaluated the effects of altrenogest supplementation in sows during days 6 and 12 of pregnancy on reproductive performance. On day 6 of pregnancy, 301 females were allocated at random to one of the following treatments: CON (Control: non-supplemented females, n = 163) or ALT (females daily supplemented with 20 mg of altrenogest, orally, from day 6 to 12 of pregnancy, n = 138). Ovulation was considered as occurred at 48 h after the first estrus detection to standardize the first day of pregnancy. The supplementation increased the number of total piglets born (ALT: 17.3 ± 0.4; CON: 16.6 ± 0.4), piglets born alive (ALT: 15.6 ± 0.4; CON: 14.8 ± 0.3), and placenta weight (ALT: 4.2 ± 0.1; CON: 3.8 ± 0.1) and decreased the stillbirth rate (ALT: 5.9 ± 0.6; CON: 7.6 ± 0.6) and the number of piglets born weighing less than 800 g (ALT: 6.6 ± 0.6; CON: 8.0 ± 0.6), without impairment on farrowing rate. These results demonstrated that altrenogest supplementation on swine females between days 6 and 12 of pregnancy may be used to improve reproductive performance.}, number={14}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Donatelli Muro, Bruno Bracco and Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana Clara and Carnevale, Rafaella Fernandes and Leal, Diego Feitosa and Monteiro, Matheus Saliba and Poor, Andre Pegoraro and Pereira, Francisco Alves and Souza, Leury Jesus and Ferreira, Juliana Bonin and Almond, Glen William and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{patterson_brown_almond_ramirez_pittman_pieters_bowman_karriker_zhitnitskiy_2022, title={Challenges and opportunities in modern swine veterinary education}, volume={260}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.21.10.0443}, abstractNote={IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented challenges to veterinary education. As the public health situation worsened, veterinary colleges and schools across North America adapted rapidly to continue teaching and mentoring their students. This required a close examination of veterinary curriculums to prioritize efforts to adequately prepare future veterinarians for their careers. As part of the examination, the appropriate role of swine veterinary medicine in modern curricula needed to be defined and updated. As a new normality emerges, it is critically important that both a basic understanding of swine medicine, as well as opportunities for advanced swine learning and clinical skill}, number={7}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Patterson, Gilbert and Brown, Justin T. and Almond, Glen W. and Ramirez, Alejandro and Pittman, Jeremy and Pieters, Maria and Bowman, Andrew S. and Karriker, Locke A. and Zhitnitskiy, Perle E.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={711–713} }
 @misc{monteiro_muro_poor_leal_carnevale_shiroma_almond_garbossa_moreno_viana_2022, title={Effects of farrowing induction with prostaglandins on farrowing traits and piglet performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis}, volume={180}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.010}, abstractNote={Induction of farrowing with prostaglandins is a way of increasing farrowing supervision and to provide adequate care for piglets in the first hours of life. However, some studies observed negative effects associated with induction, including decreased piglet viability, reduced birth weight and decreased colostrum yield. Furthermore, the farrowing response of sows to prostaglandins treatment varies among studies, largely influenced by the induction protocol applied. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of farrowing induction with prostaglandins on stillbirth rate, birth weight, pre-weaning mortality, weaning weight, farrowing duration and colostrum and milk characteristics as well as the farrowing response to prostaglandin treatment. The interval from farrowing induction to onset of farrowing (IFIOF) was 31 h, and a twice application of prostaglandin increased by 37% the proportion of sows farrowing during the next working day. Prostaglandins had no effect on farrowing duration (P > 0.05). Piglet birth weight and weaning weight were only decreased (P < 0.05) when farrowing was induced ≥3 days before the expected farrowing date (based on herd average or in gestational length of the control group). Induction three or two days before the expected farrowing date had no effect on stillbirth rate; conversely, stillbirth rate was reduced by 28% (P < 0.05) when induction was performed one day before the expected farrowing date. Farrowing induction had no influence on pre-weaning mortality. The present study strengthened the observations that farrowing induction with prostaglandins is a valuable tool to reduce gestational length variation and to synchronize farrowing during the working day, allowing better assistance to sows and piglets. To obtain the maximum benefit of farrowing induction, it is recommended that induction should be performed one or two days before the expected farrowing date.}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Monteiro, Matheus S. and Muro, Bruno B. D. and Poor, Andre P. and Leal, Diego F. and Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Shiroma, Marina P. and Almond, Glen W. and Garbossa, Cesar A. P. and Moreno, Andrea M. and Viana, Carlos H. C.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{leal_viana_almond_monteiro_garbossa_carnevale_muro_poor_pugliesi_nichi_et al._2022, title={Estrus Synchronization of Replacement Gilts Using Estradiol Cipionate and PGF(2 alpha) and Its Effects on Reproductive Outcomes}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-2615"]}, DOI={10.3390/ani12233393}, abstractNote={In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of using estrogen-induced prolonged luteal function followed by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) treatment to synchronize estrus in gilts. On day12 of the estrus cycle (D0 = first day of standing estrus), 52 gilts were assigned at random to two experimental groups: non-treated gilts (CON, n = 22), serving as controls, and prolonged luteal function group (CYP, n = 30), receiving a single treatment with 10 mg of estradiol cypionate intramuscularly Starting on day 12, blood samples were collected for estradiol and progesterone assays. Estrus detection started on day 17. Gilts from the CON group were inseminated at the onset of natural estrus. On day 28 CYP gilts were treated with PGF2α to induce luteolysis and inseminated at the onset of estrus. Gilts were slaughtered 5 d after the last insemination. A single treatment with estradiol cypionate prolonged luteal function in 90% of treated gilts. The duration of the estrous cycle was longer (p < 0.0001) for CYP gilts compared to CON gilts. CYP gilts showed synchronized estrus 3.96 ± 0.19 d after induction of luteolysis. The conception rate was similar (p = 0.10) for CON and CYP gilts. No difference was observed in the embryo recovery rate (p = 0.18) and total number of embryos per female (p = 0.06). The percentage of unfertilized oocytes, fragmented embryos and viable embryos was similar among females from CON and CYP groups (p > 0.05). The treatment of gilts with a single application of 10 mg of estradiol cypionate on day 12 of the estrous cycle was effective in prolonging luteal function and treatment with PGF2α resulted in synchronized estrus. Additionally, the synchronization protocol had no deleterious effect on fertility and embryonic development.}, number={23}, journal={ANIMALS}, author={Leal, Diego Feitosa and Viana, Carlos Henrique Cabral and Almond, Glen William and Monteiro, Matheus Saliba and Garbossa, Cesar Augusto Pospissil and Carnevale, Rafaella Fernandes and Muro, Bruno Bracco Donatelli and Poor, Andre Pegoraro and Pugliesi, Guilherme and Nichi, Marcilio and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{proctor_wolf_brodsky_cortes_frias-de-diego_almond_crisci_negrão watanabe_hammer_käser_2022, title={Heterologous vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and immune correlates of protection of a modified-live virus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine}, volume={13}, ISSN={1664-302X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.977796}, DOI={10.3389/fmicb.2022.977796}, abstractNote={Although porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines have been available in North America for almost 30 years, many vaccines face a significant hurdle: they must provide cross-protection against the highly diverse PRRSV strains. This cross-protection, or heterologous vaccine efficacy, relies greatly on the vaccine’s ability to induce a strong immune response against various strains—heterologous immunogenicity. Thus, this study investigated vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity of a modified live virus (MLV) against four heterologous type 2 PRRSV (PRRSV-2) strains. In this study, 60 pigs were divided into 10 groups. Half were MOCK-vaccinated, and the other half vaccinated with the Prevacent® PRRS MLV vaccine. Four weeks after vaccination, groups were challenged with either MOCK, or four PRRSV-2 strains from three different lineages—NC174 or NADC30 (both lineage 1), VR2332 (lineage 5), or NADC20 (lineage 8). Pre-and post-challenge, lung pathology, viral loads in both nasal swabs and sera, anti-PRRSV IgA/G, neutralizing antibodies, and the PRRSV-2 strain-specific T-cell response were evaluated. At necropsy, the lung samples were collected to assess viral loads, macroscopical and histopathological findings, and IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung lesions were only induced by NC174, NADC20, and NADC30; within these, vaccination resulted in lower gross and microscopic lung lesion scores of the NADC20 and NADC30 strains. All pigs became viremic and vaccinated pigs had decreased viremia upon challenge with NADC20, NADC30, and VR2332. Regarding vaccine immunogenicity, vaccination induced a strong systemic IgG response and boosted the post-challenge serum IgG levels for all strains. Furthermore, vaccination increased the number of animals with neutralizing antibodies against three of the four challenge strains—NADC20, NADC30, and VR2332. The heterologous T-cell response was also improved by vaccination: Not only did vaccination increase the induction of heterologous effector/memory CD4 T cells, but it also improved the heterologous CD4 and CD8 proliferative and/or IFN-γ response against all strains. Importantly, correlation analyses revealed that the (non-PRRSV strain-specific) serum IgG levels and the PRRSV strain-specific CD4 T-cell response were the best immune correlates of protection. Overall, the Prevacent elicited various degrees of efficacy and immunogenicity against four heterologous and phylogenetically distant strains of PRRSV-2.}, journal={Frontiers in Microbiology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Proctor, Jessica and Wolf, Iman and Brodsky, David and Cortes, Lizette M. and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Almond, Glen W. and Crisci, Elisa and Negrão Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi and Hammer, James M. and Käser, Tobias}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{muro_carnevale_leal_almond_monteiro_poor_schinckel_garbossa_2022, title={The importance of optimal body condition to maximise reproductive health and perinatal outcomes in pigs}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1475-2700"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0954422422000129}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={NUTRITION RESEARCH REVIEWS}, author={Muro, Bruno B. D. and Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Leal, Diego F. and Almond, Glen W. and Monteiro, Matheus S. and Poor, Andre P. and Schinckel, Allan P. and Garbossa, Cesar A. P.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{muro_leal_carnevale_torres_mendonca_nakasone_garcia martinez_ravagnani_monteiro_poor_et al._2021, title={Altrenogest during early pregnancy modulates uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial growth factor expression at the time implantation in pigs}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1984-3143"]}, DOI={10.1590/1984-3143-AR2020-0431}, abstractNote={Abstract This study evaluated the effects of supplying altrenogest from day 6-12 of pregnancy on the endometrial glandular epithelium, corpora lutea (CL) morphology, and endometrial and CL gene expression. A total of 12 crossbred females (Landrace × Large White) were used. The females were assigned to 4 treatments according to a random design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with two categories (sow or gilt) and two treatments (non-treated and treated with altrenogest). On day 6 of pregnancy, animals were allocated to one of the following groups: non-treated (NT, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts), and (T, n = 6; 3 sows and 3 gilts) treated daily with 20 mg of altrenogest, from day 6-12 of pregnancy. All animals were euthanized on day 13 of pregnancy. All CLs were individually weighed, and their volume were determined. The endometrial glandular density (GD), mean glandular area (MGA), and vascular density (VD) were determined by histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Endometrium samples were collected and analyzed by qRT-PCR to evaluate the abundance of transcripts for VEGF and IGF-I. Females in the T group had higher MGA (P < 0.05) compared to the NT group. There was no effect of treatment on GD or VD for both experimental groups. Sows in the T group had augmented expression of IGF-I (P < 0.05). Progestagen had no detrimental effect on CL morphology. In conclusion, altrenogest improves the uterine environment during the peri-implantation period in pigs without compromising corpora lutea development.}, number={1}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION}, author={Muro, Bruno Bracco Donatelli and Leal, Diego Feitosa and Carnevale, Rafaella Fernandes and Torres, Mariana Andrade and Mendonca, Maite Vidal and Nakasone, Denis Hideki and Garcia Martinez, Cristian Hernando and Ravagnani, Gisele Mouro and Monteiro, Matheus Saliba and Poor, Andre Pegoraro and et al.}, year={2021} }
 @article{nixon_carlson_routh_hernandez_almond_baynes_messenger_2021, title={Comparative effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at castration and tail-docking in neonatal piglets}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254409}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0254409}, abstractNote={This study assessed the efficacy of meloxicam, flunixin, and ketoprofen in piglets undergoing routine castration and tail-docking. Six-day-old male piglets (8/group) received one of five randomized treatments: intramuscular saline (SAL PROC), meloxicam (MEL; 0.4 mg/kg), flunixin (FLU; 2.2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (KETO; 3.0 mg/kg) or sham (SAL SHAM; saline injection, no processing). Two hours post-dose, piglets were castrated and tail-docked. Plasma cortisol, interstitial fluid (ISF) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and activity levels via Actical® monitoring were used to estimate pain. SAL SHAM and FLU exhibited lower cortisol concentrations than SAL PROC at the time of processing (p = 0.003 and p = 0.049, respectively), and all NSAIDs exhibited lower PGE2 than SAL PROC at 3.69 hours (MEL p = 0.050; FLU p = 0.043 and KETO p = 0.031). While not statistically significant, PGE2 was higher in SAL PROC piglets vs. other treatment groups at most time points. There was also a high degree of variability between piglets, especially for SAL PROC. Activity levels were significantly decreased at multiple time points in SAL PROC and MEL piglets following processing. However, FLU and KETO piglets had increased activity levels closer to that of the SAL SHAM group, suggesting that these NSAIDs are more effective than MEL in providing analgesia. These results demonstrate that management strategies including administration of intramuscular flunixin or ketoprofen to reduce pain associated with processing will likely improve piglet health and welfare in the United States.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Nixon, Emma and Carlson, Alexandra R. and Routh, Patricia A. and Hernandez, Liliana and Almond, Glen W. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, editor={Loor, Juan J.Editor}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{muro_carnevale_andretta_leal_monteiro_poor_almond_garbossa_2021, title={Effects of uterotonics on farrowing traits and piglet vitality: A systematic review and meta-analysis}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.003}, abstractNote={Uterotonics are widely used in the pig industry but their effects have not been investigated critically. The objective was to evaluate the effects of oxytocin and carbetocin on farrowing duration, birth interval, farrowing assistance, stillbirth rate, and piglet viability traits by performing a systematic review and a meta-analysis. The search for studies was performed during January 2020 using the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. The literature search was conducted using the key words: oxytocin, pig, farrowing, stillbirth, piglet, dose, and carbetocin. Studies which evaluated the effects of oxytocin or carbetocin on farrowing duration, birth interval, stillbirth rate, and farrowing assistance were included in the review. Of 1215 articles, 23 (1.9%) were selected for fulfilling the criteria for inclusion in the present study. A high variety of doses was observed among studies. Oxytocin increased (30%; P < 0.05) the stillborn proportion in the litters compared to control sows. Both oxytocin and carbetocin increased the need of farrowing assistance by 137% (P < 0.01) and 40% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared to control. The use of oxytocin reduced the farrowing duration by 18% and the birth interval by 17%, while carbetocin reduced the same responses by 27 and 23%, respectively (P < 0.01). When used judiciously, uterotonics are a valuable tool to shorten farrowing duration of hyperprolific sows. However, the treatment is not exempt of deleterious effects for piglets and sows. Therefore, the criteria to use these drugs should be based on individual cases and not as part of hormonal protocols for all parturient sows.}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Muro, Bruno B. D. and Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Andretta, Ines and Leal, Diego F. and Monteiro, Matheus S. and Poor, Andre P. and Almond, Glen W. and Garbossa, Cesar A. P.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={151–160} }
 @article{kick_wolfe_amaral_cortes_almond_crisci_gauger_pittman_kaeser_2021, title={Maternal Autogenous Inactivated Virus Vaccination Boosts Immunity to PRRSV in Piglets}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2076-393X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020106}, DOI={10.3390/vaccines9020106}, abstractNote={Maternal-derived immunity is a critical component for the survival and success of offspring in pigs to protect from circulating pathogens such as Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). The purpose of this study is to investigate the transfer of anti-PRRSV immunity to piglets from gilts that received modified-live virus (MLV) alone (treatment (TRT) 0), or in combination with one of two autogenous inactivated vaccines (AIVs, TRT 1+2). Piglets from these gilts were challenged with the autogenous PRRSV-2 strain at two weeks of age and their adaptive immune response (IR) was evaluated until 4 weeks post inoculation (wpi). The systemic humoral and cellular IR was analyzed in the pre-farrow gilts, and in piglets, pre-inoculation, and at 2 and 4 wpi. Both AIVs partially protected the piglets with reduced lung pathology and increased weight gain; TRT 1 also lowered piglet viremia, best explained by the AIV-induced production of neutralizing antibodies in gilts and their transfer to the piglets. In piglets, pre-inoculation, the main systemic IFN-γ producers were CD21α+ B cells. From 0 to 4 wpi, the role of these B cells declined and CD4 T cells became the primary systemic IFN-γ producers. In the lungs, CD8 T cells were the primary and CD4 T cells were the secondary IFN-γ producers, including a novel subset of porcine CD8α−CCR7− CD4 T cells, potentially terminally differentiated CD4 TEMRA cells. In summary, this study demonstrates that maternal AIV vaccination can improve protection of pre-weaning piglets against PRRSV-2; it shows the importance of transferring neutralizing antibodies to piglets, and it introduces two novel immune cell subsets in pigs—IFN-γ producing CD21α+ B cells and CD8α−CCR7− CD4 T cells.}, number={2}, journal={VACCINES}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kick, Andrew R. and Wolfe, Zoe C. and Amaral, Amanda E. and Cortes, Lizette M. and Almond, Glen W. and Crisci, Elisa and Gauger, Phillip C. and Pittman, Jeremy and Kaeser, Tobias}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kick_amaral_frias-de-diego_cortes_fogle_crisci_almond_käser_2021, title={The Local and Systemic Humoral Immune Response Against Homologous and Heterologous Strains of the Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus}, volume={12}, ISSN={1664-3224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.637613}, DOI={10.3389/fimmu.2021.637613}, abstractNote={The humoral immune response plays a crucial role in the combat and protection against many pathogens including the economically most important, highly prevalent, and diverse pig pathogen PRRSV – the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. In addition to viremia and viral shedding analyses, this study followed the local and systemic humoral immune response of pigs for 63 days upon inoculation with one of three types of Type-2 PRRSV (PRRSV-2) strains – one modified live virus (MLV) vaccine strain, and two lineage 1 PRRSV-2 strains, NC134 and NC174. The local response was analyzed by quantifying immunoglobulin (Ig)A in nasal swabs. The systemic response was studied by the quantification of IgG with ELISA and homo- and heterologous neutralizing antibodies (NAs) utilizing a novel method of flow cytometry. In all PRRSV-2 inoculated groups, viral nasal shedding started at 3 dpi, peaked between 3 and 7 days post inoculation, and was cleared at 28–35 dpi with sporadic rebounds thereafter. The local IgA response started 4–7 days after viral shedding occurred and showed a bi-phasic course with peaks at 14 dpi and at 28–35 dpi. Of note, the NC134 and NC174 strains induced a much stronger local IgA response. As reported earlier, main viremia lasted from 7 dpi to 28 dpi (NC174), 42 dpi (NC134) or until the end of the study (MLV). Similar to the local IgA response, the systemic IgG response started 4–7 days after viremia; but in contrast to viremia, serum IgG levels stayed high for all PRRSV-2 inoculated groups until the end of the study. A significant finding was that while the serum NA response in the MLV group was delayed by 28 days, serum NAs in pigs infected with our two NC134 and NC174 strains could be detected as early as 7 dpi (NC134) and 14 dpi (NC174). Compared to homologous NA responses, the NA responses against heterologous strains was strong but slightly delayed between our lineage 1 one strains or non-existent between the MLV and lineage 1 strains. This study improves our understanding of the relationship between local and systemic infections and the humoral immune response induced by PRRSV-2 infection or MLV vaccination. Our data also provide novel insights into the timeline of the development of homologous and heterologous NA levels – by both MLV vaccination or infection with two strains from the currently prevalent PRRSV-2 lineage 1.}, journal={Frontiers in Immunology}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Kick, Andrew R. and Amaral, Amanda F. and Frias-De-Diego, Alba and Cortes, Lizette M. and Fogle, Jonathan E. and Crisci, Elisa and Almond, Glen W. and Käser, Tobias}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{nixon_almond_baynes_messenger_2020, title={Comparative Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam, Flunixin, and Ketoprofen in Neonatal Piglets}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.00082}, abstractNote={Piglet castration and tail-docking are routinely performed in the United States without analgesia. Pain medications, predominately non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are used in the EU/Canada to decrease pain associated with processing and improve piglet welfare, however, past studies have shown the efficacy and required dose remain controversial, particularly for meloxicam. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics of three NSAIDs (meloxicam, flunixin, and ketoprofen) in piglets prior to undergoing routine castration and tail-docking. Five-day-old male piglets (8/group) received one of 3 randomized treatments; meloxicam (0.4 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (3.0 mg/kg). Two hours post-dose, piglets underwent processing. Drug concentrations were quantified in plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) and pharmacokinetic parameters were generated by non-compartmental analysis. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) of meloxicam, flunixin, and S(–)-ketoprofen in plasma were 1.21, 0.85, and 0.59 h, compared to 2.81, 3.64, and 2.98 h in the ISF, respectively. The apparent terminal half-life of meloxicam, flunixin and S(–)-ketoprofen were 4.39, 7.69, and 3.50 h, compared to 11.26, 16.34, and 5.54 h, respectively in the ISF. If drug concentrations in the ISF are more closely related to efficacy than the plasma, then the delay between the Tmax in plasma and ISF may be relevant to the timing of castration in order to provide the greatest analgesic effect.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Nixon, Emma and Almond, Glen W. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Messenger, Kristen M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{muro_carnevale_leal_torres_mendonca_nakasone_martinez_ravagnani_monteiro_poor_et al._2020, title={Supplemental progesterone during early pregnancy exerts divergent responses on embryonic characteristics in sows and gilts}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1751-732X"]}, DOI={10.1017/S1751731119002982}, abstractNote={Progesterone (P4) plays a key role in pregnancy establishment and maintenance; during early pregnancy, P4 stimulates the production and release of uterine secretions necessary for conceptus growth prior to implantation; therefore, exogenous P4 supplementation may improve embryo development. This study evaluated the effects of supplementation during early pregnancy with long-acting injectable progesterone or altrenogest on embryonic characteristics of sows and gilts. Thus, a total of 32 sows and 16 gilts were used. On day 6 of pregnancy sows and gilts were allocated to one of the following groups: non-supplemented; supplemented with 20 mg of altrenogest, orally, from days 6 to 12 of pregnancy; supplemented with 2.15 mg/kg of long-acting injectable progesterone on day 6 of pregnancy. Animals were killed on day 28 of pregnancy, and ovulation rate, embryo survival, embryo weight, crown-to-rump length, uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial vascularization were assessed. Treatments had no effect on pregnancy rate, embryo survival or endometrial vascular density (P > 0.05). Non-supplemented gilts presented larger and heavier embryos compared to gilts from supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Sows in the altrenogest group presented larger and heavier embryos compared to non-supplemented sows and sows supplemented with long-acting injectable progesterone. In conclusion, supplementation of sows and gilts with progestagen from day 6 of pregnancy can be used as a means to improve embryo survival without deleterious effects.}, number={6}, journal={ANIMAL}, author={Muro, B. B. D. and Carnevale, R. F. and Leal, D. F. and Torres, M. A. and Mendonca, M. V. and Nakasone, D. H. and Martinez, C. H. G. and Ravagnani, G. M. and Monteiro, M. S. and Poor, A. P. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={1234–1240} }
 @article{oliveira_neves_castro_lopes_santos_silva_araujo_vieira_muro_leal_et al._2020, title={Supplying sows energy on the expected day of farrowing improves farrowing kinetics and newborn piglet performance in the first 24 h after birth}, volume={14}, ISBN={1751-732X}, DOI={10.1017/S1751731120001317}, abstractNote={The farrowing process is one of the most energy-demanding activities for the modern hyperprolific sow. This study evaluated the effects of supply of energy on the expected date of farrowing on the farrowing kinetics and piglets' performance during the first 24 h after birth. A total of 80 sows were used. The sows and their respective litters were considered as the experimental unit. On the expected day of farrowing, the sows were allocated to one of the following groups: sows that did not have access to feed from farrowing induction until the end of the farrowing process (CON, n = 40); sows fed 500 g of energetic supplement, which consisted of 250 g of the basal lactation diet plus 250 g of cane sugar, 18 h after farrowing induction (SUP, n = 40). The farrowing duration, farrowing assistance, birth interval, number of total born, stillborn and mummified piglets were recorded for each sow. Piglets were weighed individually at birth and 24 h later. The interval from birth to first suckle was evaluated individually for each piglet in 16 randomly selected litters (eight litters per treatment group). Blood glucose concentrations of six sows were measured shortly after expulsion of the first piglet. Farrowing duration, farrowing assistance and stillborn rate tended to be greater (P = 0.06, P = 0.09 and P = 0.07, respectively) in sows from the CON group compared to sows from the SUP group. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) between the groups for birth interval. Colostrum intake was greater (P < 0.05) for piglets from the SUP group compared to piglets from the CON group. Additionally, BW gain of the piglets suckling the SUP group was greater (P < 0.05) than those suckling the CON group at 24 h after birth. The blood glucose concentrations during the expulsive stage of farrowing were greater (P < 0.05) in the SUP group than for sows from the CON group. In conclusion, supplying modern hyperprolific sows energy on the expected day of farrowing is a valuable nutritional intervention to improve the farrowing kinetics and piglets' performance in early life.}, number={11}, journal={ANIMAL}, author={Oliveira, R. A. and Neves, J. S. and Castro, D. S. and Lopes, S. O. and Santos, S. L. and Silva, S. V. C. and Araujo, V. O. and Vieira, M. F. A. and Muro, B. B. D. and Leal, D. F. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={2271–2276} }
 @misc{leal_muro_nichi_almond_viana_vioti_carnevale_garbossa_2019, title={Effects of post-insemination energy content of feed on embryonic survival in pigs: A systematic review}, volume={205}, ISSN={["1873-2232"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.005}, abstractNote={The feeding of diets with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance following mating is believed to reduce embryonic survival in pigs. In swine operations, therefore, feed intake is often restricted during the first and second week of pregnancy to reduce embryo mortality. There is thought to be a relationship between feeding diets that result in energy intake that is greater than that needed for body maintenance and embryonic death. This relationship is associated with lesser than typical progesterone (P4) concentrations when feeding diets with greater energy content due to increased hepatic clearance. There is no consensus, however, as to whether feeding should be restricted during early pregnancy to avert this possible detrimental effect. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect in sows and gilts of feeding diets with different energy contents post-mating on embryonic survival, evaluating when possible, the relationship of a greater energy intake and P4 concentrations on embryonic survival. An electronic search was conducted of the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of science, and Scielo databases during June 2018. A total of 109 articles were retrieved, and of these, only 16 articles were selected after applying the selection criteria. There was no negative effect of a greater feed intake than that needed for body maintenance after breeding in 75% of the experiments. Results from 35% of the experiments indicated feeding early pregnant sows a diet with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance resulted in augmented embryonic death. In 66.7% of the experiments, in which there was assessment of P4 concentration, there was no negative effect of feeding after farrowing a diet with greater energy than that needed for body maintenance. In conclusion, it appears that restricted feed intake in early pregnancy is no longer relevant when there are modern prolific dam lines utilized in swine production enterprises because dietary energy of as great as 54 MJ ME/day had no detrimental effect on embryo survival.}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Leal, Diego F. and Muro, Bruno B. D. and Nichi, Marcilio and Almond, Glen W. and Viana, Carlos H. C. and Vioti, Geovanna and Carnevale, Rafaella F. and Garbossa, Cesar A. P.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={70–77} }
 @article{moran_klis_almond_heugten_2019, title={Evaluation of essential oils and short-medium chain fatty acids in-vitro and in-vivo on performance of nursery pigs.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skz122.364}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Moran, Kory and Klis, Jan Dirk and Almond, Glen and Heugten, Eric}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={207–207} }
 @article{almond_byers_seate_boyer_2017, title={Supplemental iron dextran injections: Influence on hemoglobin concentrations and piglet growth}, volume={25}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Almond, G. and Byers, E. and Seate, J. and Boyer, P.}, year={2017}, pages={308–312} }
 @article{rochon_baker_almond_gimeno_de leon_watson_2015, title={Persistence and Retention of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjv096}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT We investigated the acquisition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus by the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) through a bloodmeal, and virus persistence in the digestive organs of the fly using virus isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Stable flies were fed blood containing live virus, modified live vaccine virus, chemically inactivated virus, or no virus. Stable flies acquired PRRSV from the bloodmeal and the amount of virus in the flies declined with time, indicating virus did not replicate in fly digestive tissues. Virus RNA was recovered from the flies fed live virus up to 24 h postfeeding using virus isolation techniques and 96 h using qRT-PCR.We further examined the fate of PRRSV in the hemolymph of the flies following intrathoracic injection to bypass the midgut barrier. PRRSV was detected in intrathoracically inoculated adult stable flies for 10 d using qRT-PCR. In contrast to what we observed in the digestive tract, detectable virus quantities in the intrathoracically inoculated stable flies followed an exponential decay curve. The amount of virus decreased fourfold in the first 3 d and remained stable thereafter, up to 10 d.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Rochon, K. and Baker, R. B. and Almond, G. W. and Gimeno, I. M. and De Leon, A. A. Perez and Watson, D. W.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={1117–1123} }
 @article{hough_jennings_almond_2015, title={Thiamine-responsive neurological disorder of swine}, volume={23}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Hough, S. D. and Jennings, S. H. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2015}, pages={143–151} }
 @article{fusco_choudhary_routh_ventevogel_smith_koch_almond_orndorff_sempowski_leduc_2014, title={The Haemophilus ducreyi trimeric autotransporter adhesin DsrA protects against an experimental infection in the swine model of chancroid}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1873-2518"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.031}, abstractNote={Adherence of pathogens to cellular targets is required to initiate most infections. Defining strategies that interfere with adhesion is therefore important for the development of preventative measures against infectious diseases. As an adhesin to host extracellular matrix proteins and human keratinocytes, the trimeric autotransporter adhesin DsrA, a proven virulence factor of the Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi, is a potential target for vaccine development. A recombinant form of the N-terminal passenger domain of DsrA from H. ducreyi class I strain 35000HP, termed rNT-DsrAI, was tested as a vaccine immunogen in the experimental swine model of H. ducreyi infection. Viable homologous H. ducreyi was not recovered from any animal receiving four doses of rNT-DsrAI administered with Freund's adjuvant at two-week intervals. Control pigs receiving adjuvant only were all infected. All animals receiving the rNT-DsrAI vaccine developed antibody endpoint titers between 3.5 and 5 logs. All rNT-DsrAI antisera bound the surface of the two H. ducreyi strains used to challenge immunized pigs. Purified anti-rNT-DsrAI IgG partially blocked binding of fibrinogen at the surface of viable H. ducreyi. Overall, immunization with the passenger domain of the trimeric autotransporter adhesin DsrA accelerated clearance of H. ducreyi in experimental lesions, possibly by interfering with fibrinogen binding.}, number={30}, journal={VACCINE}, author={Fusco, William G. and Choudhary, Neelima R. and Routh, Patty A. and Ventevogel, Melissa S. and Smith, Valerie A. and Koch, Gary G. and Almond, Glen W. and Orndorff, Paul E. and Sempowski, Gregory D. and Leduc, Isabelle}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={3752–3758} }
 @article{boyer_almond_2014, title={Use of altrenogest at weaning in primiparous sows}, volume={22}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Boyer, P. E. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2014}, pages={134–137} }
 @article{kick_tompkins_flowers_whisnant_almond_2012, title={Effects of stress associated with weaning on the adaptive immune system in pigs}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2010-3470}, abstractNote={This study was designed to investigate the effects of weaning age on specific components of the adaptive immune system in pigs. Twenty-three crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: weaning at 14 (14D, n = 8), 21 (21D, n = 7), or 28 (28D, n = 8) d of age. Peripheral blood samples, obtained when pigs were 13, 15, 20, 22, 27, 29, and 35 d of age, were analyzed for peripheral blood cell percentages and concentrations of neutrophils, lymphocytes, T cell subsets, mature B cells, and plasma cortisol concentrations. For each of the 3 groups, weaning increased plasma cortisol concentrations (P < 0.001) and reduced BW percentage change (P < 0.017). Lymphocyte concentrations displayed a treatment effect for the 14D (P = 0.074) and 28D (P = 0.014) groups. Albeit inconsistent, lymphocyte concentrations were less in weaned pigs on the day after weaning than in pigs remaining on the sow or weaned at a younger age. Specifically, mature B cells (CD21(+)) and CD4(+)CD8(+) cells decreased (P < 0.05) after weaning at 28 d of age. Other differences occurred among treatments; however, the differences apparently were not associated with weaning. Based upon the immunological measures used in the present study, there was not an explicit benefit to the adaptive immune system for any weaning age. Early weaning did not negatively affect the adaptive immunological competence of pigs as determined by changes in populations of immune cells.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Kick, A. R. and Tompkins, M. B. and Flowers, W. L. and Whisnant, C. S. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={649–656} }
 @article{mason_almond_riviere_baynes_2012, title={Evaluation of factors important in modeling plasma concentrations of tetracycline hydrochloride administered in water in swine}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1641}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Mason, Sharon E. and Almond, Glen W. and Riviere, Jim E. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1641–1649} }
 @article{rochon_baker_almond_watson_2011, title={Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/me10014}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT 
 Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a globally significant swine disease caused by an arterivirus. The virus replicates in alveolar macrophages of infected pigs, resulting in pneumonia in growing pigs and late-term abortions in sows. Outbreaks occur on disparate farms within an area despite biosecurity measures, suggesting mechanical transport by arthropods. We investigated the vector potential of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), in the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus, PRRSV) under laboratory conditions. Stable flies were collected around PRRS-negative boar stud barns in North Carolina and tested for presence of the virus. Stable flies were collected on alsynite traps placed near the exhaust fan of the close-sided tunnel-ventilated buildings, suggesting blood seeking flies are attracted by olfactory cues. No flies were positive for PRRSV. We assessed transmission of the virus through an infective bite by feeding laboratory reared stable flies on blood containing virus and transferring them to naïve pigs for subsequent bloodmeals. Transmission of the virus to naïve pigs by infective bites failed in all attempts. The volume of blood contained within the closed mouthparts of the stable fly seems to be insufficient to deliver an infective dose of the virus. Stable flies are unlikely to transmit PRRSV from one pig to another while blood feeding. The fate of the virus after a bloodmeal remains to be determined.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Rochon, K. and Baker, R. B. and Almond, G. W. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={876–883} }
 @article{kick_tompkins_mark hammer_routh_almond_2011, title={Evaluation of peripheral lymphocytes after weaning and vaccination for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae}, volume={91}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.005}, abstractNote={This study evaluated immune cell populations in pigs following weaning and vaccination for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Piglets (n=24) were weaned (day 0) at 16 (±1) days of age, and randomly assigned to the vaccination group (n=16) or control group (n=8). Complete blood cell counts, flow cytometry and serology were completed for blood samples collected on days 0 (within hours of weaning), 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60. The M. hyopneumoniae S:P ratios (sample optical density: positive control optical density) were negative in the vaccination group until days 30 and 60, when the S:P ratios were 1.3 and 1.0, respectively. Control animals remained serologically negative. The percentage of CD4(+) T cells was less (P<0.01) in control pigs than vaccinated pigs at day 3. In contrast, numbers of CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells were greater (P<0.01) in control pigs than in vaccinated pigs at days 3 and 7. After day 7, few differences in immune cell types were evident between the groups. Differences in lymphocyte populations could not be solely attributed to vaccination, due at least in part, to the confounding influence of weaning. It was difficult to distinguish the influence of vaccination from the impact of weaning on peripheral immune cell populations.}, number={3}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kick, Andrew R. and Tompkins, Mary B. and Mark Hammer, J. and Routh, Patricia A. and Almond, Glen W.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={e68–e72} }
 @article{leduc_fusco_choudhary_routh_cholon_hobbs_almond_orndorff_elkins_2011, title={Passive Immunization with a Polyclonal Antiserum to the Hemoglobin Receptor of Haemophilus ducreyi Confers Protection against a Homologous Challenge in the Experimental Swine Model of Chancroid}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/iai.00017-11}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={8}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Leduc, Isabelle and Fusco, William G. and Choudhary, Neelima and Routh, Patty A. and Cholon, Deborah M. and Hobbs, Marcia M. and Almond, Glen W. and Orndorff, Paul E. and Elkins, Christopher}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={3168–3177} }
 @article{kick_tompkins_almond_2011, title={Stress and immunity in the pig.}, volume={6}, ISSN={1749-8848}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr20116018}, DOI={10.1079/pavsnnr20116018}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={018}, journal={CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Kick, AR and Tompkins, MB and Almond, GW}, year={2011}, month={Jul} }
 @article{fusco_afonina_nepluev_cholon_choudhary_routh_almond_orndorff_staats_hobbs_et al._2010, title={Immunization with the Haemophilus ducreyi Hemoglobin Receptor HgbA with Adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A Protects Swine from a Homologous but Not a Heterologous Challenge}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/iai.00217-10}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={9}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Fusco, William G. and Afonina, Galyna and Nepluev, Igor and Cholon, Deborah M. and Choudhary, Neelima and Routh, Patricia A. and Almond, Glenn W. and Orndorff, Paul E. and Staats, Herman and Hobbs, Marcia M. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={3763–3772} }
 @article{dorr_madson_wayne_scheidt_almond_2009, title={Impact of pH modifiers and drug exposure on the solubility of pharmaceutical products commonly administered through water delivery systems}, volume={17}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Dorr, P. M. and Madson, D. and Wayne, S. and Scheidt, A. B. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2009}, pages={217–222} }
 @article{mason_baynes_almond_riviere_scheidt_2009, title={Pharmacology of tetracycline water medication in swine}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2009-1877}, abstractNote={Medicating drinking water with tetracycline is commonly used in swine production systems to treat and prevent disease outbreaks. However, little information is known of the pharmacokinetics of this medication in water formulations. Twenty-four barrows, divided into 1 control group (of nontreated animals) and 3 equally sized treatments groups (n = 6/group), were treated with tetracycline water medication for 5 d at 125, 250, and 500 mg/L. Blood samples were collected at 0 (prestudy), 4, 8, 12, 24, 32, 48, 56, 72, 80, 96, and 104 h after exposure. Data analyses consisted of a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis and statistical analysis of steady state concentrations with repeated measures ANOVA and multiple-comparison testing to determine whether plasma concentrations differed among groups. Derived pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent with previously published feed and intravenous data. Plasma tetracycline concentrations at steady state were 0, 0.33, 0.47, and 0.77 microg/mL for 0-, 125-, 250-, and 500-mg/L exposures, respectively. Treatment group steady-state plasma concentrations were significantly different from plasma concentrations in control animals (P < 0.0001); however, whereas the 125- and 250-mg/L groups were significantly different from the 500-mg/L group (P < 0.0001), their mean plasma tetracycline concentrations did not differ from one another. Furthermore, the study showed that tetracycline oral bioavailability is very small. The dose response curve also shows that concentrations of plasma tetracycline increase linearly, yet not in a 1 to 1 ratio, to the direct increase in water medication dose.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Mason, S. E. and Baynes, R. E. and Almond, G. W. and Riviere, J. E. and Scheidt, A. B.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={3179–3186} }
 @article{dorr_nemechek_scheidt_baynes_gebreyes_almond_2009, title={Water-flow variation and pharmacoepidemiology of tetracycline hydrochloride administration via drinking water in swine finishing farms}, volume={235}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.235.3.299}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Dorr, Paul M. and Nemechek, Megan S. and Scheidt, Alan B. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Gebreyes, Wondwossen A. and Almond, Glen W.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={299–304} }
 @article{mason_baynes_buur_riviere_almond_2008, title={Sulfamethazine water medication pharmacokinetics and contamination in a commercial pig production unit}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1944-9097"]}, DOI={10.4315/0362-028X-71.3.584}, abstractNote={Sulfamethazine is often used to treat disease in the swine industry. Sulfamethazine is available as water or feed medication and historically (over the past 40 years) has been associated with residue violations in both the United States and Europe. Despite sulfamethazine's approval for use as a water medication, little research on the pharmacokinetics of the water formulation is available. Therefore, a pilot study was performed to determine the plasma levels of an approved sulfamethazine water medication. Plasma levels in pigs treated with an oral bolus (250 mg/kg), which is equivalent to the total drug consumed within a 24-h period, achieved therapeutic concentrations (50 microg/ml). Noncompartmental-based pharmacokinetic model parameters for clearance, half-life, and volume of distribution were consistent with previously published values in swine. However, the above treatment resulted in exposure of pen mates to sulfamethazine at levels currently above tolerance (0.1 ppm). Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, the treatment dose simulation was compared with observed plasma levels of treated pigs. Flexibility of the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model also allowed simulation of control-pig plasma levels to estimate contamination exposure. A simulated exposure to 0.15 mg/kg twice within approximately 8 h resulted in detectable levels of sulfamethazine in the control pigs. After initial exposure, a much lower dose of 0.059 mg/kg maintained the contamination levels above tolerance for at least 3 days. These results are of concern for producers and veterinarians, because in commercial farms, the entire barn is often treated,and environmental contamination could result in residues of an unknown duration.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION}, author={Mason, Sharon E. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Buur, Jennifer L. and Riviere, Jim E. and Almond, Glen W.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={584–589} }
 @article{martineau_almond_2008, title={Urinary tract infections in female pigs.}, volume={3}, ISSN={1749-8848}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr20083048}, DOI={10.1079/pavsnnr20083048}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={048}, journal={CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources}, publisher={CABI Publishing}, author={Martineau, G and Almond, G}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={048,} }
 @article{sanz_roberts_perfumo_alvarez_donovan_almond_2007, title={Assessment of sow mortality in a large herd}, volume={15}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Sanz, M. and Roberts, J. D. and Perfumo, C. J. and Alvarez, R. M. and Donovan, T. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2007}, pages={30–36} }
 @article{dorr_baker_almond_wayne_gebreyes_2007, title={Epidemiologic assessment of porcine circovirus type 2 coinfection with other pathogens in swine}, volume={230}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.230.2.244}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Dorr, Paul M. and Baker, Rodney B. and Almond, Glen W. and Wayne, Spencer R. and Gebreyes, Wondwossen A.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={244–250} }
 @article{dorr_gebreyes_almond_2007, title={Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Age and management system disease modeling for pathogenic co-infection}, volume={15}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Dorr, P. M. and Gebreyes, W. A. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2007}, pages={258–263} }
 @article{afonina_leduc_nepluev_jeter_routh_almond_orndorff_hobbs_elkins_2006, title={Immunization with the Haemophilus ducreyi hemoglobin receptor HgbA protects against infection in the swine model of chancroid}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1098-5522"]}, DOI={10.1128/IAI.74.4.2224-2232.2006}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={4}, journal={INFECTION AND IMMUNITY}, author={Afonina, G and Leduc, I and Nepluev, I and Jeter, C and Routh, P and Almond, G and Orndorff, PE and Hobbs, M and Elkins, C}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={2224–2232} }
 @article{boonyaprakob_gadsby_hedgpeth_routh_almond_2005, title={Expression and localization of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha mRNA in the porcine ovary}, volume={69}, number={3}, journal={Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Boonyaprakob, U. and Gadsby, J. E. and Hedgpeth, V. and Routh, P. A. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2005}, pages={215–222} }
 @article{roberts_heugten_spears_routh_lloyd_almond_2004, title={Effects of dietary zinc on performance and immune response of growing pigs inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2004.1438}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Zn level on performance, serum Zn concentrations, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and immune response of pigs inoculated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized design. Factors included; 1) PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae inoculation (n=36 pigs) or sham inoculation (n=36 pigs) with media when pigs entered the grower facility (d 0) at 9 weeks of age and 2) 10, 50, 150 ppm supplemental Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) from weaning until the completion of the study, or 2,000 ppm supplemental ZnSO4 for two weeks in the nursery and then supplementation with 150 ppm ZnSO4 for the remainder of the trial. The basal diet contained 34 ppm Zn. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 10, 17, 24 and 31 and blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Pigs inoculated with PRRSv were serologically positive at d 28 and control pigs remained negative to PRRSv. In contrast, the M hyopneumoniae inoculation was inconsistent with 33.3% and 52.8% of pigs serologically positive at d 28 in the control and infected groups, respectively. A febrile response was observed for approximately one week after inoculation with PRRSv. Feed intake (p<0.01) and gain (p<0.1) were less in PRRSv infected pigs than control pigs for the 31 d study. However, performance did not differ among pigs in the four levels of ZnSO4. Assessments of immune responses failed to provide unequivocal influence of either PRRSv inoculation or ZnSO4 level. These data suggest that PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae act to produce some performance deficits and the influence of Zn supplementation of nursery age pigs does not have clear effect in grower pigs affected with disease. (Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 10 : 1438-1446)}, number={10}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Roberts, ES and Heugten, E and Spears, JW and Routh, PA and Lloyd, KL and Almond, GW}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1438–1446} }
 @article{boonyaprakob_gadsby_hedgpeth_routh_almond_2003, title={Cloning of pig prostaglandin F-2 alpha(FP) receptor cDNA and expression of its mRNA in the corpora lutea}, volume={125}, DOI={10.1530/rep.0.1250053}, abstractNote={Changes in the expression and localization of luteal mRNA for PGF(2alpha) (FP) receptors may be critical in determining the luteolytic action of PGF(2alpha) in pig corpora lutea. In this study, a full-length FP receptor (FPr) cDNA was isolated and cloned from pig corpora lutea. This isolate (GenBank accession no. U91520) contains an open reading frame of 1086 bases coding for a protein of 362 amino acids with seven potential transmembrane domains. The predicted amino acid sequence of this isolate was 83% identical to the FPr amino acid sequence of other species including sheep, cattle and humans. Northern blot analysis showed the presence of an FPr message of about 5 kb in mRNA from pig corpora lutea. Relatively weak FPr mRNA expression was detected on day 4 and day 7 of the oestrous cycle. The expression was greater (P < 0.05) on days 10, 13 and 15 than on days 4 and 7. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that mRNA for FPr was expressed predominantly in the steroidogenic large luteal subtype of cell, although there was some expression in small luteal cells, with histological appearance of steroidogenic small cells. Localization of hybridization signals of FPr was observed in luteal tissue at all stages examined. These data demonstrate that FPr is expressed in pig corpora lutea throughout the oestrous cycle and that upregulation of the FPr mRNA occurs when the corpora lutea becomes sensitive to PGF(2alpha). Direct luteal targets of PGF(2alpha) appear to be primarily large steroidogenic cells in this species.}, number={1}, journal={Reproduction (Cambridge, England)}, author={Boonyaprakob, U. and Gadsby, J. E. and Hedgpeth, V. and Routh, P. and Almond, Glen}, year={2003}, pages={53–64} }
 @article{boonyaprakob_gadsby_hedgpeth_routh_almond_2003, title={Expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in pig corpora lutea during the oestrous cycle}, volume={126}, DOI={10.1530/rep.0.1260393}, abstractNote={Expression and localization of mRNAs for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 1 (Flt) and VEGF receptor 2 (KDR) (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, respectively) were investigated in pig corpora lutea. Northern blot analysis of total RNA indicated hybridization of pig VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 cDNA probes to mRNA transcripts of approximately 3.9, 7.0 and 5.0 kb, respectively. The expression of mRNAs for VEGF and its receptors during the luteal phase (days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 15 after the onset of oestrus) were assessed by northern blot analysis, and hybridization signals were normalized to expression of pig 18S rRNA. Relative hybridization signals of expression of VEGF mRNA appeared to be constant; however, expression of VEGFR-1 mRNA was low on day 4, increased on day 7, and was higher on days 10, 13 and 15 (P<0.05, compared with day 4). In contrast, no changes in expression of mRNA for VEGFR-2 were evident on days 4-13, but a decrease was detected (P<0.05) at day 15. In situ hybridization revealed that VEGF mRNA was localized predominantly in large luteal cells, whereas both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were localized to small cells. These data indicate that the VEGF system may be involved in the regulation of luteal vasculature throughout the lifespan of the corpus luteum. Although the expression of VEGF mRNA was unchanged during the luteal phase, variations in the expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 mRNAs indicate that differential regulation of expression of the VEGF receptors may play a role in the control of VEGF-mediated vascular growth at different phases of development and maturation of the pig corpus luteum.}, number={3}, journal={Reproduction (Cambridge, England)}, author={Boonyaprakob, U. and Gadsby, J. E. and Hedgpeth, V. and Routh, P. and Almond, Glen}, year={2003}, pages={393–405} }
 @article{roberts_almond_2003, title={Infection of growing swine with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae - Effects on growth, serum metabolites, and insulin-like growth factor-I}, volume={44}, number={1}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Roberts, N. E. and Almond, G. W.}, year={2003}, pages={31–37} }
 @article{roberts_heugten_lloyd_almond_spears_2002, title={Dietary zinc effects on growth performance and immune response of endotoxemic growing pigs}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2002.1496}, abstractNote={A 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of dietary Zn on performance and immune response of acutely endotoxemic growing pigs (n=96, mean BW=24.9 kg). Factors included 1) intramuscular injection of 10 µg/kg BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or control and 2) supplemental Zn at 10, 50, or 150 ppm. Diets were fed beginning after weaning (initial body weight=7.6 kg) in the nursery and continued for 16 d into the grower phase. The basal corn-soybean meal grower diet contained 1% lysine and 34.3 ppm Zn. Pigs were acclimated for 12 d in the grower- finishing facility before LPS treatment on d 13. Gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were unaffected by dietary Zn. Feed intake decreased (p<0.10) and gain/feed was greater (p<0.10) from d 13 to d 16 for pigs injected with LPS. Serum Zn and alkaline phosphatase activity increased (p<0.05) with increasing Zn levels. The febrile response to LPS peaked at 6 h post exposure and pigs were afebrile within 12 h. Rectal temperature was greater (p<0.05) in pigs receiving 50 and 150 ppm Zn than in pigs supplemented with 10 ppm Zn. In vivo cellular immune response, measured on d 13 by skin thickness response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), was greater after 6 h (p< 0.05) in pigs fed 10 ppm Zn and exposed to LPS compared to all other treatments, but was not affected at 12, 24 or 48 h. Zinc did not affect mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation. Zinc supplemented at 50 or 150 ppm resulted in an enhanced febrile response in pigs subjected to iatrogenic endotoxemia, but did not affect pig performance or immune response measurements. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 10 : 1496-1501)}, number={10}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Roberts, ES and Heugten, E and Lloyd, K and Almond, GW and Spears, JW}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={1496–1501} }
 @article{ange_eisemann_argenzio_almond_blikslager_2000, title={Effects of feed physical form and buffering solutes on water disappearance and proximal stomach pH in swine.}, volume={78}, ISSN={0021-8812}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/2000.7892344x}, DOI={10.2527/2000.7892344x}, abstractNote={The effects of the physical form of feed on water disappearance and the effects of buffered water on proximal stomach pH in swine were determined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 barrows were used to evaluate the water disappearance in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted diet vs those fed a coarsely ground and mashed diet for ad libitum consumption over a 2-wk interval. There were four replicates with eight pigs per replicate. Average daily water and feed disappearance did not differ (P = 0.06 and P = 0.10, respectively). However, average daily water to feed ratio was higher for pigs on the pelleted diet (4.21+/-0.31 L/kg vs 3.04+/-0.33 L/kg; P = 0.02). The higher ratio for the pelleted diet indicated that this may be the cause of a more fluid digesta allowing reflux of irritants from the distal stomach to damage the pars esophageal region of the proximal stomach. In Exp. 2, four barrows (25+/-2 kg) had gastric cannulas surgically implanted into the proximal region of the stomach. Pigs were given ad libitum access to a finely ground and pelleted diet. The experimental design was a Latin square. Water treatments included water (control), 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Pigs were given a 4-d adjustment period, and pH measurements began on the morning of the 5th d and continued for 24 h under normal feeding conditions. Feed was removed and measurements were continued for 16 h. Buffered water raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach compared to the control (P < 0.001). Average pH while consuming the water treatments was 3.65+/-0.11 (n = 4) for water control, 4.86+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 4.63+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 4.59+/-0.14 (n = 3) for the 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Buffers also raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach for the fed (P < 0.001) and the feed restriction (P < 0.01) phases of the trial. Water disappearance rates in pigs given NaHCO3 were higher than in the control (P < 0.01). Average daily water disappearance for the treatments was 9.13+/-0.74 L for the control, 13.56+/-0.74 L for 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 13.77+/-0.74 L for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 10.33+/-0.95 L for the phosphate buffer. The proximal pH of the stomach was increased by adding buffers to the water supply. Addition of NaHCO3 buffers also caused increased water disappearance.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Ange, K D and Eisemann, J H and Argenzio, R A and Almond, G W and Blikslager, A T}, year={2000}, pages={2344} }
 @article{metcalf_almond_routh_horton_dillman_orndorff_2000, title={Experimental Salmonella typhi infection in the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0882-4010"]}, DOI={10.1006/mpat.2000.0367}, abstractNote={The domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica, was examined as a model for typhoid fever, a severe and systemic disease of humans caused by Salmonella typhi. Six pigs were inoculated 1 week post-weaning with approximately 10(10)colony forming units (cfu) of wild type Salmonella typhi strain ISP1820 intranasally and observed for 3 weeks. S. typhi was cultured from the tonsils of 50% of the pigs at necropsy. Cultures from all other organs analysed (ileum, colon, spleen and liver) were negative. No clinical or histopathological signs of disease were observed. Pigs inoculated in parallel with swine-virulent S. choleraesuis all exhibited signs of systemic salmonellosis indicating that the parameters of the experimental infection with S. typhi (e.g. route) were appropriate. Whereas the pig has a gastrointestinal tract that is very similar to humans, our results indicated that the unique features of host and microbe interaction needed to produce typhoid fever were not mimicked in swine. Nevertheless, our observation of tonsillar involvement was consistent with former observations of S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium infections in swine and supports a role for the tonsil in all porcine salmonella infections.}, number={2}, journal={MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS}, author={Metcalf, ES and Almond, GW and Routh, PA and Horton, JR and Dillman, RC and Orndorff, PE}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={121–126} }
 @article{hevener_routh_almond_1999, title={Effects of immune challenge on concentrations of serum insulin- like growth factor-I and growth performance in pigs}, volume={40}, number={11}, journal={Canadian Veterinary Journal}, author={Hevener, W. and Routh, P. A. and Almond, G. W.}, year={1999}, pages={782–786} }
 @article{feng_almond_1999, title={PGE receptor characteristics on porcine luteal cells during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy}, volume={57}, ISSN={["0090-6980"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0090-6980(98)00067-7}, abstractNote={This study examined the affinities and concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE) receptors on porcine luteal cells during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Corpora lutea (CL) were obtained from nonpregnant gilts at days 9 (n = 4), 12 (n = 3), and 14 (n = 6); three gilts possessed red, vascular CL and three gilts had white nonvascular CL) of the estrous cycle, and days 9 (n = 4), 12 (n = 3), 14 (n = 5), and 30 (n = 5) of pregnancy. The CL were dissociated enzymatically to disperse single cells and the red blood cells were removed by elutriation. The luteal cells were assayed for specific PGE binding by displacement analysis with use of [3H] PGE2 and varying concentrations of unlabeled PGE2. The specific binding of [3H] PGE2 to luteal cells decreased (p < 0.05) from days 9 to 14 of the estrous cycle, but only decreased (p < 0.05) from days 9 to 12 of pregnancy. Specific binding was higher (p < 0.05) on day 14 of pregnancy than the comparable stage of the estrous cycle. The affinities of PGE receptors decreased (p < 0.05) only on the luteal cells dissociated from red, vascular CL of day 14 nonpregnant gilts compared with those of other days of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. The number of PGE receptors on porcine luteal cells was similar (p > 0.05) in pregnant and nonpregnant gilts, but decreased (p < 0.05) on days 12–14 postestrus. During early pregnancy, it was evident that high affinity PGE receptors are sustained on porcine luteal cells; however, the role of the PGE receptors in maternal recognition of pregnancy remains speculative.}, number={1}, journal={PROSTAGLANDINS & OTHER LIPID MEDIATORS}, author={Feng, SM and Almond, GW}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={13–22} }
 @article{feng_almond_1998, title={Effects of LH, prostaglandin E-2, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP and forskolin on progesterone secretion by pig luteal cells}, volume={113}, DOI={10.1530/jrf.0.1130083}, abstractNote={The present study examined the effects of LH, prostaglandin E, (PGE 2 ), 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and forskolin on progesterone secretion by small and large pig luteal cells. Corpora lutea were isolated from gilts (n > 3 per day) on days 9, 12 and 14 of the oestrous cycle and days 9, 12, 14 and 30 of pregnancy. After enzymatic dissociation of the corpora lutea, small and large luteal cells were obtained by elutriation. Culture plates (24-well) were then seeded with 150 000 small luteal cells or 30 000 large luteal cells per well in 1 ml M199 medium in the absence or presence of LH, PGE 2 , LH plus PGE 2 , 8-bromo-cAMP or forskolin. After 12 h of incubation, culture plates were centrifuged, and the supernatant collected and frozen for subsequent assay of progesterone. Differences within day were not detected between cyclic and pregnant gilts, and thus, results were combined for days 9, 12 and 14. Basal progesterone secretion by small luteal cells was less (P < 0.05) on days 14 and 30 than days 9 and 12. Treatment with LH, PGE 2 , 8-bromo-cAMP or forskolin increased (P<0.05) progesterone secretion by small luteal cells on days 9 and 12; however, treatments had no effect on days 14 and 30. Basal progesterone production by large luteal cells was less (P< 0.05) on day 30 compared with other days. PGE 2 stimulated (P< 0.001) progesterone production by large luteal cells at all days. In contrast, 8-bromo-cAMP and forskolin inhibited progesterone production by large luteal cells on day 12 (P < 0.05), and day 14 (P < 0.001). These data show that pregnancy status does not alter luteal cell response to the aforementioned secretagogues. However, regulation of progesterone secretion differs between small and large luteal cells, and the age of the corpora lutea. Also, it is unlikely that the stimulatory actions of PGE 2 involve increased cAMP production in pig large luteal cells.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Reproduction & Fertility}, author={Feng, S. M. and Almond, Glen}, year={1998}, pages={83–89} }
 @article{maurelli_routh_dillman_ficken_weinstock_almond_orndorff_1998, title={Shigella infection as observed in the experimentally inoculated domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0882-4010"]}, DOI={10.1006/mpat.1998.0230}, abstractNote={The domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica, was investigated as a potential animal model for shigellosis. We examined the effects of pig age, pig breed and antibiotic pretreatment upon Shigella infection. Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella flexneri (both virulent and avirulent strains) were utilized. Our results indicated that young (4-week-old), conventionally re ared, domestic pigs were routinely, but briefly, colonized (average=3.5+/-2.5 days) following oral or gavage administration ofS. flexneri, as determined by direct rectal cultures. The duration of S. dysenteriae colonization was significantly shorter. Inoculation of younger (2 days) or older (9 weeks) pigs with S. flexneri had no significant effect on infection duration. Similarly, infection of 4-week-old pigs with virulent and avirulent strains of S. flexneri had no effect upon the duration of infection, nor did the use of a swine-passaged S. flexneri isolate. Marked clinical, histopathological (gross and microscopic) and immunoIhistopathological signs of disease were absent in all infections. However, in instances where microscopic histopathological evidence was used to correctly identify infected pigs, tonsillar lesions were the consistently noted criteria. The tonsils are believed to be an important portal of entry for Salmonella choleraesuis, another member of the Enterobacteriaceae and a prevalent pig pathogen. Taken altogether, our results indicate that the domestic pig is unsuitable as a model for shigellosis.}, number={4}, journal={MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS}, author={Maurelli, AT and Routh, PR and Dillman, RC and Ficken, MD and Weinstock, DM and Almond, GW and Orndorff, PE}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={189–196} }
 @article{hevener_almond_armstrong_richards_1997, title={Effects of acute endotoxemia on serum somatotropin and insulin like growth factor I concentrations in prepubertal gilts}, volume={58}, number={9}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Hevener, W. and Almond, G. W. and Armstrong, J. D. and Richards, R. G.}, year={1997}, pages={1010–1013} }
 @article{almond_1995, title={Investigation into sow infertility}, volume={35}, journal={Pig Journal}, author={Almond, G. W.}, year={1995}, pages={20} }
 @article{almond_stevens_1995, title={Urinalysis techniques for swine practitioners}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={Almond, G. W. and Stevens, J. B.}, year={1995}, pages={121} }
 @article{almond_esbenshade_smith_richards_1992, title={Effects of chronic gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment on serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations in boars}, volume={53}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Almond, G. W. and Esbenshade, K. L. and Smith, C. A. and Richards, R. G.}, year={1992}, pages={22} }
 @article{almond_dial_1990, title={ESTRADIOL FEEDBACK INHIBITION OF LUTEINIZING-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ANESTROUS SOW}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/1990.6841077x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={ALMOND, GW and DIAL, GD}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={1077–1086} }
 @article{almond_dial_1990, title={SENSITIVITY OF THE HYPOTHALAMOHYPOPHYSEAL AXIS TO THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN IN OVARIECTOMIZED ANESTROUS AND DIESTRUS SOWS}, volume={22}, ISSN={["0378-4320"]}, DOI={10.1016/0378-4320(90)90065-N}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine if the chronic failure of weaned sows to return to ovarian cyclicity is due to a decreased capacity of estradiol-17β (E2) to evoke luteinizing hormone (LH) discharge. Primiparous, ovariectomized sows were randomly assigned at five sows/group in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Sows were treated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 μg estradiol-17β benzoate (EB)/kg body weight (BW). Factor A was reproductive state (anestrous or diestrous), and factor B was EB dose. Blood samples were collected prior to EB injection and at 4-h intervals for 7 days after treatment. LH and E2 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). There was an EB dose effect on the numbers of sows responding to EB with LH surges. Five anestrous and four diestrous sows had LH surges in response to 10 μg EB/kg, whereas 5.0 μg EB/kg induced LH surges in four anestrous and two diestrous sows. One anestrous and none of the diestrous sows had an LH surge when injected with 2.5 μg EB/kg BW. There were no differences in the characteristics of LH surges between ovariectomized anestrous sows and ovariectomized diestrous sows. Mean peak E2 concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were similar between anestrous and diestrous sows, but differed (P < 0.05) between dose of EB. Four ovariectomized, anestrous sows and six ovariectomized, cyclic sows were treated in a second experiment with subcutaneous (s.c.) E2 implants to examine the influence of chronic E2 treatment on LH concentrations. All sows responded to E2 treatment with LH surges. The characteristics of LH release and E2 concentrations were similar between anestrous and cyclic sows. Seemingly, anestrus following weaning does not involve an altered sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis to the positive feedback effects of E2.}, number={3}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={ALMOND, GW and DIAL, GD}, year={1990}, month={Jun}, pages={243–252} }
 @article{almond_dial_1990, title={The influence of ovariectomy on luteinizing hormone concentrations in anestrous and cyclic sows}, volume={68}, DOI={10.2527/1990.683700x}, abstractNote={In an effort to determine whether anestrus in swine is due to aberrant ovarian feedback control of gonadotropin release, this study contrasted the influence of ovariectomy on LH concentrations in serum of anestrous sows and in sows that returned to estrus following weaning. Blood samples were collected at 6-h intervals from 7 d prior to until 4 d after ovariectomy of 22 anestrous and 24 cyclic sows. Blood samples also were collected at 15-min intervals for 8 h at 2 d prior to and 2 d after ovariectomy. Sampling at 6-h intervals continued until 12 d after ovariectomy and additional 8-h windows of 15-min samples were taken at 7 and 12 d after ovariectomy of seven anestrous and nine diestrous sows. Mean LH concentrations and LH pulse frequencies were greater (P less than .05) 2 d after ovariectomy than 2 d prior to ovariectomy in both anestrous and diestrous sows. Mean pulse amplitude had increased by 2 d after ovariectomy in anestrous sows but did not change in cyclic sows. Baselines as determined from the mean of all LH measurements excluding pulses, remained the same in both anestrous and diestrous sows at 2 d after ovariectomy. Pulse frequency, pulse amplitude, and mean LH concentration were greater (P less than .05) in both anestrous and diestrous sows at 7 and 12 d after ovariectomy than at 2 d prior to and 2 d after ovariectomy. Pulse amplitude on d 7 and 12 after ovariectomy decreased (P less than .05) in both anestrous and diestrous sows relative to those observed at earlier times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Almond, Glen and Dial, G. D.}, year={1990}, pages={700} }
 @article{mason_suyemoto_baynes_almond, title={Stability and bioactivity of tetracycline hydrochloride water medication in a swine production unit}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Mason, S. E. and Suyemoto, M. and Baynes, R. and Almond, G.}, pages={107–111} }