@article{mzyk_giles_baynes_smith_2023, title={Milk residues following multiple doses of meloxicam and gabapentin in lactating dairy cattle}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.23.06.0329}, DOI={10.2460/javma.23.06.0329}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Mzyk, Danielle A. and Giles, Claire B. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={1873–1879} }
 @misc{lombard_quigley_haines_garry_earleywine_urie_chamorro_godden_mcguirk_smith_et al._2022, title={Letter to the editor: Comments on Schalich et al. (2021), Colostrum testing with Brix is a valuable on-farm tool. doi.org/10.193/jas/skab083}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.1093/jas/skac119}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Lombard, Jason and Quigley, James and Haines, Deborah and Garry, Frank and Earleywine, Tom and Urie, Natalie and Chamorro, Manuel and Godden, Sondra and McGuirk, Sheila and Smith, Geof and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{meira_wiloch_nixon_yeatts_sheela_smith_baynes_2022, title={The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-20460}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2021-20460}, abstractNote={Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in cattle to manage pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia. In the United States, no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are approved for use in goats, but analgesics are needed for management of painful conditions to improve animal welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats to determine a milk withdrawal interval (WDI) to avoid violative residue contamination in the food supply. Six adult lactating dairy goats received 3.3 mg/kg of transdermal flunixin before milk, interstitial fluid (ISF), and blood samples were collected at various time points for 360 h. The samples were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry to detect flunixin as well as the flunixin marker metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin followed by a pharmacokinetic WDI calculation using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance limit method to propose safe residue levels in goat milk. The mean flunixin apparent plasma half-life was 21.63 h. The apparent milk half-life for 5-hydroxyflunixin was 17.52 h. Our findings provide a milk WDI of 60 h using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance of 0.002 µg/mL (established for bovine milk) and a more conservative WDI of 96 h using a limit of quantification of 0.001 µg/mL following the extralabel use of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Meira, Enoch B. de S., Jr Jr and Wiloch, Emily E. and Nixon, Emma and Yeatts, James L. and Sheela, Farha Ferdous and Smith, Geof W. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, pages={549–559} }
 @article{wood_blome_ribeiro_keunen_keunen_smith_renaud_2021, title={Effects of different blood buffers administered in electrolyte solution to grain-fed veal calves experiencing diarrhea}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2020-18526}, abstractNote={Calf diarrhea can commonly lead to dehydration and metabolic acidosis due to the loss of fluid and electrolytes. The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to examine differences between treating male dairy calves experiencing diarrhea with either a basic bicarbonate electrolyte powder (BBP) composed of sodium bicarbonate (50.7 mmol/L); a mixed buffer powder (MBP) including sodium bicarbonate (33.8 mmol/L), sodium citrate (8.4 mmol/L), sodium acetate (6.3 mmol/L), and potassium citrate (1.9 mmol/L); or a liquid electrolyte (HAL) composed of sodium acetate (50.1 mmol/L). All 3 electrolyte solutions were standardized to provide 50 mmol/L of blood buffers and a similarly strong ion difference (74.4, 74.9, and 82.6 mEq/L for BBP, MBP, and HAL, respectively). Holstein male calves (n = 80) were sourced from auction barns or local farms and delivered in 1 batch to the research facility. Calves were housed in individual pens and fed a 24% crude protein and 17% fat calf milk replacer (CMR) twice daily. Starter grain and water were offered ad libitum. Calves were randomly enrolled in 1 of the 3 treatments when experiencing either 2 consecutive days of a fecal score of 2 (runny, spreads easily) or 1 d with a fecal score of 3 (liquid devoid of solid material). Calves were blocked by the different enrollment criteria. The respective electrolyte solution was administered via esophageal tube 1 h after feeding CMR until the fecal score returned to 0 (normal consistency) or 1 (semiformed or pasty). Blood gas measurements were taken at 1, 8, and 24 h post the initial electrolyte feeding, and weight was measured at 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 d postenrollment. Mixed repeated measure linear regression models were built to assess the effect that the electrolyte solutions had on the blood gas measurements and body weight. A total of 45 calves were enrolled in the trial with 14, 16, and 15 calves randomly assigned to the MBP, HAL, and BBP groups, respectively. As compared with BBP, MBP increased blood CO2 at 8 and 24 h, increased bicarbonate at 24 h, increased base excess at 8 and 24 h, and increased anion gap at 24 h. Calves in the BBP and HAL groups noted more severe eye recession when compared with the MBP group. Average daily gain did not differ between treatments at any time point. Although a severe dehydration challenge was not present, which should be considered a limitation of the study, MBP improved the acid-base status of calves compared with BBP, whereas HAL performed similarly to MBP.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Wood, D. R. and Blome, R. M. and Ribeiro, L. C. and Keunen, A. J. and Keunen, B. W. and Smith, G. W. and Renaud, D. L.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={957–962} }
 @misc{constable_trefz_sen_berchtold_nouri_smith_gruenberg_2021, title={Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.603358}, abstractNote={Optimal fluid therapy protocols in neonatal calves and adult cattle are based on consideration of signalment, history, and physical examination findings, and individually tailored whenever laboratory analysis is available. Measurement of the magnitude of eye recession, duration of skin tenting in the lateral neck region, and urine specific gravity by refractometry provide the best estimates of hydration status in calves and cattle. Intravenous and oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are frequently administered to critically ill calves and adult cattle. Application of physicochemical principles indicates that 0.9% NaCl, Ringer's solution, and 5% dextrose are equally acidifying, lactated Ringer's and acetated Ringer's solution are neutral to mildly acidifying, and 1.3–1.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions are strongly alkalinizing in cattle. Four different crystalloid solutions are recommended for intravenous fluid therapy in dehydrated or septic calves and dehydrated adult cattle: (1) lactated Ringer's solution and acetated Ringer's solution for dehydrated calves, although neither solution is optimized for administration to neonatal calves or adult cattle; (2) isotonic (1.3%) or hypertonic (5.0 or 8.4%) solutions of sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of calves with diarrhea and severe strong ion (metabolic) acidosis and hyponatremia, and adult cattle with acute ruminal acidosis; (3) Ringer's solution for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis in dehydrated adult cattle, particularly lactating dairy cattle; and (4) hypertonic NaCl solutions (7.2%) and an oral electrolyte solution or water load for the rapid resuscitation of dehydrated neonatal calves and adult cattle. Much progress has been made since the 1970's in identifying important attributes of an OES for diarrheic calves. Important components of an OES for neonatal calves are osmolality, sodium concentration, the effective SID that reflects the concentration of alkalinizing agents, and the energy content. The last three factors are intimately tied to the OES osmolality and the abomasal emptying rate, and therefore the rate of sodium delivery to the small intestine and ultimately the rate of resuscitation. An important need in fluid and electrolyte therapy for adult ruminants is formulation of a practical, effective, and inexpensive OES.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Constable, Peter D. and Trefz, Florian M. and Sen, Ismail and Berchtold, Joachim and Nouri, Mohammad and Smith, Geoffrey and Gruenberg, Walter}, year={2021}, month={Jan} }
 @article{lombard_urie_garry_godden_quigley_earleywine_mcguirk_moore_branan_chamorro_et al._2020, title={Consensus recommendations on calf- and herd-level passive immunity in dairy calves in the United States}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2019-17955}, abstractNote={Passive immunity in calves is evaluated or quantified by measuring serum or plasma IgG or serum total protein within the first 7 d of age. While these measurements inform about circulating concentrations of this important protein, they are also a proxy for evaluating all of the additional benefits of colostral ingestion. The current individual calf standard for categorizing dairy calves with successful passive transfer or failure of passive transfer of immunity are based on serum IgG concentrations of ≥10 and <10 g/L, respectively. This cutoff was based on higher mortality rates in calves with serum IgG <10 g/L. Mortality rates have decreased since 1991, but the percentage of calves with morbidity events has not changed over the same time period. Almost 90% of calves sampled in the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study had successful passive immunity based on the dichotomous standard. Based on these observations, a group of calf experts were assembled to evaluate current data and determine if changes to the passive immunity standards were necessary to reduce morbidity and possibly mortality. In addition to the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 study, other peer-reviewed publications and personal experience were used to identify and evaluate potential standards. Four options were evaluated based on the observed statistical differences between categories. The proposed standard includes 4 serum IgG categories: excellent, good, fair, and poor with serum IgG levels of ≥25.0, 18.0-24.9, 10.0-17.9, and <10 g/L, respectively. At the herd level, we propose an achievable standard of >40, 30, 20, and <10% of calves in the excellent, good, fair, and poor categories, respectively. Because serum IgG concentrations are not practical for on-farm implementation, we provide corresponding serum total protein and %Brix values for use on farm. With one-third of heifer calves in 2014 already meeting the goal of ≥25 g/L serum IgG at 24 h of life, this achievable standard will require more refinement of colostrum management programs on many dairy farms. Implementation of the proposed standard should further reduce the risk of both mortality and morbidity in preweaned dairy calves, improving overall calf health and welfare.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Lombard, J. and Urie, N. and Garry, F. and Godden, S. and Quigley, J. and Earleywine, T. and McGuirk, S. and Moore, D. and Branan, M. and Chamorro, M. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={7611–7624} }
 @article{dudley_smith_2020, title={Efficacy and production benefits following use of eprinomectin extended-release injection in pastured dairy heifers}, volume={282}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109157}, abstractNote={A study was conducted in grazing dairy heifers to assess anthelmintic efficacy and production responses in dairy heifers treated with a single injection of eprinomectin in an extended-release formulation over a 123 day-period. The study was conducted on a pasture-based dairy in the Southeastern United States (North Carolina) over the summer months. Sixty crossbred dairy heifers were weighed and randomly allocated into 2 groups. One group (n = 30) was given 5% eprinomectin subcutaneously in the cervical region while the other group (n = 30) was given an equivalent volume of saline. Calves were weighed every 30 days throughout the trial for calculation of average daily gain and differences in overall weight gain. In addition, fecal samples were collected at days 0, 30, 60, 90 and 123 for worm egg count and coproculture. Both groups of cattle had similar worm egg concentrations at the start of the study. However, the control group had increasing concentrations of fecal worm eggs throughout the summer months while the heifers that received eprinomectin had minimal fecal worm eggs. The primary parasite species identified in this study were Haemonchus placei, Cooperia species and Ostertagia. The heifers that received eprinomectin gained 105 + 2.8 kg during the 123-day study period, representing an average daily gain of 0.85 kg/day compared to 78.3 + 4.1 kg (0.64 kg/day) for the control group. This represented a 33 % increase in average daily gain associated with deworming. The results of this study indicate that a single dose of extended-release eprinomectin was sufficient to control parasites through a 123-day summer grazing season and that administration of the anthelmintic had a significant impact on weight gain.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Dudley, Harrison B. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{dore_foster_ru_smith_2019, title={Comparison of oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous fluid therapy for resuscitation of calves with diarrhea}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2019-16970}, abstractNote={
 ABSTRACT
 
 Neonatal diarrhea remains the primary cause of mortality in dairy calves around the world, and optimal treatment protocols are needed. The main goals of therapy are to restore hydration and electrolyte concentrations, correct strong ion (metabolic) acidemia, and provide nutritional support. Administration of oral electrolyte solutions (OES) has long been the primary method used to treat neonatal diarrhea in humans and calves because OES are capable of addressing each of the primary goals of therapy. In calves with moderate dehydration, we hypothesized that oral electrolytes would be as good as or better than small volumes of intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) fluids. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to compare the ability of a commercially available oral electrolyte solution (OES) administered alone or in combination with hypertonic saline with small volumes of IV or SC fluid therapy to resuscitate calves with diarrhea. Thirty-three Holstein calves from 5 to 14 d of age were utilized in this clinical trial. Diarrhea and dehydration were induced by adding sucrose to the milk replacer. In addition, hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone were given orally and furosemide intramuscularly. Depression status, clinical hydration scores, fecal consistency, and body weight were recorded at regular intervals. Treatment began when calves had severe diarrhea and had a decrease in plasma volume of at least 10%. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups of 8 to 9 calves per group: (1) OES; (2) OES with hypertonic saline (4 mL/kg, IV); (3) IV fluids (lactated Ringer's, 2 L); or (4) SC fluids (lactated Ringer's, 2 L). Treatments were given at 0 and 12 h. Changes in plasma volume, blood pH, electrolyte levels, and physical examination scores were determined before therapy and again at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after each treatment. All 4 treatments were ultimately successful in improving hydration as well as increasing blood pH; however, animals in both groups that received OES had much faster resuscitation than those in either the IV or SC fluid group. In conclusion, oral electrolyte products remain the gold standard for resuscitating diarrheic calves with moderate dehydration and acidemia and will likely perform better than small volumes of IV lactated Ringer's solution. Subcutaneous fluids by themselves are a poor treatment option and should be only be used as supportive therapy following the initial correction of hypovolemia and metabolic acidosis.
 
}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Dore, V and Foster, D. M. and Ru, H. and Smith, G. W.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={11337–11348} }
 @inbook{smith_davis_2019, place={St. Louis}, edition={6th}, title={Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System}, booktitle={Large Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Smith, G.W. and Davis, J.L.}, editor={Smith, B.P. and Van Metre, D.C. and Pusterla, N.Editors}, year={2019}, pages={921–955} }
 @article{foster_jacob_stowe_smith_2019, title={Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a
            Salmonella
            Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral
            Salmonella
            challenge}, volume={33}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15529}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.15529}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, Derek and Jacob, Megan and Stowe, Devorah and Smith, Geof}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={1796–1806} }
 @article{mzyk_bublitz_martinez_davis_baynes_smith_2019, title={Impact of bovine respiratory disease on the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and tulathromycin in different ages of calves}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218864}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0218864}, abstractNote={Pneumonia is one of the most economically important respiratory diseases of calves and knowledge of the impact of clinical disease on pharmacokinetics (PK) in young calves is limited. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and PK of two antibiotics, tulathromycin and danofloxacin, in two age groups of calves experimentally infected with Pasteurella multocida. Both danofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, and tulathromycin, a macrolide antibiotic is approved for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). To evaluate potential influences of age and disease on drug distribution and elimination in calves, plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF), and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) were analyzed for drug concentrations. Concentrations for both drugs in the PELF were estimated by a urea dilution assay of the collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Age was determined to be a significant covariate for calves administered danofloxacin and tulathromycin for plasma PK parameters. For calves administered danofloxacin, the area under the curve (AUC) in the plasma was lower in 6-month old calves (18.9 ± 12.6 hr* μg/mL) vs. 3-week old calves (32.0 ± 8.2 hr* μg/mL). Clearance (CL/F) of danofloxacin was higher in 6-month old calves. In contrast, tulathromycin plasma concentrations were higher in 6 month old calves and CL/F was higher in 3-week old calves. Age did not significantly influence the ISF concentrations of danofloxacin or tulathromycin in calves with respiratory disease, unlike previous studies which reported higher ISF concentrations of danofloxacin and tulathromycin in 6-month old calves when compared to younger calves. PELF concentrations were higher than plasma and ISF for both danofloxacin and tulathromycin, but did not differ between age groups. Potential reasons for age-related differences on plasma concentration–time profiles and the impact of disease on the partitioning of the drug from the blood to the lungs and ISF as a function of age are explored.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Mzyk, Danielle A. and Bublitz, Claire M. and Martinez, Marilyn N. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Smith, Geof W.}, editor={Gladue, DouglasEditor}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @inbook{house_smith_gunn_mcguirk_izzo_2019, place={St. Louis}, edition={6th}, title={Manifestations and management of disease in neonatal ruminants}, booktitle={Large Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={House, J.K. and Smith, G.W. and Gunn, A.A. and McGuirk, S.M. and Izzo, M.}, editor={Smith, B.P. and Van Metre, D.C. and Pusterla, N.Editors}, year={2019}, pages={335–381} }
 @article{udiani_mason_smith_mzyk_gehring_tell_riviere_baynes_2018, title={Automation and applications of the tolerance limit method in estimating meat withdrawal periods for veterinary drugs}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1872-7107"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.02.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.compag.2018.02.005}, abstractNote={A program was written in R to facilitate the implementation of the tolerance limit method (TLM) for establishing regulatory withdrawal times for limiting drug residues in meat, milk, and eggs. The developed computer source code can use pharmacokinetic and regulatory data to calculate the drug withdrawal period according to United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) guidelines. The code called the “Withdrawal Time Calculator (WTC)” applied this TLM method to meat samples. The program was tested with the data provided by the U.S. FDA guidance and other published data collected from in vivo studies. Additional algorithm validation data were flunixin and sulfamethazine liver concentration data from peer-reviewed publications generated by our laboratory. This manuscript reports the withdrawal period results from testing the developed WTC code. Moreover, the source code for the WTC contains a data removal algorithm, constructed according to U.S. FDA data elimination recommendations if the user chooses. The power of the WTC is that it bypasses the use of multiple platforms typically required to perform the TLM, including standard commercial spreadsheet software (i.e., Microsoft Excel) and Statistical Analysis System (SAS) while providing speed and usability. This novel program provides a platform to calculate a withdrawal period recommendation for any drug in any class of animal for various regulatory body standards and could be very helpful in cases of extra-label drug use in food animals.}, journal={COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Udiani, O. and Mason, S. and Smith, G. and Mzyk, D. and Gehring, R. and Tell, L. and Riviere, J. E. and Baynes, R. E.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={125–135} }
 @inbook{smith_riviere_2018, edition={10th}, title={Dosage forms and veterinary feed directives}, booktitle={Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell Publishing}, author={Smith, G.W. and Riviere, J.E.}, editor={Riviere, J.E. and Papich, M.G.Editors}, year={2018}, pages={1459–1464} }
 @article{mzyk_bublitz_hobgood_martinez_davis_smith_baynes_2018, title={Effect of age on plasma protein binding of several veterinary drugs in dairy Check for calves 2}, volume={121}, ISSN={["1532-2661"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.004}, abstractNote={The intent of this study was to determine what influence, if any, increasing age has on the binding of drugs to plasma proteins in cattle. Plasma from three different cohorts of calves were used. The first group (n = 20) had plasma samples taken at 1, 7 and 21 days of age. These were compared to results from a second group of calves at 8 weeks and third group sampled at 6 months of age. The plasma protein binding of danofloxacin, florfenicol, flunixin meglumine and tulathromycin was determined in vitro via microcentrifugation using three different drug concentrations spiked into the individual plasma samples derived from each calf. Albumin concentrations were lowest at 1 day of age as compared to plasma samples taken from 2 month old and 6 month old calves. There were significant decreases in alpha1-acid glycoprotein in calves until 21 days of age. However, statistically significant age-effects on plasma protein binding were not observed for any of the drugs evaluated in this study. Findings from these calves suggest that age is not an important factor in the binding of these drugs to plasma proteins.}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Mzyk, Danielle A. and Bublitz, Claire M. and Hobgood, Ginger D. and Martinez, Marilyn N. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Smith, Geof W. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={59–64} }
 @article{mzyk_bublitz_hobgood_martinez_smith_baynes_2018, title={Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and distribution of tulathromycin in interstitial and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid in healthy calves}, volume={79}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.79.11.1193}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.79.11.1193}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Mzyk, Danielle A. and Bublitz, Claire M. and Hobgood, Ginger D. and Martinez, Marilyn N. and Smith, Geof W. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1193–1203} }
 @article{smith_2018, title={Fumonisins}, ISBN={["978-0-12-811410-0"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-12-811410-0.00071-4}, journal={VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY: BASIC AND CLINICAL PRINCIPLES, 3RD EDITION}, author={Smith, Geof W.}, year={2018}, pages={1003–1018} }
 @article{smith_2018, title={Slaframine}, ISBN={["978-0-12-811410-0"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-12-811410-0.00073-8}, abstractNote={Slaframine is an alkaloidal mycotoxin produced by the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola that causes profuse salivation (“slobbers”) in animals. It is most commonly found on red clover and is a cholinergic agonist. Clinical signs are due to the high affinity of slaframine for the M3 muscarinic receptors subtype, which is believed to be important in the control of exocrine and endocrine glands. Clinical signs are similar in different species and are characterized by a rapid onset of profuse salivation that can last for several days. Naturally occurring cases are primarily reported in horses and ruminants. Diagnosis of slaframine toxicity is primarily made through clinical signs in animals consuming legume forage, particularly red clover hay. Chromatographic methods for detecting the toxin in hay, plasma, or milk have also been reported. Treatment is rarely necessary, as most animals will spontaneously recover when the contaminated hay is removed. In severe cases, atropine may be of benefit to reverse the parasympathomimetic effects of the toxin.}, journal={VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY: BASIC AND CLINICAL PRINCIPLES, 3RD EDITION}, author={Smith, Geof W.}, year={2018}, pages={1029–1032} }
 @article{dore_smith_2017, title={Cerebral Disorders of Calves}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.09.004}, abstractNote={Neurologic diseases of the cerebrum are relatively common in cattle. In calves, the primary cerebral disorders are polioencephalomalacia, meningitis, and sodium toxicity. Because diagnostic testing is not always readily available, the practitioner must often decide on a course of treatment based on knowledge of the likely disease, as well as his or her own clinical experience. This is particularly true with neurologic diseases in which the prognosis is often poor and euthanasia may be the most humane outcome. This article reviews the most common diseases affecting the cerebrum of calves with a focus on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Dore, Vincent and Smith, Geof}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={27-+} }
 @article{mzyk_gehring_tell_vickroy_riviere_ragan_baynes_smith_2017, title={Considerations for extralabel drug use in calves}, volume={250}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.11.1275}, DOI={10.2460/javma.250.11.1275}, abstractNote={1275 Calfhood diseases have major negative economic consequences on beef and dairy operations owing to costs associated with treatment, long-term effects on growth and performance, and death of affected calves.1–3 The number of drugs approved for the treatment of diseased calves by the FDA is limited; however, veterinarians have the authority to administer drugs in an extralabel manner to that class of animals under provisions established by AMDUCA.4 Nevertheless, drug labels that state, “a withdrawal period has not been established for this product in preruminating calves” can cause confusion about whether those drugs can or cannot be administered to young calves. Pharmacokinetic and residue depletion studies for very few drugs have been performed in young calves, and extrapolation of drug WDTs established for adult cattle to calves might not be appropriate or adequate to avoid violative tissue residues, which makes ELDU in calves problematic and potentially difficult to justify. The purpose of this digest is to provide veterinarians with a summary of the considerations for ELDU in both beef and dairy calves as well as calves intended for veal production.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Mzyk, Danielle A. and Gehring, Ronette and Tell, Lisa A. and Vickroy, Thomas W. and Riviere, Jim E. and Ragan, Gail and Baynes, Ronald E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1275–1282} }
 @inbook{smith_2017, title={Disease prevention and control for the dairy heifer}, ISBN={9780963449122}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/ldhm.0633}, DOI={10.3168/ldhm.0633}, booktitle={Large Dairy Herd Management}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Smith, G. W.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={445–456} }
 @misc{burgstaller_wittek_smith_2017, title={Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2016-10949}, abstractNote={Creating the ideal nutrition program for calves is a demanding task that has undergone tremendous change in recent years. Products and technologies including novel milk replacers and automated calf feeding systems have been developed to facilitate the ability of dairy producers to feed for higher growth rates before weaning. The creation of new feeding programs and milk replacers has to be looked at carefully, not only from a nutrition point of view but also from the perspective of a potential effect on physiologic digestion and calf health. Abomasal emptying is a critical factor that may link nutrition and disease. The purpose of this article is to review both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are responsible for abomasal emptying. Predominant extrinsic factors controlling abomasal emptying include meal volume, energy density, and osmolality along with the content and source of protein. This article also reviews experimental methods used to measure abomasal emptying in the calf including those that would be appropriate for use under field conditions. Among these methods, the use of ultrasonography and different absorption tests (d-xylose, acetaminophen) as tools to measure abomasal emptying are discussed. The relationship between abomasal emptying and disease is explored, particularly as it relates to abomasal bloat. Abomasal bloat is a complex syndrome that seems to be increasing in frequency and whose etiology likely at least partially involves slowing of abomasal emptying. Suggestions for minimizing the effect of feeding programs on abomasal emptying are explored as well as needs for future research.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Burgstaller, Johann and Wittek, Thomas and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={17–35} }
 @article{mzyk_baynes_messenger_martinez_smith_2017, title={Pharmacokinetics and distribution in interstitial and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of danofloxacin in ruminant and preruminant calves}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvp.12346}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to compare active drug concentrations in the plasma vs. different effector compartments including interstitial fluid (ISF) and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) of healthy preruminating (3‐week‐old) and ruminating (6‐month‐old) calves. Eight calves in each age group were given a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose (8 mg/kg) of danofloxacin. Plasma, ISF, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected over 96 h and analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. PELF concentrations were calculated by a urea dilution assay of the BAL fluids. Plasma protein binding was measured using a microcentrifugation system. For most preruminant and ruminant calves, the concentration–time profile of the central compartment was best described by a two‐compartment open body model. For some calves, a third compartment was also observed. The time to maximum concentration in the plasma was longer in preruminating calves (3.1 h) vs. ruminating calves (1.4 h). Clearance (CL/F) was 385.15 and 535.11 mL/h/kg in preruminant and ruminant calves, respectively. Ruminant calves maintained higher ISF/plasma concentration ratios throughout the study period compared to that observed in preruminant calves. Potential reasons for age‐related differences in plasma concentration–time profiles and partitioning of the drug to lungs and ISF as a function of age are explored.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Mzyk, D. A. and Baynes, R. E. and Messenger, K. M. and Martinez, M. and Smith, G. W.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={179–191} }
 @inbook{smith_2016, edition={11th}, title={Actinobacillosis}, booktitle={Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company}, author={Smith, G.W.}, year={2016}, pages={589–590} }
 @inbook{smith_2016, edition={11th}, title={Actinomycosis}, booktitle={Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company}, author={Smith, G.W.}, year={2016}, pages={590–592} }
 @article{baynes_dedonder_kissell_mzyk_marmulak_smith_tell_gehring_davis_riviere_2016, title={Health concerns and management of select veterinary drug residues}, volume={88}, ISSN={0278-6915}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2015.12.020}, DOI={10.1016/J.FCT.2015.12.020}, abstractNote={The aim of this manuscript is to review the potential adverse health effects in humans if exposed to residues of selected veterinary drugs used in food-producing animals. Our other objectives are to briefly inform the reader of why many of these drugs are or were approved for use in livestock production and how drug residues can be mitigated for these drugs. The selected drugs include several antimicrobials, beta agonists, and phenylbutazone. The antimicrobials continue to be of regulatory concern not only because of their acute adverse effects but also because their use as growth promoters have been linked to antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, nitroimidazoles and arsenicals are no longer approved for use in food animals in most jurisdictions. In recent years, the risk assessment and risk management of beta agonists, have been the focus of national and international agencies and this manuscript attempts to review the pharmacology of these drugs and regulatory challenges. Several of the drugs selected for this review can cause noncancer effects (e.g., penicillins) and others are potential carcinogens (e.g., nitroimidazoles). This review also focuses on how regulatory and independent organizations manage the risk of these veterinary drugs based on data from human health risk assessments.}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baynes, Ronald E. and Dedonder, Keith and Kissell, Lindsey and Mzyk, Danielle and Marmulak, Tara and Smith, Geof and Tell, Lisa and Gehring, Ronette and Davis, Jennifer and Riviere, Jim E.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={112–122} }
 @article{kissell_brinson_gehring_tell_wetzlich_baynes_riviere_smith_2016, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue elimination of flunixin in veal calves}, volume={77}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.77.6.634}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.77.6.634}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Kissell, Lindsey W. and Brinson, Patrick D. and Gehring, Ronette and Tell, Lisa A. and Wetzlich, Scott E. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Riviere, Jim E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={634–640} }
 @article{smith_2015, title={Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.11.004}, abstractNote={Diarrhea in neonatal and adult cattle is common and can be caused by several etiologic agents. As diagnostic testing is not always readily available, practitioners must often decide on a course of treatment based on knowledge of the likely pathogen and their own clinical experience. Antimicrobials have long been used to treat diarrhea in adults and neonates; however, there is increased pressure to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics in food animal species. This article reviews existing data on the use of antibiotics given to cattle with enteric diseases to decide when they are necessary and which antimicrobials should be used.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Smith, Geof}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={47-+} }
 @article{smith_smith_zuidhof_foster_2015, title={Characterization of the serologic response induced by vaccination of late-gestation cows with a Salmonella Dublin vaccine}, volume={98}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8972}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2014-8972}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Diarrhea due to Salmonella infection is an important cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. The acquisition of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam has shown some success in previous studies; however, no data exists on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether vaccinating cows in late gestation with a commercially available Salmonella Dublin vaccine would stimulate Salmonella-specific antibodies in the colostrum of cows at calving and whether these antibodies would be transferred to the calf. Thirty Holstein cows were vaccinated 3wk before the end of lactation with a Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin vaccine, with a second dose given at dry-off. An additional 30 cows received only saline. Calves had a blood sample collected immediately after birth and were then fed fresh colostrum from their dam within 2 h of calving. A postcolostrum blood sample was collected 24 to 48 h later. Salmonella Dublin antibodies in colostrum as well as serum from the cows and calves were measured using an ELISA technique. Results of this study showed that vaccinated cattle had elevated Salmonella Dublin antibody titers at the time of calving (40.3±9.1) as compared with control cows (−9.4±1.1). Calves that received colostrum from vaccinated cattle also had a significant increase in Salmonella Dublin antibodies (88.5±8.9) as compared with calves born to unvaccinated cows (−3.2±1.2). This study demonstrated that the use of a commercially available Salmonella Dublin vaccine can stimulate antibodies that are passed on to the calf via colostral transfer. Further studies need to be done to determine whether these antibodies will offer protection against Salmonella challenge.
 
}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Smith, G.W. and Smith, F. and Zuidhof, S. and Foster, D.M.}, year={2015}, pages={2529–2532} }
 @article{kissell_leavens_baynes_riviere_smith_2015, title={Comparison of pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin in healthy cows and cows with mastitis}, volume={246}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.246.1.118}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Kissell, Lindsey W. and Leavens, Teresa L. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Riviere, Jim E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={118–125} }
 @inbook{smith_2015, place={St. Louis, MO}, edition={5th}, title={Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System}, ISBN={9780323088398}, booktitle={Large Animal Internal Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier Publishing}, year={2015}, month={May} }
 @article{glosson_hopkins_washburn_davidson_smith_earleywine_ma_2015, title={Effect of supplementing pasteurized milk balancer products to heat-treated whole milk on the growth and health of dairy calves}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2014-8567}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the growth and health effects of supplementing heat-treated whole milk with pasteurized milk balancer products in calf-feeding programs. All calves were removed from their dams at birth (d 0), fed 3.8L of heat-treated colostrum, and received assigned treatments from d 1 until weaning at d 56. Calves were weighed and skeletal measurements taken every 7 d from d 0 until 56. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were calculated. In experiment 1, 80 Holstein heifer calves were used to investigate the effects of supplementing 2 levels of heat-treated whole milk with or without a pasteurized all-milk balancer. Four dietary treatments (n=20) were used. Calves receiving milk (M) and milk plus balancer (M+B) were fed 3.8L of milk divided into 2 equal feedings daily. Calves fed increased milk (IM) and increased milk plus balancer (IM+B) received 3.8L of milk divided into 2 equal feedings from d 1 to 14, 5.7L from d 15 to 42, and 2.85L fed once daily from d 43 to 56. Treatments M+B and IM+B included pasteurized all-milk balancer fed at a rate of 0.23kg per 3.8L of milk. In experiment 2, 72 Holstein heifer calves were used to investigate the effects of supplementing either a pasteurized all-milk balancer or a pasteurized protein-blend milk balancer. Three dietary treatments (n=24) were used. Calves were fed 3.8L of milk divided into 2 equal feedings from d 1 to 14 and 5.7L from d 15 to 56. Treatment IM did not include any supplements. Balancer was added to IM+B and increased milk plus protein-blend balancer (IM+PB). Balancer was supplemented at a rate of 0.23kg per 3.8L of milk. In experiment 1, calves fed IM+B had greater average body weight (BW) and average daily gain compared with calves given other treatments. Calves fed 5.7L of milk had greater FE than those fed 3.8L regardless of balancer added. In experiment 2, calves fed IM+B and IM+PB had greater BW when compared with calves given M. Calves fed IM+PB had comparable BW and FE to calves given IM+B. The enhanced calf-feeding programs evaluated in this study were successful in increasing growth in preweaned calves when supplementing milk balancer product to heat-treated whole milk. Health scores of fecal, respiratory, and attitude determined illness. Feces were looser for calves receiving IM+B and IM+PB, but attitude scores did not confirm an illness and so overall health was not different between treatments.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Glosson, K. M. and Hopkins, B. A. and Washburn, S. P. and Davidson, S. and Smith, G. and Earleywine, T. and Ma, C.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={1127–1135} }
 @article{lindquist_baynes_smith_2015, title={Short communication: Pharmacokinetics of intramammary hetacillin in dairy cattle milked 3 times per day}, volume={98}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8715}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2014-8715}, abstractNote={Mastitis remains a critical disease in the dairy industry and the use of intramammary antibiotics plays a critical role in mastitis treatment. Hetacillin is currently approved as an intramammary antibiotic that is used to treat mastitis in dairy cows. It is approved for once a day administration and can be used for a total of 3 d. An increasing number of dairy farms are milking 3 times per day (instead of the traditional 2 times per day) and very little pharmacokinetic data exists on the use of intramammary drugs in a 3×system. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if once a day intramammary infusion of hetacillin is sufficient to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations in cattle milked 3 times per day. Eight Holstein cattle milked 3 times per day were used in this study. After collecting a baseline milk sample, each cow received intramammary infusions of hetacillin in the left front and right rear quarters once a day for 3 d. Milk samples from each of the treated quarters were collected at each milking and frozen until analysis. Milk samples were analyzed for ampicillin concentrations using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method. All treated quarters had antibiotic concentrations well above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for gram-positive mastitis pathogens at 8 and 16 h postinfusion. Milk concentrations had fallen well below the MIC by the 24-h period (before the next infusion). All 8 cows in this study consistently had individual quarter milk ampicillin concentrations below the FDA tolerance of 0.01 μg/mL (10 ppb) within 48 h of the last infusion. Based on this study, milk ampicillin concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organisms (MIC90) for at least 65% of the dosing interval, which is sufficient for once-daily dosing with most cases of gram-positive mastitis. Therefore, intramammary hetacillin should be an effective treatment for the vast majority of gram-positive mastitis pathogens when used according to label (once per day) in cows milked 3 times per day.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Lindquist, Danielle A. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={1856–1861} }
 @article{leavens_tell_kissell_smith_smith_wagner_shelver_wu_baynes_riviere_et al._2014, title={Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for flunixin in cattle (Bos taurus)}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1944-0057"]}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2014.938363}, abstractNote={Frequent violation of flunixin residues in tissues from cattle has been attributed to non-compliance with the USFDA-approved route of administration and withdrawal time. However, the effect of administration route and physiological differences among animals on tissue depletion has not been determined. The objective of this work was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict plasma, liver and milk concentrations of flunixin in cattle following intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration for use as a tool to determine factors that may affect the withdrawal time. The PBPK model included blood flow-limited distribution in all tissues and elimination in the liver, kidney and milk. Regeneration of parent flunixin due to enterohepatic recirculation and hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites was incorporated in the liver compartment. Values for physiological parameters were obtained from the literature, and partition coefficients for all tissues but liver and kidney were derived empirically. Liver and kidney partition coefficients and elimination parameters were estimated for 14 pharmacokinetic studies (including five crossover studies) from the literature or government sources in which flunixin was administered i.v., i.m. or s.c. Model simulations compared well with data for the matrices following all routes of administration. Influential model parameters included those that may be age or disease-dependent, such as clearance and rate of milk production. Based on the model, route of administration would not affect the estimated days to reach the tolerance concentration (0.125 mg kg−1) in the liver of treated cattle. The majority of USDA-reported violative residues in liver were below the upper uncertainty predictions based on estimated parameters, which suggests the need to consider variability due to disease and age in establishing withdrawal intervals for drugs used in food animals. The model predicted that extravascular routes of administration prolonged flunixin concentrations in milk, which could result in violative milk residues in treated cattle.}, number={9}, journal={FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PART A-CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS CONTROL EXPOSURE & RISK ASSESSMENT}, author={Leavens, Teresa and Tell, L. A. and Kissell, L. W. and Smith, Geof and Smith, D. J. and Wagner, S. A. and Shelver, W. L. and Wu, H. L. and Baynes, R. E. and Riviere, J. E. and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1506–1521} }
 @article{smith_berchtold_2014, title={Fluid Therapy in Calves}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.04.002}, abstractNote={Early and aggressive fluid therapy is critical in correcting the metabolic complications associated with calf diarrhea. Oral electrolyte therapy can be used with success in calves, but careful consideration should be given to the type of oral electrolyte used. Electrolyte solutions with high osmolalities can significantly slow abomasal emptying and can be a risk factor for abomasal bloat in calves. Milk should not be withheld from calves with diarrhea for more than 12 to 24 hours. Hypertonic saline and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate can be used effectively for intravenous fluid therapy on farms when intravenous catheterization is not possible.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Berchtold, Joachim}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={409-+} }
 @book{smith_roussel_2014, title={Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy}, volume={30}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier Publishing}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={295–486} }
 @article{roussel_smith_2014, title={Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy Preface}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.05.001}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Roussel, Allen J. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={IX-X} }
 @article{warren_prange_campbell_gerard_martin_jacob_smith_papich_foster_2014, title={Implantation of an ultrafiltration device in the ileum and spiral colon of steers to continuously collect intestinal fluid}, volume={97}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.10.012}, abstractNote={Collection of fluid from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is commonly necessary for research projects, but presents challenges including intestinal motility and potential for leakage of intestinal contents. In this study, ultrafiltration collection devices were surgically implanted in the ileum and spiral colon of 12 steers for repeated collection of intestinal fluid over 48 hours. There were no significant complications associated with surgery or during the post-operative period, nor were there any significant pathologic changes found at necropsy 3 or 4 days post-surgery. Over 48 hours, we obtained 88% of the desired 212 samples. Only two devices failed to routinely collect samples. Use of ultrafiltration probes is a novel, consistent and humane method to repeatedly sample the gastrointestinal contents.}, number={3}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Warren, Chelsea D. and Prange, Timo and Campbell, Nigel B. and Gerard, Mat P. and Martin, Luke G. and Jacob, Megan E. and Smith, Geof W. and Papich, Mark G. and Foster, Derek M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={611–615} }
 @article{smith_alley_foster_smith_wileman_2014, title={Passive Immunity Stimulated by Vaccination of Dry Cows with a Salmonella Bacterial Extract}, volume={28}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12396}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12396}, abstractNote={BackgroundDiarrhea because of Salmonella infection is a cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. The stimulation of passive immunity in the calf by vaccinating the dam for Salmonella has shown some success in previous studies; however, there are no data on the use of currently licensed vaccines in the United States.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, G.W. and Alley, M.L. and Foster, D.M. and Smith, F. and Wileman, B.W.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1602–1605} }
 @inbook{smith_2014, title={Residue Avoidance in Dairy Cattle Production Systems}, ISBN={9781118872819 9780470247525}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118872819.ch9}, DOI={10.1002/9781118872819.ch9}, booktitle={Strategies for Reducing Drug and Chemical Residues in Food Animals}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons, Inc}, author={Smith, Geof}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={137–159} }
 @article{kissell_davidson_hopkins_smith_whitlow_2013, title={Effect of experimental feed additives on aflatoxin in milk of dairy cows fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1439-0396"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01311.x}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION}, author={Kissell, L. and Davidson, S. and Hopkins, B. A. and Smith, G. W. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={694–700} }
 @article{smith_2013, title={Extralabel Use of Anesthetic and Analgesic Compounds in Cattle}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.11.003}, abstractNote={The need for drugs for sedation, anesthesia, or analgesia in cattle is relatively common in bovine practice. Because almost nothing is specifically approved for anesthesia or analgesia in cattle, the administration of most of these drugs represents extralabel drug use. The primary purpose of this article is to discuss the pharmacokinetics of the main drugs used for sedation, anesthesia, or analgesia in cattle, including information on meat and milk withdrawal where possible.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Smith, Geof}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={29-+} }
 @article{kissell_baynes_riviere_smith_2013, title={Occurrence of flunixin residues in bovine milk samples from the USA}, volume={30}, ISSN={1944-0049 1944-0057}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.803604}, DOI={10.1080/19440049.2013.803604}, abstractNote={5-Hydroxy-flunixin concentrations in milk samples were quantified by two commercially available screening assays – CHARM® and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) – to determine whether any concentrations could be detected above the tolerance limit of 2 ng g−1 from different regions in the United States. Milk samples came from large tanker trucks hauling milk to processing plants, and had already been screened for antibiotics. Positive results for flunixin residues based on a screening assay were confirmed by ultra-HPLC with mass spectrometric detection. Of the 500 milk samples analysed in this study, one sample was found to have a 5-hydroxy-flunixin concentration greater than the tolerance limit. The results of this study indicate that flunixin residues in milk are possible. Regulatory agencies should be aware that such residues can occur, and should consider incorporating or expanding flunixin screening tests as part of routine drug monitoring in milk. Larger studies are needed to determine the true prevalence of flunixin residues in milk from other regions in the United States as well as different countries.}, number={9}, journal={Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kissell, L.W. and Baynes, R.E. and Riviere, J.E. and Smith, G.W.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1513–1516} }
 @article{lainesse_gehring_pasloske_smith_soback_wagner_whittem_2012, title={Challenges associated with the demonstration of bioequivalence of intramammary products in ruminants}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01375.x}, abstractNote={Lainesse, C., Gehring, R., Pasloske, K., Smith, G., Soback, S., Wagner, S., Whittem, T. Challenges associated with the demonstration of bioequivalence of intramammary products in ruminants. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35 (Suppl. 1), 65–79.}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Lainesse, C. and Gehring, R. and Pasloske, K. and Smith, G. and Soback, S. and Wagner, S. and Whittem, T.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={65–79} }
 @article{smith_ahmed_constable_2012, title={Effect of orally administered electrolyte solution formulation on abomasal luminal pH and emptying rate in dairy calves}, volume={241}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.241.8.1075}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Ahmed, Ahmed F. and Constable, Peter D.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1075–1082} }
 @article{fidler_alley_smith_2012, title={Evaluation of a Serpens species bacterin for treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle}, volume={93}, ISSN={0034-5288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.002}, abstractNote={Digital dermatitis is a major cause of lameness in many dairy herds and represents a detriment to milk production, reproductive efficiency, productive lifespan and welfare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic use of a Serpens species bacterin in a dairy herd known to have a significant prevalence of lameness due to digital dermatitis. Seventy-six mature lactating Holsteins were enrolled in this study. Group 1 (n=38) received three injections of a Serpens species bacterin at four-week intervals (weeks 0, 4, and 8) while group 2 (n=38) received only adjuvant. Blood samples were obtained prior to the first injection at week 0 and again at week 12 to evaluate antibody responses. Locomotion and digital dermatitis lesion measurements were performed at weeks 0, 12 and 18. Although Serpens-associated antibody titers increased from week 0 to 12 in vaccinated cows; the prevalence of digital dermatitis, the percentage of cows identified as clinically lame and the average width of digital dermatitis lesions did not differ from week 0 to 12 or from week 0 to 18 between groups. The results of this study indicate a lack of any clinical efficacy associated with vaccination in this herd, although inoculation with the bacterin did stimulate a measurable antibody response.}, number={3}, journal={Research in Veterinary Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fidler, Andrew P. and Alley, Mark L. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1258–1260} }
 @inbook{smith_2012, title={Fumonisins}, ISBN={9780123859266}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385926-6.00104-6}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-385926-6.00104-6}, booktitle={Veterinary Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Smith, Geof W.}, year={2012}, pages={1205–1219} }
 @article{romanet_smith_leavens_baynes_wetzlich_riviere_tell_2012, title={Pharmacokinetics and tissue elimination of tulathromycin following subcutaneous administration in meat goats}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0002-9645"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1634}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Romanet, Jessica and Smith, Geof W. and Leavens, Teresa L. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Wetzlich, Scott E. and Riviere, Jim E. and Tell, Lisa A.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1634–1640} }
 @article{kissell_smith_leavens_baynes_wu_riviere_2012, title={Plasma pharmacokinetics and milk residues of flunixin and 5-hydroxy flunixin following different routes of administration in dairy cattle}, volume={95}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5754}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2012-5754}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine if the plasma pharmacokinetics and milk elimination of flunixin (FLU) and 5-hydroxy flunixin (5OH) differ following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of FLU compared with intravenous injection. Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized crossover design study. Cows were organized into 2 groups based on milk production (<20 or >30 kg of milk/d). All cattle were administered 2 doses of 1.1mg of FLU/kg at 12-h intervals by intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. The washout period between routes of administration was 7d. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein before FLU administration and at various time points up to 36 h after the first dose of FLU. Composite milk samples were collected before FLU administration and twice daily for 5d after the first dose of FLU. Samples were analyzed by ultra-HPLC with mass spectrometric detection. For FLU plasma samples, a difference in terminal half-life was observed among routes of administration. Harmonic mean terminal half-lives for FLU were 3.42, 4.48, and 5.39 h for intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection, respectively. The mean bioavailability following intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing was 84.5 and 104.2%, respectively. The decrease in 5OH milk concentration versus time after last dose was analyzed with the nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach and indicated that both the route of administration and rate of milk production were significant covariates. The number of milk samples greater than the tolerance limit for each route of administration was also compared at each time point for statistical significance. Forty-eight hours after the first dose, 5OH milk concentrations were undetectable in all intravenously injected cows; however, one intramuscularly injected and one subcutaneously injected cow had measurable concentrations. These cows had 5OH concentrations above the tolerance limit at the 36-h withdrawal time. The high number of FLU residues identified in cull dairy cows by the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service is likely related to administration of the drug by an unapproved route. Cattle that received FLU by the approved (intravenous) route consistently eliminated the drug before the approved withdrawal times; however, residues can persist beyond these approved times following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration. Cows producing less than 20 kg of milk/d had altered FLU milk clearance, which may also contribute to violative FLU residues.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Kissell, L.W. and Smith, G.W. and Leavens, T.L. and Baynes, R.E. and Wu, H. and Riviere, J.E.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={7151–7157} }
 @article{alley_haines_smith_2012, title={Short communication: Evaluation of serum immunoglobulin G concentrations using an automated turbidimetric immunoassay in dairy calves}, volume={95}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2012-5420}, abstractNote={The absorption of maternal antibodies associated with colostrum feeding is critical to the health of calves. Multiple assays have been described to assess serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves. However, none are ideal for routine use on farms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a new commercially available immunoassay and portable analyzer for measuring serum IgG concentrations in dairy calves. Serum from 100 Holstein calves that had received colostrum was collected for this study. Immunoglobulin G concentrations were run on each calf using both the rapid immunoassay method and radial immunodiffusion assay. Serum IgG concentrations in calves from this study ranged from 460 to 3,640 mg/dL (mean ± SD: 1,515 ± 71) as measured by radial immunodiffusion and 402 to 3,586 mg/dL (mean 1,473 ± 70) as measured by the immunoassay. Based on regression analysis, the automated results closely paralleled those obtained by radial immunodiffusion with a coefficient of determination value of 0.98. Based on the results of this study, the immunoassay technique using the portable analyzer represents a reliable method that can be run within 15 min and provide an accurate serum IgG level. Although the cost is not insignificant, this assay could be easily implemented on a dairy farm to help monitor transfer of passive immunity.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Alley, M. L. and Haines, D. M. and Smith, G. W.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={4596–4599} }
 @inbook{smith_2012, title={Slaframine}, ISBN={9780123859266}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385926-6.00106-x}, DOI={10.1016/b978-0-12-385926-6.00106-x}, booktitle={Veterinary Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Smith, Geof W.}, year={2012}, pages={1227–1230} }
 @article{foster_chinnadurai_nutt_pandiri_linder_alley_smith_2011, title={Congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in an alpaca}, volume={89}, ISSN={0005-0423}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00661.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00661.x}, abstractNote={An adult alpaca was presented because of abdominal pain and was diagnosed with an intestinal obstruction. The putative diagnosis at surgery was an intestinal obstruction caused by peritonitis and intra‐abdominal adhesions. The cause of the inflammation was not determined at that time. The alpaca died soon after surgery from post‐surgical complications and a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia that was not diagnosed until necropsy.}, number={1-2}, journal={Australian Veterinary Journal}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foster, DM and Chinnadurai, SK and Nutt, JN and Pandiri, A and Linder, KE and Alley, ML and Smith, GW}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={51–54} }
 @inbook{smith_2011, place={Mexico City}, title={Diarrea neonatal [Neonatal diarrhea]}, booktitle={Clínica, Cirugía y Producción de Becerras y Vaquillas Lecheras [Medicine, Surgery and Production of Dairy Calves and Heifers]}, publisher={12 Editorial, A.C.}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Cruz, M.M.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={257–285} }
 @article{young_alley_foster_smith_2011, title={Efficacy of amprolium for the treatment of pathogenic Eimeria species in Boer goat kids}, volume={178}, ISSN={["0304-4017"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.028}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the efficacy of two different doses of amprolium in goats heavily infected with pathogenic Eimeria species. Forty Boer goat kids ranging from 3 to 5 months of age with naturally occurring coccidiosis were randomly divided into 2 groups and treated orally with amprolium at doses of 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days (n = 20) or 50 mg/kg daily for 5 days (n = 20). The Eimeria oocyst per gram concentrations were significantly reduced on day 7 in the kids that received amprolium at 50 mg/kg, however oocyst concentrations were not significantly reduced in goats that received the 10 mg/kg dose. Out of 100 Eimeria oocysts identified from a pooled fecal sample, E. christenseni was the most frequently identified (52%) coccidial species present. The results of this trial indicate that amprolium can be an effective treatment for pathogenic Eimeria species in goat kids, however higher and extralabel doses (50 mg/kg) should be used.}, number={3-4}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Young, Gabrielle and Alley, Mark L. and Foster, Derek M. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={346–349} }
 @inbook{smith_2011, place={Mexico City}, title={Hipernatremia [Hypernatremia]}, booktitle={Clínica, Cirugía y Producción de Becerras y Vaquillas Lecheras [Medicine, Surgery and Production of Dairy Calves and Heifers]}, publisher={12 Editorial, A.C.}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Cruz, M.M.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={236–239} }
 @article{smith_2011, place={Mexico City}, title={Infección por Micoplasma [Mycoplasma infection in calves]}, journal={Clínica, Cirugía y Producción de Becerras y Vaquillas Lecheras [Medicine, Surgery and Production of Dairy Calves and Heifers]}, publisher={12 Editorial, A.C.}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Cruz, M.M.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={188–213} }
 @article{young_smith_leavens_wetzlich_baynes_mason_riviere_tell_2011, title={Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin following subcutaneous administration in meat goats}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0034-5288"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.025}, abstractNote={Tulathromycin is a triamilide antibiotic that maintains therapeutic concentrations for an extended period of time. The drug is approved for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine and is occasionally used in goats. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin in meat goats, 10 healthy Boer goats were administered a single 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of tulathromycin. Plasma concentrations were measured by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) detection. Plasma maximal drug concentration (Cmax) was 633 ± 300 ng/ml (0.40 ± 0.26 h post-subcutaneous injection). The half-life of tulathromycin in goats was 110 ± 19.9 h. Tulathromycin was rapidly absorbed and distributed widely after subcutaneous injection 33 ± 6 L/kg. The mean AUC of the group was 12,500 ± 2020 h ng/mL for plasma. In this study, it was determined that the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after a single 2.5 mg/kg SC injection in goats were very similar to what has been previously reported in cattle.}, number={3}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Young, Gabrielle and Smith, Geof W. and Leavens, Teresa L. and Wetzlich, Scott E. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Mason, Sharon E. and Riviere, Jim E. and Tell, Lisa A.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={477–479} }
 @article{fidler_alley_smith_2011, title={Short communication: Serum immunoglobulin G and total protein concentrations in dairy calves fed a colostrum-replacement product}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2011-4358}, abstractNote={Neonatal calf health is largely dependent on the ingestion and absorption of maternally derived antibodies via colostrum administration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available plasma-derived colostrum-replacement (CR) product as compared with bovine colostrum. Holstein calves were removed from the dam immediately after birth and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 calves (n=22) were fed 1 package of the CR product; group 2 calves (n=22) were fed 2 packages of the CR product; and group 3 calves (n=22) were fed 3 L of bovine colostrum. Blood samples were collected from all calves 24h after colostrum or CR feeding and analyzed for serum IgG and total protein concentrations. Calves fed bovine colostrum had significantly higher serum IgG and total protein concentration than calves in either group fed the CR product. Group 1 calves (1 package of CR product) had a significantly higher incidence of failure of transfer of passive immunity than calves in groups 2 or 3. The results of this study indicated that 2 packages of this CR product achieved adequate IgG concentrations in calves. However, calves fed 1 package of this CR product consistently had failure of transfer of passive immunity.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={Fidler, A. P. and Alley, M. L. and Smith, G. W.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={3609–3612} }
 @inbook{smith_2011, title={Timpanismo abomasal en becerras jóvenes [Abomasal bloat in young calves]}, booktitle={Clínica, Cirugía y Producción de Becerras y Vaquillas Lecheras [Medicine, Surgery and Production of Dairy Calves and Heifers]}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Cruz, M.M.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={231–236} }
 @inbook{smith_2010, place={Whitehouse Station, N.J.}, edition={10th}, title={Actinobacillosis}, ISBN={9780911910933}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={539–540} }
 @inbook{smith_2010, place={Whitehouse, NY}, edition={10th}, title={Actinomycosis}, ISBN={9780911910933}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={540–542} }
 @article{smith_davis_smith_gerard_campbell_foster_2010, title={Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of Pantoprazole in Alpacas}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0508.x}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pantoprazole in camelids is not available.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the pharmacokinetics of both IV and SC pantoprazole and to determine whether pantoprazole administration would increase 3rd compartment pH in alpacas.


ANIMALS
Six healthy adult alpacas.


METHODS
Alpacas were fitted with a 3rd compartment cannula for measuring gastric pH. After recovery, alpacas received 1 mg/kg pantoprazole IV, q24h for 3 days or 2 mg/kg SC q24h for 3 days. Alpacas received both IV and SC pantoprazole, with a minimum of 3 weeks between treatments. Third compartment pH was recorded and plasma samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis.


RESULTS
Pantoprazole induced a slow but sustained increase in 3rd compartment pH when given by both the IV and SC routes. Third compartment pH was significantly increased as compared with baseline values (1.81+/-0.7; mean+/-SD) at 24 (2.47+/-0.8), 48 (3.53+/-1.0) and 72 hours (4.03+/-1.3) after daily IV administration of pantoprazole. Third compartment pH increased from 1.73+/-0.6 at baseline to 3.05+/-1.1, 4.02+/-1.4, and 3.61+/-1.6 at 24, 48, and 72 hours after SC administration, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that pantoprazole had a short elimination half-life (0.47+0.06 h) and a high clearance rate (12.2+/-2.9 mL/kg/min) after both IV and SC administration.


CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Based on the results of this study, pantoprazole represents a safe and effective drug for increasing 3rd compartment pH in camelids. Either IV or SC administration is likely to be an effective treatment for gastric ulcers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Smith, G. W. and Davis, J. L. and Smith, S. M. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M.}, year={2010}, pages={949–955} }
 @article{buur_baynes_smith_riviere_2009, title={A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model linking plasma protein binding interactions with drug disposition}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0034-5288"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.003}, abstractNote={Combination drug therapy increases the chance for an adverse drug reactions due to drug–drug interactions. Altered disposition for sulfamethazine (SMZ) when concurrently administered with flunixin meglumine (FLU) in swine could lead to increased tissue residues. There is a need for a pharmacokinetic modeling technique that can predict the consequences of possible drug interactions. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed that links plasma protein binding interactions to drug disposition for SMZ and FLU in swine. The model predicted a sustained decrease in total drug and a temporary increase in free drug concentration. An in vivo study confirmed the presence of a drug interaction. Neither the model nor the in vivo study revealed clinically significant changes that alter tissue disposition. This novel linkage approach has use in the prediction of the clinical impact of plasma protein binding interactions. Ultimately it could be used in the design of dosing regimens and in the protection of the food supply through prediction and minimization of tissue residues.}, number={2}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Buur, J. L. and Baynes, R. E. and Smith, G. W. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={293–301} }
 @book{smith_2009, place={Philadelphia, PA}, series={Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice}, title={Bovine Neonatology}, publisher={W.B. Saunders}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, collection={Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice} }
 @article{smith_2009, title={Bovine neonatology preface}, volume={25}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice}, author={Smith, G. W.}, year={2009}, pages={XI-} }
 @inbook{smith_2009, edition={9th}, title={Dosage forms and veterinary feed directives}, booktitle={Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell Publishing}, author={Smith, G.W.}, editor={Riviere, J.E. and Papich, M.G.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={1439–1444} }
 @article{smith_davis_baynes_yeatts_barlow_riviere_2009, title={Elimination kinetics of tilmicosin following intramammary administration in lactating dairy cattle}, volume={234}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.234.2.245}, DOI={10.2460/javma.234.2.245}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Davis, Jennifer L. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Yeatts, James L. and Barlow, Beth M. and Riviere, Jim E.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={245–248} }
 @inbook{smith_2009, title={FARAD and Related Drug Regulations}, ISBN={9781416035916}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-141603591-6.10096-x}, DOI={10.1016/b978-141603591-6.10096-x}, booktitle={Food Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Smith, Geoffrey}, year={2009}, pages={468–470} }
 @inbook{constable_pyörälä_smith_2009, title={Guidelines for Antimicrobial Use in Cattle}, ISBN={9781444302639 9781405150798}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444302639.ch9}, DOI={10.1002/9781444302639.ch9}, abstractNote={This chapter contains sections titled: Septicaemia Calf diarrhoea Septic arthritis Infections of the foot Pneumonia Metritis Mastitis General conclusions References}, booktitle={Guide to Antimicrobial Use in Animals}, publisher={Blackwell Publishing, Ltd}, author={Constable, Peter D. and Pyörälä, Satu and Smith, Geoffrey W.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={143–160} }
 @article{foster_smith_2009, title={Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves}, volume={25}, ISSN={0749-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013}, abstractNote={Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. Each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. Specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Foster, D.M. and Smith, Geof W.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={13–36} }
 @article{smith_2009, title={Preface}, volume={25}, ISSN={0749-0720}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.005}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Geof W.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={xi-xii} }
 @article{smith_gerard_campbell_foster_smith_davis_2009, title={Third-compartment cannulation in alpacas using a polyurethane gastrostomy tube}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1751-0813"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00510.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00510.x}, abstractNote={Objective To develop a simple and effective surgical technique for third‐compartment cannulation in alpacas.}, number={12}, journal={AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Smith, G. W. and Gerard, M. P. and Campbell, N. B. and Foster, D. M. and Smith, S. M. and Davis, J. L.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={487–491} }
 @article{smith_2009, title={Treatment of Calf Diarrhea: Oral Fluid Therapy}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0749-0720"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.006}, abstractNote={Diarrhea remains the leading cause of mortality in beef and dairy calves. Calves that have diarrhea frequently develop dehydration, strong ion acidosis, and electrolyte abnormalities, and are in a state of negative energy balance. Oral electrolyte therapy is a simple and economical method of addressing all of these potential complications. This article gives an overview of oral electrolyte therapy of calves, including indications, guidelines for administration, and how to choose an electrolyte product.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Smith, Geof W.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={55-+} }
 @article{davis_smith_baynes_tell_webb_riviere_2009, title={Update on drugs prohibited from extralabel use in food animals}, volume={235}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.235.5.528}, number={5}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Davis, Jennifer L. and Smith, Geof W. and Baynes, Ronald E. and Tell, Lisa A. and Webb, Alistair I. and Riviere, Jim E.}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={528–534} }
 @article{smith_davis_tell_webb_riviere_2008, title={FARAD digest - Extralabel use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cattle}, volume={232}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Smith, G. W. and Davis, J. L. and Tell, L. A. and Webb, A. I. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={2008}, pages={697–701} }
 @article{baynes_smith_mason_barrett_barlow_riviere_2008, title={Pharmacokinetics of melamine in pigs following intravenous administration}, volume={46}, DOI={10.1016/j.fct.2007.11.013}, abstractNote={Melamine-contaminated pet food was recently added as a supplement to livestock feed. There is little or no information concerning the pharmacokinetics of melamine in livestock, and the aim of this study was to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters for this contaminant in pigs. Melamine was administered intravenously to five weanling pigs at a dose of 6.13 mg/kg and plasma samples were collected over 24 h, extracted for melamine, and then analyzed by HPLC-UV. The data was shown to best fit a one-compartment model with melamine's half-life of 4.04 (+/- 0.37) h, clearance of 0.11 (+/- 0.01) L/h/kg, and volume of distribution of 0.61 (+/- 0.04) L/kg. These data are comparable to the only mammalian study in rats and suggests that melamine is readily cleared by the kidney and there is unlikely to be significant tissue binding. Further tissue residue studies are required to assess the depletion kinetics of this contaminant in the pig which will determine whether residue levels in the kidney should be of public health concern if pigs were exposed to a similar dose.}, number={3}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, author={Baynes, R. E. and Smith, Geof and Mason, S. E. and Barrett, E. and Barlow, B. M. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={2008}, pages={1196–1200} }
 @article{foster_smith_pandiri_blond_2008, title={Posterior paresis resulting from a vertebral body fracture in a bull}, volume={42}, DOI={10.21423/bovine-vol42no1p41-44}, abstractNote={A 2.5-year-old, mixed-breed rodeo bull was examined with a four-month history of ataxia and weakness in the pelvic limbs. The neurologic signs were noted while the bull was on pasture breeding cows. Spinal radiographs revealed a compression fracture of the 13th thoracic vertebrae, and myelography showed impingement of the spinal cord due to the fracture. Necropsy examination confirmed the diagnosis of a compression fracture of T13 with secondary damage to the spinal cord. Vertebral fractures are uncommon in adult cattle, yet this case appears to be unrelated to any previously published causes. Furthermore, myelography can be an effective diagnostic test in the evaluation of spinal cord disease in adult cattle.}, number={1}, journal={The Bovine Practitioner}, author={Foster, D.M. and Smith, G.W. and Pandiri, A.R. and Blond, L.R.}, year={2008}, pages={41–44} }
 @article{voss_smith_haschek_2007, title={Fumonisins: Toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity}, volume={137}, ISSN={0377-8401}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.007}, abstractNote={Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. They occur worldwide and are found predominantly in maize and in maize-based animal feeds. Of the fumonisins, fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common and the most thoroughly studied. FB1 causes the same toxicities in animals as F. verticillioides- and F. proliferatum-contaminated feeds including equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary edema (PPE), diseases long associated with the consumption of mouldy feed by horses and pigs, respectively. FB1 is toxic to the liver in all species and the kidney in a range of laboratory and farm animal species, causing apoptosis followed by mitosis in the affected tissues. FB1 is also toxic to the cardiovascular system in pigs and horses. FB1 and other fumonisins inhibit ceramide synthase in all species including laboratory and farm animals and disrupt sphingolipid metabolism, a process underlying the mechanism of toxicity and pathogenesis of fumonisin-related diseases. The USFDA has set guidances for fumonisin concentrations in animal feeds that range from 1 to 50 ppm in the formulated rations depending upon the animal species. The European Union Commission has recommended guidance levels for fumonisins B1 plus B2 in feed materials and formulated feedstuffs. The levels also vary according to species and range from 5 ppm for horses, pigs, rabbits and pet animals to 50 ppm for adult ruminants and mink. Awareness of fumonisin-related animal diseases, monitoring feed and feed components, and adherence to guidance recommendations are important for reducing fumonisin-induced diseases in agriculturally important species.}, number={3-4}, journal={Animal Feed Science and Technology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Voss, K.A. and Smith, G.W. and Haschek, W.M.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={299–325} }
 @article{english_hopkins_stroud_davidson_smith_brownie_whitlow_2007, title={Lactoferrin supplementation to holstein calves during the preweaning and postweaning phases}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1525-3198"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2007-0361}, abstractNote={Sixty Holstein calves (30 bulls, 30 heifers) were used to examine the effects of supplemental lactoferrin on feed intake, growth, and health during the preweaning and postweaning periods. One of 3 levels of lactoferrin was supplemented from 3 to 56 d in either whole milk or water to produce 3 dietary treatments: 1) 0 g/d, 2) 0.5 g/d, and 3) 1 g/d. Whole milk (3.8 L/d) containing lactoferrin supplements was fed from bottles until weaning at 35 d. From d 36 to 56, lactoferrin supplements were added to water (15 to 25 mL) and fed from bottles. Lactoferrin supplementation had no effect on feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, heart girth, body temperature, fecal scores, respiratory scores, or haptoglobin concentrations. Calves were housed in individual pens in either an open-sided barn or hutches. Calves raised in the barn consumed more calf starter and therefore grew better than calves raised in hutches. Under the conditions of this study, lactoferrin supplementation was not beneficial. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of lactoferrin, and possible benefits during different feeding conditions or milk sources.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={English, E. A. and Hopkins, B. A. and Stroud, J. S. and Davidson, S. and Smith, G. and Brownie, C. and Whitlow, L. W.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={5276–5281} }
 @article{smith_foster_2007, title={Short Communication: Absorption of Protein and Immunoglobulin G in Calves Fed a Colostrum Replacer}, volume={90}, ISSN={0022-0302}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-682}, DOI={10.3168/jds.2006-682}, abstractNote={A well-managed colostrum program on farms is the most important step in reducing disease in neonatal calves. In the last few years, colostrum replacers have increased in popularity and are designed to be an alternative to colostrum on farms that have poor colostrum quality, limited colostrum reserves, or to break the cycle of transmission for certain infectious diseases. However, it is important to make sure these products are effective and are capable of providing adequate serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available colostrum replacer product in dairy calves. Holstein calves from a single dairy were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at birth. Group 1 (n = 21) calves were given 4 quarts of colostrum via esophageal feeder within 3 h of birth and served as the control group for this study. Group 2 (n = 21) received 2 packages of a colostrum replacer product, and group 3 (n = 21) received 3 packages of the colostrum replacer product within 3 h of birth. Blood samples from all calves were collected 24 h after colostrum administration and analyzed for serum total protein and IgG concentrations. Calves fed fresh colostrum had significantly higher serum total protein levels and IgG concentrations compared with calves fed the colostrum replacer product. Calves fed the colostrum replacer also had a significantly higher percentage of calves with failure of passive transfer (serum IgG <1,000 mg/dL). The colostrum replacer product evaluated in this study failed to routinely provide adequate IgG concentrations when fed according to label directions.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Dairy Science}, publisher={American Dairy Science Association}, author={Smith, G.W. and Foster, D.M.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={2905–2908} }
 @inbook{thurmon_smith_2007, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={4th}, title={Swine}, ISBN={9780781754712}, booktitle={Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia}, publisher={Blackwell}, author={Thurmon, J.C. and Smith, G.W.}, editor={Tranquilli, W.J. and Thurmon, J.C. and Grimm, K.A. and Lumb, W.V.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={747–764} }
 @article{gehring_smith_2006, title={An overview of factors affecting the disposition of intramammary preparations used to treat bovine mastitis}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0140-7783"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00750.x}, abstractNote={The administration of antimicrobial drugs by the intramammary route offers a convenient option for the treatment of bovine mastitis. The goal of antimicrobial treatment is to achieve effective drug concentrations at the site of infection. Drug concentrations must also decrease to safe levels before the milk is harvested for human consumption. The rate of change of drug concentrations in the milk and udder tissues over time is dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug and how these interact with the biological environment, affecting the rate and extent of absorption, distribution and elimination. Studies reported in the literature have identified various pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors that may influence these processes. This review summarizes current understanding of factors affecting the disposition of drugs following intramammary administration. Areas of incomplete knowledge requiring further research have been identified.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Gehring, R and Smith, GW}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={237–241} }
 @article{smith_lyman_anderson_2006, title={Efficacy of vaccination and antimicrobial treatment to eliminate chronic intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle}, volume={228}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.3.422}, DOI={10.2460/javma.228.3.422}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Lyman, Roberta L. and Anderson, Kevin L.}, year={2006}, month={Feb}, pages={422–425} }
 @article{buur_baynes_smith_riviere_2006, title={Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in swine after intravenous dosing}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00788.x}, abstractNote={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and TherapeuticsVolume 29, Issue 5 p. 437-440 Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in swine after intravenous dosing J. L. BUUR, J. L. BUUR Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. E. BAYNES, R. E. BAYNES Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. SMITH, G. SMITH Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. RIVIERE, J. E. RIVIERE Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author J. L. BUUR, J. L. BUUR Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. E. BAYNES, R. E. BAYNES Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorG. SMITH, G. SMITH Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. E. RIVIERE, J. E. RIVIERE Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 September 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00788.xCitations: 36 Ronald E. Baynes, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. E-mail: ronald_baynes@ncsu.edu Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume29, Issue5October 2006Pages 437-440 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Buur, J. L. and Baynes, R. E. and Smith, G. and Riviere, J. E.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={437–440} }
 @article{foster_smith_sanner_busso_2006, title={Serum IgG and total protein concentrations in dairy calves fed two colostrum replacement products}, volume={229}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.8.1282}, DOI={10.2460/javma.229.8.1282}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Foster, Derek M. and Smith, Geof W. and Sanner, Truman R. and Busso, Gonzalo V.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={1282–1285} }
 @article{buur_baynes_smith_riviere_2006, title={Use of probabilistic modeling within a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict sulfamethazine residue withdrawal times in edible tissues in swine}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1098-6596"]}, DOI={10.1128/AAC.01355-05}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={7}, journal={ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY}, author={Buur, Jennifer and Baynes, Ronald and Smith, Geof and Riviere, Jim}, year={2006}, month={Jul}, pages={2344–2351} }
 @article{hsiao_constable_smith_haschek_2005, title={Effects of Exogenous Sphinganine, Sphingosine, and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate on Relaxation and Contraction of Porcine Thoracic Aortic and Pulmonary Arterial Rings}, volume={86}, ISSN={1096-0929 1096-6080}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi167}, DOI={10.1093/toxsci/kfi167}, abstractNote={Fumonisin mycotoxicosis in pigs causes a decrease in mean aortic pressure, an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and increases in serum concentrations of sphinganine (3.2 microM) and sphingosine (1.4 microM). To determine a causal relationship between the hemodynamic changes and sphingolipid alterations, we examined the in vitro effects of sphinganine, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate on porcine aortic and pulmonary arterial rings. Both sphinganine and sphingosine relaxed un-contracted and phenylephrine-contracted aortic rings at > or = 10 microM and > or = 1 microM, respectively. Sphingosine (> or = 10 microM) relaxed un-contracted and phenylephrine-contracted pulmonary arterial rings, whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate (10 microM) contracted pulmonary arterial rings. Sphingosine (3 microM) also impaired the contractile response of pulmonary artery rings to 60 mM KCl. The results suggested that the systemic hypotension caused by fumonisin is mediated, in part, by increases in serum sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations, and the pulmonary hypertension is mediated, in part, by increased sphingosine-1-phosphate concentrations.}, number={1}, journal={Toxicological Sciences}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hsiao, Shih-Hsuan and Constable, Peter D. and Smith, Geoffrey W. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={194–199} }
 @article{berchtold_constable_smith_mathur_morin_tranquilli_2005, title={Effects of Intravenous Hyperosmotic Sodium Bicarbonate on Arterial and Cerebrospinal Fluid Acid-Base Status and Cardiovascular Function in Calves with Experimentally Induced Respiratory and Strong Ion Acidosis}, volume={19}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02688.x}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<240:eoihsb>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of hyperosmotic sodium bicarbonate (HSB) administration on arterial and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acid-base balance and cardiovascular function in calves with experimentally induced respiratory and strong ion (metabolic) acidosis. Ten healthy male Holstein calves (30-47 kg body weight) were instrumented under halothane anesthesia to permit cardiovascular monitoring and collection of blood samples and CSE Respiratory acidosis was induced by allowing the calves to spontaneously ventilate, and strong ion acidosis was subsequently induced by i.v. administration of L-lactic acid. Calves were then randomly assigned to receive either HSB (8.4% NaHCO3; 5 ml/kg over 5 minutes, i.v.; n=5) or no treatment (controls, n=5) and monitored for 1 hour. Mixed respiratory and strong ion acidosis was accompanied by increased heart rate, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, cardiac contractility (maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure), and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Rapid administration of HSB immediately corrected the strong ion acidosis, transiently increased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P(CO2)), and expanded the plasma volume. The transient increase in arterial P(CO2) did not alter CSF P(CO2) or induce paradoxical CSF acidosis. Compared to untreated control calves, HSB-treated calves had higher cardiac index and contractility and a faster rate of left ventricular relaxation for 1 hour after treatment, indicating that HSB administration improved myocardial systolic function. We conclude that rapid i.v. administration of HSB provided an effective and safe method for treating strong ion acidosis in normovolemic halothane-anesthetized calves with experimentally induced respiratory and strong ion acidosis. Fear of inducing paradoxical CSF acidosis is not a valid reason for withholding HSB administration in calves with mixed respiratory and strong ion acidosis.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Berchtold, Joachim F. and Constable, Peter D. and Smith, Geoffrey W. and Mathur, Sheerin M. and Morin, Dawn E. and Tranquilli, William J.}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={240–251} }
 @article{smith_gehring_craigmill_webb_riviere_2005, title={Extralabel intramammary use of drugs in dairy cattle}, volume={226}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2005.226.1994}, abstractNote={xtralabel intramammary administration of drugsoccurs with some regularity in dairy cattle, mostcommonly in association with mammary gland infec-tions (mastitis) that fail to respond to approved prod-ucts. To comply with AMDUCA regulations, extralabeldrug use must include a sufficiently extended with-drawal interval so that no residues are found in meat ormilk products. This is particularly important whenusing products via intramammary administrationbecause milk residue violations can have serious eco-nomic consequences for the producer and veterinarian.For some of the drugs listed in this report, well-con-ducted pharmacokinetic studies have been performedto define appropriate withdrawal intervals after intra-mammary administration in cattle, whereas for others,the recommendations may have been formulated onthe basis of limited data. To ensure food safety andavoid residue violations, it is extremely important forveterinarians to maintain good records and followextended withdrawal intervals when using intramam-mary administration of drugs in an extralabel manner.Producers should also be requested to test milk sam-ples from treated cows with an appropriate rapidresidue screening assay when a drug residue might bepresent. CeftiofurCeftiofur sodium}, number={12}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Smith, GW and Gehring, R and Craigmill, AL and Webb, AI and Riviere, JE}, year={2005}, month={Jun}, pages={1994–1996} }
 @article{poulsen_smith_davis_papich_2005, title={Pharmacokinetics of oral omeprazole in llamas}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1365-2885"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00696.x}, abstractNote={Gastrogard®, an oral formulation of omeprazole, was given to six llamas at a dose of 4 mg/kg once a day for 6 days. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h on days 1 and 6. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters calculated included the area under the curve (AUC0‐‐∞), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax), and terminal half‐life (t1/2). On day 6, plasma omeprazole concentrations reached aCmaxof 0.12 μg/mL at aTmaxof 45 min. Thet1/2of omeprazole was 2.3 h and theAUC0‐‐∞was 0.38 h·μg/mL. Plasma concentrations remained above the minimum concentration for inhibition of gastric acid secretion projected from other studies on day 6 in all the llamas for approximately 6 h. However, theAUC0‐‐∞was below the concentrations associated with clinical efficacy. It was not possible to measure oral systemic bioavailability because there was no i.v. data collected from these animals. However, using data published on the i.v. pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in llamas, oral absorption was estimated to be only 2.95%. Due to low absorption the oral dose was increased to 8 and 12 mg/kg and studies were repeated. There were no significant differences inCmax,Tmax, orAUC0‐‐∞for either of the increased doses. These results indicate that after 6 days of treatment with doses up to 12 mg/kg, oral omeprazole produced plasma drug concentrations which are not likely to be associated with clinical efficacy in camelids.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS}, author={Poulsen, KP and Smith, GW and Davis, JL and Papich, MG}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={539–543} }
 @article{smith_2005, title={Supportive therapy of the toxic cow}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0749-0720"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.07.005}, abstractNote={Endotoxin is a component of the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxin structure is composed of an innermost portion, termed ‘‘lipid A,’’ an outer series of polysaccharides, and a core oligosaccharide that links lipid A with the outer polysaccharides. Collectively, the endotoxin structure is often referred to as lipopolysaccharides that are released from gram-negative bacteria following cell death or during periods of rapid bacterial growth. The interaction between the host immune system and endotoxin triggers a complex cascade of events that often leads to severe pathophysiologic consequences for the animal (Fig. 1). A complete review of the inflammatory mediators and cytokines involved in the endotoxin cascade is beyond the scope of this article, and the reader is referred to recent review articles on the subject [1,2]; however, a brief discussion of the physiologic consequences of endotoxemia is warranted to gain a better understanding of and appreciation for the importance of aggressive therapy when treating the ‘‘toxic’’ cow.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Smith, GW}, year={2005}, month={Nov}, pages={595-+} }
 @article{smith_rotstein_brownie_2004, title={Abdominal fat necrosis in a pygmy goat associated with fescue toxicosis}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1040-6387"]}, DOI={10.1177/104063870401600420}, abstractNote={Abdominal fat necrosis was diagnosed in an 11-year-old female pygmy goat with a 10-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and progressive abdominal distension. Gross necropsy findings revealed multiple firm, dark yellow, nodular masses of fat throughout the abdominal cavity, which compressed several abdominal organs including the rumen, small intestine, spiral colon, and gall bladder. Histologically, multiple to coalescing adipocyte necrosis, saponification, and infiltration with variable numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells was observed. Fat necrosis in this case was attributed to tall fescue toxicity based on the presence of high levels of endophyte ( Neotyphodium coenophialum)–infected fescue identified in the goat's pasture. This is the first known report of abdominal fat necrosis in a goat and demonstrates the fat necrosis syndrome of fescue toxicosis in ruminants.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION}, author={Smith, GW and Rotstein, DS and Brownie, CF}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={356–359} }
 @article{smith_gehring_riviere_yeatts_baynes_2004, title={Elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows}, volume={224}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.224.1827}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2004.224.1827}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Gehring, Ronette and Riviere, Jim E. and Yeatts, James L. and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={1827–1830} }
 @inbook{smith_constable_2004, place={St. Louis}, title={Fumonisin}, booktitle={Clinical Veterinary Toxicology}, publisher={Mosby}, author={Smith, G.W. and Constable, P.D.}, editor={Plumlee, K.H.Editor}, year={2004}, pages={250–254} }
 @article{smith_2004, title={Kalanchoe species poisoning in pets}, volume={99}, number={11}, journal={Veterinary Medicine}, author={Smith, G.W.}, year={2004}, pages={933–936} }
 @article{foreman_constable_waggoner_levy_eppley_smith_tumbleson_haschek_2004, title={Neurologic Abnormalities and Cerebrospinal Fluid Changes in Horses Administered Fumonisin B1 Intravenously}, volume={18}, ISSN={0891-6640}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<223:naacfc>2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<223:naacfc>2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={The objective of this experiment was to characterize a dose-dependent toxic effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) and to document initial neurologic signs, clinical progression, and terminal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes in horses administered FB1 IV. Seventeen healthy horses were administered 0.00 (n = 4), 0.01 (n = 3), 0.05 (n = 3), 0.10 (n = 3), or 0.20 mg (n = 4) of purified FB1 IV q24h. When neurologic abnormalities observed by a masked observer became severe, atlanto-occipital CSF taps were performed and CSF pressure, cell count, cytology, protein, albumin and glucose concentrations, and creatine kinase activity were measured. Changes in CSF and number of days to 1st observation of neurologic abnormalities were compared between doses by ANOVA, with the level of significance set at P < .05. Control horses and low-dose horses (0.01 mg/kg) remained neurologically normal. In higher dose FB1-treated horses (n = 10), initial clinical signs (days 4-10) included hindlimb ataxia, delayed forelimb placing, and decreased tongue tone and movement. Hindlimb and trunkal ataxia, depression, hyperesthesia, and intermittent dementia gradually became apparent. When data from all horses with neurologic abnormalities were pooled (0.05-0.20 mg/kg FB1), mild clinical signs (mean day 6.3) occurred significantly earlier than did more severe (mean day 8.9) clinical signs (P = .009). Neurologic horses had high CSF protein, albumin, and IgG concentrations and increased albumin quotients (P < .05). It was concluded that FB1-induced neurologic and CSF changes in a dose-dependent manner, with a no-observable-limit of 0.01 mg FB1/kg IV q24h for 28 days. The neurologic and CSF changes were consistent with vasogenic cerebral edema.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Foreman, Jonathan H. and Constable, Peter D. and Waggoner, Amy L. and Levy, Michel and Eppley, R.M. and Smith, Geoffrey W. and Tumbleson, Mike E. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={2004}, pages={223} }
 @article{hassan_smith_ott_faulkner_firkins_ehrhart_schaeffer_2004, title={Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol in peripubertal bulls}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1879-3231"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.07.007}, abstractNote={Gossypol has been shown to impair sperm production in male ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine if the adverse effects of gossypol on spermatogenesis in peripubertal bulls were reversible. Twenty-eight crossbred Angus bulls were allocated into treated and control groups at 11 months of age. For 8 weeks, treated bulls were fed a ration containing 8 mg of free gossypol per kilogram of body weight per day while control bulls were fed a soybean meal ration free of gossypol. At 28-days intervals, scrotal circumference was measured and semen collected to assess sperm motility and morphology. Seven control and seven treated animals were castrated 56 days after the start of the experiment and the testes were examined histologically. The remaining bulls were fed a gossypol-free diet for 210 days prior to castration. There were significant increases in primary and secondary sperm abnormalities in treated bulls 28 and 56 days after gossypol feeding. The number of sperm with proximal droplets was significantly higher in gossypol-treated bulls, suggesting testicular degeneration. There was no significant effect on the sperm motility, scrotal circumference, or histopathological characteristics of the testes. Four weeks after the end of gossypol feeding, primary and secondary abnormalities were still increased in gossypol-treated bulls, however in subsequent collection periods the percentage of abnormalities were similar between groups. At 210 days, there was no treatment effect on scrotal circumference, and histological characteristics of the testes were not different between groups. The deleterious effects of gossypol on the morphological characteristics of spermatozoa were reversible. Gossypol (8 mg/kg per day for 56 days) increased sperm abnormalities but the effects were reversible.}, number={6}, journal={THERIOGENOLOGY}, author={Hassan, ME and Smith, GW and Ott, RS and Faulkner, DB and Firkins, LD and Ehrhart, EJ and Schaeffer, DJ}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={1171–1179} }
 @article{smith_correa_2004, title={The  effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00143.x}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. Six lactating Holstein cows (4–7 years of age) with rumen fistulas were studied. Cattle were randomly assigned to receive boluses of magnesium hydroxide (162 g) or a powdered form (450 g dissolved in 3.5 L of water) PO daily for 3 days. Analysis of rumen fluid, blood gas tensions, and pH and measurement of serum magnesium concentrations were conducted daily. The study was discontinued after 72 hours, or sooner if rumen pH exceeded 8.0. After at least 3 weeks, the study was repeated with each cow receiving the other form of magnesium hydroxide (powder or bolus). Compared with baseline rumen pH (mean ± SD: 6.22 ± 0.28), magnesium hydroxide boluses caused a significant increase(P< .05) in rumen pH after 48 (7.27 ± 0.11) and 72 (8.01 ± 0.16) hours of administration, whereas the powdered form caused a significant increase(P< .05) in rumen pH after 24 (7.54 ± 0.19) and 48 (8.43 ± 0.22) hours of administration. Both the powdered and bolus forms of magnesium hydroxide decreased rumen protozoal numbers and increased methylene blue reduction times compared with baseline values. There was no change in blood pH, bicarbonate, or base excess values. Serum magnesium concentrations were significantly increased(P< .05) in cows that received the magnesium hydroxide powder. The results of this study indicate that magnesium hydroxide has a potent alkalinizing effect on rumen pH and significantly decreases rumen microbial activity.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, author={Smith, Geof and Correa, M. T.}, year={2004}, pages={109–112} }
 @article{constable_smith_rottinghaus_tumbleson_haschek_2003, title={Fumonisin-induced blockade of ceramide synthase in sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway alters aortic input impedance spectrum of pigs}, volume={284}, ISSN={0363-6135 1522-1539}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00155.2002}, DOI={10.1152/ajpheart.00155.2002}, abstractNote={The sphingolipid signaling pathway appears to play an important role in regulating vascular tone. We examined the effect of fumonisin B1, a fungal toxin in corn that blocks ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid signaling pathway, on the ascending aortic impedance spectrum of pigs. Sixteen pigs were fed culture material containing fumonisin B1(20 mg/kg body wt) ( n = 7) or a control diet ( n = 9) daily for 3 days and then instrumented under α-chloralose anesthesia for measurement of ascending aortic pressure and flow. Fumonisin ingestion increased serum sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations. Fumonisin ingestion also decreased cardiac output and characteristic impedance and increased the frequency of the first minimum impedance modulus, systemic vascular resistance, and the terminal, first, and second harmonic reflection coefficients, without changing mean arterial pressure. Thus blockade of ceramide synthase is accompanied by decreased vascular tone in systemic conduit arteries and increased vascular tone in systemic resistance vessels. The results indicate that the sphingolipid signaling pathway influences vascular tone in α-chloralose-anesthetized pigs.}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology}, publisher={American Physiological Society}, author={Constable, Peter D. and Smith, Geoffrey W. and Rottinghaus, George E. and Tumbleson, Mike E. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={H2034–H2044} }
 @article{smith_scherba_constable_hsiao_behr_morin_2002, title={Atypical Parapoxvirus Infection in Sheep}, volume={16}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02371.x}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0287:apiis>2.3.co;2}, abstractNote={This report describes the clinical and laboratory findings for 5 sheep from 3 different flocks with extensive proliferative skin lesions grossly resembling warts on the distal limbs. The lesions affected the front and rear extremities in all sheep, and 2 sheep also had lesions around the head. The sheep exhibited signs of pain when the lesions were touched, and most sheep were reluctant to move. Various empirical treatments, including systemic antibiotics, topical antibiotics, and antifungal ointments, were administered without clinical improvement. Diagnostic tests including skin biopsy and histopathology, examination of skin scrapings, bacteriology, mycology, electron microscopy of lesions, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the lesions were the result of parapoxvirus infection. All 5 animals were euthanized either because of the lack of resolution of clinical signs or a decision by the owner. These animals illustrate an atypical presentation of parapoxvirus infection in sheep (orf, contagious ecthyma, and scabby mouth). The infection appeared to be minimally contagious; however, the lesions did not spontaneously resolve. This appears to be the 1st report of such lesions in multiple sheep in North America, although similar lesions have been reported in Israel and the United Kingdom.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Geoffrey W. and Scherba, Gail and Constable, Peter D. and Hsiao, Vincent and Behr, Melissa J. and Morin, Dawn E.}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={287–292} }
 @article{smith_constable_foreman_eppley_waggoner_tumbleson_haschek_2002, title={Cardiovascular changes associated with intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 in horses}, volume={63}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.538}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.538}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Smith, Geoffrey W. and Constable, Peter D. and Foreman, Jonathan H. and Eppley, Robert M. and Waggoner, Amy L. and Tumbleson, Mike E. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={538–545} }
 @article{smith_constable_2002, title={Suspected pokeweed toxicity in a boer goat}, volume={44}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary and Human Toxicology}, author={Smith, G. W. and Constable, P. D.}, year={2002}, pages={351–353} }
 @article{smith_constable_morin_2001, title={Ability of Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Variables to Differentiate Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Mastitis in Dairy Cows}, volume={15}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02335.x}, DOI={10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0394:aohasb>2.3.co;2}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Geoffrey W. and Constable, Peter D. and Morin, Dawn E.}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={394–400} }
 @article{ability of hematologic and serum biochemical variables to differentiate gram-negative and gram-positive mastitis in dairy cows._2001, url={https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0394:AOHASB>2.3.CO;2}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02335.x}, abstractNote={Medical records of 142 dairy cows with clinical mastitis were examined to determine whether hematologic or serum biochemical results could be used to distinguish between mastitis episodes caused by gram‐negative bacteria (n = 78) from those caused by gram‐positive bacteria (n = 64). Signalment, historic information, hematologic and serum biochemical results, milk culture results, and outcome (discharged from hospital or died) were obtained from the medical records. Cows with gram‐negative mastitis had significantly (P< .01) lower blood leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts and had higher blood hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits than did cows with gram‐positive mastitis. Serum urea nitrogen was the only serum biochemical result associated with pathogen type, and it was higher in cows with gram‐negative mastitis than in those with gram‐positive mastitis. Mortality rate (25% overall) did not differ between groups. Logistic regression indicated that routine hematologic analysis (segmented neutrophil count, monocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration) was an accurate predictor of gram‐negative mastitis, with a sensitivity of .93, a specificity of .89, and an overall accuracy of 91%. The values for sensitivity and specificity were higher than those previously reported for clinical tests differentiating mastitis episodes caused by gram‐negative bacteria from those caused by gram‐positive bacteria. Our results indicate that routine hematologic analysis is useful for predicting pathogen type in dairy cows with clinical mastitis, thereby facilitating treatment decisions.}, journal={Journal of veterinary internal medicine}, year={2001}, month={Jul} }
 @article{mathur_constable_eppley_tumbleson_smith_tranquilli_morin_haschek_2001, title={Fumonisin B1 Increases Serum Sphinganine Concentration but Does Not Alter Serum Sphingosine Concentration or Induce Cardiovascular Changes in Milk-Fed Calves}, volume={60}, ISSN={1096-0929}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/60.2.379}, DOI={10.1093/toxsci/60.2.379}, abstractNote={Fumonisin B(1) is the most toxic and commonly occurring form of a group of mycotoxins that alter sphingolipid biosynthesis and induce leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pulmonary edema in pigs. Purified fumonisin B(1) (1 mg/kg, iv, daily) increased serum sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations and decreased cardiovascular function in pigs within 5 days. We therefore examined whether the same dosage schedule of fumonisin B(1) produced a similar effect in calves. Ten milk-fed male Holstein calves were instrumented to obtain blood and cardiovascular measurements. Treated calves (n = 5) were administered purified fumonisin B(1) at 1 mg/kg, iv, daily for 7 days and controls (n = 5) were administered 10 ml 0.9% NaCl, iv, daily. Each calf was euthanized on day 7. In treated calves, serum sphinganine concentration increased from day 3 onward (day 7, 0.237 +/- 0.388 micromol/l; baseline, 0.010 +/- 0.007 micromol/l; mean +/- SD), whereas, serum sphingosine concentration was unchanged (day 7, 0.044 +/- 0.065 micromol/l; baseline, 0.021 +/- 0.025 micromol/l). Heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, central venous pressure, plasma volume, base-apex electrocardiogram, arterial Po(2), and systemic oxygen delivery were unchanged in treated and control calves. Fumonisin-treated calves developed metabolic acidosis (arterial blood pH, 7.27 +/- 0.11; base excess, -9.1 +/- 7.6 mEq/l), but all survived for 7 days. We conclude that calves are more resistant to fumonisin B(1) cardiovascular toxicity than pigs.}, number={2}, journal={Toxicological Sciences}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Mathur, S. and Constable, P.D. and Eppley, R.M. and Tumbleson, M.E. and Smith, G.W. and Tranquilli, W.J. and Morin, D.E. and Haschek, W.M.}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={379–384} }
 @article{haschek_gumprecht_smith_tumbleson_constable_2001, title={Fumonisin toxicosis in swine: an overview of porcine pulmonary edema and current perspectives.}, volume={109}, ISSN={0091-6765 1552-9924}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s2251}, DOI={10.1289/ehp.01109s2251}, abstractNote={Fumonisin toxicosis in swine was named porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) after outbreaks of a fatal disease in pigs fed Fusarium verticillioides (F. moniliforme)-contaminated corn screenings from the 1989 corn crop in Iowa, Illinois, and Georgia. Pigs that died had severe pulmonary edema, which has not been identified in other species after exposure to fumonisins. The disease has been reproduced experimentally by feeding of naturally contaminated corn, F. verticillioides culture material, and by intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 (FB1). Hepatic lesions consisting of apoptosis, necrosis, and hepatocyte proliferation also are observed. As in other species, alterations in clinical pathology reflect hepatic injury as well as elevated serum cholesterol concentration. In chronic studies, esophageal plaques, hyperplastic hepatic nodules, and right ventricular hypertrophy were found. In pigs, as in other species, fumonisin alters sphingolipid biosynthesis, with the greatest alterations in sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations in kidney, liver, lung, and heart. Our recent studies on fumonisin toxicosis in pigs have focused on immune effects and the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. The specific immune system was not affected; however, FB1 inhibited phagocytosis and sphingolipid biosynthesis in pulmonary macrophages. Fumonisin induced an accumulation of membranous material in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells; this change appears specific to this cell type and to swine. In short-term cardiovascular studies, fumonisin decreased left ventricular dP/dt(max) (an index of cardiac contractility), mean systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output, and increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure. These changes are compatible with the inhibition of L-type calcium channels by increased sphingosine and/or sphinganine concentration. Therefore, fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema in swine appears to result from acute left-sided heart failure mediated by altered sphingolipid biosynthesis.}, number={suppl 2}, journal={Environmental Health Perspectives}, publisher={Environmental Health Perspectives}, author={Haschek, W M and Gumprecht, L A and Smith, G and Tumbleson, M E and Constable, P D}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={251–257} }
 @article{gumprecht_smith_constable_haschek_2001, title={Species and organ specificity of fumonisin-induced endothelial alterations: Potential role in porcine pulmonary edema}, volume={160}, ISSN={0300-483X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00444-3}, DOI={10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00444-3}, abstractNote={Fumonisins, mycotoxins that commonly contaminate corn, induce cardiovascular toxicity and pulmonary edema in pigs, leukoencephalomalacia in horses, and nephropathy in rats, rabbits, and lambs. The mechanisms of these species-specific target organ toxicoses are poorly understood. We have previously reported perinuclear accumulation of membranous material in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of pigs fed fumonisin-containing culture material. We hypothesized that these endothelial accumulations may be important in the pathogenesis of fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema and target organ toxicity in other species. Both target and non-target tissues from fumonisin-exposed pigs, sheep, rabbits, and rats were examined ultrastructurally. Specifically, lung, liver, heart and kidney were examined. In agreement with our previous work (Gumprecht, L.A., Beasley, V.R., Weigel, R.M., Parker, H.M., Tumbleson, M.E., Bacon, C.W., Meredith, F.I., Haschek, W.M., 1998. Development of fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity and pulmonary edema in orally dosed swine: morphological and biochemical parameters. Tox. Pathol. 26, 777-788), endothelial alterations were present in the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells of pigs fed fumonisin-containing culture material, but at doses that did not induce pulmonary edema, as well as in pigs injected intravenously with purified fumonisin B(1). These alterations were present only in the pulmonary capillary endothelium of pigs and not in other species. In addition, these endothelial alterations were not present in any other organ of pigs or other species examined. Thus, these endothelial alterations are induced by fumonisin B(1), but only in pulmonary capillary endothelium and only in pigs. Although evidence that these alterations play a role in fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema is limited, other endothelial functions may be affected by fumonisin treatment.}, number={1-3}, journal={Toxicology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gumprecht, Laura A. and Smith, Geoffrey W. and Constable, Peter C. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={71–79} }
 @article{messick_smith_berent_cooper_2000, title={Genome size of Eperythrozoon suis and hybridization with 16S rRNA gene}, volume={46}, ISSN={0008-4166 1480-3275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-088}, DOI={10.1139/w00-088}, abstractNote={The genome size of Eperythrozoon suis, an unculturable haemotropic mycoplasma, was estimated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Gamma irradiation was used to introduce one (on the average) double-strand break in the E. suis Illinois chromosome. Restriction enzymes that cut infrequently were also used to analyze genome size. The size estimate for the full-length genome was 745 kilobases (kb), whereas the size estimates based on the summation of restriction fragments ranged from 730 to 770 kb. The 16S rRNA gene was located on the 120-kb MluI fragment, 128-kb NruI fragment, 25-kb SacII fragment, and 217-kb SalI fragment by Southern blotting.Key words: Eperythrozoon suis, 16S rRNA, Mycoplasma pneumoniae group, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, genome size.}, number={11}, journal={Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Messick, Joanne B and Smith, Geoffrey and Berent, Linda and Cooper, Sandra}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1082–1086} }
 @article{constable_smith_rottinghaus_haschek_2000, title={Ingestion of Fumonisin B1-Containing Culture Material Decreases Cardiac Contractility and Mechanical Efficiency in Swine}, volume={162}, ISSN={0041-008X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8831}, DOI={10.1006/taap.1999.8831}, abstractNote={Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium verticillioides, a fungus that commonly contaminates corn. Fumonisin ingestion increases plasma and tissue sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations and causes porcine pulmonary edema, which has been attributed to acute left-sided heart failure or increased vascular permeability. We investigated the effect of short-term ingestion of fumonisin B1-containing culture material on cardiac function in pigs. Treated male pigs (n = 7) received fumonisin-containing culture material which was mixed into the grower diet at 20 mg fumonisin B1/kg body weight each day, while control pigs (n = 7) were fed only the grower diet on the same schedule as the treated pigs. Pigs were anesthetized after 3 days of receiving either diet and instrumented to accurately characterize the cardiovascular effects of fumonisin ingestion. Fumonisin-treated pigs had lower cardiac outputs and heart rates than control pigs. Fumonisin-treated pigs also had a marked reduction in cardiac contractility, as indicated by decreased values for end-systolic elastance (the gold standard in vivo measure of cardiac contractility), V(0) (the intercept value for the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship), and mechanical efficiency. These data indicate that in pigs, short-term ingestion of fumonisin B1-containing culture material produces negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and decreases mechanical efficiency of the left ventricle. Theses cardiovascular effects are consistent with fumonisin-induced, sphingosine-mediated l-type Ca(2+) channel blockade and suggest that pulmonary edema in pigs fed fumonisin is primarily due to acute left-sided heart failure instead of increased vascular permeability.}, number={3}, journal={Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Constable, Peter D. and Smith, Geoffrey W. and Rottinghaus, George E. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={2000}, month={Feb}, pages={151–160} }
 @article{smith_2000, title={Purified Fumonisin B1 Decreases Cardiovascular Function but Does Not Alter Pulmonary Capillary Permeability in Swine}, volume={56}, ISSN={1096-0929}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/56.1.240}, DOI={10.1093/toxsci/56.1.240}, abstractNote={Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which induce acute pulmonary edema in swine. We previously reported that ingestion of fumonisin-containing culture material decreases cardiovascular function in swine (1996,a,b; Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 169-172; 33, 140-148; 1999, Am. J Vet. Res. 60, 1291-1300). The main purpose of this study was to confirm that fumonisin B(1) was responsible for the observed cardiovascular changes. Treated pigs (n = 6) were given daily intravenous injections of purified fumonisin B(1) at 1 mg/kg for 4 days, while controls (n = 6) were injected with equal volumes of saline. On day 5, pigs were anesthetized with butorphanol-chloralose and instrumented for hemodynamic studies. Terminally, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on each pig to determine the relative permeability index of the pulmonary endothelium. Fumonisin B(1)-treated pigs had marked decreases in the maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt(max)), mean aortic pressure, cardiac output, and arterial pO(2), accompanied by increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure, oxygen extraction ratio, and blood hemoglobin concentration. Plasma and left ventricular sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations were markedly increased in treated pigs at day 5; however, there was no difference in the relative permeability index between groups. Serum cholesterol concentrations and activities of hepatic-derived enzymes were increased, and hepatocyte apoptosis and mitoses were present in the livers of fumonisin-treated pigs. In the lungs of treated pigs, there was proteinaceous edema and membranous accumulations in capillary endothelial cells. These results indicate that cardiovascular function is altered by fumonisin B(1), and that fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema is caused by left-sided heart failure and not by altered endothelial permeability. Because of the potential for contamination of human foodstuffs by fumonisins, the cardiovascular toxicity of these compounds must be taken into consideration.}, number={1}, journal={Toxicological Sciences}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Smith, G. W.}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={240–249} }
 @article{greene_smith_knight_1999, title={Ozone in dairy chilling water systems: effect on metal materials}, volume={52}, ISSN={1364-727X 1471-0307}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1999.tb02853.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1471-0307.1999.tb02853.x}, abstractNote={The use of pulsed ozone as a disinfecting agent in chilling water systems will be feasible only if components of the systems are not adversely affected. Pulsing ozone into water at room temperature for 20 minutes per day for 7 days caused greater weight loss of aluminium, carbon steel, copper, 304 stainless steel and 316 stainless steel samples than control samples; however, only weight loss for carbon steel was significantly greater (α= .05). Severe pitting was noted on ozone treated copper samples when observed by scanning electron microscopy. Black striations were observed on ozone treated carbon steel surfaces.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Dairy Technology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Greene, Annel K and Smith, Geoffrey W and Knight, Charles S}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={126–128} }
 @article{smith_constable_tumbleson_rottinghaus_haschek_1999, title={Sequence of cardiovascular changes leading to pulmonary edema in swine fed culture material containing fumonisin}, volume={60}, number={10}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Smith, G.W. and Constable, P.D. and Tumbleson, M.E. and Rottinghaus, G.A. and Haschek, W.M.}, year={1999}, pages={1292–1300} }
 @article{sequence of cardiovascular changes leading to pulmonary edema in swine fed culture material containing fumonisin._1999, journal={American journal of veterinary research}, year={1999}, month={Oct} }
 @article{cardiovascular effects of fumonisins in swine_1996, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/faat.1996.0088}, DOI={10.1006/faat.1996.0088}, abstractNote={Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced byFusarium moniliforme,induce hepatic damage and acute lethal pulmonary edema in swine. We examined the cardiovascular effects of short-term fumonisin exposure in anesthetized and conscious male cross-bred pigs weighing 30–36 kg. Culture material containing fumonisins at ≤20 mg/kg/day (fumonisin B1and B2backbone) was added to the feed of treated pigs (n= 5) for 7 days, while control pigs (n= 5) were fed a diet free of fumonisins. On Day 8, pigs were anesthetized with halothane and instrumented with Swan-Ganz catheters to facilitate hemodynamic measurements. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and electrocardiographic variables were recorded and stroke volume was calculated. All measurements were repeated at least 18 hr after recovery from anesthesia. Pigs fed fumonisins had a significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, accompanied by decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and mixed venous oxygen tension. The electrocardiogram was normal, and there was no evidence of pulmonary edema formation either histologically or by altered lung wet/dry weights. This study suggests that pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxic vasoconstriction may be associated with the pulmonary edema observed in fumonisin toxicity.}, journal={Fundamental and Applied Toxicology}, year={1996}, month={Jun} }
 @article{smith_constable_bacon_meredith_haschek_1996, title={Cardiovascular Effects of Fumonisins in Swine}, volume={31}, ISSN={1096-6080 1096-0929}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/31.2.169}, DOI={10.1093/toxsci/31.2.169}, abstractNote={Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, induce hepatic damage and acute lethal pulmonary edema in swine. We examined the cardiovascular effects of short-term fumonisin exposure in anesthetized and conscious male cross-bred pigs weighing 30-36 kg. Culture material containing fumonisins at < or = 20 mg/kg/day (fumonisin B1 and B2 backbone) was added to the feed of treated pigs (n = 5) for 7 days, while control pigs (n = 5) were fed a diet free of fumonisins. On Day 8, pigs were anesthetized with halothane and instrumented with Swan-Ganz catheters to facilitate hemodynamic measurements. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and electrocardiographic variables were recorded and stroke volume was calculated. All measurements were repeated at least 18 hr after recovery from anesthesia. Pigs fed fumonisins had a significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, accompanied by decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and mixed venous oxygen tension. The electrocardiogram was normal, and there was no evidence of pulmonary edema formation either histologically or by altered lung wet/dry weights. This study suggests that pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxic vasoconstriction may be associated with the pulmonary edema observed in fumonisin toxicity.}, number={2}, journal={Toxicological Sciences}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Constable, Peter D. and Bacon, Charles W. and Meredith, Filmore I. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={1996}, pages={169–172} }
 @article{smith_constable_haschek_1996, title={Cardiovascular Responses to Short-Term Fumonisin Exposure in Swine}, volume={33}, ISSN={1096-6080 1096-0929}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/33.1.140}, DOI={10.1093/toxsci/33.1.140}, abstractNote={The cardiovascular effects of the mycotoxin fumonisin were examined in male cross-bred pigs fed 20 mg/kg of fumonisin-containing culture material for 7 days. On Day 8, pigs were anesthetized with halothane and surgically catheterized. Cardiovascular measurements and blood gas analyses were obtained during halothane anesthesia and 18 hr after recovery from anesthesia. Pigs fed fumonisin had significant (p < 0.05) decreases in maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and mean aortic pressure, a significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and no change in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and central venous pressure. Treated pigs also had significant decreases in both arterial and mixed venous blood O2 tension, and systemic oxygen delivery, but significantly increased oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction ratio. These results suggest that fumonisin increases oxygen consumption and is a negative inotropic and chronotropic agent in pigs. Because fumonisin is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the enzyme sphingosine N-acyltransferase, thereby increasing sphingosine concentrations in vivo, we speculate that the observed cardiovascular effects were mediated in part by a fumonisin-induced increase in tissue sphingosine concentrations.}, number={1}, journal={Toxicological Sciences}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Smith, Geof W. and Constable, Peter D. and Haschek, Wanda M.}, year={1996}, pages={140–148} }
 @article{smith_constable_smith_bacon_meredith_wollenberg_haschek_1996, title={Effects of fumonisin-containing culture material on pulmonary clearance in swine}, volume={57}, number={8}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Smith, G.W. and Constable, P.D. and Smith, A.R. and Bacon, C.W. and Meredith, F.I. and Wollenberg, G.K. and Haschek, W.M.}, year={1996}, month={Jul}, pages={1233–1238} }
 @article{effects of fumonisin-containing culture material on pulmonary clearance in swine._1996, journal={American journal of veterinary research}, year={1996}, month={Aug} }
 @inbook{haschek_gumprecht_smith_parker_beasley_tumbleson_1996, place={New York}, title={Effects of fumonisins in swine: implications for biomedical research}, booktitle={Advances in Swine in Biomedical Research}, publisher={Plenum Press}, author={Haschek, W.M. and Gumprecht, L.A. and Smith, G.W. and Parker, H.M. and Beasley, V.R. and Tumbleson, M.E.}, editor={Tumbleson, M.E. and Schook, L.B.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={99–112} }
 @misc{baynes_dedonder_kissell_mzyk_marmulak_smith_tell_gehring_davis_riviere, title={Health concerns and management of select veterinary drug residues}, volume={88}, journal={Food and Chemical Toxicology}, author={Baynes, R. E. and Dedonder, K. and Kissell, L. and Mzyk, D. and Marmulak, T. and Smith, G. and Tell, L. and Gehring, R. and Davis, J. and Riviere, J. E.}, pages={112–122} }
 @article{mzyk_bublitz_martinez_davis_baynes_smith, title={Impact of bovine respiratory disease on the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and tulathromycin in different ages of calves}, volume={41}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, author={Mzyk, D. A. and Bublitz, C. M. and Martinez, M. N. and Davis, J. L. and Baynes, R. E. and Smith, G. W.}, pages={33–33} }