@article{heatwole_miller_2019, title={Structure of micrometazoan assemblages in the Larsemann Hills, Antarctica}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1432-2056"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00300-019-02557-6}, number={10}, journal={POLAR BIOLOGY}, author={Heatwole, Harold and Miller, W. R.}, year={2019}, pages={1837–1848} }
 @article{heatwole_grech_marsh_2017, title={Paleoclimatology, paleogeography, and the evolution and distribution of sea kraits (Serpentes; Elapidae; Laticauda)}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1655/herpmonographs-d-16-00003}, abstractNote={Abstract: The geographic range of sea kraits encompasses one of the geologically most-complex regions of the world. At its center lies Wallacea (the transition between the terrestrial biotas of the Asian and Australian tectonic plates) and the Indonesian Throughflow (nexus of the equatorial marine biotas of the Indian and Pacific oceans). The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of paleogeography, paleoclimatology, and oceanic currents in the evolution and distribution of sea kraits across these major biogeographic crossroads and beyond. A recent assessment of times of taxonomic divergence was projected against paleogeographic reconstructions to produce a parsimonious, hypothetical model of events critical for the origin, dispersal, and differentiation of this taxon. Times and degree of divergence of taxa suggested by recent morphological and molecular studies are in accord with various climatological and geologic events. The model postulates that the distribution of sea kraits was neither greatly affected by tectonics, other than the approach of the Australian Plate to the Asian one, nor dominated by the historic barriers to dispersal of terrestrial fauna across Wallacea, or by the Indonesian Throughflow. Rather, the model suggests that two major factors—paleogeographic alteration of the configuration of land and sea, and the directions of sea currents, past and present—provide an explanation of how these amphibious snakes (1) originated from a terrestrial Asian elapid ancestor, (2) subsequently generated the venomous Australian land snakes and their derivatives the true sea snakes, and (3) differentiated into the species complexes, species, and infraspecific entities of the genus Laticauda.}, journal={Herpetological Monographs}, author={Heatwole, H. and Grech, A. and Marsh, H.}, year={2017}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{lillywhite_sheehy_heatwole_brischoux_steadman_2018, title={Why Are There No Sea Snakes in the Atlantic?}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/bix132}, abstractNote={Roughly 70 species of sea snakes inhabit the Indo-Pacific but are absent from the Atlantic Ocean. Paleoclimatic conditions in the Coral Triangle were favorable for evolutionary transitions to the sea, while those in the Caribbean region and coastlines bordering the Atlantic Ocean were less favorable. The dispersal of sea snakes from the Indian to Atlantic Oceans around the Cape of Good Hope has been prevented by low water temperatures and a lack of precipitation related to the presence of the Benguela Current along the Atlantic coast of southern Africa. The Isthmus of Panama fully separated the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans before the speciation and dispersal of the sole pelagic species of sea snake to reach the Central American Pacific shoreline. Future climatic changes could bring declines or extinctions of sea snakes within their present ranges, but they appear unlikely to favor the dispersal and establishment of sea snakes in the Atlantic Ocean.}, number={1}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Lillywhite, Harvey B. and Sheehy, Coleman M., III and Heatwole, Harold and Brischoux, Francois and Steadman, David W.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={15–24} }
 @article{lillywhite_shine_jacobson_denardo_gordon_navas_wang_seymour_storey_heatwole_et al._2017, title={Anesthesia and Euthanasia of Amphibians and Reptiles Used in Scientific Research: Should Hypothermia and Freezing Be Prohibited?}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1525-3244"]}, DOI={10.1093/biosci/biw143}, abstractNote={Current research guidelines for ectothermic tetrapod vertebrates prohibit the use of cold as an adjunct to gaseous anesthesia, and they prohibit freezing as a means of euthanasia of these same animals. Here, we argue that those guidelines merit re-evaluation. Under natural conditions, numerous amphibians and reptiles experience large variations of body temperature, and life at low temperatures is natural. In tropical species less tolerant of cold, nociception is likely to be extinguished at low temperatures because of the anesthetizing actions of cold on membranes and cold block of nerve conduction. Physical principles and physiological data suggest that smaller ectothermic vertebrates do not experience pain attributable to ice crystals that form during freezing. Therefore, whole-body cooling, followed by freezing, should be a humane form of euthanasia for numerous smaller ectothermic species. In addition, we believe that cooling offers a humane and useful means of supplementing currently acceptable methods of anesthesia.}, number={1}, journal={BIOSCIENCE}, author={Lillywhite, Harvey B. and Shine, Richard and Jacobson, Elliott and Denardo, Dale F. and Gordon, Malcolm S. and Navas, Carlos A. and Wang, Tobias and Seymour, Roger S. and Storey, Kenneth B. and Heatwole, Harold and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={52–60} }
 @article{heatwole_lillywhite_grech_2016, title={Physiological, ecological, and behavioural correlates of the size of the geographic ranges of sea kraits (Laticauda; Elapidae, Serpentes): A critique}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1873-1414"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.seares.2016.05.003}, abstractNote={Recent, more accurate delineation of the distributions of sea kraits and prior dubious use of proxy temperatures and mean values in correlative studies requires re-assessment of the relationships of temperature and salinity as determinants of the size of the geographic ranges of sea kraits. Correcting the sizes of geographic ranges resolved the paradox of lack of correspondence of size of range with degree of terrestrialism, but did not form a definitive test of the theory. Recent ecological, physiological, and behavioural studies provide an example of the kind of approach likely to either validate or refute present theory.}, journal={JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH}, author={Heatwole, Harold and Lillywhite, Harvey and Grech, Alana}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={18–25} }
 @article{lillywhite_heatwole_sheehy_2015, title={Dehydration and drinking behavior in true sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae: Hydrophiini)}, volume={296}, ISSN={["1469-7998"]}, DOI={10.1111/jzo.12239}, abstractNote={AbstractWater is an essential resource affecting behavior and the acquisition of energy, especially in environments where water is spatially or temporally restricted or unavailable. Recent investigations have shown that several species of marine snakes dehydrate at sea and are dependent on environmental sources of fresh water to maintain water balance. However, in this context, little is known concerning the majority of ‘true’ sea snakes (Hydrophiini). We investigated the dehydration and drinking responses of five species of hydrophiin sea snakes collected during the dry season in northern Australia. None of these snakes drank sea water, even when dehydrated. Dehydrated individuals of Hydrophis curtus, H. elegans and H. zweifeli drank fresh water, and the mean threshold levels of dehydration that first elicited drinking were deficits of −26, −29 and −27% of body mass, respectively. Individuals of Aipysurus mosaicus and H. peronii did not drink fresh water when similarly dehydrated. Few snakes that we collected following >4 months of drought drank fresh water immediately after capture. Hydrophiin species appear to have a high resistance to dehydration, which they evidently tolerate in marine habitats for extended periods during drought. Thirst in these species is significantly less sensitive than in other species, suggesting that marine snakes have variable requirements for drinking fresh water. These data illustrate that sea snakes are characterized by diverse responses to dehydration and likely have different osmoregulatory strategies for survival, with implications for better understanding the evolutionary success of secondarily marine vertebrates and their potential responses to future changes in tropical precipitation.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY}, author={Lillywhite, H. B. and Heatwole, H. and Sheehy, C. M., III}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={261–269} }
 @article{heatwole_2015, title={Pristine Wilderness to Crippled Ecosystems: A Foray Through More Than Half a Century of Herpetology}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2418"]}, DOI={10.1670/14-144}, abstractNote={Abstract Biology, including herpetology, has made greater strides in recent decades than in any time in history. It has progressed from a largely inductive science performed on an expeditionary basis to a laboratory-based discipline in which preformed hypotheses are tested empirically. My research has spanned that change in paradigm and an example of expeditionary biology, the study of habitat selection by amphibians and reptiles in the Darien Gap, Panama, is described. The study of Sea Snakes is used to illustrate the transition. Analysis of the offerings to two herpetological journals, Herpetologica and the Journal of Herpetology, also demonstrates changes in different topical emphases. A prominent trend in herpetology has been a shift from basic biology to conservation in the face of environmental degradation and the need to preserve the biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles. The unified biology of antiquity had fragmented into separate, specialized disciplines that seldom related to each other in more than a general way, despite the encompassing generalization of adaptation through evolution. In the past decade there has been a great melding of disciplines and a return to a more-holistic melding of disparate areas of biological endeavor.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY}, author={Heatwole, Harold}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={333–342} }
 @article{heatwole_tremont_broese_2013, title={Point-diversity, a critical tool for assessing dynamics of guilds of scavenging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): an example from a eucalypt woodland}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1478-0933"]}, DOI={10.1080/14772000.2013.788578}, abstractNote={Point diversity provides essential information about structuring of assemblages and interactions of component species, not achieved using other scales of analysis. A baited grid was used (1) to ascertain number of species of scavenging ants at point resources of food in an Australian eucalypt woodland at three times in the diel cycle and (2) to assess the nature of interactions and ecological impact of each species. Nineteen measures of assemblage structure and species’ interactions were implemented. Ants covered the entire area during a single diel cycle. Eurydielic species foraged over the largest area and showed least overlap. Nocturnal species foraged over the smallest area, with half the space not visited. Many foraging ranges of species-pairs, both of nocturnal and of diurnal ants, overlapped as expected by chance but half the eurydielic species-pairs overlapped less than expected; some abutted. Foraging ranges of eurydielic and nocturnal species did not overlap more than by chance. Overlap between eurydielic and diurnal species-pairs varied from less to more overlap than by chance. Simultaneous co-occurrences of all eurydielic species-pairs and many of nocturnal and diurnal ones were random. Members of pairs of nocturnal and of diurnal species were negatively associated except for one positive association. Early occupancy by diurnal ants did not guarantee persistence. Eurydielic species fed a higher percentage of their time than did diurnal or nocturnal species. Incidence of mobilization decreased with increasing number of simultaneously co-occurring species. Some species may be attracted by other species’ activities. Eurydielic species dominated two tiers of diurnal species by day and two tiers of nocturnal species by night. Eurydielic species were most important in determining assemblage structure. Formicines had the greatest species richness but myrmicines and dolichoderines were more important ecologically.}, number={2}, journal={SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY}, author={Heatwole, Harold and Tremont, Steve and Broese, Elizabeth}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={149–180} }
 @article{heatwole_unsicker_andriamiarisoa_lowman_2009, title={Vicissitudes of leaves in a tropical rain forest in Madagascar}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0266-4674"]}, DOI={10.1017/S0266467409990277}, abstractNote={Abstract:A sample of 1834 leaves from 83 plants in 26 families was collected in tropical rain forest in Madagascar from three vertical strata: top of emergent trees (up to 37 m), top of trees in upper canopy (about 22 m), and shrubs and saplings at ground level. These leaves were examined for damage by seven different agents: fungi, epiphyllae, mechanical injury, galls, leaf miners, grazing insects and skeletonizing insects. Fungi affected more than 60% of the leaves and grazing insects 45–65%, with other agents each affecting 3–30%; fewer than 4% of the leaves escaped unscathed by any agent. Individual leaves were attacked by up to five agents. There was a sharp decline in proportion of leaves affected by fungi, leaf miners, epiphyllae and mechanical breakage with increasing category of severity. Grazing insects, mechanical injury, and perhaps galls, had greater impact at ground level than in the canopy, with fungi and skeletonizing insects showing the opposite pattern. Leaf miners had lower incidence in the canopy than elsewhere. The observed vertical stratification means that a tree not only needs to balance its defences to meet multiple threats in any stratum, but must adapt to a different suite of challenges during its lifetime. Attack by grazing insects and fungi are major challenges for saplings at ground level, but with increasing height above the ground fungal attack on leaves becomes more prevalent, but attack by grazing insects less so.}, journal={JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY}, author={Heatwole, Harold and Unsicker, Sybille and Andriamiarisoa, Lala Roger and Lowman, Margaret D.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={615–624} }
 @article{lukoschek_heatwole_grech_burns_marsh_2007, title={Distribution of two species of sea snakes, Aipysurus laevis and Emydocephalus annulatus, in the southern Great Barrier Reef: metapopulation dynamics, marine protected areas and conservation}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1432-0975"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00338-006-0192-8}, number={2}, journal={CORAL REEFS}, author={Lukoschek, V. and Heatwole, H. and Grech, A. and Burns, G. and Marsh, H.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={291–307} }
 @article{heatwole_king_levine_2007, title={Laterality in coiling behaviour of snakes: Another interpretation}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1357-650X"]}, DOI={10.1080/13576500701602944}, abstractNote={The direction of coiling was periodically recorded for two species of viperid snakes—copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) and cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus). Overall, neither species showed a significant preference for coiling in a particular direction. Only 1 of 22 snakes exhibited an individual preference, a result within expectation for random direction of coiling when using a 5% rejection level for statistical testing. A previously published claim for laterality in coiling direction by cottonmouths presented similar results but came to the opposite conclusion. The data from the combined studies suggest that if laterality in coiling direction does occur, it is extremely weak and inconsistent.}, number={6}, journal={LATERALITY}, author={Heatwole, Harold and King, Peter and Levine, Samuel G.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={536–542} }
 @article{cogger_heatwole_2006, title={Laticauda frontalis (de Vis, 1905) and Laticauda saintgironsi n.sp from Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Serpentes : Elapidae : Laticaudinae) - a new lineage of sea kraits?}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0067-1975"]}, DOI={10.3853/j.0067-1975.58.2006.1452}, abstractNote={The sea krait Laticauda colubrina is the most widespread member of its genus, extending from the Bay of Bengal through much of Asia and the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to New Guinea and many islands of the western Pacific Ocean. Unconfirmed records of the species may extend the range to 
the western coast of Central America. The species is subject to marked geographic variation in a number of morphological and meristic characters that have to date defied finer taxonomic resolution. Two members of this complex previously subsumed under the specific name colubrina are here formally elevated to full species status. One species—Laticauda saintgironsi n.sp.—consists of those populations of L. colubrina s.l. found around the coast and in the coastal waters of the main island of New Caledonia. The second species—Laticauda frontalis (de Vis, 1905)—is a dwarf species found in sympatry and syntopy with Laticauda colubrina in Vanuatu and the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia.}, number={2}, journal={RECORDS OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM}, author={Cogger, HG and Heatwole, HF}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={245–256} }
 @misc{heatwole_busack_cogger_2005, title={Geographic variation in sea kraits of the Laticauda colubrina complex (Serpentes : Elapidae : Hydrophiinae : Laticaudini)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1938-5137"]}, DOI={10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0001:gvisko]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={Abstract The Laticauda colubrina complex previously consisted of three species, Laticauda saintgironsi from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, Laticauda frontalis from Vanuatu, and Laticauda colubrina, a widespread species ranging from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Myanmar-Thai-Malaysian peninsula, through the Indonesian archipelago to New Guinea, north to Palau, the Philippines, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands, and southeastward along the island-chain of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Tonga. Their geographic variation, based on 1515 specimens involving 33 characters of coloration and scutellation, was analyzed in two different ways: (1) an hierarchical analysis and (2) an analysis of principal components and discriminant function. Sexual dimorphism occurred in many characters and for those, females and males were analyzed separately. The results confirmed the distinctiveness of the three original species. Within L. colubrina different characters displayed slightly different geographic patterns of variation, but overall five general groupings of populations could be discerned: (1) a north-south axis from Sabah, north through the Philippines to Taiwan and the Ryukyus, (2) an east-west axis encompassing localities from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the west through New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the east, (3) the eastern islands of Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga, (4) a partially isolated population in Palau, and finally (5) an isolate in southern Papua. Despite significant differences among these regions, different characters showed slightly different patterns of geographic variation across their boundaries; similarly, within each axis the pattern of variation among islands differed for different characters. Divergence was deemed sufficiently consistent to warrant taxonomic distinction only in the case of the population in southern Papua that was accorded recognition as a new species, Laticauda guineai. In some characters, widely peripheral populations were more similar morphologically to each other than to more central ones, and alternative hypotheses accounting for this are discussed. The observed distribution and the geographic patterns of variation are attributable to a combination of present and past ecological restrictions, directions of sea currents, and paleogeography.}, journal={HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS}, author={Heatwole, H and Busack, S and Cogger, H}, year={2005}, pages={1–136} }
 @article{green_heatwole_black_poran_2004, title={Effect of the venoms of two viperid snakes, the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), on the liver and kidney of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Russian Journal of Herpetology}, author={Green, J. M and Heatwole, H. and Black, B. and Poran, N.}, year={2004}, pages={21–29} }
 @article{miller_horning_heatwole_2001, title={Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Macquarie Island, sub-Antarctica}, volume={240}, ISSN={["0044-5231"]}, DOI={10.1078/0044-5231-00057}, abstractNote={Abstract Sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island lies in the Southern Ocean between Tasmania and Antarctica and just above the Antarctic Convergence. Extensive flora and fauna samples were collected during the 1977—78 Australian Museum Expedition. Thirteen genera and 25 species of tardigrades are reported from among the 8725 specimens recovered from the 72 samples. Association between species of tardigrades and between species of tardigrades and plant species are discussed. Possible predator-prey relationships are suggested by patterns of association.}, number={3-4}, journal={ZOOLOGISCHER ANZEIGER}, author={Miller, WR and Horning, DS and Heatwole, HF}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={475–491} }
 @article{collingwood_heatwole_2000, title={Ants from northwestern China (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)}, volume={103}, ISBN={0033-2615}, DOI={10.1155/2000/97127}, abstractNote={An ecological survey of the ant fauna of the southern part of the Junggar Basin and adjacent mountains, Xinjiang, China, revealed 46 species of which 27 (59%) were new records for China. Most of the species are widespread and no endemics were found. A largely boreal fauna occupies the spruce forest zone at high elevations of the Tienshan Mountains, giving way, lower down, in elm forest, to a mixed, but primarily mesic temperate fauna. Loess desert and degraded steppe at mid-elevations and in the foothills are overgrazed and have only a few species that elsewhere occur in temperate mesic and/or steppic habitats. The sandy deserts and poplar woodlands of the arid Junggar Basin have a fauna characteristic of deserts and steppes. The salt desert fauna has a strange mixture of a number of elements.}, number={1}, journal={Psyche}, author={Collingwood, C. and Heatwole, H.}, year={2000}, pages={1} }
 @article{warburg_rosenberg_roberts_heatwole_2000, title={Cutaneous glands in the Australian hylid Litoria caerulea (Amphibia, Hylidae)}, volume={201}, ISSN={["0340-2061"]}, DOI={10.1007/s004290050323}, abstractNote={Ultrastructure of cutaneous glands is described in the Australian hylid Litoria caerulea. Three main types of glands could be distinguished in both ventral and dorsal skin: mucous, serous or granular, and lipid glands. Both mucous, and to some extent, serous glands show a PAS-positive reaction. Some of the granular-serous glands react to lipid staining. In addition, a very large gland confined to the dorsal skin of the head reacts to lipid staining. Apparently more than one type of dermal gland is involved in lipid secretion. The subject of skin lipid secretion is discussed in relation to the ecophysiological adaptations of this xeric-inhabiting frog.}, number={5}, journal={ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY}, author={Warburg, MR and Rosenberg, M and Roberts, JR and Heatwole, H}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={341–348} }
 @article{burns_heatwole_2000, title={Growth, sexual dimorphism, and population biology of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0173-5373"]}, DOI={10.1163/156853800507480}, abstractNote={AbstractThe olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis (Lacépède) grows at a rate of 0.22-0.95 cm/month, with young animals growing faster than older ones. Males reach sexual maturity in their third year and females in their fourth or fifth year. There is sexual dimorphism in size, with females larger than males; at snout-vent lengths greater than 80 cm, females are heavier than males of equivalent length. Small snakes were uncommon. Apparent sexratio favours males in winter but moves toward equality or even a preponderance of females in summer, probably reflecting changes in reproductive behaviour. Numbers of snakes are approximately 0.70-0.86 snakes per metre of reef edge. Olive sea snakes live to about 15 years or older.
         }, number={3}, journal={AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA}, author={Burns, G and Heatwole, H}, year={2000}, pages={289–300} }
 @article{hong_guo-hua_heatwole_2000, title={Ultrastructure of the skin mechanoreceptors of the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1097-4687"]}, DOI={10.1002/1097-4687(200007)245:1<80::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-U}, abstractNote={The ultrastructure of two kinds of mechanoreceptive organs, pit organs and neuromasts, in the skin of adult giant salamanders (Andrias davidianus) was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Neuromasts and pit organs differ in their types of synapses, the spatial distribution of kinocilia on sensory cells, and in the degree to which sensory cells are separated by processes of the supporting cells; the two organs probably serve complementary functions. The neuromasts in A. davidianus differ from those of other salamanders in the orientation of kinocilia, in the extent of intrusion of supporting cells into the sensory layer, in the degree of thickening of the synaptic membranes, in the distribution of synaptic spheres, and by the absence of a cupula. J. Morphol. 245:80–85, 2000 © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY}, author={Hong, C and Guo-Hua, Y and Heatwole, H}, year={2000}, month={Jul}, pages={80–85} }
 @book{heatwole_alter_charley_stephenson_bedford_o'donoghue_miller_reay_1999, title={From bedrock to biota: Weathering, physico-chemical properties, protozoans and micrometazoans of some soils of East Antarctica}, ISBN={0642253390}, publisher={Kingston, Tasmania: Australian Antarctic Division}, author={Heatwole, H. and Alter, D. and Charley, J. and Stephenson, N. C. N. and Bedford, J. and O'Donoghue, P. and Miller, W. R. and Reay, F.}, year={1999} }
 @article{heatwole_lowman_abbott_1999, title={Grazing on Australian eucalypt leaves by insects}, volume={20}, number={2}, journal={Selbyana}, author={Heatwole, H. and Lowman, M. D. and Abbott, K. L.}, year={1999}, pages={299} }
 @article{heatwole_poran_king_1999, title={Ontogenetic changes in the resistance of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) to the venom of copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix) and cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus)}, ISSN={["0045-8511"]}, DOI={10.2307/1447620}, abstractNote={Resistance of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) to the venom of two viperid snakes, the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) and the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix), was measured by two criteria: (1) the LD50 of the venom in various stages of frogs; and (2) the survival time of animals after envenomation. Tadpoles start life with similar resistances to the two venoms, inasmuch as the LD50s of both venoms are the same at that developmental stage. During metamorphosis, the LD50s to both venoms increase but with juveniles having greater resistance to copperhead venom than to cottonmouth venom. The LD50s of both venoms decline in adult frogs but still remain higher than the original level of sensitivity exhibited by tadpoles. Survival time after envenomation is longer in the postmetamorphic juveniles than it is in adults; tadpoles have the lowest survival times of all. All life-history stages survive longer after injection with copperhead venom than when treated with cottonmouth venom. A population of bullfrogs introduced into California early this century and isolated from copperheads and cottonmouths since that time still had equivalent resistances as did those snakes from within the geographic range of the snakes; the LD50 to the venoms had not changed significantly. HE interaction between predatory snakes}, number={3}, journal={COPEIA}, author={Heatwole, H and Poran, N and King, P}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={808–814} }
 @book{heatwole_1999, title={Sea snakes}, ISBN={1575241161}, publisher={Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.}, author={Heatwole, H.}, year={1999} }
 @article{king_heatwole_1999, title={Seasonal comparison of hemoglobins in three species of turtles}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0022-1511"]}, DOI={10.2307/1565587}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY}, author={King, P and Heatwole, H}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={691–694} }
 @article{miller_claxton_heatwole_1999, title={Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic territories: Males in the genus Echiniscus (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada)}, volume={238}, number={3-4}, journal={Zoologischer Anzeiger}, author={Miller, W. R. and Claxton, S. K. and Heatwole, H. F.}, year={1999}, pages={303–309} }
 @article{heatwole_abbott_1998, title={Evidence for sidewinding in the banded sea krait, Laticauda colubrina}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Herpetofauna}, author={Heatwole, H. and Abbott, P.}, year={1998}, pages={14–15} }
 @inbook{duellman_heatwole_1998, title={Habitats and adaptations}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of reptiles & amphibians (2nd ed.)}, publisher={McMahons Point, N.S.W.: Weldon Owen; San Diego, CA:  Academic Press}, author={Duellman, W. E. and Heatwole, H.}, editor={H. G. Cogger and Zweifel, R. G.Editors}, year={1998}, pages={30–35} }
 @article{burns_heatwole_1998, title={Home range and habitat use of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, on the Great Barrier Reef Australia}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0022-1511"]}, DOI={10.2307/1565449}, abstractNote={Short-term movements of 12 olive sea snakes, Aipysurus laevis, were tracked using ultrasonic transmitters fed to snakes. This species restricts itself to a home range of about 1500-1800 m2. Three indi- viduals displaced from their home ranges did not home to them. The home range often is linear along a reef face where the reef abuts open sand. Snakes forage by investigating crevices in coral or rock but do not linger over open sand. Home ranges of individuals broadly overlap No territoriality was displayed.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY}, author={Burns, G and Heatwole, H}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={350–358} }
 @article{stuart_croom_heatwole_1998, title={Hypersensitivity of some lizards to pilocarpine}, volume={29}, number={4}, journal={Herpetological Review}, author={Stuart, B. and Croom, W. G. and Heatwole, H.}, year={1998}, pages={223–224} }
 @article{heatwole_lowman_donovan_mccoy_1998, title={Phenology of leaf-flushing and macroarthropod abundances in canopies of Eucalyptus saplings}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Selbyana}, author={Heatwole, H. and Lowman, M. D. and Donovan, C. and McCoy, M.}, year={1998}, pages={200–214} }
 @article{heatwole_powell_1998, title={Resistance of eels (Gymnothorax) to the venom of sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina): A test of coevolution}, volume={36}, ISSN={["0041-0101"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00081-0}, abstractNote={Eels of the genus Gymnothorax from the Pacific are selectively preyed upon by banded sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina) and have been reported to sustain massive doses of sea krait venom without ill effect. By contrast, the present study found that Gymnothorax moringa from the Caribbean, where no sea snakes occur, are sensitive to sea krait venom, with doses as low as 0.01 mg dry wt of venom/kg wet wt of eel resulting in signs of envenomation, and doses as small as 0.1 mg/kg proving to be lethal. These observations suggest that the resistance of Pacific Gymnothorax to sea krait venom results from coevolution of predator and prey, rather than from a general hardiness of Gymnothorax. This theory is supported further by literature reports of sensitivity to sea snake venom by other taxa of non-coevolved eels that either are allopatric with sea snakes (Anguilla), or are sympatric with them but occupy different habitats and are not preyed upon by them (Heteroconger).}, number={4}, journal={TOXICON}, author={Heatwole, H and Powell, J}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={619–625} }
 @article{heatwole_1997, title={Marine snakes: Are they a sustainable resource?}, volume={25}, number={4}, journal={Wildlife Society Bulletin}, author={Heatwole, H.}, year={1997}, pages={766–772} }
 @article{heatwole_1996, title={Ant assemblages at their dry limits: The northern Atacama Desert, Peru, and the Chott El Djerid, Tunisia}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0140-1963"]}, DOI={10.1006/jare.1996.0080}, abstractNote={Abstract Ants do not occur in the rocky desert of the Nazca Plain, Peru, except in the vicinity of shrubs in outwash gulleys, where there are two species that have similar activity periods and microhabitats and exhibit interference competition. Only one species of ant was found on the Chott El Djerid, Tunisia, a large, dry salt lake, devoid of vegetation.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS}, author={Heatwole, H}, year={1996}, month={Aug}, pages={449–456} }
 @book{heatwole_1994, title={Amphibian biology}, ISBN={0949324531}, publisher={Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons}, author={Heatwole, H.}, year={1994} }
 @book{harold heatwole._1994, title={Amphibian biology1994}, publisher={Chipping Norton, NSW: Surrey Beatty & Sons-}, author={Harold Heatwole.}, year={1994} }