@article{andersen_clark_hopper_hodson_schilling_daniels_woods_kovach_berlinsky_kenter_et al._2021, title={Methods of domestic striped bass (Morone saxatilis) spawning that do not require the use of any hormone induction}, volume={533}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736025}, abstractNote={Nineteen batch spawning trials were conducted using 5th and 6th generation domestic striped bass (Morone saxatilis) to demonstrate the ability of these fish to volitionally spawn in large tanks to produce larvae using only photothermal and salinity conditioning. The findings described are the first report of multiple striped bass successfully batch spawning in captivity without exogenous hormone administration. The results of these trials indicate that an approximately 1:1 ratio of female to male striped bass in a single batch spawning unit is more favorable for production, that a minimum of at least 10 fish of each sex is required to elicit this particular spawning behavior, and that using 25 fish of each sex will yield commercially scalable larval production. This batch spawning method has been employed to effectively and consistently spawn over half of the female striped bass in the National Program for Genetic Improvement and Selective Breeding for the Hybrid Striped Bass Industry (N = 202 of 334 female fish over five years) to produce 44,608,181 swim-up larvae (26.6% hatching rate). Microsatellite genotyping and parentage assignment demonstrates that females will reproduce with between 2 and 18 males and that males will reproduce with between 1 and 6 females. Moreover, the effective broodstock size (Nb) of these batch spawning units is 33 and when accounting for multiple partners and unequal family sizes (Nbv) is 28. Lastly, the reported results include the successful spawning of female striped bass staged at and beyond 15 Bayless hours, or those that would have previously been considered ineligible for spawning even with the use of exogenous hormone treatment.}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Andersen, L. K. and Clark, R. W. and Hopper, M. S. and Hodson, R. G. and Schilling, J. and Daniels, H. V. and Woods, L. C., III and Kovach, A. I. and Berlinsky, D. L. and Kenter, L. W. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{honeycutt_deck_miller_severance_atkins_luckenbach_buckel_daniels_rice_borski_et al._2019, title={Warmer waters masculinize wild populations of a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination}, volume={9}, ISSN={2045-2322}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-019-42944-x}, abstractNote={Abstract Southern flounder ( Paralichthys lethostigma ) exhibit environmental sex determination (ESD), where environmental factors can influence phenotypic sex during early juvenile development but only in the presumed XX female genotype. Warm and cold temperatures masculinize fish with mid-range conditions producing at most 50% females. Due to sexually dimorphic growth, southern flounder fisheries are dependent upon larger females. Wild populations could be at risk of masculinization from ESD due to globally increasing water temperatures. We evaluated the effects of habitat and temperature on wild populations of juvenile southern flounder in North Carolina, USA. While northern habitats averaged temperatures near 23 °C and produced the greatest proportion of females, more southerly habitats exhibited warmer temperatures (>27 °C) and consistently produced male-biased sex ratios (up to 94% male). Rearing flounder in the laboratory under temperature regimes mimicking those of natural habitats recapitulated sex ratio differences observed across the wild populations, providing strong evidence that temperature is a key factor influencing sex ratios in nursery habitats. These studies provide evidence of habitat conditions interacting with ESD to affect a key demographic parameter in an economically important fishery. The temperature ranges that yield male-biased sex ratios are within the scope of predicted increases in ocean temperature under climate change.}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Honeycutt, J. L. and Deck, C. A. and Miller, S. C. and Severance, M. E. and Atkins, E. B. and Luckenbach, J. A. and Buckel, J. A. and Daniels, H. V. and Rice, J. A. and Borski, R. J. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{tavabe_rafiee_frinsko_daniels_2017, title={Comparing Na/K-ATPase activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larvae at specific developmental stages, using different sodium vs potassium and calcium vs magnesium concentrations, and sodium potassium adsorption ratio (SPAR) mediums}, volume={479}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.001}, abstractNote={The present study analyzed the Na/K-ATPase activity (μmol ADP/mg protein/h) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae at specific developmental stages using different environmental concentrations of sodium vs potassium and calcium vs magnesium, for pairwise comparison. In addition, we also compared the effect of various sodium potassium adsorption ratio (SPAR) mediums to Na/K-ATPase activity. The first experiment compared the effect of sodium concentrations (4000 and 5000 ppm) vs potassium concentrations (150 and 200 ppm), while the second experiment compared the effect of calcium concentrations (180 and 240 ppm) vs magnesium concentrations (300 and 400 ppm), as in pairwise combination on the Na/K-ATPase activity. The third experiment compared Na/K-ATPase activity for various SPAR mediums (20, 30, 40 and 50). Larval condition index (LCI), larval dry weight and percent survival were determined at the 1st, 4th, 7th and 11th stages for each experiment. For each experimental treatment, triplicate 80-l closed-loop RAS systems were used. Initial larvae stocking density was 300 larvae l− 1. For each container, a 40 mg batch of larvae was collected at each of the 4 larval stages to analyze Na/K-ATPase activity and LCI. These results revealed that at the 1st and 4th larval stages both sodium and potassium independently and in combination, affected (P < 0.05) Na/K-ATPase activity. However, at the 7th stage, enzyme activity was confirmed only among the treatments, independently. At the 11th stage, enzyme activity was demonstrated among the combined treatments, in addition to potassium, alone. Calcium and magnesium only showed larval Na/K-ATPase activity independently at the 1st and 4th larval stages. Results also showed that at the 1st and 4th larval stages, Na/K-ATPase activity was significantly higher for SPAR 20 but, at the 7th and 11th stages the enzyme activity was significantly higher at both SPAR 20 and 30. Accordingly, our findings have demonstrated that, Na/K-ATPase activity is highly variable during M. rosenbergii larval development and that it is mainly affected by interactions of common environmental macro-elements involved in larval osmoregulation. As such, we recommend M. rosenbergii hatcheries to operate as close as possible to SPAR 30 for early larval development and SPAR 40 for later larval development.}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Tavabe, Kamran Rezaei and Rafiee, Gholamreza and Frinsko, Michael and Daniels, Harry}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={619–625} }
 @article{cuevas-uribe_hu_daniels_gill_tiersch_2017, title={Vitrification as an Alternative Approach for Sperm Cryopreservation in Marine Fishes}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1548-8454"]}, DOI={10.1080/15222055.2017.1281855}, abstractNote={The Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma is a high-value species and a promising aquaculture candidate. Because sperm volume can be limited in this species (<500 μL), new sperm cryopreservation methods need to be evaluated. Vitrification is an alternative to conventional slow-rate freezing, whereby small volumes are cryopreserved at high cooling rates (>1,000°C/min). The goal of this work was to develop a standardized approach for vitrification of Southern Flounder sperm. The specific objectives were to (1) evaluate thawing methods and vitrification solutions, (2) evaluate the postthaw membrane integrity of sperm vitrified in different cryoprotectant solutions, (3) examine the relationship between membrane integrity and motility, and (4) evaluate the ability of vitrified sperm to fertilize eggs. From the vitrification solutions tested, the highest postthaw motility (28 ± 9% [mean ± SD]) and membrane integrity (11 ± 4%) was observed for 20% ethylene glycol plus 20% glycerol. There was no significant difference in postthaw motility of sperm thawed at 21°C or at 37°C. Fertilization from vitrified sperm in one trial yielded the same fertilization rate (50 ± 20%) as the fresh sperm control, while the sperm from the other two males yielded 3%. This is the first report of fertilization by vitrified sperm in a marine fish. Vitrification can be simple, fast, inexpensive, performed in the field, and, at least for small fishes, offers an alternative to conventional cryopreservation. Because of the minute volumes needed for ultrarapid cooling, vitrification is not presently suited as a production method for large fishes. Vitrification can be used to reconstitute lines from valuable culture species and biomedical models, conserve mutants for development of novel lines for ornamental aquaculture, and transport frozen sperm from the field to the repository to expand genetic resources.}, number={2}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE}, author={Cuevas-Uribe, Rafael and Hu, E. and Daniels, Harry and Gill, Adriane O. and Tiersch, Terrence R.}, year={2017}, pages={187–196} }
 @article{applegate_lewbart_daniels_gill_stoskopf_2016, title={Calcium urolithiasis in a breeding population of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) housed in a low salinity environment}, volume={36}, ISSN={0165-2176 1875-5941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, abstractNote={J. R. Applegate Jr, G. A. Lewbart, H. Daniels, A. Gill and M. K. Stoskopf Exotic Animal Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Applegate, J.R., Jr and Lewbart, G.A. and Daniels, H. and Gill, A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={50–54} }
 @article{shifflett_culbreth_hazel_daniels_nichols_2016, title={Coupling aquaculture with forest plantations for food, energy, and water resiliency}, volume={571}, ISSN={0048-9697}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.161}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.161}, abstractNote={Freshwater aquaculture and forest bioenergy markets are expanding globally in areas concurrently experiencing human population growth, urbanization and water shortages. Coupling these agroecosystems can improve food, energy, and water resiliency by enhancing ecosystem services through fertilization, water-reuse, carbon storage, and bioenergy via biomass production. This study evaluated how a model aquaculture-managed forest plantation could (1) provision fish and woody biomass; (2) regulate carbon, groundwater infiltration, and groundwater quality; and (3) support nutrient cycling over a two-year period. A 0.5-hectare hardwood bioenergy plantation was established with 12 Populus spp. genotypes adjacent to a 0.6-hectare freshwater aquaculture operation (hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis); pond waters were land-applied on the plantation for two years. The aquaculture operation produced ~3.5Mg of fish and trees yielded 5.9Mgha(-1)yr(-1) of oven-dry biomass, sequestered 2.9Mg carbon (C) ha(-1)yr(-1) and stored 0.028Mg nitrogen (N) ha(-1)yr(-1). Biomass productivity, carbon storage, and nitrogen storage differed significantly among the evaluated Populus genotypes. Land application of pond water increased groundwater infiltration by 60% relative to the previous year. The integrated system regulated chlorophyll a, total organic carbon, and nitrogen in groundwater at concentrations below regulatory limits. This study demonstrated that coupled agroecosystems could deliver productive yields of food and bioenergy as well as support water re-use while meeting water quality regulations. More research is needed to evaluated long-term sustainability and economic viability of this coupled system and other land management practices that seek to improve food, energy, and water resiliency.}, journal={Science of The Total Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Shifflett, Shawn Dayson and Culbreth, Allison and Hazel, Dennis and Daniels, Harry and Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1262–1270} }
 @article{burford reiskind_coyle_daniels_labadie_reiskind_roberts_roberts_schaff_vargo_2016, title={Development of a universal double-digest RAD sequencing approach for a group of nonmodel, ecologically and economically important insect and fish taxa}, volume={16}, ISSN={1755-098X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12527}, DOI={10.1111/1755-0998.12527}, abstractNote={The generation of genome‐scale data is critical for a wide range of questions in basic biology using model organisms, but also in questions of applied biology in nonmodel organisms (agriculture, natural resources, conservation and public health biology). Using a genome‐scale approach on a diverse group of nonmodel organisms and with the goal of lowering costs of the method, we modified a multiplexed, high‐throughput genomic scan technique utilizing two restriction enzymes. We analysed several pairs of restriction enzymes and completed double‐digestion RAD sequencing libraries for nine different species and five genera of insects and fish. We found one particular enzyme pair produced consistently higher number of sequence‐able fragments across all nine species. Building libraries off this enzyme pair, we found a range of usable SNPs between 4000 and 37 000 SNPS per species and we found a greater number of usable SNPs using reference genomes than de novo pipelines in STACKS. We also found fewer reads in the Read 2 fragments from the paired‐end Illumina Hiseq run. Overall, the results of this study provide empirical evidence of the utility of this method for producing consistent data for diverse nonmodel species and suggest specific considerations for sequencing analysis strategies.}, number={6}, journal={Molecular Ecology Resources}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burford Reiskind, M. O. and Coyle, K. and Daniels, H. V. and Labadie, P. and Reiskind, M. H. and Roberts, N. B. and Roberts, R. B. and Schaff, J. and Vargo, E. L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1303–1314} }
 @article{hu_cuevas-uribe_yang_sanderson_gill_daniels_tiersch_2016, title={High-throughput Cryopreservation of Sperm from Sex-reversed Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/jwas.12293}, abstractNote={The Southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, is a valuable aquaculture fish with established markets in the USA. All-female production in this species is an important technology for aquaculture because the females usually have body sizes twice those of males at the same age, and sex-reversed males (genotypic XX neomales) are used for all-female production by crossing with genetically normal females. However, sperm volume from the neomales is usually small (<0.5 mL) and limits their application for all-female fish production. Cryopreservation of sperm from these sex-reversed neomales will provide access on demand with increased efficiency to extend the application of neomales. The goal of this study was to develop a protocol for cryopreservation of sperm from the Southern flounder by using an automated high-throughput processing system. The objectives were to: (1) determine the effect of osmolality on activation of sperm motility; (2) evaluate the effect of extender solutions on sperm motility capacity; (3) evaluate the acute toxicity of cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol) on sperm motility, and (4) estimate the effect of cooling rate on sperm cryopreservation and post-thaw fertilization. Sperm motility was activated when osmolality was 400 mOsmol/kg or higher. Of the three extender buffers tested, HEPES4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) at 300 mOsmol/kg resulted in better protection for sperm motility than did Hanks' balanced salt solution and Mounib solution at 300 mOsmol/kg during 7 d of refrigerated storage. After 30 min equilibration with the cryoprotectant of 15% DMSO, sperm motility was 24 ± 21% (fresh sperm motility without any cryoprotectants was 42%). After cooling at a rate of 20 C/min, post-thaw sperm motility was 8 ± 5% and fertilization was 63 ± 40% evaluated at the 32–64 cell stage (5 × 105 sperm per egg). Overall, a protocol was developed for sperm cryopreservation in the Southern flounder with high-throughput processing, which provides a tool to preserve the valuable genetic resources from neomale flounders, and enables germplasm repository development for the Southern flounder.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Hu, E. and Cuevas-Uribe, Rafael and Yang, Huiping and Sanderson, Robin and Gill, Adriane O. and Daniels, Harry and Tiersch, Terrence R.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={555–565} }
 @article{tavabe_rafiee_shoeiry_houshmandi_frinsko_daniels_2015, title={Effects of Water Hardness and Calcium: Magnesium Ratios on Reproductive Performance and Offspring Quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/jwas.12217}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the effect of specific calcium and magnesium ratios at two hardness values on reproductive performance and offspring quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii brood-females. Hatchery water containing 110.5 mg/L CaCO3 hardness was considered baseline as it has been used successfully to hatch and rear larvae and was used as the control treatment. At each hardness value of 150 and 190 mg/L CaCO3, four experimental water treatments were made in triplicate. Each treatment was adjusted using soluble salts (CaCl2·H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, and MgCl2·6H2O) to provide the hardness and calcium to magnesium ratios of 0:20, 20:80, 50:50, and 80:20 needed. Each of the experimental tanks (140 L) were stocked with six females and one male. The results indicated that both hardness and Ca:Mg ratios affect brood-female reproductive qualitative parameters such as intermolt period, egg hatchability, egg dry weight, and egg-clutch somatic index (ESI) parameters (P < 0.05) but not fecundity and eggs per spawn. The results revealed that brood-females at 150 mg/L hardness showed greater reproductive performance than at 190 and 110.5 mg/L hardness. The findings also demonstrated that the treatment 50Ca50Mg at 150 mg/L hardness with 38.8 mg/L calcium and 12.9 mg/L magnesium had optimum reproductive performance and offspring quality for M. rosenbergii brood-females.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Tavabe, Kamran Rezaei and Rafiee, Gholamreza and Shoeiry, Mohammad Mehdi and Houshmandi, Shadab and Frinsko, Michael and Daniels, Harry}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={519–530} }
 @article{park_kim_park_daniels_2015, title={Effects of two different ozone doses on total residual oxidants, nitrogen compounds and nitrification rate in seawater recirculating systems for black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker)}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1873-5614"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.05.003}, abstractNote={Ozone was applied to seawater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) to measure the effects on water quality and biofilter efficiency. Three replicate experimental systems were used in this study. Each system consisted of four rectangular culture tanks, a sump, two settling chambers, a foam fractionator and a trickling biofilter. The control system (CS) was not ozonated, but Treatment 1 (T 20) and Treatment 2 (T 40) were ozonated with 20 and 40 g O3/kg feed day−1, respectively. Three hundred twenty black seabream (mean weight ± S.D. of 334.5 ± 1.9 g) were stocked into each system, and cultured for the entire 44-day study period. During this period, total residual oxidants (TRO), nitrogen compounds (Total-ammonia–N, TAN; nitrite–N, NO2–N and nitrate–N, NO3–N) were measured, and nitrification efficiencies of the trickling biofilters were calculated for each system. Generally, the application of ozone to the seawater systems reduced TAN and NO2–N concentrations in the culture tanks of both treatments. However, the nitrification rate of the biofilter in the T 40 and the CS systems was about 50% lower than the rate of the biofilter in the T 20 system. Therefore, the use of a moderate dose of ozone (20 g O3/kg feed day−1) appears to enhance nitrification, possibly through the reduction of dissolved organic matter that may interfere with bacterial activity. However, application of ozone at 40 g O3/kg feed day−1 appears to depress microbial activity associated with biofiltration and nitrogen removal efficiency, perhaps through toxicity of associated compounds or directly through residual oxidants. Based on the results of this study, continuous ozonation should not exceed 20 g ozone/kg feed (mean TRO 0.15 mg/L) in a seawater RAS to avoid negatively affecting the nitrification efficiency of the bio-filters.}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Park, Jeonghwan and Kim, Pyong-Kih and Park, Seongdeok and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{rafiee_tavabe_frinsko_daniels_2015, title={Effects of various sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) mediums on larval performance of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1365-2109"]}, DOI={10.1111/are.12219}, abstractNote={AbstractThe sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is used to describethe ratio of sodium to calcium and magnesium inwater that is very important in both aquacultureand agriculture. SAR treatments including of 20, 30,40, 50 and 60 were adjusted in 10-L containers. Ini-tial larval density was fixed at 100 larvae L 1 andduring the culture period, various larval qualityparameters were evaluated. Our findings illustratedthat at initial stages of larval development, differentSAR treatments affected the larval condition index(LCI), but no influences on larval stage index (LSI)were apparent. Importantly, this process at the finallarval stages became reversed. In addition, survivalat SAR 30 was 12.4% greater than among any othertreatments. The highest larval resistance to stress(191 5 ppm), as measured by the 24-h LC 50 for-malin test also was observed for SAR 30, at the 11thlarval stage. Analysis indicated that calcium absorp-tion during larval developmental stages is affected bySAR levels in the environment and also showed thatthe optimal SAR treatment was 30 for Macrobrachi-um rosenbergii larviculture in inland hatchery brack-ish water. According to our findings and desired SARfor the environment and agricultural soil (<15),effluent of M. rosenbergii inland hatcheries must betreated at least two times by dilution and addingcalcium and magnesium salts.Keywords: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, sodiumadsorption ratio, larval stage index, larval condi-tion index, larvicultureIntroductionThe freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii isa classic example of an aquatic species that hasbecome widely cultured because of its suitabilityfor commercialization. By 2009, global productionhad risen to 229 419 t, more than 80 times asmuch as in 1980. Presently, commercial prawnproduction continues to climb in nearly all coun-tries currently engaged in its culture (FAO Fisher-ies & Aquaculture Department 2011; New & Nair2012). This is due to a number of factors relatedto its ease of production, including the use oforganic fertilization strategies instead of expensivecomplete diets, general tolerance to low waterquality conditions and overall ease in nurseryproduction (Cavalli, Lavens & Sorgeloos 1999).However, some critical challenges do remain, espe-cially in the larviculture phase, related to both sur-vival and overall larval quality (Bart & Yen 2003).The larval phase of M. rosenbergii is fairlyunique among crustaceans. The 11-stage processis completed entirely in brackish water, whereasits other life cycle stages occur principally in fresh-water. Damrongphol, Jaroensastraraks and Pool-sanguan (2001) indicated that ionic requirementsof newly hatched M. rosenbergii larvae differedfrom that of developing embryos. Although maxi-mal growth of an aquatic organism would beassumed to occur in isosmotic media, research hasdemonstrated that this principle is not true for thegiant freshwater prawn. It was found (Singh1980) that M. rosenbergii actually had maximumgrowth occur in environmental conditions lower}, number={3}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Rafiee, Gholamreza and Tavabe, Kamran Rezaei and Frinsko, Michael and Daniels, Harry}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={725–735} }
 @article{alam_watanabe_rezek_myers_carroll_daniels_2015, title={Growth performance, survival and body composition of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae fed different formulated microdiets}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1365-2109"]}, DOI={10.1111/are.12347}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of micro-bound diets (MBD) on southern flounder larvae. In experiment 1, four MBDs were formulated with different protein sources as follows: MBD 1: herring meal, MBD 2: menhaden meal, MBD 3: menhaden and squid meal; MBD 4: menhaden, squid and herring meal. In experiment 2, four MBDs were formulated as follows: MBD 5: menhaden, squid and herring meal; MBD 6: menhaden, squid, herring and attractants; MBD 7: menhaden, squid, herring and casein, and MBD 8: menhaden, squid, herring, casein and attractants. In experiment 3, three groups were maintained as follows: Group 1: live feed; Group 2: co-fed with MBD 6; and Group 3: MBD 6. In experiment 1 on 35 dph, survival and body weight (BW) of the fish fed MBD 4 was significantly higher than the MBDs 1 and 2. In experiment 2 on 34 dph, fish fed MBD 6 had significantly higher BW than the commercial microdiets. In experiment 3 on 21 dph, fish receiving only MBD had significantly lower survival than the other groups. Growth, survival and larval fatty acid composition suggested that co-feeding MBD 6, a mixture of marine protein sources plus attractants was more effective than the other MBDs.}, number={8}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Alam, Md Shah and Watanabe, Wade O. and Rezek, Troy C. and Myers, Amanda R. and Carroll, Patrick M. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={1924–1936} }
 @article{tavabe_rafiee_frinsko_daniels_2015, title={Interactions of different sodium and potassium concentrations on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) offspring quality parameters}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1365-2109"]}, DOI={10.1111/are.12414}, abstractNote={The present study evaluated various sodium and potassium concentrations in hatchery water to determine which proportions would be optimal for Macrobrachium rosenbergii larviculture. Using a closed RAS system (60-L), experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, larval quality parameters were compared among triplicate treatments of sodium (2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg L−1) and potassium (100, 150, 200 and 250 mg L−1). During the second stage, these same parameters were compared from interactions of the two best concentrations determined in the first stage. Initial larval density was fixed at 100 larvae L−1 and larval quality parameters such as larval stage index (LSI), larval condition index (LCI), larvae dry weight, survival (%), LC50-24 h for formalin stress and time of the first postlarvae (PL) appearance were measured. Results showed that during the early larval period time LSI, LCI and survival parameters were affected only by potassium and the interaction with sodium was not significant. At a later period of the larval development, interactions between both sodium and potassium were measurable for LSI (P < 0.05) while the interactions on LCI and survival were not significant. Measurable differences among the combined treatments 4000 mg L−1 sodium and 150 mg L−1 potassium resulted in the best performance for M. rosenbergii larviculture. This concentration also provided the highest final survival to PL metamorphosis (40.6 ± 2.5%) which was at least 10% higher than the other treatments.}, number={11}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Tavabe, Kamran Rezaei and Rafiee, Gholamreza and Frinsko, Michael and Daniels, Harry}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={2615–2627} }
 @article{schilling_nepomuceno_planchart_yoder_kelly_muddiman_daniels_hiramatsu_reading_2015, title={Machine learning reveals sex-specific 17β-estradiol-responsive expression patterns in white perch (Morone americana) plasma proteins}, volume={15}, ISSN={1615-9853}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201400606}, DOI={10.1002/pmic.201400606}, abstractNote={With growing abundance and awareness of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the environment, there is a need for accurate and reliable detection of EDC exposure. Our objective in the present study was to observe differences within and between the global plasma proteomes of sexually mature male and female white perch (Morone americana) before (Initial Control, IC) and after 17β‐estradiol (E2) induction. Semiquantitative nanoLC‐MS/MS data were analyzed by machine learning support vector machines (SVMs) and by two‐way ANOVA. By ANOVA, the expression levels of 44, 77, and 57 proteins varied significantly by gender, treatment, and the interaction of gender and treatment, respectively. SVMs perfectly classified male and female perch IC and E2‐induced plasma samples using the protein expression data. E2‐induced male and female perch plasma proteomes contained significantly higher levels of the yolk precursors vitellogenin Aa and Ab (VtgAa, VtgAb), as well as latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain‐containing protein 1 (Eltd1) and kininogen 1 (Kng1). This is the first report that Eltd1 and Kng1 may be E2‐responsive proteins in fishes and therefore may be useful indicators of estrogen induction.}, number={15}, journal={PROTEOMICS}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Schilling, Justin and Nepomuceno, Angelito I. and Planchart, Antonio and Yoder, Jeffrey A. and Kelly, Robert M. and Muddiman, David C. and Daniels, Harry V. and Hiramatsu, Naoshi and Reading, Benjamin J.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={2678–2690} }
 @article{schilling_loziuk_muddiman_daniels_reading_2015, title={Mechanisms of Egg Yolk Formation and Implications on Early Life History of White Perch (Morone americana)}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0143225}, abstractNote={The three white perch (Morone americana) vitellogenins (VtgAa, VtgAb, VtgC) were quantified accurately and precisely in the liver, plasma, and ovary during pre-, early-, mid-, and post-vitellogenic oocyte growth using protein cleavage-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (PC-IDMS). Western blotting generally mirrored the PC-IDMS results. By PC-IDMS, VtgC was quantifiable in pre-vitellogenic ovary tissues and VtgAb was quantifiable in pre-vitellogenic liver tissues however, neither protein was detected by western blotting in these respective tissues at this time point. Immunohistochemistry indicated that VtgC was present within pre-vitellogenic oocytes and localized to lipid droplets within vitellogenic oocytes. Affinity purification coupled to tandem mass spectrometry using highly purified VtgC as a bait protein revealed a single specific interacting protein (Y-box binding protein 2a-like [Ybx2a-like]) that eluted with suramin buffer and confirmed that VtgC does not bind the ovary vitellogenin receptors (LR8 and Lrp13). Western blotting for LR8 and Lrp13 showed that both receptors were expressed during vitellogenesis with LR8 and Lrp13 expression highest in early- and mid-vitellogenesis, respectively. The VtgAa within the ovary peaked during post-vitellogenesis, while VtgAb peaked during early-vitellogenesis in both white perch and the closely related striped bass (M. saxatilis). The VtgC was steadily accumulated by oocytes beginning during pre-vitellogenesis and continued until post-vitellogenesis and its composition varies widely between striped bass and white perch. In striped bass, the VtgC accounted for 26% of the vitellogenin-derived egg yolk, however in the white perch it comprised only 4%. Striped bass larvae have an extended developmental window and these larvae have yolk stores that may enable them to survive in the absence of food for twice as long as white perch after hatch. Thus, the VtgC may play an integral role in providing nutrients to late stage fish larvae prior to the onset of exogenous feeding and its composition in the egg yolk may relate to different early life histories among this diverse group of animals.}, number={11}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Schilling, Justin and Loziuk, Philip L. and Muddiman, David C. and Daniels, Harry V. and Reading, Benjamin J.}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @article{schilling_nepomuceno_schaff_muddiman_daniels_reading_2014, title={Compartment Proteomics Analysis of White Perch (Morone americana) Ovary Using Support Vector Machines}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1535-3907"]}, DOI={10.1021/pr401067g}, abstractNote={Compartment proteomics enable broad characterization of target tissues. We employed a simple fractionation method and filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) to characterize the cytosolic and membrane fractions of white perch ovary tissues by semiquantitative tandem mass spectrometry using label-free quantitation based on normalized spectral counts. FASP depletes both low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight substances that could interfere with protein digestion and subsequent peptide separation and detection. Membrane proteins are notoriously difficult to characterize due to their amphipathic nature and association with lipids. The simple fractionation we employed effectively revealed an abundance of proteins from mitochondria and other membrane-bounded organelles. We further demonstrate that support vector machines (SVMs) offer categorical classification of proteomics data superior to that of parametric statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA). Specifically, SVMs were able to perfectly (100% correct) classify samples as either membrane or cytosolic fraction during cross-validation based on the expression of 242 proteins with the highest ANOVA p-values (i.e., those that were not significant for enrichment in either fraction). The white perch ovary cytosolic and membrane proteomes and transcriptome presented in this study can support future investigations into oogenesis and early embryogenesis of white perch and other members of the genus Morone.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH}, author={Schilling, Justin and Nepomuceno, Angelito and Schaff, Jennifer E. and Muddiman, David C. and Daniels, Harry V. and Reading, Benjamin J.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={1515–1526} }
 @article{tavabe_rafiee_frinsko_daniels_2013, title={Effects of different calcium and magnesium concentrations separately and in combination on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) larviculture}, volume={412}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.07.023}, abstractNote={The optimum concentrations of calcium and magnesium for the combinations tested in hatchery water for Macrobrachium rosenbergii larviculture were evaluated. Experiments were conducted in two stages: in the first, triplicate treatments of calcium (120, 180, 240 and 300 ppm) and magnesium (300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) were separately evaluated in a closed recirculating system (60-l). During the second stage, combinations of the two best calcium and magnesium concentrations determined in the first stage were compared. This stage used a static system (10-l) with minimal water exchange. In both stages, initial larval density was fixed at 100 larvae l− 1 and larval stage index, larvae dry weight, survival and time of the first postlarvae appearance were the determined parameters. The results of the first stage revealed that increasing concentrations of Ca and Mg showed a non-linear and a linear response respectively. According to these results, concentrations of 180 and 240 ppm calcium and concentrations at 300 and 400 ppm of magnesium were evaluated during the second stage of the investigation. In this stage, the results showed that after the 6th stage of larval development, interactions between both calcium and magnesium affected (P < 0.05) the larval quality parameters. The combination of these factors showed that a balance of 240 ppm calcium and 300 ppm magnesium with Mg/Ca ratio about 1.25 are optimal for larviculture. This balance at 30 days post hatch showed the highest larvae survival (40 ± 2.6%) at least 15.4% higher than the other treatments.}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Tavabe, Kamran Rezaei and Rafiee, Gholamreza and Frinsko, Michael and Daniels, Harry}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={160–166} }
 @article{mankiewicz_godwin_holler_turner_murashige_shamey_daniels_borski_2013, title={Masculinizing Effect of Background Color and Cortisol in a Flatfish with Environmental Sex-Determination}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1557-7023"]}, DOI={10.1093/icb/ict093}, abstractNote={Environmental sex-determination (ESD) is the phenomenon by which environmental factors regulate sex-determination, typically occurring during a critical period of early development. Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) exhibit temperature-dependent sex-determination that appears to be restricted to the presumed XX female genotype with the extremes of temperature, both high and low, skewing sex ratios toward males. In order to evaluate other environmental factors that may influence sex-determination, we investigated the influence of background color and cortisol on sex-determination in southern flounder. Experiments involving three sets of tanks, each painted a different color, were conducted at different temperatures using southern flounder of mixed XX-XY genotype. The studies involved rearing juvenile southern flounder in either black, gray, or blue tanks and sex-determination was assessed by gonadal histology. In both studies, blue tanks showed significant male-biased sex ratios (95 and 75% male) compared with black and gray tanks. The stress corticosteroid cortisol may mediate sex-determining processes associated with environmental variables. Cortisol from the whole body was measured throughout the second experiment and fishes in blue tanks had higher levels of cortisol during the period of sex-determination. These data suggest that background color can be a cue for ESD, with blue acting as a stressor during the period of sex-determination, and ultimately producing male-skewed populations. In a separate study using XX populations of southern flounder, cortisol was applied at 0, 100, or 300 mg/kg of gelatin-coated feed. Fish were fed intermittently prior to, and just through, the period of sex-determination. Levels of gonadal P450 aromatase (cyp19a1) and forkhead transcription factor L2 (FoxL2) messenger RNA (mRNA) were measured by qRT-PCR as markers for differentiation into females. Müllerian-inhibiting substance mRNA was used as a marker of males' gonadal development. Control fish showed female-biased sex ratios approaching 100%, whereas treatment with 100 mg/kg cortisol produced 28.57% females and treatment with 300 mg/kg cortisol produced only 13.33% females. These results suggest that cortisol is a critical mediator of sex-determination in southern flounder by promoting masculinization. This linkage between the endocrine stress axis and conserved sex-determination pathways may provide a mechanism for adaptive modification of sex ratio in a spatially and temporally variable environment.}, number={4}, journal={INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Mankiewicz, Jamie L. and Godwin, John and Holler, Brittany L. and Turner, Poem M. and Murashige, Ryan and Shamey, Renzo and Daniels, Harry V. and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={755–765} }
 @article{park_daniels_cho_2013, title={Nitrite Toxicity and Methemoglobin Changes in Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in Brackish Water}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/jwas.12064}, abstractNote={This study was performed to estimate the nitrite toxicity to southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in brackish water (7.5 ppt of salinity). For a LC50 test, 20 fingerlings (5.7 ± 0.4 cm) in each aquarium (15 L) were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg NO2−-N/L in duplication for 10 d. Median lethal concentration at 96 h (96-h LC50) was calculated as 81.6 mg NO2−-N/L. For a verification test, young flounder (164.2 ± 9.1 g) were exposed to a simulated culture condition in recirculating systems (1000 L). Sodium nitrite was not added to control system, whereas it was added to Treatment system 1 (TS 1) and Treatment system 2 (TS 2) to maintain nitrite concentrations of 20 and 30 mg NO2−-N/L, respectively. The plasma nitrite concentrations of the young flounder in TS 1 and TS 2 were 4.5 and 6.6 mg NO2−-N/L, respectively, after 2 wk. At this time, the methemoglobin percentages in TS 1 and TS 2 reached 85.8 and 89.7%, and survival rates were 37.5 and 25.0%, respectively. The results of these tests indicate that southern flounder do not concentrate nitrite in blood from the environment, but they seem to be more sensitive to nitrite compared with other species that do not concentrate nitrite.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Park, Jeonghwan and Daniels, Harry V. and Cho, Sung Hwoan}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={726–734} }
 @article{park_kim_lim_daniels_2013, title={Ozonation in seawater recirculating systems for black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker): Effects on solids, bacteria, water clarity, and color}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1873-5614"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2013.01.002}, abstractNote={A 44-day production trial was done in three identically configured pilot-scale seawater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) to evaluate the effects of two different ozonation levels on solids, bacteria, water clarity, and color variables. The control system (CS) was not ozonated, while the treatment systems received ozone at either 20 g O3/kg feed day−1 (T 20) or 40 g O3/kg feed day−1(T 40). Solids concentrations in the two treatments receiving ozone were lower and less variable than the concentrations in the CS. Ozonation reduced suspended solids (SS) and volatile suspended solid (VSS) concentrations by 42.0–52.5% and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 29.3–30.6%. The ratios of DOC to SS and to VSS decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, the amount of solid removed from the radial flow settler increased 27.1% in both ozone-treatment systems. Bacteria counts on different culture media (Marine, TCBS and MacConkey agars) varied considerably during the study period, but were generally lower in the treatments receiving ozone than the CS. Differences in bacteria abundance between two treatments, T 20 and T 40, were not significant (P > 0.05). Based on 24-h sampling, bacteria counts in CS gradually increased after feeding during the daytime and declined during the night. Counts of Vibrio spp. in T 20 fluctuated daily in a similar pattern to the Vibrio spp. in the CS, while overall bacteria counts in T 40 remained low throughout the 24-h sampling period. Turbidity fluctuated greatly in all treatments; there were no significant differences between any of the treatments (P > 0.05). Apparent water color (AC) and true water color (TC) in the treatment were reduced 70% compared to the CS, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two ozone treatments. Based on the variables measured, the higher dose of ozone (40 g O3/kg feed day−1) did not improve solid concentrations, bacterial counts or water colors beyond the values found in the T 20 treatment. Thus, the use of ozone at 20 g O3/kg feed day−1 in a seawater RAS appears to be sufficient to improve water quality of these systems without adversely affecting black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) growth.}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Park, Jeonghwan and Kim, Pyong-Kih and Lim, Taehoon and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{sydorovych_daniels_2011, title={Economic Analysis of Alternative Effluent Treatment Options for Pond Production of Hybrid Striped Bass in Aurora, North Carolina}, volume={15}, ISSN={1365-7305 1551-8663}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2011.549163}, DOI={10.1080/13657305.2011.549163}, abstractNote={The focus of this article is the post-harvest treatment of effluent from hybrid striped bass (HSB) pond aquaculture to meet effluent discharge standards for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD; 5 mg/L) and chlorophyll-α (40 μg/L) established by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (DWQ). The specific application is to HSB pond aquaculture in Aurora, North Carolina. A variety of effluent treatment options were proposed and evaluated based on their efficacy in reaching the new standards on a 28.8-ha (72-acre) HSB farm. The economic feasibility of the proposed options ranged from positive $499 to negative $121,691 using the partial budget methodology. Our results indicate that retaining water on-farm for subsequent production cycles instead of discharging had the highest positive impact ($499) on annual farm budgets and may reduce production costs without compromising fish yields. Application of effluents onto existing or newly planted trees was also an attractive alternative because of the possible generation of additional income and the conversion of a point source discharge into a non-point discharge. By conversion of a point source into a non-point source the pond effluents would also benefit from the additional biological treatment and filtration of the effluents by the trees and the associated soil organisms.}, number={1}, journal={Aquaculture Economics & Management}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Sydorovych, Olha and Daniels, Harry}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={46–70} }
 @article{park_kim_kim_daniels_2011, title={Effects of two different ozone doses on seawater recirculating systems for black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker): Removal of solids and bacteria by foam fractionation}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1873-5614"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaeng.2010.11.001}, abstractNote={Foam fractionators, with and without additional ozonation, were evaluated for their effect on solids removal (suspended solids, SS; volatile suspended solids, VSS; dissolved organic carbon, DOC), particle size distribution of the foam in seawater recirculating systems during a 44-day experimental period. The effect of ozone on heterotrophic bacteria was also quantified in the entire system. Three separate but identical recirculating systems (4.5 m3 system volume) with foam fractionators (300 mm in diameter, 3 m in height) were used in this study. One system (Control: CS) did not receive ozone, while the other two systems were ozonated at a rate of either 20 g ozone/day (T 20) or 40 g ozone/day (T 40) per kg of feed applied, respectively. A total of 107 kg of black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker) with an average weight of 334.5 g was stocked into each system. Daily feeding rate was 1% of total body weight. The solids enrichment factor (EF = Cc/Ci, where Cc = concentration in foam condensate, Ci = concentration in inlet water) in T 40 was 10 times more dilute than the factors in CS and T 20. However, due to the higher volume of the foam (>10 times) in T 40, the removal rates of SS, VSS and DOC were the highest in T 40, but were not significantly different from T 20 (P > 0.05). The mean particle sizes at the 90% cumulative removal point decreased with ozonation, 71.2 ± 15.9, 57.9 ± 10.2 and 48.0 ± 10.2 μm in CS, T 20 and T 40, respectively. The overall mean particle diameter of solids in the foam decreased as ozonation increased, with values of 29.4 ± 4.4, 23.9 ± 3.8 and 20.5 ± 3.7 μm in CS, T 20 and T 40. Numbers of heterotrophic bacteria in the inlet were 6.21 ± 4.93 × 105 CFU/mL, 0.29 ± 0.19 × 105 CFU/mL and 0.30 ± 0.29 × 105 CFU/mL in CS, T 20 and T 40, declining sharply with the addition of ozonation. As the number of the bacteria in the inlet decreased, the bacteria in the foam and the removal rate greatly decreased with increasing ozonation. However, EFs in T 20 (76.4) and T 40 (14.5) were higher than that in CS (12.2), and the T 20 showed significantly higher EF (P < 0.05). Therefore, based on the EF, ozonation improved the removal efficiency of heterotrophic bacteria, even at the lowest concentration.}, number={1}, journal={AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Park, Jeonghwan and Kim, Youhee and Kim, Pyong-Kih and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={19–24} }
 @article{oh_kang_myoung_kim_park_daniels_2010, title={Effect of Ration Size Restriction on Compensatory Growth and Proximate Composition of Dark-banded Rockfish, Sebastes inermis}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00435.x}, abstractNote={Compensatory growth and chemical composition of dark-banded rockfish (mean weight: 13.6 g) were examined after fish had experienced five different pre-feeding regimes. Fish were fed at 0% (R0), 25% (R25), 50% (R50), 75% (R75) and 100% (control) satiation for 2 wk before satiation feeding for 5 wk. Fish of R75 and R50 achieved the same body weight as the control fish after satiation feeding for 2 and 5 wk, respectively. Although the specific growth rate and feed efficiency of R25 and R0 fish were higher than those of the control fish during the first 3 wk of satiation feeding, they did not caught up with the body weight of the control fish. At the Week 2 and Week 7, the ratios lipid to lean body mass of R50, R25 and R0 fish were significantly lower than those of control fish, and there was no difference between the control and R75 fish. This result suggests that the fish subjected to a proper pre-restricted feeding (50-75% satiation) for 2 wk result in complete compensatory growth, while the fish experienced more severe feed restriction (0-25% satiation) show a partial compensatory growth capacity.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Oh, Sung-Yong and Kang, Rae-Seon and Myoung, Jung-Goo and Kim, Chong-Kwan and Park, Jeonghwan and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={923–930} }
 @article{drake_drake_sanderson_daniels_yates_2010, title={THE EFFECT OF PURGING TIME ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF AQUACULTURED SOUTHERN FLOUNDER (PARALICHTHYS LETHOSTIGMA)}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1745-459X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-459x.2009.00255.x}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the impact of purging on the sensory flavor properties and consumer acceptance of aquacultured southern flounder, especially with regard to earthy/musty off-flavor common in aquacultured seafood. Flounders were placed into three different purge tanks based on salinity level (0, 15 and 30 ppt) and were held for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. Flounders were then filleted, vacuum-sealed and frozen at −20C. The fillets were poached in their vacuum-sealed pouches until cooked. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted using a defined sensory lexicon (appearance and flavor) to document sensory properties. Consumer acceptance testing (n = 75 consumers) was then conducted. Differences between treatments were evaluated by analysis of variance with means separation. Two or four weeks of purging, regardless of salinity level, decreased earthy/musty off-flavor in cooked fillets. There was no difference in salty taste perception between 15 and 30 ppt salinity (P < 0.05). Consumers could not differentiate between fish purged for 2 or 4 weeks (P < 0.05), and acceptance for purged fillets was higher than acceptance for unpurged fillets (P < 0.05). The use of purging tanks for aquacultured flounder will be beneficial to the industry to guarantee a consistent and desirable flavor. 
 
 
 
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 
 
Aquacultured flounder fillets are highly desirable and a potentially profitable product, but earthy/musty off flavor can limit consumer appeal. The results of our study demonstrate that purging flounder in fresh water for 2 weeks reduces earthy/musty off-flavor in cooked flounder fillets, and will help meet the goal of a high-quality and consistently flavored product.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES}, author={Drake, S. L. and Drake, M. A. and Sanderson, R. and Daniels, H. V. and Yates, M. D.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={246–259} }
 @article{alam_watanabe_daniels_2009, title={Effect of Different Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00274.x}, abstractNote={The effects of six formulated diets containing different protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile southern flounder were evaluated. Test diets were prepared with a combination of three crude protein (CP) levels (45, 50 and 55%) and two crude lipid (CL) levels (10 and 15%). Diets (CP/CL) were as follows: 45/10, 45/15, 50/10, 50/15, 55/10, 55/15 and a commercial diet (50/15). Southern flounder (1.10 g) were fed the respective diets for 42 d in triplicate recirculating tanks (20 fish/tank). Percent body weight gain (BWG) for fish fed diet 45/10 (413%) and the commercial diet (426%) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than fish fed other diets (823–837%). Increasing protein level from 45 to 50% produced a significant increase in BWG for the 10% lipid diet (823%) but further increasing protein did not produce a significant effect on BWG irrespective of dietary lipid levels. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and total lipid content in the whole body were significantly affected by different dietary protein and lipid levels. Results indicated that a combination of 50% protein and 10% lipid was optimal for the growth performance of southern flounder juveniles.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Alam, Md. Shah and Watanabe, Wade O. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={513–521} }
 @misc{luckenbach_borski_daniels_godwin_2009, title={Sex determination in flatfishes: Mechanisms and environmental influences}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1096-3634"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.12.002}, abstractNote={Flounder of the genus Paralichthys exhibit a unique mode of sex determination where both low and high temperatures induce male-skewed sex ratios, while intermediate temperatures produce a 1:1 sex ratio. Male differentiation is thus easily induced in genetic females creating a combination of genetic (GSD) and environmental sex determination (ESD). Since male flounder become reproductively fit at substantially smaller body sizes than females, temperature or other environmental variables that elicit lower growth rates may also influence sex differentiation toward male development. This review covers our current knowledge of sex determination and differentiation in flatfishes including possible adaptive significance of ESD and involvement of factors such as aromatase (cyp19).}, number={3}, journal={SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY}, author={Luckenbach, J. Adam and Borski, Russell J. and Daniels, Harry V. and Godwin, John}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={256–263} }
 @article{turano_borski_daniels_2008, title={Effects of cyclic feeding on compensatory growth of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxitilis) foodfish and water quality in production ponds}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1355-557X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02023.x}, abstractNote={An 18-week study was conducted in 12, 0.1ha ponds to evaluate the impacts of cyclic feeding regimes on hybrid striped bass (HSB) food¢sh production and pond water quality. Approximately 840 HSB [mean weight (std.); 91.08 g (8.18)] were stocked into each pond (8400 ¢sh ha � 1 ;3 360 ¢sh acre � 1 ) and fed according to one of three feeding regimes. The three feeding regimes included a control (fed twice daily to apparent satiation), and cycles of 3 weeks feed deprivation followed by 3 or 6 weeks of feeding to apparent satiation (3/3 and 3/6 respectively). Compensatory growth (CG) was observed in both cyclic feeding treatments; however, the response was insuf¢cient for the ¢sh to completely regain lost weight. Final mean weight of control ¢sh (477.9 g) exceeded (Po0.05) that of ¢sh receiving the two cyclic treatments: 3/6 (404.7 g) and 3/3 (353.8 g). Speci¢c growth rate (SGR) of ¢sh in the 3/3 treatment increased during all three refeeding periods, and was signi¢cantly greater than controls during weeks 9^12 and weeks 15^18, which represent the refeeding phase of the second and third feeding cycles. Speci¢c growth rate for ¢sh in the 3/6 treatment was signi¢cantly higher than controls only during the ¢rst 3 weeks of the ¢rst feeding cycle. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were highly responsive measures that closely followed the metabolic state of ¢sh on the feeding cycle. Of the water quality variables measured, total phosphorus was 32% lower in ponds receiving cyclic feeding versus control ponds. Soluble reactive phosphorus was 41% and 24% lower in ponds oiered the 3/3 and 3/6 cyclic feeding treatments, respectively, although, signi¢cant diierences (Po0.10) were only observed between control and 3/3 treatment ponds. Overall, CG was observed in HSB food¢sh grown in ponds, although 3 weeks of feed deprivation was excessive and did not allow for complete growth compensation. Weight loss during feed deprivation was in£uenced by pond water temperatures. Early season feed deprivation did not cause as much weight loss as during the second cycle later in the season. Further studies on shorter deprivation periods applied during moderate to low water temperatures are needed to identify feeding regimes that minimize weight loss and result in a complete CG response.}, number={14}, journal={AQUACULTURE RESEARCH}, author={Turano, Marc J. and Borski, Russell J. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={1514–1523} }
 @article{turano_borski_daniels_2007, title={Compensatory growth of pond-reared hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis, fingerlings}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2007.00094.x}, abstractNote={Compensatory growth (CG) or ‘‘catch-up growth’’ is a period of super-accelerated growth following a period of suboptimal conditions (i.e., lack of prey availability or overwintering). Little is known about the CG response in pond-raised fish and whether hybrid striped bass (HSB), Morone chrysops 3 Morone saxatilis, might exhibit the rapid growth states or improvements in other production characteristics that may accompany the response. To evaluate the potential for CG in HSB culture, a 16-wk growth trial in twelve 0.1-ha earthen ponds was conducted. Approximately 2850 fish (mean weight 6 SD 5 3.2 g 6 1.1) were stocked into ponds and subjected to one of four cyclic feeding regimens. Treatment regimens included a control (0 wk, fed twice daily to apparent satiation) and cycles of 1, 2, or 4 wk of feed deprivation, followed by 1, 2, or 4 wk of feeding to apparent satiation. Fish in the 4-wk feeding regimen were offered feed twice during the feed-deprivation period (once every other week). Growth, specific growth rate (SGR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio, and condition factor (CF) were measured every other week, while overall growth, feed efficiency (FE) (FE 5 [weight gain/feed fed] 3 100), and survival were calculated at the trial termination. The effect of these feeding regimens on water quality was examined by monitoring pH, turbidity, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and chlorophyll a weekly; total nitrogen and phosphorous biweekly; and dissolved oxygen and temperature twice daily. Cyclic feeding elicited CG; fish subjected to the 2-wk regimen had a significantly higher SGR than 0-wk controls during all but the final refeeding period. FE was higher for all fish in the cyclic regimens, although only FE for fish in the 2-wk regimen was statistically greater (40%) than the controls. HSI was the most responsive measure and significantly decreased in the 2- and 4-wk treatments during feed-deprivation period and overcompensated during the refeeding period. CF also varied with feeding cycle and proved to be an effective nonlethal measure of predicting a CG response. No statistical differences in water quality parameters were observed. These data suggest that CG can be effectively induced in pond-raised HSB and that the increase in FE warrants further research for practical application. Future pond studies with fingerling HSB fish should be conducted with emphasis on feed-deprivation periods of 2 wk and refeeding periods of at least twice that of the feed-deprivation period.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Turano, Marc J. and Borski, Russell J. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={250–261} }
 @article{shewmon_godwin_murashige_daniels_2007, title={Environmental manipulation of growth and sexual maturation in yellow perch, Perca flavescens}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2007.00110.x}, abstractNote={Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, exhibit sexually dimorphic growth detected as the fish enter puberty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differential influences of photoperiod and temperature on the sexual maturation and dimorphic growth pattern of yellow perch. Four combinations of constant (CP) or natural (NP) photoperiod with constant (CT) or natural (NT) temperature were evaluated (CPCT, CPNT, NPCT, NPNT). Following 6 months of growth, results indicate that (1) CT is the strongest promoter of overall growth regardless of photoperiod. Perch reared under CT were 26.4 ± 8.1 g heavier than perch reared under NT (P < 0.0001). (2) CP also promotes overall growth regardless of temperature. CP perch outgrew NP perch by 7.0 ± 8.1 g (P < 0.0872). (3) NP (decreasing) initiates maturation in yellow perch regardless of temperature. (4) NT is required for late maturational processes. While both NP groups initiated maturation, only NPNT females were able to recruit oocytes to a vitellogenic stage. Only NPNT males were able to sustain spermiation to the end of the study. (5) CPCT confer the best overall growth performance, fully inhibit maturation in both genders, and suppress a sexually dimorphic growth pattern up to 53 g average weight. These results indicate that using a CPCT regime during intensive fingerling production will produce a larger, more uniform fish population that could alleviate losses as a result of cannibalism. Perch that remained immature did not exhibit a dimorphic growth pattern.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Shewmon, Laura N. and Godwin, John R. and Murashige, Ryan S. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2007}, month={Sep}, pages={383–394} }
 @article{luckenbach_murashige_daniels_godwin_borski_2007, title={Temperature affects insulin-like growth factor I and growth of juvenile southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma}, volume={146}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.024}, abstractNote={Temperature profoundly influences growth of heterothermic vertebrates. However, few studies have investigated the effects of temperature on growth and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in fishes. The aim of this study was to examine effects of temperature on growth and establish whether IGF-I may mediate growth at different temperatures in southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. In two experiments, juvenile flounder were reared at 23 and 28 degrees C and growth was monitored for either 117 or 197 days. Growth was similar across treatments in both experiments until fish reached approximately 100 mm total length. Body size then diverged with fish at 23 degrees C ultimately growing 65-83% larger than those at 28 degrees C. Muscle IGF-I mRNA, plasma IGF-I, and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were significantly higher in flounder at 23 degrees C, whereas hepatic IGF-I mRNA abundance did not differ with treatment. Muscle IGF-I mRNA was correlated with HSI, while plasma IGF-I was correlated with body size, hepatic IGF-I mRNA, and HSI. These results demonstrate a strong effect of temperature on flounder growth and show that temperature-induced variation in growth is associated with differences in systemic IGF-I and local (i.e., muscle) IGF-I mRNA levels. The results also support the use of plasma IGF-I and HSI as indicators of flounder growth status.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Luckenbach, J. Adam and Murashige, Ryan and Daniels, Hany V. and Godwin, John and Borski, Russell J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={95–104} }
 @article{morgan_murashige_woolridge_luckenbach_watanabe_borski_godwin_daniels_2006, title={Effective UV dose and pressure shock for induction of meiotic gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) using black sea bass (Centropristis striata) sperm}, volume={259}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.045}, abstractNote={Female southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) grow 2–3 times larger than males. Therefore, all-female production will maximize profit potential for the culture of this species. We have developed protocols to produce all-female southern flounder through induction of meiotic gynogenesis with heterologous sperm of black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Experiments were conducted to establish these practical methods using a total of 40 spawns from 32 broodstock. The first set of experiments determined the UV dose that genetically inactivated black sea bass sperm, yet retained adequate motility for activation of flounder eggs. Milt from several black sea bass was diluted 1:10 with Ringer's solution and UV irradiated with doses ranging from 0–130 J/cm2. Two criteria were utilized to evaluate the UV irradiation effects: percentage of motile sperm and duration of sperm activity. Motility and duration of activity generally decreased with increases in UV dosage. At UV doses greater than or equal to 90 J/cm2, motility was < 1.5%. Fertilization rates were significantly lower at the highest UV dose of 130 J/cm2 but were not different for the other treatments. Hatch rate was highest at 70 J/cm2. A second set of experiments examined appropriate pressure shock protocols for retention of the 2nd polar body in southern flounder eggs after activation with black sea bass sperm. A pressure shock of 8500 psi was initiated at varying times of 1, 2, and 3 min post-fertilization and maintained for 6 min. Eggs that were handled similarly, but not pressure shocked, served as negative controls. Pressure shock applied at either 1 or 2 min post-fertilization resulted in higher rates of hatch and survival. Using these methods, six separate spawns produced offspring that survived through and beyond metamorphosis. The average fertility (± SEM) was 70.9 + 12.8%. Of the fertilized eggs, percentage hatch varied with pressure shock initiation times and ranged from 1.48 + 0.52% (1 min) to 0.61 + 0.11% (3 min). Gynogenetic flounder were sex-reversed to males by high temperature and, upon reaching maturity, expressed motile sperm that resulted in successful fertilization of flounder eggs. These results indicate that the use of UV irradiated sperm from black sea bass for activation of flounder eggs and pressure shock for polar body retention is an effective method to produce gynogenetic offspring.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Morgan, Andrew J. and Murashige, Ryan and Woolridge, Christopher A. and Luckenbach, J. Adam and Watanabe, Wade O. and Borski, Russell J. and Godwin, John and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={290–299} }
 @article{watanabe_woolridge_daniels_2006, title={Progress toward year-round spawning of southern flounder broodstock by manipulation of photoperiod and temperature}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1749-7345"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2006.00036.x}, abstractNote={Reliable methods have been developed for controlled spawning of captive southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, broodstock during their natural winter (December–February) spawning season. From 1999 to 2004, we evaluated the effects of manipulation of photoperiod and temperature on both advance and delay spawning to produce viable embryos throughout the year. Wild-caught adult broodstock were held in 4.8- to 7.0-m3 controlled-environment tanks at a sex ratio of approximately 12 females to 4 males. Broodstock were subjected to different artificial photothermal conditioning regimes: extended winter (EW), accelerated (A-10-, A-6-, A-4.5-, and A-3.8-mo regimes), and delayed (D-16- and D-14-mo regimes), with gradual and abrupt transitions, respectively, from long to short daylengths. Under an EW cycle, fish were exposed to constant short daylengths (10 L: 14 D) after the winter solstice in January. Eighty-seven natural spawnings from December to April produced 18.3 × 106 eggs, with 20.9% hatching successfully (i.e., overall egg viability). Under an A-10-mo cycle, rate of decrease in daylength was accelerated after the summer solstice in July, to reach winter conditions in October. Seven induced spawning trials from October to November produced 897 × 103 eggs, with 40.4% viability. Under an A-6-mo cycle, rate of change of photoperiod was accelerated after the winter solstice in January, to reach winter conditions in July. Three induced spawning trials in July produced 550 × 103 eggs, with 14.7% viability. Under an A-4.5-mo cycle, broodstock exposed to EW from January through April were exposed to an accelerated cycle to reach winter conditions by October. Four induced spawning trials from September to November produced 729 × 103 eggs, with 28.7% viability. Under an A-3.8-mo cycle, broodstock exposed to EW conditions from January through April were exposed to an accelerated cycle to reach winter conditions by September. Five induced spawning trials from September to November produced 510 × 103 eggs, with 45.9% viability. Under a D-16-mo cycle, fish were exposed to a decelerated decline in photoperiod after the summer solstice in July, to reach winter conditions in May, when atretic females were observed. Under a D-14-mo cycle, fish were exposed to constant summer conditions from December through mid-June and then to an abrupt decline in photoperiod to winter conditions in late June. Six induced spawning trials from September to November produced 763 × 103 eggs, with 13.0% viability. Production of viable embryos was greatest during the extended winter because of abundant natural spawnings. While successful natural spawnings were rare during the fall or summer, viable embryos were produced through induced spawnings during all seasons of the year, with no significant (P > 0.05) differences in egg viability. Extended winter conditions prolonged spawning from 3 to 5 mo. Accelerated (3.8–10 mo) regimes were effective in producing viable embryos from summer through fall, but a minimum of 5 mo was required to complete gonadal recrudescence. While constant long daylengths after the summer solstice delayed gonadal recrudescence, with spawning obtained 2.5 mo after an abrupt reduction to short daylengths, a decelerated decline in photoperiod did not. Artificial control of daylength enabled precise control of gonadal recrudescence and year-round spawning in southern flounder without adverse effects on the quality of eggs and larvae and will improve availability of seedstock for commercial aquaculturists.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Watanabe, Wade O. and Woolridge, Christopher A. and Daniels, Harry V.}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={256–272} }
 @article{drake_drake_daniels_yates_2006, title={Sensory properties of wild and aquacultured southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1745-459X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1745-459X.2006.00062.x}, abstractNote={There is considerable interest in the aquaculture of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, because of its worldwide market appeal, high market value and ability to grow in fresh or brackish water. This study was conducted to identify and define sensory properties of wild (WF), freshwater farm-raised (FFF) and saltwater farm-raised (SFF) southern flounder. In addition, consumer acceptance of these three sources of southern flounder was determined. A defined sensory lexicon for southern flounder (appearance, flavor, texture) was identified. Descriptive sensory differences were documented among the three types of flounder (P   WF > FFF flounder (P < 0.05). SFF flounder may be a viable alternative to WF flounder.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES}, author={Drake, SL and Drake, MA and Daniels, HV and Yates, MD}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={218–227} }
 @article{luckenbach_early_rowe_borski_daniels_godwin_2005, title={Aromatase cytochrome P450: Cloning, intron variation, and ontogeny of gene expression in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)}, volume={303A}, ISSN={["2471-5646"]}, DOI={10.1002/jez.a.198}, abstractNote={Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) is the enzyme complex responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens in vertebrates. Consequently, in some fishes its activity appears critical to ovarian differentiation. Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) is a commercially important flatfish in which females grow larger than males and sex determination is temperature sensitive. Through cloning of the P450arom gene in ovary and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we developed a biomarker for early female differentiation in southern flounder. The deduced amino acid sequence for southern flounder P450arom is similar to other teleosts. Comparison of P450arom intron sequences from fish of different populations revealed substantial inter-individual variation. Adult ovary and spleen exhibited high levels of P450arom mRNA, while P450arom mRNA was only weakly detected in testes. Brain, liver, intestine, kidney, gill, muscle, and heart showed little or no P450arom mRNA expression. Gonads of wild and hatchery-produced juvenile flounder of sizes spanning the period of sex differentiation initially exhibited low levels of P450arom mRNA followed by increases in some individuals and bifurcation into two clearly segregated groups (i.e., putative males and females) beginning at approximately 65 mm in total length. Gonadal histology confirmed predictions of sex based on P450arom expression in juvenile flounder, demonstrating that the patterns of P450arom expression observed relate to sex-specific differentiation. This research represents a unique approach to assessing sex differentiation in a natural population, and a powerful technique for better understanding mechanisms of flounder sex determination and rapidly defining conditions for controlling sex for aquaculture.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A-ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Early, LW and Rowe, AH and Borski, RJ and Daniels, HV and Godwin, J}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={643–656} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_beasley_sullivan_borski_2004, title={Induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) with homologous and heterologous sperm}, volume={237}, ISSN={["1873-5622"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.05.005}, abstractNote={Effective methods for induction of diploid gynogenesis in North American flounder of the genus Paralichthys are needed to initiate monosex culture, which will allow growers to take advantage of the more rapid growth and larger size attained by females. To test methods for inducing diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) using homologous sperm, four treatments, named for their expected outcome, were employed: haploid, diploid, triploid, and gynogenetic diploid. Diploid gynogenesis was induced by activating egg development with UV-irradiated flounder sperm (70 J/cm2) for 3–4 min in seawater, and then subjecting the eggs to cold shock in 0–2 °C seawater for 45–50 min. Cold shock was used to prevent extrusion of the second polar body. Control treatments omitted one or more of these steps to separately assess the effectiveness of UV irradiation and cold shock. Larvae were observed for physical abnormalities and then histologically processed for ploidy determination. Haploid larvae exhibited abnormal external morphology while diploid, gynogenetic diploid, and triploid larvae showed normal morphologies. Cross-sectional areas of erythrocyte nuclei were measured for larvae in each treatment group and significant differences were found. Nuclear areas for treatment groups corresponded to predicted ploidy (triploid>diploid>haploid) and did not differ between normal diploid controls and gynogenetic diploids. These results suggest that the procedures of sperm irradiation and egg cold shock successfully generated gynogenetic diploids. Due to the low volumes of semen produced by male flounder, and to eliminate any potential genetic contribution by homologous sperm, activation of flounder eggs with heterologous sperm was also investigated. Induction of diploid gynogenesis was successful when flounder eggs were fertilized with irradiated (50 J/cm2) sperm from striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), and then cold shocked. This work provides procedures for induction of diploid gynogenesis in southern flounder using homologous and heterologous sperm, and validates a method for verification of ploidy in larval fish.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Godwin, J and Daniels, HV and Beasley, JM and Sullivan, CV and Borski, RJ}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={499–516} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_borski_2003, title={Gonadal differentiation and effects of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)}, volume={216}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00407-6}, abstractNote={Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) support valuable North American fisheries and show great promise for aquaculture. Because females grow faster and reach larger adult sizes than males, monosex culture of females is desirable for commercial operations. A detailed understanding of sexual development and its timing is critical to control sex and optimize culture. Structural and cellular sex-distinguishing markers were identified histologically, and then used to describe ovarian development in female and testicular development in male flounder. In presumptive ovaries of southern flounder, development of an ovarian cavity first occurs in fish ranging from 75 to 100 mm total length (TL). This is considerably delayed relative to that observed in the Japanese congener, Paralichthys olivaceus, where an ovarian cavity is seen in fish as small as 40 mm TL. The smallest southern flounder that possessed primary oocytes in the early perinucleolus stage was 115 mm TL. In presumptive testes, the formation of seminiferous tubules first occurs in fish of approximately 100 mm TL. Spermatogonia remained quiescent until most fish were over 100 mm TL. Overall, gonads from southern flounder greater than 120 mm TL commonly possess gonial cells undergoing meiosis, clearly differentiating sex. The effect of temperature on sex determination in southern flounder was addressed in a separate experiment. Juvenile southern flounder were grown at 18, 23, or 28°C for 245 days. High and low temperatures induced phenotypic sex reversal in juvenile southern flounder, producing a higher proportion of males (96% males at high temperature, P<0.001, 78% males at low temperature, P<0.01). Raising southern flounder at the midrange temperature held sex ratios close to 1:1. Sex ratios from these trials suggest that southern flounder possess a temperature-sensitive mechanism of sex determination similar to that shown for P. olivaceus, but possibly shifted towards warmer temperatures. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in southern flounder is distinguishable in most fish by 100–120 mm TL and that sex determination is sensitive to temperature. This information is critical to the development of strategies to maximize the number of faster-growing females for commercial flounder culture.}, number={1-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Luckenbach, JA and Godwin, J and Daniels, HV and Borski, RJ}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={315–327} }
 @article{luckenbach_godwin_daniels_borski_2002, title={Optimization of North American flounder culture: a controlled breeding scheme.}, volume={33}, number={1}, journal={World Aquaculture}, author={Luckenbach, J. A. and Godwin, J. and Daniels, H. V. and Borski, R. J.}, year={2002}, pages={40–4569} }
 @article{middleton_ferket_boyd_daniels_gallagher_2001, title={An evaluation of co-extruded poultry silage and culled jewel sweet potatoes as a feed ingredient for hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O-mossambicus)}, volume={198}, ISSN={["0044-8486"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00601-3}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted with hybrid tilapia to evaluate a meal made by extrusion co-processing culled sweet potatoes and poultry mortality silage (ESPFP). In both experiments, dried, cull sweet potatoes and fermented whole turkey carcasses (60:40 ratio, w/w wet basis) were co-extruded, dried, and hammer-milled to make the ESPFP test ingredient. The resulting ESPFP meal was included at 0%, 11%, 22%, and 33% by weight in isocaloric, isonitrogenous pelleted diets. In an 87-day growth trial, no significant differences were found in the growth parameters or carcass (market) yields among the treatment groups. Tank water quality parameters were also unaffected by inclusion of the experimental ingredient. A consumer panel found no significant differences in the sensory indices (aroma, flavor, and texture) of the fillets from fish fed with the graded levels of ESPFP in the diet versus those from fish fed the control diet. The digestibility of the diets containing the ESPFP meal was evaluated in a second trial. The apparent dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and crude protein (CP) digestibility coefficients were reduced linearly with increasing levels of the ESPFP meal in the diets (P<0.019). However, the level of inclusion of the ESPFP meal had no effect on the apparent organic matter (OM) digestibility coefficient values among the diets. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) increased linearly (P<0.001) with increasing levels of ESPFP in the diets, indicating significant heat damage had occurred during manufacture of the test ingredient. The indigestible Maillard polymers formed during extrusion co-processing and drying of these two ingredients accounted for 93% of the reduction in protein digestibility in the diets and were a contributing factor to the reductions in DM and GE digestibility. Extrusion co-processing of culled sweet potatoes and poultry mortality silage produces an acceptable feed ingredient for hybrid tilapia that can be included at up to 33% of the diet without adversely affecting growth, market yield, sensory indices, or water quality as compared to a standard tilapia diet.}, number={3-4}, journal={AQUACULTURE}, author={Middleton, TF and Ferket, PR and Boyd, LC and Daniels, HV and Gallagher, ML}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={269–280} }
 @article{watanabe_carroll_daniels_2001, title={Sustained, natural spawning of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma under an extended photothermal regime}, volume={32}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00366.x}, abstractNote={Hormone-induced spawning of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma has produced substantial numbers of viable eggs, but wide variations in fertilization and hatch rates have been reported. Recently, sustained natural spawning of southern flounder broodstock, without hormone induction, has been achieved in our laboratory. Adults (average weight = 1.12 kg; N= 25), including 6 captured as juveniles in 1993 and 19 captured as adults during September 1998, were stocked in two 4.8-m3 controlled-environment tanks in October 1998 and held under natural photothermal conditions until January 1999, when an artificial winter photo-period of 10 L:14 D was initiated and then maintained through April 1999. Sex ratio was approximately 13 females:8 males:7 unknown. Natural spawning was observed in early December 1998 and increased in frequency to a peak in March 1999, before declining in late April. Water temperature ranged from 13.9 to 24.5 C during the spawning period. Natural spawnings over 142 d produced a total of 18.3 × 106 eggs, with a mean fertilization rate of 28.0% (range = 0–100%), yielding 4.94 × 106 fertilized eggs. The mean percentage of eggs that remained buoyant in full-strength seawater (34 ppt) was 41.3% (0–98%), while hatching rate of buoyant eggs was 37.3% (0–99%) and survival of yolksac larvae to the first-feeding stage was 30.2% (0–100%). Gonadal biopsies in late April identified six females from both tanks as probable spawners. A preliminary comparison suggests that natural spawning produced much larger numbers of viable eggs per female, with higher egg quality (i.e., fertilization and hatching success) than hormone-induced spawning. In contrast to natural spawning, hormone-induced strip-spawning enabled timing of spawnings to be more precisely controlled. These results suggest that a combination of both natural and hormone-induced spawning of photothermally conditioned fish will help produce the large numbers of eggs required to support commercial production.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the World Aquaculture Society}, author={Watanabe, W. O. and Carroll, P. M. and Daniels, H. V.}, year={2001}, pages={153–166} }
 @article{daniels_2000, title={Species profile: Southern flounder}, number={726}, journal={SRAC Publication}, author={Daniels, H.V.}, year={2000}, pages={1} }
 @article{middleton_ferket_daniels_boyd_stikeleather_hines_2000, title={The use of poultry mortalities as an alternative bait for the harvesting of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1885)}, volume={19}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Shellfish Research}, author={Middleton, T. F. and Ferket, P. R. and Daniels, H. V. and Boyd, L. C. and Stikeleather, L. F. and Hines, R. J.}, year={2000}, pages={723–729} }
 @article{harcke_daniels_1999, title={Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to reciprocal cross hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops x M-saxatilis eggs and larvae}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00998.x}, abstractNote={Journal of the World Aquaculture SocietyVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 496-500 Free to Read Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Reciprocal Cross Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis Eggs and Larvae Joanne E. Harcke, Joanne E. Harcke North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USASearch for more papers by this authorHarry V. Daniels, Corresponding Author Harry V. Daniels North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USACorresponding authorSearch for more papers by this author Joanne E. Harcke, Joanne E. Harcke North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USASearch for more papers by this authorHarry V. Daniels, Corresponding Author Harry V. Daniels North Carolina State University, Department of Zoology, Vernon James Research and Extension Center, 207 Research Station Road, Plymouth, North Carolina 27962 USACorresponding authorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 April 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00998.xCitations: 16AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume30, Issue4December 1999Pages 496-500 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Harcke, JE and Daniels, HV}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={496–500} }
 @article{daniels_hodson_1999, title={Weaning success of southern flounder juveniles: Effect of changeover period and diet type on growth and survival}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1522-2055"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0047:WSOSFJ>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of changeover period duration and diet type (dry versus semimoist) on growth and survival of postmetamorphic southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma during weaning from live feed onto formulated feeds. In the first study, feeding with live brine shrimp Artemia sp. was abruptly stopped after changeover periods of 5, 10, 15, and 20 d. A changeover period of 20 d resulted in significantly higher (P 0.05) from the other treatments or the control (live brine shrimp). In the second study, feeding with live brine shrimp was gradually reduced from 100% to 0% over a 12-d changeover period. Brine shrimp were replaced with either a dry feed or a semimoist feed. Survival of fish fed either the dry feed (71.1 ± 30.1%) or the semimoist feed (71.1 ± 15.4%) was not si...}, number={1}, journal={NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE}, author={Daniels, HV and Hodson, RG}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={47–50} }
 @inproceedings{daniels_borski_1998, title={Effects of low salinity on growth and survival of Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) larvae and juveniles}, number={1998 Nov.}, booktitle={Nutrition and technical development of aquaculture: Proceedings of the twenty-seventh U.S.-Japan Aquaculture Symposium, Durham, New Hampshire, U.S.A., Nov. 1998}, author={Daniels, H.V. and Borski, R.J.}, year={1998}, pages={187–192} }
 @article{daniels_berlinsky_hodson_sullivan_1996, title={Effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival of Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0893-8849"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00264.x}, abstractNote={Four separate studies were done on Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae during first feeding and metamorphosis to determine the effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival. One study used stocking densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 fish/L during first feeding; the second study compared the growth and survival of larvae stocked at 20 and 33 ppt; and a third experiment evaluated stocking densities of 1/L and 3/L under two different light intensities (1,600 lux vs 340 lux) during metamorphosis. The fourth experiment tested the effects of different salinities (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) on larval growth and survival during metamorphosis. Growth and survival (overall 6.9%) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for stocking rates up to 80/L. Larvae placed into 20 ppt salinity had survival through first feeding similar to that of larvae raised at 33 ppt. During metamorphosis, light intensity had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth or survival, but fish stocked at 3/L had significantly lower (P 0.05) at 10, 20 and 30 ppt, but unmetamorphosed fish did not survive to day 60 at 10 ppt. Based on these results, practical larviculture of Southern flounder may require a two-step process with high stocking rates (80 fish/L) through first feeding and lower densities (1/L) through metamorphosis. Fingerling production in fertilized nursery ponds might he possible at salinity as low as 20 ppt.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY}, author={Daniels, HV and Berlinsky, DL and Hodson, RG and Sullivan, CV}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={153–159} }