@article{salzman_merten_panek_fefer_mondino_westermeyer_gruen_olby_mowat_2023, title={Age-associated changes in electroretinography measures in companion dogs}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1573-2622"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10633-023-09938-7}, journal={DOCUMENTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA}, author={Salzman, Michele M. and Merten, Natascha and Panek, Wojciech K. and Fefer, Gilad and Mondino, Alejandra and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Gruen, Margaret E. and Olby, Natasha J. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @article{briley_washington_westermeyer_posner_chiavaccini_2023, title={Comparison of a blind and an ultrasound-guided technique for Retrobulbar anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral subconjunctival enucleation}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13092}, abstractNote={This study compared the quality of retrobulbar anesthesia using a blind inferior-temporal palpebral approach (ITP) with an ultrasound-guided supratemporal (ST) technique in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation.Twenty-one client-owned dogs were undergoing enucleation.Dogs were randomly assigned to receive ITP (n = 10) or ST (n = 11) with 0.5% ropivacaine at 0.1 mL/cm of neurocranial length. The anesthetist was blinded to the technique. Intraoperative data included cardiopulmonary variables, inhalant anesthetics requirement, and requirement for rescue analgesia (intravenous fentanyl 2.5 mcg/kg). Postoperative data included pain scores, sedation scores, and need for intravenous hydromorphone (0.05 mg/kg). Treatments were compared using Wilcoxon's rank sum test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Comparison of variables over time were tested using a mixed effect linear model on rank. Significance was set at p = 0.05.Intraoperative cardiopulmonary variables and inhalant requirements were not different between groups. Dogs receiving ITP required median (interquartile range, IQR) 1.25 (0, 2.5) mcg/kg intraoperative fentanyl while those receiving ST required none (p < 0.01). Intraoperative fentanyl was required in 5/10 and 0/11 of dogs in the ITP and ST groups, respectively (p = 0.01). Postoperative analgesia requirements were not significantly different between groups; 2/10 and 1/10 dogs in the ITP and ST groups, respectively. Sedation score negatively affected pain score (p < 0.01).The ultrasound-guided ST technique was more effective at decreasing intraoperative opioid requirements than the blind ITP approach in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Briley, Jessica D. and Washington, Demitrius and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Posner, Lysa P. and Chiavaccini, Ludovica}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{stonex_watanabe_robertson_westermeyer_2023, title={Equine pectinate ligament descemetization is associated with age}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13071}, abstractNote={Abstract Purpose To evaluate the correlation between equine pectinate ligament descemetization and ocular disease. Methods The pathology database of the North Carolina State University Veterinary Medical Center was searched from 2010–2021 for all equine globes. Disease status was then assigned as affected by glaucoma, uveitis, or “other” based upon clinical records. The iridocorneal angles (ICA) of each globe were evaluated for the presence of pectinate ligament descemetization, the length of descemetization, as well as for the degree of angle collapse and the extent of cellular infiltrate or proteinaceous debris. One slide from each eye was evaluated by two separate, blinded investigators (HW & TS). Results A total of 66 eyes from 61 horses were identified, with a total of 124 sections of ICA of sufficient quality to review. 16 horses were affected by uveitis, 8 by glaucoma, 7 by both glaucoma and uveitis, and 30 horses by other ocular disease, most commonly ocular surface disease or neoplasia, which served as controls. Pectinate ligament descemetization was most prevalent in the control group compared to the glaucoma and uveitis groups. Pectinate ligament descemetization length was positively correlated with age, with an increase of 13.5 μm per year of age ( p = .016). Infiltrate scores and angle closure scores were higher in both the glaucoma and uveitis group compared to the control group ( p < .001). Conclusions Equine pectinate ligament descemetization appears to be correlated with increased age and should not be used as a histologic marker for the presence of glaucoma.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Stonex, Tara M. and Watanabe, Tatiane Terumi Negrao and Robertson, James B. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{moody_kuhn-asif_westermeyer_hendrix_ward_2023, title={Sulcus intraocular lens implantation in 17 dogs using a modified ab externo technique}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.13088}, abstractNote={To describe a modified ab externo method of sulcus intraocular lens (IOL) fixation and report outcomes of eyes treated with this approach.Records of patients with lens instability or luxation that underwent a lensectomy and sulcus IOL implantation from January 2004 to December 2020 were reviewed.Nineteen eyes of 17 dogs had a sulcus IOL placed via a modified ab externo approach. The median follow-up time was 546 days (range 29-3387 days). Eight eyes (42.1%) developed POH. A total of six eyes (31.6%) developed glaucoma and required medical management long term to control IOP. The IOL position was satisfactory in most cases. Nine eyes developed superficial corneal ulcers within 4 weeks following surgery, all of which healed without complication. At the time of the last follow-up, 17 eyes were visual (89.5%).The technique described represents a potentially less technically challenging option for sulcus IOL implantation. The success rate and complications are similar to previously described approaches.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Moody, Leah M. and Kuhn-Asif, Sonia E. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Hendrix, Diane V. H. and Ward, Daniel A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{colosimo_gentile_vera_sevilla_gerber_westermeyer_lewbart_2022, title={Conservation of a flagship species: Health assessment of the pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0257179}, abstractNote={The pink land iguana, Conolophus marthae, is one of four species of iguanas (three terrestrial and one marine) in the Galápagos Islands, and the only one listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. The species can only be found on the north-west slopes of the highest volcano on Isabela Island and was first described to science in 2009. As part of a population telemetry study, a health assessment was authorized by the Galápagos National Park. Wild adult iguanas were captured on Wolf Volcano in September 2019 and April 2021 to record morphological and physiological parameters including body temperature, heart rate, intraocular pressures, tear formation, and infrared iris images. Blood samples were also collected and analyzed. An i-STAT portable blood analyzer was used to obtain values for base excess in the extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HctPCV), hemoglobin (Hb), ionized calcium (iCa), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), percent oxygen saturation (sO2%), pH, potassium (K), and sodium (Na). When possible, data were compared to previously published and available data for the other Galápagos iguanas. The results reported here provide baseline values that will be useful in detecting changes in health status among pink land iguanas affected by climate change, invasive species, anthropogenic threats, or natural disturbances. The collected data also provide an invaluable resource for conservation scientists planning to implement conservation strategies, like translocations, that may temporarily alter these baseline values.}, number={3}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Colosimo, Giuliano and Gentile, Gabriele and Vera, Carlos A. and Sevilla, Christian and Gerber, Glenn P. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2022} }
 @article{ruiz-baier_taffetani_westermeyer_yotov_2022, title={The Biot-Stokes coupling using total pressure: Formulation, analysis and application to interfacial flow in the eye}, volume={389}, ISSN={["1879-2138"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cma.2021.114384}, abstractNote={We consider a multiphysics model for the flow of Newtonian fluid coupled with Biot consolidation equations through an interface, and incorporating total pressure as an unknown in the poroelastic region. A new mixed-primal finite element scheme is proposed solving for the pairs fluid velocity–pressure and displacement–total poroelastic pressure using Stokes-stable elements, and where the formulation does not require Lagrange multipliers to set up the usual transmission conditions on the interface. The stability and well-posedness of the continuous and semi-discrete problems are analysed in detail. Our numerical study is framed in the context of applicative problems pertaining to heterogeneous geophysical flows and to eye poromechanics. For the latter, we investigate different interfacial flow regimes in Cartesian and axisymmetric coordinates that could eventually help describe early morphologic changes associated with glaucoma development in canine species.}, journal={COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING}, author={Ruiz-Baier, Ricardo and Taffetani, Matteo and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Yotov, Ivan}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{fefer_panek_khan_singer_westermeyer_mowat_murdoch_case_olby_gruen_2022, title={Use of Cognitive Testing, Questionnaires, and Plasma Biomarkers to Quantify Cognitive Impairment in an Aging Pet Dog Population}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1875-8908"]}, DOI={10.3233/JAD-215562}, abstractNote={Background: Aging dogs may suffer from canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS), a condition in which cognitive decline is associated with amyloid pathology and cortical atrophy. Presumptive diagnosis is made through physical examination, exclusion of systemic/metabolic conditions, and completion of screening questionnaires by owners. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether cognitive function could be quantified in aging pet dogs, and to correlate cognitive testing with validated questionnaires and plasma neurofilament light chain (pNfL) concentration. Methods: Thirty-nine dogs from fifteen breeds were recruited (9.3 to 15.3 years). Owners completed the Canine Dementia Scale (CADES) and Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating scale (CCDR). Executive control and social cues were tested, and pNfL was measured with single molecule array assay. Comparisons were made between cognitive testing scores, CADES, CCDR scores, and pNfL. Results: CADES scoring classified five dogs as severe CCDS, six as moderate, ten as mild, and eighteen as normal. CCDR identified seven dogs at risk of CCDS and thirty-two as normal. Cognitive testing was possible in the majority of dogs, although severely affected dogs were unable to learn tasks. CADES score correlated with sustained attention duration (r = –0.47, p = 0.002), inhibitory control (r = –0.51, p = 0.002), detour (r = –0.43, p = 0.001), and pNfL (r = 0.41, p = 0.025). Concentration of pNfL correlated with inhibitory control (r = –0.7, p≤0.001). The CCDR scale correlated with performance on inhibitory control (r = –0.46, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a multi-dimensional approach using a combination of questionnaires, specific cognitive tests, and pNfL concentration can be used to quantify cognitive decline in aging pet dogs.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE}, author={Fefer, Gilad and Panek, Wojciech K. and Khan, Michael Z. and Singer, Matthew and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Mowat, Freya M. and Murdoch, David M. and Case, Beth and Olby, Natasha J. and Gruen, Margaret E.}, year={2022}, pages={1367–1378} }
 @article{zibura_salmon_lopez_lascelles_westermeyer_2021, title={Glaucoma-associated pain results in mechanical sensitivity changes in dogs: A pilot study}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12800}, abstractNote={Abstract Purpose To explore the effects of chronic, uncontrolled glaucoma on pressure sensitivity in dogs before and after enucleation of the painful globe. Methods Client‐owned dogs undergoing enucleation for chronic glaucoma with no other sources of pain were enrolled. Normal dogs of similar breeds and skull morphology were enrolled as controls. Craniofacial ratio (CFR) and relative palpebral fissure width (RPFW) were assessed in all patients. Serial mechanical quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed the day before surgery, and 14, 30, 60, and 120 days after surgery. QST consisted of electronic Von Frey (eVF), and blunt algometry (BA) performed above and below the nonglaucomatous eye, the metacarpus, and metatarsus. Cochet‐Bonnet esthesiometry (CB) was also performed on the remaining eye. Results Twelve dogs (6 per group) were included. Compared to baseline values, sensitivity tended to decrease over time (increased thresholds) in treatment dogs while it stayed constant or increased slightly in control dogs. The difference in change from baseline sensitivity between control and treatment groups was significant at day 120 using BA at supraorbital ( P = .0153), infraorbital ( P = .0209), and metacarpal sites ( P = .007) and overall ( P = .0470). This divergence was also significant using CB ( P = .0470) on the opposite cornea. As patient CFR and RPFWV increased, both eVF ( P = .005‐.023) and BA ( P = .004‐.041) increased. Conclusions Sensitivity to mechanical stimuli decreased both locally and at remote sites in dogs following enucleation for painful chronic glaucoma. Cranial conformation is associated with differences in sensitivity.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Zibura, Ashley E. and Salmon, Jacklyn H. and Lopez, Beatriz Belda and Lascelles, B. Duncan X. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={116–124} }
 @article{zibura_robertson_westermeyer_2021, title={Gonioscopic iridocorneal angle morphology and incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension and glaucoma in dogs following cataract surgery}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12802}, abstractNote={Purpose To investigate the relationship between gonioscopic iridocorneal angle (ICA) morphology and the incidence of postoperative ocular hypertension (POH) and postoperative glaucoma in dogs undergoing cataract surgery. Animals studied Retrospective analysis of 138 eyes of 78 canine patients who underwent phacoemulsification at North Carolina State University from December 1, 2015 through April 30, 2017. Methods Medical records of all phacoemulsification patients with preoperative RetCam gonioscopic images were reviewed for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. Gonioscopic angle indices were calculated using a novel (ZibWest) angle grading system, and these indices were analyzed for outcome-related significance. Results Increased surgeon experience was associated with increased probability of POH and vision loss. Higher average ZibWest Angle indices (ie, more open angles with less pectinate ligament dysplasia/ abnormality) were associated with a significantly decreased probability of medically unresponsive glaucoma. Increased patient age was significantly associated with an increased probability of both postoperative glaucoma and vision loss. Female dogs were significantly more likely to experience postoperative glaucoma compared to male dogs. Increased surgery time was significantly associated with increased probability of vision loss. Conclusions The ZibWest angle index may predict increased risk for developing medically unresponsive glaucoma with cataract surgery. Female sex, and increased patient age, surgical time, and surgeon experience were associated with increased postoperative morbidity.}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Zibura, Ashley E. and Robertson, James B. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={50–62} }
 @misc{westermeyer_2021, title={Veterinary Ophthalmology-Glaucoma Special Issue}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12867}, abstractNote={Veterinary OphthalmologyVolume 24, Issue S1 p. 1-1 PREFACE Veterinary Ophthalmology—Glaucoma Special Issue Hans Westermeyer, Corresponding Author Hans Westermeyer hdwester@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author Hans Westermeyer, Corresponding Author Hans Westermeyer hdwester@ncsu.edu Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12867Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume24, IssueS1Special Issue: GlaucomaMarch 2021Pages 1-1 RelatedInformation}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Westermeyer, Hans}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={1–1} }
 @article{zibura_posner_ru_westermeyer_2020, title={A preoperative bupivacaine retrobulbar block offers superior antinociception compared with an intraoperative splash block in dogs undergoing enucleation}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12708}, abstractNote={Purpose Investigate nociception differences in dogs undergoing enucleation administered bupivacaine either via preoperative retrobulbar block (pRB) or intraoperative splash block (iSB). Methods Prospective, randomized, double-masked, clinical comparison study. Dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation were randomized to two groups: one received bupivacaine pRB and saline iSB of the same volume, and the other received saline pRB and bupivacaine iSB. The following intraoperative parameters were recorded: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ); systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressure (SAP, MAP, and DAP respectively); inspired end-tidal isoflurane concentration (EtISOIns), and expired end-tidal isoflurane concentration (EtISOExp). Pain scores were recorded pre- and postoperatively. Analgesic rescue was documented. Surgical hemorrhage and postoperative bruising and swelling were graded subjectively by the surgeon (HDW) and study coordinator (AEZ). Results A significant (P = .0399) increase from baseline in overall mean heart rate was recorded in iSB bupivacaine patients (n = 11) compared with pRB bupivacaine patients (n = 11), with no significant differences in other intraoperative physiologic parameters, or pain scores. More analgesic rescue events occurred in iSB bupivacaine patients compared to pRB bupivacaine patients. A near-significant increase in intraoperative bleeding (P = .0519), and a significant increase in bruising (P = .0382) and swelling (P = .0223) was noted in the iSB bupivacaine group. Conclusions Preoperative retrobulbar block bupivacaine is more effective than an iSB bupivacaine at controlling both intraoperative and postoperative nociception in dogs undergoing enucleation. Additionally, iSB causes more postoperative bruising and swelling and may be associated with increased intraoperative hemorrhage.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Zibura, Ashley E. and Posner, Lysa P. and Ru, Hongyu and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={225–233} }
 @article{mowat_avelino_bowyer_parslow_westermeyer_foster_fogle_bizikova_2020, title={Detection of circulating anti-retinal antibodies in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome using indirect immunofluorescence: A case control study}, volume={193}, ISSN={["1096-0007"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.exer.2020.107989}, abstractNote={Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) in dogs is proposed to have an immune-mediated etiology. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the presence of antiretinal antibodies, as assessed by western blotting, in the serum of SARDS patients. Because of the possibility that antibodies recognize only conformational epitopes, we hypothesized that a more sensitive method to investigate circulating retinal autoantibodies in SARDS is immunofluorescence. Sera from 14 dogs with early SARDS, and 14 age- and breed-matched healthy control dogs were screened for circulating antiretinal IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA using indirect immunofluorescence on lightly fixed frozen sections of normal canine retina. Controls without canine serum were also performed. A nuclear counterstain was used to identify cellular retinal layers. Images were obtained using a fluorescence microscope, and 2-3 separate masked observers graded retinal layers for fluorescence staining intensity using a 0–3 scale. Total circulating IgG and IgM was assessed by radial immunodiffusion. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-way ANOVA, paired 2-tailed student's t-test and correlation analysis. Intensity of IgG staining of photoreceptor outer segments was significantly higher using serum from dogs with SARDS compared with healthy controls in 2/3 observers (P < 0.05). Intensity of IgM staining throughout the retina was higher in SARDS dogs compared to matched healthy controls (P < 0.0001), although no specific retinal layer was statistically significant. There were no differences in staining intensity for IgE or IgA. Dogs with SARDS had a comparably lower circulating IgG and higher IgM than healthy controls (P = 0.01 and 0.001 respectively) and IgG and IgM were negatively correlated (r = −0.69, P = 0.007). Despite having decreased serum IgG compared with healthy controls, circulating IgG in dogs with SARDS binds photoreceptor outer segments to a greater extent. Dogs with SARDS have a relatively higher circulating IgM than matched healthy controls. The pathogenic nature of these antibodies is unknown.}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH}, author={Mowat, Freya M. and Avelino, Janelle and Bowyer, Ashley and Parslow, Vanessa and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Foster, Melanie L. and Fogle, Jonathan E. and Bizikova, Petra}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @article{petritz_westermeyer_whitehead_christiansen_lohmann_lohmann_lewbart_2020, title={Effective mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) following topical administration of rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12681}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To determine the combined mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide and phenylephrine in juvenile loggerhead turtles and identify any adverse effects associated with treatment. Animals studied Eleven juvenile loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ). Procedures Four 20 μL drops of rocuronium bromide and four 20 μL drops of 10% phenylephrine were placed into the right eye at 2‐minute intervals of 5 turtles, while the same volume of saline was administered to six control turtles. A pupilometer recorded pupil measurements at rest and following a light stimulus at 2, 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 minutes following delivery of the final drop to the ocular surface. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured at similar time points. Results The nonilluminated and light‐stimulated pupillary diameter of the right eye of treated turtles was significantly greater than baseline starting at 120 and 15 minutes, respectively. Light‐stimulated pupillary diameter of treated eyes was greater than that of control eyes from time 15 minutes until the end of the treatment period. No systemic side effects were noted over a 24 hours period following treatment and all turtles showed normal behavior and appetite. No mydriasis was noted in either eye at 24 hours and the anterior segment was normal. Conclusions A combination of topical ophthalmic rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine is safe and effective for mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Petritz, Olivia A. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Whitehead, Michelle C. and Christiansen, Emily F. and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lohmann, Catherine M. F. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={37–43} }
 @article{lively_westermeyer_2019, title={In vitro assessment of the long-term stability of the inhibitory effects of canine and feline plasma on MMP 2 and 9}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12668}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12668}, abstractNote={Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of increasing storage time on the inhibitory effects of canine and feline plasma on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 in vitro. Methods Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 activity in the presence of canine plasma stored for 57, 155, 222, 316, 367, and 438 days, and feline plasma stored for 17, 198, 565, and 954 days was assayed using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit. Results For canine plasma, the MMP 2 activity for older samples was not significantly different than the 57‐day sample ( P = 0.2025‐0.9033). Two canine samples had significantly lower MMP 9 activity than the 57‐day sample (367 days: P = 0.0099 , 438 days: P = 0.0348, others P = 0.0778‐0.9928). For feline plasma, storage time did not significantly affect inhibition of MMP 2 and MMP 9 activity (ANOVA, P = 0.2688 and P = 0.2404, respectively). Conclusions Increasing storage time does not significantly decrease the inhibiting activity of plasma on MMP 2 and 9 for up to 14 months in dogs and 31 months in cats.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Lively, Melissa J. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={898–901} }
 @article{lively_westermeyer_harms_christiansen_2019, title={Ophthalmic lesions in a population of cold-stunned sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, Lepidochelys kempii, Caretta caretta
)}, volume={4}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12672}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12672}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To document ocular lesions present in cold‐stunned sea turtles and determine the impact of these lesions on their release. Animals All sea turtles ( Caretta caretta , Chelonia mydas , and Lepidochelys kempii ) presenting to rehabilitation centers in North Carolina over two cold stun seasons. Procedures Complete ophthalmic examination using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein stain, rebound tonometry, and occasionally binocular indirect funduscopy was performed within 1 week of presenting to the rehabilitation centers. A second examination was performed 2 weeks after the first examination in animals with ocular lesions and still present at the center. Results One hundred and sixty‐four turtles (121 Chelonia mydas , 26 Lepidochelys kempii , 17 Caretta caretta ) were evaluated over two cold stun seasons (2016‐2017 and 2017‐2018). Ocular or periocular lesions were identified in 78 of 164 (47.5%) turtles examined with 37 of 164 (22.5%) having bilateral disease. The most common ocular lesion was superficial corneal ulceration, accounting for 21.3% of all lesions. Adnexal lesions were also common, while intraocular abnormalities were overall rare. Most resolved uneventfully. Though some blinding lesions were noted, these were not present bilaterally in any one turtle, and thus, ocular findings did not affect release. Conclusion Ocular lesions in cold‐stunned sea turtles are common. Some of these lesions are potentially blinding or require appropriate care, so evaluation of cold‐stunned turtles should include a complete ophthalmic examination.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Lively, Melissa J. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Harms, Craig A. and Christiansen, Emily F.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{westermeyer_cook_harms_boylan_2019, title={Phacoemulsification cataract surgery in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta
): surgical technique and outcomes in 10 cases}, volume={1}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12635}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12635}, abstractNote={Abstract Cataract removal using phacoemulsification was performed in 10 loggerhead turtles being rehabilitated after stranding. All turtles had significant systemic abnormalities and had cataracts either at the time of rescue or developed them during rehabilitation. Surgical difficulties encountered included an extremely soft globe that did not allow for a partial thickness corneal incision, incomplete topical anesthesia of the ocular surface with proparacaine, inability to dilate the pupil pharmacologically, a markedly shallow anterior chamber, a thick posterior capsular plaque in most cases, and difficulty creating a watertight closure with sutures. Minimal to no intraocular inflammation was seen in all cases following surgery, but all cases in which corneal sutures were used developed a marked inflammatory reaction surrounding the sutures and appeared uncomfortable until sutures were removed or sloughed. All turtles appeared to have improved vision following surgery and were eventually released. Two turtles were re‐encountered a year or more after release. Both showed signs of normal growth and the ability to capture prey in the wild. This report documents successful outcomes associated with cataract surgery in loggerhead turtles, but also presents significant surgical challenges that should be taken into account before attempting this procedure in this species.}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Cook, Anne G. and Harms, Craig and Boylan, Shane}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{westermeyer_salmon_baynes_yeatts_khattab_oh_mowat_2019, title={Safety and efficacy of topically applied 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in a canine model of subconjunctival fibrosis}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12619}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12619}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To evaluate tissue levels, safety, and efficacy of topical ophthalmic 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in decreasing subconjunctival fibrosis. Animal studied Twelve normal beagle dogs Procedures A 5 × 1 mm diameter silicone disk was implanted subconjunctivally in one eye, and then dogs were treated with topical 0.5% pirfenidone (n = 9) in artificial tears or artificial tears alone (n = 3) for 28 days. To evaluate tissue drug levels, a single sample of tears, conjunctiva, and aqueous humor was collected 30 (n = 3), 90 (n = 3), and 180 min (n = 3) following administration of the last drop of pirfenidone, respectively. Fibrous capsule thickness and staining for Ki67 and fibroblast activation protein alpha ( FAP α) were evaluated histologically. After a 2‐week washout, the experiment was repeated in the opposite eye and using 1% pirfenidone. Results Treatment with pirfenidone resulted in thinner fibrous capsules and decreased staining for FAP α with no adverse effects. The implant in one dog treated with pirfenidone extruded. There was no difference in tissue levels, capsular thickness, or staining for Ki67 or FAP α between dogs treated with 0.5% or 1% pirfenidone. Conclusions Pirfenidone may decrease fibrosis following glaucoma shunt surgery and can potentially be used indefinitely due to minimal side effects.}, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Salmon, Beth and Baynes, Ronald and Yeatts, James and Khattab, Ahlam and Oh, Annie and Mowat, Freya}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={502–509} }
 @article{westermeyer_druley_royal_mowat_2019, title={Use of a Versatile, Inexpensive Ophthalmoscopy Teaching Model in Veterinary Medical Student Education Increases Ophthalmoscopy Proficiency}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1943-7218"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3138/jvme.1117-157r}, DOI={10.3138/jvme.1117-157r}, abstractNote={Ophthalmoscopy is an important examination technique in the diagnosis of disease. Although it is difficult to learn, practice increases confidence and proficiency. Practicing ophthalmoscopy on live animals presents an additional level of complexity, so we sought to evaluate how students would respond to practicing ophthalmoscopy on an ocular fundus model. We constructed a simple and inexpensive model and allowed half of the students (49/100) in a first-year veterinary medicine class to practice ophthalmoscopy (direct, PanOptic, and indirect) for 20 minutes using the model. Students completed a questionnaire regarding ease of use, enjoyment, and recommendations for future use of the model immediately after the practice session. Six weeks later, we tested students’ ability to correctly match a fundus to a photograph using indirect ophthalmoscopy. All students who used the model rated it as ‘easy’ or ‘somewhat easy’ to use. All students reported that they ‘enjoyed’ (93.9%) or ‘somewhat enjoyed’ (6.1%) using the model. Also, all students who used the model stated the models should continue to be used to aid student learning. Students who used the model were significantly more likely ( p = .013) to correctly match a fundus photograph to the fundus being observed than students who had not used the model. These findings demonstrate that the model used in this study is well received by students and results in discernible gains in proficiency.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Druley, Gail E. and Royal, Kenneth D. and Mowat, Freya M.}, year={2019}, pages={518–522} }
 @article{young_zheng_davidson_westermeyer_2019, title={Visual outcome in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12575}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12575}, abstractNote={To investigate factors associated with long-term visual outcome in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy.Eighty-eight client-owned cats diagnosed with hypertensive chorioretinopathy.Medical records from cats with systemic hypertension and associated retinal lesions were reviewed.Most cats (61%) were blind in both eyes at presentation. Presence of menace response at last follow-up evaluation was positively correlated with presence of menace response at presentation (P = .0025), time to complete retinal reattachment (P < .0001), and gender (P = .0137). Seventy-six of 132 eyes (57.6%) that were blind at presentation regained some vision following treatment. At the time of last evaluation, 101/176 eyes (60%) had a positive menace response, while 34/46 (74%) eyes with a follow-up of >6 months had a positive menace response. Eyes that had a menace response at presentation were 17 and 37 times more likely to have a menace response at last examination compared to eyes blind for less than 2 weeks and eyes blind greater than 2 weeks, respectively. Female cats were overrepresented (62.5% of cases), and male cats were 4.2 times more likely to be visual at time of last examination compared to female cats.With treatment, the prognosis for long-term vision in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy, even following complete retinal detachment, is good.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Young, Whitney M. and Zheng, Chaowen and Davidson, Michael G. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={161–167} }
 @article{mowat_royal_westermeyer_2018, title={Ophthalmoscopy skills in primary care: a cross-sectional practitioner survey}, volume={182}, ISSN={["2042-7670"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104569}, DOI={10.1136/vr.104569}, abstractNote={Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.}, number={15}, journal={VETERINARY RECORD}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Mowat, Freya M. and Royal, Kenneth D. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={435-+} }
 @article{cannizzo_lewbart_westermeyer_2017, title={Intraocular pressure in American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12463}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12463}, abstractNote={To measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal American Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) with rebound and applanation tonometry and to create calibration curves for both tonometers to determine the actual IOP of bullfrogs.Twenty bullfrogs were evaluated with slip-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, rebound tonometry, and applanation tonometry. Axial globe length and corneal thickness were measured in the three largest and the three smallest frogs with ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography, respectively. Two frogs were euthanized for direct manometry.The median IOP was 4 mmHg with the rebound tonometer and 16 mmHg with the applanation tonometer. The correlation coefficient (r2 ) between the manometry measurements and the tonometers was 0.95 and 0.91 for the rebound and applanation tonometers, respectively. The corresponding equations were y = 0.331x + 0.558 for the rebound tonometer and y = 0.675x + 1.907 for the applanation tonometer. The median axial globe length was 0.94 cm. The median corneal thickness was 0.093 mm.The rebound tonometer is the preferable tonometer for American Bullfrogs. Neither tonometer produced IOP readings that matched the manometer. The rebound tonometer was more precise and it was faster and easier to use.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Cannizzo, Sarah A. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={526–532} }
 @article{smith_westermeyer_mariani_gilger_davidson_2017, title={Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016)}, volume={21}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12528}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12528}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective To characterize ocular and neurologic findings, causes, and treatment outcomes of dogs with optic neuritis. Procedure Medical records from dogs with a diagnosis of optic neuritis at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Hospital between 1983 and 2016 were reviewed. Results Ninety‐six cases (20 unilateral, 76 bilateral), comprised of 38 males and 58 females with a mean age of 6.1 ± 3.0 years (range 0.5‐13), were identified. Seventy‐four cases were presented for vision loss, and 42 had other concurrent neurologic abnormalities. Funduscopic findings included optic nerve head elevation ( n = 92), peripapillary retinal edema or separation ( n = 37), retinal hemorrhage or dilation of retinal vasculature ( n = 23), and multiple inflammatory foci in the peripapillary region ( n = 13). Retrobulbar optic neuritis was diagnosed in four cases. The final diagnoses included the following: multifocal meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology ( MUE , n = 35), isolated optic neuritis (I‐ ON , n = 42), neoplasia ( n = 10), microbial infection ( n = 6), orbital inflammation ( n = 2), and suspected ivermectin toxicosis ( n = 1). Dogs with I‐ ON were more commonly male, and medium‐to‐large breed, when compared to dogs with MUE . Follow‐up was available in 72 cases, 50 of which remained blind, 10 had partial visual improvement, and 12 were assessed as having normal vision in the affected eye(s). Conclusion Optic neuritis was most commonly associated with multifocal MUE or was isolated as the sole neurologic finding, with a similar incidence between the two groups. Findings suggest that a clinical syndrome of isolated optic neuritis, distinct from multifocal MUE , occurs in dogs.}, number={5}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Smith, Sara M. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Mariani, Christopher L. and Gilger, Brian C. and Davidson, Michael G.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={442–451} }
 @article{sherman_cullen_westermeyer_grindem_gilger_2016, title={Histiocytic chorioretinitis in a dog}, volume={21}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12421}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12421}, abstractNote={A 3-year-old castrated male mixed-breed dog presented with an acute bullous retinal detachment and thickened choroid of the right eye. Subretinal cytology revealed an atypical cell proliferation suggestive of neoplasia. The eye was enucleated, and the original diagnosis was a histologically benign choroidal melanocytic tumor. Further diagnostics revealed no other systemic abnormalities other than a nonhealing shoulder wound. Six months later, the left eye developed a bullous retinal detachment. This eye responded well to systemic steroids and the dog regained vision within a few weeks of initiating therapy. Results of immunohistochemistry with Melan-A and CD204 of the previously enucleated right eye caused a revision of the histologic diagnosis from melanocytic tumor to histiocytic chorioretinitis. This case highlights the subtle and sometimes confusing distinction between neoplastic and inflammatory processes on both cytology and histopathology.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sherman, Amanda B. and Cullen, John M. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Grindem, Carol and Gilger, Brian C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={88–95} }
 @article{chow_westermeyer_2016, title={Retrospective evaluation of corneal reconstruction using ACell Vet (TM) alone in dogs and cats: 82 cases}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12294}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12294}, abstractNote={Abstract Objectives To retrospectively evaluate the complications, graft clarity, and outcomes associated with the use of commercially available porcine urinary bladder submucosa ( AC ell Vet ™ ) alone for corneal reconstruction in dogs and cats. Procedures Dogs or cats receiving an AC ell Vet ™ graft for corneal reconstruction due to severe ulcerative keratitis or after a keratectomy to remove a corneal sequestrum were included. All received a single layer of AC ell Vet ™ , bandage contact lens, and temporary tarsorrhaphy. Bandage contact lens and temporary tarsorrhaphy were removed after graft vascularization or epithelialization. Topical steroids, cyclosporine, tacrolimus were started after epithelialization. Based on their last examination, outcomes were categorized into five groups based on the presence of corneal vessels, appearance of the scar, and the ability to visualize the posterior and/or the anterior segment through the grafted area. Results There were 82 eyes included in the study, with 68 eyes with sufficient follow‐up time for final assessment. Scarring was minimal in 47 eyes, moderate but not enough to obscure visualization of the posterior segment in 12, and severe in nine. There were five eyes that developed phthisis bulbi, glaucoma or were enucleated and nine that were lost to follow up. Graft dehiscence occurred in 19 eyes. Twelve healed without additional surgical intervention while three required a second graft, two became phthisical, and two were enucleated. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Corneal reconstruction with AC ell V et ™ alone is a viable alternative and results in minimal scarring and complications in cats. In dogs, scarring is more pronounced than in cats and graft dehiscence rate is higher compared to conventional techniques.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Chow, Derek W. Y. and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={357–366} }
 @article{chow_westermeyer_fernando_hoey_dubielzig_2016, title={Unilateral ventral strabismus in an aquarium Silver Arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum)}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12320}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12320}, abstractNote={An adult silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) presented with a 2-month history of acute onset ventral strabismus of the right eye associated with a cystic structure overlying the dorsal aspect of the globe. Aspiration of the cyst, removal of redundant conjunctival tissue, and apposition of the surgical edges of the conjunctiva did not correct the strabismus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and histopathology of the eye did not reveal significant differences between affected and unaffected eyes except for a more posterior dorsal rectus muscle insertion site in the affected eye. This case report documents and describes a syndrome well known among arowana hobbyists as 'drop eye'.}, number={6}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Chow, Derek W. Y. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Fernando, Nimal and Hoey, Seamus and Dubielzig, Richard R.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={510–517} }
 @article{chow_wong_westermeyer_2015, title={Comparison of two bupivacaine delivery methods to control postoperative pain after enucleation in dogs}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1463-5224"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12259}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12259}, abstractNote={To compare the efficacy of a preoperative retrobulbar injection of bupivacaine to an intraoperative splash block of bupivacaine in controlling postoperative pain following enucleation in dogs.Prospective, randomized, double-masked clinical study of 31 client owned dogs with end-stage ophthalmic disease requiring enucleation.Dogs admitted for unilateral enucleation were randomly assigned to receive bupivacaine 0.5% (1 mL/kg) into the retrobulbar space either via an inferior-temporal palpebral (ITP) injection preoperatively or an intraoperative splash block. Pain was assessed prior to pre-anesthetic sedation and at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 6, 8, and 24 hours (H) after extubation by masked observers using a previously described subjective pain scoring system. Rescue analgesia was initiated if overall pain score was >9 or if the score in any category at any time point was >3.There were no adverse reactions. One of 15 dogs that received bupivacaine via a preoperative retrobulbar ITP injection required rescue analgesia. There was no significant difference between groups with regard to the need for rescue analgesia or pain scores at any time point or overall.Pain control using an intraoperative orbital splash administration of bupivacaine is not significantly different to a preoperative retrobulbar injection of bupivacaine.}, number={5}, journal={VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY}, author={Chow, Derek W. Y. and Wong, Man Yu and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={422–428} }
 @article{chow_chau_yeung_westermeyer_2014, title={In vitro evaluation of the inhibitory effect of canine serum, canine fresh frozen plasma, freeze-thaw-cycled plasma, and Solcoseryl™ on matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9}, volume={18}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12204}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12204}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective Compare the efficacy of canine serum, fresh frozen plasma ( FFP ), freeze–thaw‐cycled plasma ( FTCP ), and S olcoseryl ™ at inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 in vitro . Procedure Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 activity in the presence of serum, FFP , FTCP, or S olcoseryl ™ was assayed using a commercially available fluorogenic gelatinase activity kit. Results Matrix metalloproteinases 2 activity in the presence of serum, FFP , FTCP , and S olcoseryl ™ was 20.84%, 5.76%, 8.10%, and 83.03%, respectively of uninhibited MMP 2 activity. MMP 9 activity in the presence of serum, FFP , FTCP , and S olcoseryl ™ was 57.36%, 58.35%, 49.35%, and −8.69%, respectively of uninhibited MMP 9 activity. Conclusion Serum, FFP , and FTCP exhibit similar levels of MMP 2 and 9 inhibitions. Solcoseryl ™ causes minimal MMP 2 inhibition, but profound MMP 9 inhibition.}, number={3}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Chow, Derek W. Y. and Chau, Ying and Yeung, Wai Kit and Westermeyer, Hans D.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={229–233} }
 @article{westermeyer_ward_whittemore_lyons_2013, title={Actinomyces endogenous endophthalmitis in a cat following multiple dental extractions}, volume={16}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12023}, DOI={10.1111/vop.12023}, abstractNote={Abstract An 8‐year‐old, brachycephalic, mixed breed cat underwent full mouth tooth extractions for the treatment of tooth root abscessation. Subsequently, the cat developed anterior uveitis refractory to topical therapy that eventually necessitated enucleation. Actinomyces species were isolated from both the tooth root abscesses and the anterior chamber after enucleation. Histopathology of the enucleated eye revealed panophthalmitis with abundant intralesional bacteria morphologically consistent with Actinomyces . Between the time of tooth root extraction and enucleation (20 weeks), the cat was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and treated with oral steroids for inflammatory bowel syndrome. We believe this report represents a rare case of endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to dental disease, possibly precipitated by concurrent immunosuppression.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Ward, Daniel A. and Whittemore, Jacqueline C. and Lyons, Jeremiah A.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={459–463} }
 @article{tobias_johnston_westermeyer_hendrix_2011, title={Basic Ophthalmic Procedures}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal}, author={Tobias, K.M. and Johnston, S.A. and Westermeyer, H.D. and Hendrix, D.V.H.}, year={2011}, pages={2091–2119} }
 @article{baron_hecht_westermeyer_mankin_novak_donnell_2011, title={Intracranial extension of retrobulbar blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) in a dog}, volume={14}, ISSN={1463-5216}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00850.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00850.x}, abstractNote={Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) is a fungal disease that is endemic in the southern United States. This case report illustrates the clinical, MRI and histopathologic findings in a dog with invasion of a retrobulbar blastomycotic lesion into the calvarium. A 5-year-old intact female Weimaraner was referred for a 2-month history of change in behavior and recent onset of visual deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed a large (5.8 × 2.0 × 2.5 cm) mass extending from the left orbit through a circular defect in the left cranioventral aspect of the calvarium caudally to the level of the pituitary fossa and interthalamic adhesion. The mass was heterogeneously iso- to hypointense on T2-W images, slightly hypointense on T1-W images, did not attenuate on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and did not show evidence of susceptibility artifact on T2*-W gradient recalled echo (GRE) images. Vasogenic edema and associated mass effect were noted. The mass showed strong homogeneous contrast enhancement with well-defined margins and had thickening of the adjacent meninges (dural tail sign). Based on MRI findings a malignant neoplastic process was considered most likely and the patient was placed on oral prednisone to decrease peri-tumoral inflammation. The dog initially improved but was euthanized 3 weeks later for worsening clinical signs. Histopathologic assessment of the mass revealed marked pyogranulomatous optic neuritis with intralesional fungal yeasts consistent with blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis). To our knowledge this is the first report of invasion of a retrobulbar blastomycotic lesion into the calvarium in a dog.}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Baron, Matthew L. and Hecht, Silke and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Mankin, Joseph M. and Novak, Janelle M. and Donnell, Robert L.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={137–141} }
 @article{westermeyer_hendrix_ward_2011, title={Long-term evaluation of the use of Ahmed gonioimplants in dogs with primary glaucoma: nine cases (2000–2008)}, volume={238}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.238.5.610}, DOI={10.2460/javma.238.5.610}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To evaluate the outcome and describe the complications associated with use of an Ahmed gonioimplant in the treatment of glaucoma in dogs. Design —Retrospective case series. Animals— 9 client-owned sighted dogs (median age, 9 years) with primary glaucoma. Procedures —Medical records of dogs with primary glaucoma that underwent unilateral gonioimplant placement (in 2000 through 2008), during which a temporalis muscle fascia graft (n = 8) or porcine intestinal submucosa (1) was used to cover the implant tube as it exited the globe, were reviewed. All dogs were treated with mitomycin C in the conjunctival pocket intraoperatively and with tissue plasminogen activator immediately after surgery; 1% prednisolone acetate was applied to the implanted eye daily until failure of the implant. Medical intervention or additional surgery was performed when intraocular pressures (IOPs) were > 20 mm Hg or progressively increasing values were detected. Results —After gonioimplant placement, IOP was controlled for a variable period in all dogs. Subsequently, IOP exceeded 20 mm Hg in 7 dogs (median postoperative interval, 326 days). Median interval to vision loss despite interventional surgery was 518 days (range, 152 to 1,220 days). Surgical intervention was necessary in 4 dogs to maintain satisfactory IOP. Implant extrusion attributable to conjunctival dehiscence or necrosis occurred in 4 dogs. At 365 days after surgery, 8 dogs retained vision, and 5 dogs retained vision throughout follow-up. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —In dogs with medically refractory primary glaucoma, placement of a gonioimplant appears to be effective in maintaining vision.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Hendrix, Diane V. H. and Ward, Daniel A.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={610–617} }
 @article{westermeyer_hendrix_ward_cox_2011, title={Tear, cornea, and aqueous humor concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin after topical ocular application in ophthalmologically normal horses}, volume={72}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.72.3.398}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.72.3.398}, abstractNote={To determine ocular tissue drug concentrations after topical ocular administration of 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin in ophthalmologically normal horses.24 ophthalmologically normal adult horses.0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin solutions (0.1 mL) were applied to the ventral conjunctival fornix of 1 eye in each horse as follows: group 1 (n = 8) at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours; group 2 (8) at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 hours; and group 3 (8) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 hours. Tears, cornea, and aqueous humor (AH) were collected at 8, 14, and 18 hours for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Drug concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.Median (25th to 75th percentile) concentrations of ciprofloxacin for groups 1, 2, and 3 in tears (μg/mL) were 53.7 (25.5 to 88.8), 48.5 (19.7 to 74.7), and 24.4 (15.4 to 67.1), respectively; in corneal tissue (μg/g) were 0.95 (0.60 to 1.02), 0.37 (0.32 to 0.47), and 0.48 (0.34 to 0.95), respectively; and in AH were lower than the limit of quantification in all groups. Concentrations of moxifloxacin for groups 1, 2, and 3 in tears (μg/mL) were 188.7 (44.5 to 669.2), 107.4 (41.7 to 296.5), and 178.1 (70.1 to 400.6), respectively; in corneal tissue (μg/g) were 1.84 (1.44 to 2.11), 0.78 (0.55 to 0.98), and 0.77 (0.65 to 0.97), respectively; and in AH (μg/mL) were 0.06 (0.04 to 0.08), 0.03 (0.02 to 0.05), and 0.02 (0.01 to 0.04), respectively. Corneal moxifloxacin concentrations were significantly higher in group 1 than groups 2 and 3.After topical ocular administration, fluoroquinolones can reach therapeutic concentrations in tears and corneal tissue of horses, even when there is an intact epithelium.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Hendrix, Diane V. H. and Ward, Daniel A. and Cox, Sherry K.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={398–403} }
 @article{atkins_hecht_westermeyer_mclean_2010, title={What Is Your Diagnosis?}, volume={237}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.237.12.1375}, DOI={10.2460/javma.237.12.1375}, number={12}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Atkins, Rosalie M. and Hecht, Silke and Westermeyer, Hans D. and McLean, Nancy J.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1375–1376} }
 @article{westermeyer_thomasy_kado-fong_maggs_2009, title={Assessment of viremia associated with experimental primary feline herpesvirus infection or presumed herpetic recrudescence in cats}, volume={70}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.1.99}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.1.99}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To detect feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) in blood of cats undergoing experimental primary herpetic disease or with spontaneous disease presumed to be caused by FHV-1 reactivation. Animals —6 young specific-pathogen–free (SPF) cats and 34 adult cats from a shelter. Procedures —Conjunctiva and nares of SPF cats were inoculated with FHV-1, and cats were monitored for 21 days. Periodically, blood was collected for CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and detection of FHV-1 DNA via PCR assay. For shelter cats, a conjunctival swab specimen was collected for FHV-1 PCR assay, and blood mononuclear cells were tested via virus isolation (with or without hydrocortisone) and FHV-1 PCR assay. Results —All SPF cats developed clinical and clinicopathologic evidence of upper respiratory tract and ocular disease only. Via PCR assay, FHV-1 DNA was detected in blood of all SPF cats at least once between 2 and 15 days after inoculation. Feline herpesvirus type 1 DNA was detected in conjunctival swabs of 27 shelter cats; 25 had clinical signs of herpetic infection. However, virus was not isolated from mononuclear cell samples of any shelter cat regardless of passage number or whether hydrocortisone was present in the culture medium; FHV-1 DNA was not detected in any mononuclear cell sample collected from shelter cats. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —A brief period of viremia occurred in cats undergoing primary herpetic disease but not in cats undergoing presumed recrudescent herpetic disease. Viremia may be important in the pathogenesis of primary herpetic disease but seems unlikely to be associated with recrudescent disease.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Thomasy, Sara M. and Kado-Fong, Helen and Maggs, David J.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={99–104} }
 @article{westermeyer_ward_abrams_2009, title={Breed predisposition to congenital alacrima in dogs}, volume={12}, ISSN={1463-5216 1463-5224}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00665.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00665.x}, abstractNote={Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics and breed predisposition of congenital alacrima in dogs. Animals studied Dogs with congenital keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Procedures A search of the medical records of the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1974–2005 and the University of California–Davis Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1986–2006 for dogs under 1 year of age with a diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was performed. These cases were further reviewed for dogs with a Schirmer's tear test I of ≤ 5 mm/min before 6 months of age, with no known causes for KCS, which did not respond to appropriate KCS therapy; these cases were considered to have congenital alacrima. These breeds were compared to all other breeds using the Fisher's exact test with correction for multiple comparisons. Results Congenital alacrima was identified in 19 dogs representing 11 breeds and mixed breeds. Yorkshire Terriers and Bedlington Terriers were statistically overrepresented compared to reference populations (P < 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions Yorkshire terriers are significantly at risk for congenital alacrima compared to other breeds. The significance of the increase in congenital alacrima in Bedlington Terriers in this study may not be clinically relevant and may be due to the small total number of dogs of this breed that presented to the both hospitals. Based on the poor response to therapy in humans with congenital alacrima, it may be prudent to offer guarded prognoses for KCS in juvenile Yorkshire terriers.}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Ophthalmology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Ward, Daniel A. and Abrams, Kenneth}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{drazenovich_fascetti_westermeyer_sykes_bannasch_kass_hurley_maggs_2009, title={Effects of dietary lysine supplementation on upper respiratory and ocular disease and detection of infectious organisms in cats within an animal shelter}, volume={70}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1391}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1391}, abstractNote={To determine within a cat shelter effects of dietary lysine supplementation on nasal and ocular disease and detection of nucleic acids of Chlamydophila felis, feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV-1).261 adult cats.Cats were fed a diet containing 1.7% (basal diet; control cats) or 5.7% (supplemented diet; treated cats) lysine for 4 weeks. Plasma concentrations of lysine and arginine were assessed at the beginning (baseline) and end of the study. Three times a week, cats were assigned a clinical score based on evidence of nasal and ocular disease. Conjunctival and oropharyngeal swab specimens were tested for FHV-1, FCV, and C felis nucleic acids once a week.Data were collected from 123, 74, 59, and 47 cats during study weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. By study end, plasma lysine concentration in treated cats was greater than that in control cats and had increased from baseline. There was no difference between dietary groups in the proportion of cats developing mild disease. However, more treated cats than control cats developed moderate to severe disease during week 4. During week 2, FHV-1 DNA was detected more commonly in swab specimens from treated versus control cats.Dietary lysine supplementation in the amount used in our study was not a successful means of controlling infectious upper respiratory disease within a cat shelter. Rather, it led to increases in disease severity and the incidence of detection of FHV-1 DNA in oropharyngeal or conjunctival mucosal swab specimens at certain time points.}, number={11}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Drazenovich, Tracy L. and Fascetti, Andrea J. and Westermeyer, Hans D. and Sykes, Jane E. and Bannasch, Mike J. and Kass, Philip H. and Hurley, Kate F. and Maggs, David J.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={1391–1400} }
 @article{westermeyer_tobias_reel_2009, title={Head and Neck Swelling Due to a Circumferential Cicatricial Scar in a Dog}, volume={45}, ISSN={0587-2871 1547-3317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0450048}, DOI={10.5326/0450048}, abstractNote={A 4-year-old, castrated male, mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of progressive head swelling, exercise intolerance, and increasing respiratory effort of 1 month's duration. Physical examination and radiographs revealed severe edema of the head and face that was cranial to a circumferential, midcervical constriction caused by scarring related to previous removal of a foreign body. Surgical en bloc resection of the cicatricial tissue was performed, and clinical signs resolved completely after 2 months. Histopathology showed ongoing inflammation and hairs within a fibrous band. This case emphasizes that incomplete wound debridement may lead to excessive fibrous tissue proliferation and that thorough wound examination and debridement should be performed after removing circumferential cervical foreign bodies to ensure complete healing.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association}, publisher={American Animal Hospital Association}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Tobias, Karen M. and Reel, Danielle R.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={48–51} }
 @article{westermeyer_kado-fong_maggs_2008, title={Effects of sampling instrument and processing technique on DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 via polymerase chain reaction assay}, volume={69}, ISSN={0002-9645}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.6.811}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.69.6.811}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective —To assess effects of disease severity, sampling instrument, and processing technique on extracted DNA yield and detection rate for feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) via PCR assay. Sample Population —Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells grown in vitro and conjunctival samples from 40 eyes of 20 cats. Procedures —Samples of CRFK cells (collected by use of a swab or cytology brush, with or without suspension in PBS solution) underwent DNA extraction; DNA yield was quantified spectrophotometrically. In affected cats, signs of herpetic disease were subjectively assessed. Conjunctival swab and brush samples were collected bilaterally for measurement of DNA concentration; a defined mass (DM) of DNA and defined volume (DV) of sample were assessed for FHV-1 via PCR assays. Results —For CRFK cells, DNA yields from unsuspended swabs and brushes were greater than for suspended swabs and brushes; suspended swab samples yielded less DNA than suspended brush samples. For conjunctival samples, DNA yields from swabs were greater than for brushes. Clinical score was not correlated with double-stranded DNA yield collected via either sampling instrument; however, cats with FHV-1–positive assay results had higher clinical scores than cats with FHV-1–negative results. Detection of FHV-1 in swab and brush samples was similar. Double-stranded DNA yield and FHV-1 detection were inversely related via DM-PCR assay. The DV-PCR assay had a significantly higher FHV-1 detection rate than the DM-PCR assay. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —The DV-PCR assay of DNA extracted from an unsuspended swab sample was the preferred method for assessment of conjunctival shedding of FHV-1 in cats.}, number={6}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Westermeyer, Hans D. and Kado-Fong, Helen and Maggs, David J.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={811–817} }