@article{pulkoski_burrack_2023, title={Assessing the impact of piercing-sucking pests on greenhouse-grown industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvad044}, abstractNote={Cannabis sativa or hemp, defined as <0.3% total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is a specialty crop in the United States, of particular interest among growers in the southeastern United States to replace tobacco production. Tetranychus urticae (twospotted spider mite), Aculops cannabicola (hemp russet mite), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mites), and Phorodon cannabis (cannabis aphids) are considered the most significant pests in greenhouse grown hemp. Mite and aphid injury can cause cupping and yellowing of leaves, resulting in leaf drop, and reduced flower and resin production. We sought to understand the effects of feeding by T. urticae and Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), as a proxy for P. cannabis, on the concentration of economically significant cannabinoids through a series of experiments on greenhouse grown plants. First, we compared the variability of chemical concentrations in samples collected from individual plants versus pooled samples from 5 plants, and found that chemical concentrations in single plants were similar to those in pooled plant samples. Next, we compared chemical concentrations prior to arthropod infestation and post infestation. When evaluating the mite feeding damage in 2020, cannabinoids in plants infested with high densities of T. urticae increased more slowly than in uninfested control plants or plants infested with low T. urticae densities. In 2021, the concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol did not differ significantly between treatments. Cannabidiol increased more slowly in plants with low T. urticae densities when compared to uninfested controls but did not differ from the high T. urticae densities 14 days after infestation.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Pulkoski, Melissa and Burrack, Hannah}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{mermer_stacconi_tait_pfab_sial_disi_burrack_toennisson_xue_zhang_et al._2023, title={Comparing the effectiveness of different insecticide application orders for suppressing Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) infestation: experimental and modeling approaches}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad057}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toad057}, abstractNote={Abstract Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a key pest of soft-skinned fruit such as blackberry and blueberry. Differing seasonal spray regimes are expected to have variable effects on D. suzukii populations. Semi-field cage trials were performed at three locations in the United States (Georgia, Oregon, and North Carolina) on blueberry and blackberry crops to evaluate this hypothesis. Insecticides with different efficacy rates (ZC - zeta-cypermethrin, SPI - spinetoram, CYAN - cyantraniliprole) were applied during field experiments conducted within large cages. Treatment schedules consisted of two insecticide applications which performed over three weeks. Seasonal treatment schedules were applied in the following order: ZC-CYAN and CYAN-ZC in rabbiteye and highbush blueberry with the addition of a ZC-SPI treatment applied in blackberry. In addition, a population model was applied to simulate the relative efficacy of the insecticide schedules in Oregon on D. suzukii population model based on previously published efficacy, biological, and weather parameters. Overall, all schedules resulted in reduced D. suzukii infestation compared to untreated control (UTC) treatments, with statistical differences in all three locations. The numerically lower infestation was found in some cases in ZC-CYAN schedule. Population modeling conducted exclusively for blueberry, and the simulations indicated no discernible differences between the two respective schedules (ZC-CYAN vs CYAN-ZC). The present study demonstrates that seasonal infestation of D. suzukii could be suppressed irrespective of application order. Additional research is required to assess the optimal timing and sequence of insecticide applications for controlling seasonal populations of D. suzukii in fruit crops. Such information could be invaluable for growers who are seeking to strategize their insecticide applications.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Mermer, Serhan and Stacconi, Marco Valerio Rossi and Tait, Gabriella and Pfab, Ferdinand and Sial, Ashfaq A. and Disi, Joseph O. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Toennisson, Aurora and Xue, Lan and Zhang, Chengzhu and et al.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{pulkoski_burack_2023, title={Evaluating Efficacy of Biological and Reduced Risk Pesticides Against Heliothine Caterpillars in Hemp, 2021}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/amt/tsac140}, DOI={10.1093/amt/tsac140}, journal={Arthropod Management Tests}, author={Pulkoski, Melissa and Burack, Hannah}, editor={Qureshi, JawwadEditor}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{dillard_reisig_schug_burrack_2023, title={Moisture and soil type are primary drivers of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupation}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvad074}, abstractNote={Abstract Studies in the lab have demonstrated that evaluating the effect of soil moisture and other variables is essential for understanding the importance of environmental factors influencing the Heliothinae pupal stage, but simulated field studies are conducted infrequently. We compared the pupation of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under saturated and unsaturated conditions across 3 distinct soil types (coarse sand, high organic muck, and fine-textured clay) and observed adult emergence, as well as pupal depth and weight. The interaction between soil type and moisture had a significant effect on adult emergence. Fewer adults emerged from dry fine-textured clay soil than from dry coarse sand and high organic muck. However, there was no effect of soil type and no interaction between soil and moisture on pupal depth. Soil moisture was the primary driver of pupal depth, suggesting prepupae use moisture to mediate their position within the pupal chamber. In addition, pupal weight was unrelated to soil type, moisture, or their interaction. Our study demonstrates that soil moisture can be a greater driver of H. zea pupation than soil type, but additional observations are necessary to understand the mechanism by which moisture impacts pupation.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Dillard, DeShae and Reisig, Dominic D. and Schug, Hayden T. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{elsensohn_burrack_2023, title={Plasticity in oviposition and foraging behavior in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii across natural and agricultural landscapes}, volume={13}, ISSN={["2045-7758"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9713}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.9713}, abstractNote={The effects and extent of the impacts of agricultural insect pests in and around cropping systems is a rich field of study. However, little research exists on the presence and consequence of pest insects in undisturbed landscapes distant from crop hosts. Research in such areas may yield novel or key insights on pest behavior or ecology that is not evident from agroecosystem-based studies. Using the invasive fruit pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) as a case study, we investigated the presence and resource use patterns of this agricultural pest in wild blackberries growing within the southern Appalachian Mountain range of North Carolina over 2 years. We found D. suzukii throughout the sampled range with higher levels of infestation (D. suzukii eggs/g fruit) in all ripeness stages in natural areas when compared with cultivated blackberry samples, but especially in under-ripe fruit. We also explored a direct comparison of oviposition preference between wild and cultivated fruit and found higher oviposition in wild berries when equal weights of fruit were offered, but oviposition was higher in cultivated berries when fruit number was equal. Forest populations laid more eggs in unripe wild-grown blackberries throughout the year than populations infesting cultivated berries. This suggests D. suzukii may change its oviposition and foraging behavior in relation to fruit type. Additionally, as D. suzukii exploits a common forest fruit prior to ripeness, further research is needed to explore how this affects wild food web dynamics and spillover to regional agroecosystems.}, number={1}, journal={ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Elsensohn, Johanna E. E. and Burrack, Hannah J. J.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{isaacs_van timmeren_gress_zalom_ganjisaffar_hamby_lewis_liburd_sarkar_rodriguez-saona_et al._2022, title={Monitoring of Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Resistance Status Using a RAPID Method for Assessing Insecticide Sensitivity Across the United States}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toac021}, abstractNote={Abstract Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) has spread rapidly, challenging berry and cherry crop production due to its ability to lay eggs into ripening fruit. To prevent infestation by this pest, insecticides are applied during fruit ripening and harvest. We field-tested the Rapid Assessment Protocol for IDentification of resistance in D. suzukii (RAPID) on seventy-eight populations collected across eight U.S. states in 2017 and 2018. Exposure to LC50 rates of malathion, methomyl, spinetoram, spinosad, and zeta-cypermethrin led to average female fly mortality of 25.0% in 2017, and after adjusting concentrations the average was 39.9% in 2018. Using LC99 × 2 discriminating concentrations in 2017 and LC90 × 8 rates in 2018, average female mortalities were 93.3% and 98.5%, respectively, indicating high overall susceptibility. However, using these high concentrations we found 32.0% of assays with survival of some female flies in 2017 and 27.8% in 2018. The adjustment in discriminating dose from 2017 to 2018 also reduced the proportion of assays with <90% survival from 17.6 to 2.9%. Populations with low mortality when exposed to spinosad were identified using this assay, triggering more detailed follow-up bioassays that identified resistant populations collected in California coastal region berry crops. Widespread evaluations of this method and subsequent validation in California, Michigan, and Georgia in 2019–2021 show that it provides a quick and low-cost method to identify populations of D. suzukii that warrant more detailed testing. Our results also provide evidence that important insecticide classes remain effective in most U.S. regions of fruit production.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Isaacs, Rufus and Van Timmeren, Steven and Gress, Brian E. and Zalom, Frank G. and Ganjisaffar, Fatemeh and Hamby, Kelly A. and Lewis, Margaret T. and Liburd, Oscar E. and Sarkar, Nupur and Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kokotovich_barnhill-dilling_elsensohn_li_delborne_burrack_2022, title={Stakeholder engagement to inform the risk assessment and governance of gene drive technology to manage spotted-wing drosophila}, volume={307}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114480}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114480}, abstractNote={Emerging biotechnologies, such as gene drive technology, are increasingly being proposed to manage a variety of pests and invasive species. As one method of genetic biocontrol, gene drive technology is currently being developed to manage the invasive agricultural pest spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii, SWD). While there have been calls for stakeholder engagement on gene drive technology, there has been a lack of empirical work, especially concerning stakeholder engagement to inform risk assessment. To help address this gap and inform future risk assessments and governance decisions for SWD gene drive technology, we conducted a survey of 184 SWD stakeholders to explore how they define and prioritize potential benefits and potential adverse effects from proposed SWD gene drive technology. We found that stakeholders considered the most important potential benefits of SWD gene drive technology to be: 1) Decrease in the quantity or toxicity of pesticides used, and 2) Decrease in SWD populations. Stakeholders were most concerned about the potential adverse effects of: 1) Decrease in beneficial insects, 2) Increase in non-SWD secondary pest infestations, and 3) Decrease in grower profits. Notably, we found that even stakeholders who expressed support for the use of SWD gene drive technology expressed concerns about potential adverse effects from the technology, emphasizing the need to move past simplistic, dichotomous views of what it means to support or oppose a technology. These findings suggest that instead of focusing on the binary question of whether stakeholders support or oppose SWD gene drive technology, it is more important to identify and assess the factors that are consequential to stakeholder decision making - including, for example, exploring whether and under what conditions key potential adverse effects and potential benefits would result from the use of SWD gene drive technology.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kokotovich, Adam E. and Barnhill-Dilling, S. Kathleen and Elsensohn, Johanna E. and Li, Richard and Delborne, Jason A. and Burrack, Hannah}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{schoneberg_lewis_burrack_grieshop_isaacs_rendon_rogers_rothwell_sial_walton_et al._2021, title={Cultural Control of Drosophila suzukii in Small Fruit-Current and Pending Tactics in the US}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2075-4450"]}, DOI={10.3390/insects12020172}, abstractNote={Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a vinegar fly of Asian origin, has emerged as a devastating pest of small and stone fruits throughout the United States. Tolerance for larvae is extremely low in fresh market fruit, and management is primarily achieved through repeated applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. These applications are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable, and can limit markets due to insecticide residue restrictions, cause outbreaks of secondary pests, and select for insecticide resistance. Sustainable integrated pest management programs include cultural control tactics and various nonchemical approaches for reducing pest populations that may be useful for managing D. suzukii. This review describes the current state of knowledge and implementation for different cultural controls including preventative tactics such as crop selection and exclusion as well as strategies to reduce habitat favorability (pruning; mulching; irrigation), alter resource availability (harvest frequency; sanitation), and lower suitability of fruit postharvest (cooling; irradiation). Because climate, horticultural practices, crop, and market underlie the efficacy, feasibility, and affordability of cultural control tactics, the potential of these tactics for D. suzukii management is discussed across different production systems.}, number={2}, journal={INSECTS}, author={Schoneberg, Torsten and Lewis, Margaret T. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Grieshop, Matthew and Isaacs, Rufus and Rendon, Dalila and Rogers, Mary and Rothwell, Nikki and Sial, Ashfaq A. and Walton, Vaughn M. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kraft_sit_diepenbrock_ashrafi_aryal_fernandez_burrack_2021, title={Detection of Fruit Meals Within Laboratory-Raised and Field-Trapped Adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Guts}, volume={9}, ISSN={2296-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.719645}, DOI={10.3389/fevo.2021.719645}, abstractNote={The feeding habits of adult Brachycera are understudied and may provide important context for understanding invasive pest biology, as with the polyphagous small fruit pest Drosophila suzukii . We developed molecular methods to study adult D. suzukii gut content in order to understand its feeding habits. We designed and verified two primer pairs specific for either blueberries or blackberries and used a qPCR melt curve analysis to determine whether we can detect the presence or absence of berry feeding by adult flies. In a laboratory assay, the blueberry fly meal DNA can be detected for longer periods than the blackberry meal DNA. Generally, female gut contents are less variable than male gut contents. We also tested recently emerged flies that were not fed as adults but developed as larvae in either blueberries or blackberries. Some adult flies from each fruit had detectable fruit DNA in their gut, which could be due to pupal meconium feeding after emergence. Next, we aimed to test the primers in the field to develop techniques to track fruit feeding by D. suzukii in its natural field environment. First, to identify the most appropriate collection method, we determined how long we could detect fruit DNA, using previously developed primers within D. suzukii gut preserved in four types of trap fluid in the laboratory. The likelihood of detecting blackberry DNA differed by day, trap fluid, and between sexes. For the blueberry primer, the possibility of detecting blueberry DNA differed by trap fluid only. Based on those results, we used RV antifreeze with a Scentry SWD lure in field trials at two research station locations, one containing blackberries and one with blueberries. We established transects away from each fruit planting and collected up to 120 total flies at each point along transects. There were no significant differences in the number of flies containing berry DNA among collection points along the transect in both locations. These results suggest that adult flies move between crop and non-crop habitats and may not be highly dependent on fruit food resources.}, journal={Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Kraft, Laura J. and Sit, Tim L. and Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Ashrafi, Hamid and Aryal, Rishi and Fernandez, Gina E. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{tait_mermer_stockton_lee_avosani_abrieux_anfora_beers_biondi_burrack_et al._2021, title={Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A Decade of Research Towards a Sustainable Integrated Pest Management Program}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab158}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions. Infestation by SWD generates both direct and indirect economic impacts through yield losses, shorter shelf life of infested fruit, and increased production costs. Fresh markets, frozen berries, and fruit export programs have been impacted by the pest due to zero tolerance for fruit infestation. As SWD control programs rely heavily on insecticides, exceedance of maximum residue levels (MRLs) has also resulted in crop rejections. The economic impact of SWD has been particularly severe for organic operations, mainly due to the limited availability of effective insecticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) of SWD could significantly reduce chemical inputs but would require substantial changes to horticultural management practices. This review evaluates the most promising methods studied as part of an IPM strategy against SWD across the world. For each of the considered techniques, the effectiveness, impact, sustainability, and stage of development are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Tait, Gabriella and Mermer, Serhan and Stockton, Dara and Lee, Jana and Avosani, Sabina and Abrieux, Antoine and Anfora, Gianfranco and Beers, Elizabeth and Biondi, Antonio and Burrack, Hannah and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={1950–1974} }
 @article{singh_cordeiro_troczka_pym_mackisack_mathers_duarte_legeai_robin_bielza_et al._2021, title={Global patterns in genomic diversity underpinning the evolution of insecticide resistance in the aphid crop pest Myzuspersicae}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2399-3642"]}, DOI={10.1038/s42003-021-02373-x}, abstractNote={The aphid Myzus persicae is a destructive agricultural pest that displays an exceptional ability to develop resistance to both natural and synthetic insecticides. To investigate the evolution of resistance in this species we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly and living panel of >110 fully sequenced globally sampled clonal lines. Our analyses reveal a remarkable diversity of resistance mutations segregating in global populations of M. persicae. We show that the emergence and spread of these mechanisms is influenced by host-plant associations, uncovering the widespread co-option of a host-plant adaptation that also offers resistance against synthetic insecticides. We identify both the repeated evolution of independent resistance mutations at the same locus, and multiple instances of the evolution of novel resistance mechanisms against key insecticides. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the genomic responses of global insect populations to strong selective forces, and hold practical relevance for the control of pests and parasites.}, number={1}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY}, author={Singh, Kumar Saurabh and Cordeiro, Erick M. G. and Troczka, Bartlomiej J. and Pym, Adam and Mackisack, Joanna and Mathers, Thomas C. and Duarte, Ana and Legeai, Fabrice and Robin, Stephanie and Bielza, Pablo and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{britt_kuhar_cranshaw_mccullough_taylor_arends_burrack_pulkoski_owens_tolosa_et al._2021, title={Pest Management Needs and Limitations for Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an Emergent Key Pest of Hemp in the United States}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmab030}, abstractNote={Abstract Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has emerged as an injurious insect pest to hemp, Cannabis sativa L., a crop newly reintroduced to the United States. Growing hemp presents a potential alternative economic opportunity for farmers but can be challenging with a market that is unstable and just developing. One of the most notable production challenges is managing corn earworm, an insect pest that is particularly damaging when it feeds on flower buds produced in cannabinoid varieties, creating extensive bud tunneling and wounds that allow entry of pathogens that can aid development and presence of bud rot. Damage to seeds is of lesser concern in hemp cultivars grown for grain and minimal risk is associated with hemp grown for fiber. Our ability to research hemp has only recently been allowed as production was largely suspended following World War II and, as such, there has been limited opportunity to develop information for empirically-based pest management recommendations. Further complicating development of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are regulatory challenges associated with providing registration support to add hemp to pesticide labels, as it was not formally recognized as a crop by U.S. regulatory agencies until late 2019. Research needs and challenges to develop effective IPM programs for corn earworm on hemp are discussed here.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Britt, Kadie E. and Kuhar, Thomas P. and Cranshaw, Whitney and McCullough, Christopher T. and Taylor, Sally V and Arends, Benjamin R. and Burrack, Hannah and Pulkoski, Melissa and Owens, David and Tolosa, Tigist A. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{elsensohn_schal_burrack_2021, title={Plasticity in Oviposition Site Selection Behavior in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Relation to Adult Density and Host Distribution and Quality}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab108}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab108}, abstractNote={Flexibility in oviposition site selection under temporally shifting environmental conditions is an important trait that allows many polyphagous insects to flourish. Population density has been shown to affect egg-laying and offspring fitness throughout the animal kingdom. The effects of population density in insects have been suggested to be mutualistic at low densities, whereas intraspecific competition is exhibited at high densities. Here, we explore the effects of adult crowding and spatial resource variation on oviposition rate in the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). In a series of laboratory experiments, we varied the density of adult males and females while holding oviposition substrate availability constant and measured per female oviposition rate using high and low-quality substrates. We found that oviposition behavior was affected more by substrate than adult density, though both variables had significant effects. When we varied the spatial arrangement of whole raspberries, we observed differences in oviposition rate and egg distribution between the grouped and solitary female treatments. Our results suggest that social interactions encourage oviposition, especially when exposed to unfamiliar or unnatural substrates. These results highlight the compensating effect of increased oviposition rate per female as adult populations decline. They will help researchers and crop managers better understand in-field population dynamics throughout the season as population densities change.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Elsensohn, Johanna E. and Schal, Coby and Burrack, Hannah J.}, editor={Papadopoulos, NikolaosEditor}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={1517–1522} }
 @article{lewald_abrieux_wilson_lee_conner_andreazza_beers_burrack_daane_diepenbrock_et al._2021, title={Population genomics of Drosophila suzukii reveal longitudinal population structure and signals of migrations in and out of the continental United States}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2160-1836"]}, DOI={10.1093/g3journal/jkab343}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii, or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. In this study, we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental United States, as well as several sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify and analyze hundreds of thousands of genetic markers. We observed strong population structure between Western and Eastern US populations, but no evidence of any population structure between different latitudes within the continental United States, suggesting that there are no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to differences in winter climates. We detect admixture from Hawaii to the Western United States and from the Eastern United States to Europe, in agreement with previously identified introduction routes inferred from microsatellite analysis. We also detect potential signals of admixture from the Western United States back to Asia, which could have important implications for shipping and quarantine policies for exported agriculture. We anticipate this large genomic dataset will spur future research into the genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.}, number={12}, journal={G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS}, author={Lewald, Kyle M. and Abrieux, Antoine and Wilson, Derek A. and Lee, Yoosook and Conner, William R. and Andreazza, Felipe and Beers, Elizabeth H. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Daane, Kent M. and Diepenbrock, Lauren and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{lewald_abrieux_wilson_lee_conner_andreazza_beers_burrack_daane_diepenbrock_et al._2021, title={Population structure of Drosophila suzukii and signals of multiple invasions into the continental United States}, volume={3}, url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.14.435345}, DOI={10.1101/2021.03.14.435345}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Drosophila suzukii , or spotted-wing drosophila, is now an established pest in many parts of the world, causing significant damage to numerous fruit crop industries. Native to East Asia, D. suzukii infestations started in the United States a decade ago, occupying a wide range of climates. To better understand invasion ecology of this pest, knowledge of past migration events, population structure, and genetic diversity is needed. To improve on previous studies examining genetic structure of D. suzukii , we sequenced whole genomes of 237 individual flies collected across the continental U.S., as well as several representative sites in Europe, Brazil, and Asia, to identify hundreds of thousands of genetic markers for analysis. We analyzed these markers to detect population structure, to reconstruct migration events, and to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation within and among the continents. We observed strong population structure between West and East Coast populations in the U.S., but no evidence of any population structure North to South, suggesting there is no broad-scale adaptations occurring in response to the large differences in regional weather conditions. We also find evidence of repeated migration events from Asia into North America have provided increased levels of genetic diversity, which does not appear to be the case for Brazil or Europe. This large genomic dataset will spur future research into genomic adaptations underlying D. suzukii pest activity and development of novel control methods for this agricultural pest.}, publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, author={Lewald, Kyle M. and Abrieux, Antoine and Wilson, Derek A. and Lee, Yoosook and Conner, William R. and Andreazza, Felipe and Beers, Elizabeth H. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Daane, Kent M. and Diepenbrock, Lauren and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{elsensohn_aly_schal_burrack_2021, title={Social signals mediate oviposition site selection in Drosophila suzukii}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2045-2322"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83354-2}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-021-83354-2}, abstractNote={The information that female insects perceive and use during oviposition site selection is complex and varies by species and ecological niche. Even in relatively unexploited niches, females interact directly and indirectly with conspecifics at oviposition sites. These interactions can take the form of host marking and re-assessment of prior oviposition sites during the decision-making process. Considerable research has focused on the niche breadth and host preference of the polyphagous invasive pest Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), but little information exists on how conspecific signals modulate oviposition behavior. We investigated three layers of social information that female D. suzukii may use in oviposition site selection-(1) pre-existing egg density, (2) pre-existing larval occupation, and (3) host marking by adults. We found that the presence of larvae and host marking, but not egg density, influenced oviposition behavior and that the two factors interacted over time. Adult marking appeared to deter oviposition only in the presence of an unmarked substrate. These results are the first behavioral evidence for a host marking pheromone in a species of Drosophila. These findings may also help elucidate D. suzukii infestation and preference patterns within crop fields and natural areas.}, number={1}, journal={SCIENTIFIC REPORTS}, author={Elsensohn, Johanna E. and Aly, Marwa F. K. and Schal, Coby and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{zilnik_burrack_2021, title={Susceptibility of North Carolina Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Flue Cured Tobacco to Chlorantraniliprole}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toab055}, abstractNote={Abstract The tobacco budworm, Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (F.), has evolved resistance to numerous insecticides in the field. In tobacco, chlorantraniliprole can be applied as either a preventative systemic soil application at or near transplant, or a foliar application timed to current treatment thresholds. With a novel mode of action chlorantraniliprole provides an option for rotation with other insecticides to reduce the probability of insecticide resistance development. However, specific usage patterns in tobacco have the potential to increase the risk of resistance development to this insecticide. In particular, soil applied treatments may expose C. virescens to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide. We studied chlorantraniliprole susceptibility in nine field populations and one laboratory strain of C. virescens using a diet incorporation bioassay. Mortality was measured at 7, 10, and 14 d after exposure. Our results demonstrated that bioassays should be evaluated at 14 d after exposure to optimize interpretation of the dose–response due to the antifeeding properties of chlorantraniliprole. We observed low variation within field-collected populations. Field populations were as susceptible as the laboratory strain; the resistance ratio at the 14-d evaluation for field-collected populations ranged from 1.01 to 1.05. A discriminating dose of 0.117, 0.080, and 0.070 μg a.i./g diet could be used at 7, 10, and 14 d, respectively. Larval growth varied between field populations. Two field populations continued growing on diet containing chlorantraniliprole and differed in size from the laboratory and other populations. Further evaluation of growth inhibition will be necessary.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Zilnik, Gabriel and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1166–1172} }
 @article{zilnik_kraus_burrack_2021, title={Translocation and persistence of soil applied chlorantraniliprole as a control measure for Chloridea virescens in tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105413}, abstractNote={(Heliothis) virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (tobacco budworm) management in pre-topped tobacco remains a concern for growers. Chlorantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide, emerged as an option for C. virescens in early season tobacco because it selectively targets caterpillars, exhibits systemic action, and satisfies reduced risk classification. It is currently recommended for foliar application at threshold; however, because of its systemic action, many growers deploy soil applications at transplant. We conducted a series of experiments to determine the potential efficacy and longevity of soil applications of chlorantraniliprole for use against C. virescens in tobacco. First, tobacco plants were grown in the NCSU Phytotron, a controlled environment facility, and were treated with chlorantraniliprole soil applications either as a soil injection or soil drench at field equivalent rates at transplant. Plants were either watered daily or two times per week. A field experiment was established at two locations where at transplant in furrow and soil drench applications of chlorantraniliprole were compared to foliar applications. In both these experiments, one of the youngest leaves of adequate length on a subset of plants was sampled weeks three through nine after transplant in the phytotron and five through eight after transplant at the field stations. One-half of each leaf was exposed to second instar C. virescens to assess mortality and feeding, and the other half was analyzed for chlorantraniliprole concentration. Mortality differed between treatments in phytotron and field trials after 96 h exposure. Frass production and survivorship increased as plants grew. Phytotron trials demonstrated longer toxicity to C. virescens than field experiments, and chlorantraniliprole concentrations decreased at a slower rate in the Phytotron than in the field. Our field results suggest that soil applications of chlorantraniliprole are not likely to provide acceptable early season C. virescens control in the field.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Zilnik, Gabriel and Kraus, Dylan A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @article{nelson_burrack_sorenson_2020, title={Arthropod carrion influences plant choice, oviposition, and cannibalism by a specialist predator on a sticky plant}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1365-2311"]}, DOI={10.1111/een.12787}, abstractNote={1. Dead arthropods, entrapped by trichomes on plant surfaces, are an underappreciated form of plant-provided food. Specialist predatory arthropods able to manoeuvre on plants covered in trichomes facultatively scavenge on the alternative food resource, increasing their abundance and reducing plant damage by herbivores. 2. This protective mutualism dependent on arthropod carrion has been demonstrated in several plant species, but the mechanisms driving the increase in predator abundance have not been identified. Through a series of greenhouse and laboratory experiments, the effect of arthropod carrion on predator behaviour was assessed. 3. The predator Jalysus wickhami preferred Nicotiana tabacum plants augmented with arthropod carrion, spending significantly more time and laying more eggs on those plants than plants without arthropod carrion. 4. Under low J. wickhami densities, arthropod carrion did not reduce egg cannibalism by adults. Under high densities, egg cannibalism by J. wickhami adults was reduced in the presence of arthropod carrion, but cannibalism by fifth instars was not. 5. Arthropod carrion may be utilised by a wide range of predatory arthropods that facultatively scavenge, and this research demonstrates its potential for influencing arthropod–plant and arthropod–arthropod interactions.}, number={2}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Nelson, Peter N. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Sorenson, Clyde E.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={182–189} }
 @article{kraft_yeh_gomez_burrack_2020, title={Determining the Effect of Postharvest Cold Storage Treatment on the Survival of Immature Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Small Fruits}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toaa185}, abstractNote={Abstract We evaluated the effect of postharvest cold storage temperature (0.0–2.2°C) and duration (3–5 d) on pupal emergence of single life stage populations of laboratory-generated Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and mixed-age populations collected in the field from blackberries, blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries. For field-infested fruit, cold storage at any temperature and duration resulted in less pupal emergence compared with the control held at 20°C, but D. suzukii subjected to higher temperatures and shorter storage durations in caneberries had higher survival. When a single life stage of D. suzukii was exposed to cold storage, pupal emergence was significantly reduced across all fruit types held at 0°C and for most life stages and fruit types held at 1.5 and 2.2°C, dependent on the substrate. Freshly laid eggs exposed to cold storage produced the lowest pupal emergence. Our results suggest using cold storage treatment is an effective postharvest management strategy for small-fruit growers to use on-farm as part of an integrated program to manage D. suzukii infestation. An economic assessment was made to examine the profit implications of an investment in cold storage units to counter pest pressure. Results suggest that investment in a cold storage unit would breakeven in about 4 yr. On farms that already have cold storage installed, we estimated a $0.11/kg decrease in blueberry market price for holding fruit for 3 d. Together, this cost assessment will provide growers with the knowledge to make decisions based on infestation risk and the seasonal sale price of blueberries.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Kraft, Laura J. and Yeh, D. Adeline and Gomez, Miguel I and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={2427–2435} }
 @article{swoboda-bhattarai_burrack_2020, title={Diurnal and Seasonal Activity Patterns of Drosophilid Species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Present in Blackberry Agroecosystems With a Focus on Spotted-Wing Drosophila}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvz161}, abstractNote={Abstract Drosophilid species with different life histories have been shown to exhibit similar behavioral patterns related to locating and utilizing resources such as hosts, mates, and food sources. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species that differs from other frugivorous drosophilids in that females lay eggs in ripe and ripening fruits instead of overripe or rotten fruits. We hypothesized that there may be diurnal and/or seasonal patterns associated with the movement of drosophilid species into and out of crop fields and their attraction to fermentation-odor-based monitoring traps, and that D. suzukii would conform to similar patterns. To test these hypotheses, we deployed passive, 2-headed Malaise traps between crop fields and wooded edges to simultaneously catch flies moving into and out of crop fields. We also deployed monitoring traps with a fermentation-based bait between crop fields and wooded edges and within crop rows. Traps were deployed weekly in June–August in 2014 and 2015 at two commercial blackberry farm in Cleveland County, NC, and were checked hourly for 24 h, except during darkness. Both D. suzukii and other drosophilid species moved between crop fields and wooded edges and were attracted to monitoring traps primarily during the morning and evening hours. Whereas other drosophilids were captured in traps throughout the season, few D. suzukii were caught in traps until early to mid-July in both years and increased as the season progressed. Understanding D. suzukii movement and activity patterns is essential for the development of effective management strategies.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={277–287} }
 @article{shrader_burrack_pfeiffer_2020, title={Effects of Interspecific Larval Competition on Developmental Parameters in Nutrient Sources Between Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Zaprionus indianus}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz297}, abstractNote={Abstract Two invasive drosophilids, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are expanding their geographic distribution and cohabiting grape production in the Mid-Atlantic. The ecological and economic impact of these two species within vineyards is currently unknown. Zaprionus indianus was presumably not capable of ovipositing directly into grapes because they lack a serrated ovipositor and may use D. suzukii oviposition punctures for depositing their own eggs. Therefore, an interspecific larval competition assay was performed at varying larval densities using commercial medium and four commonly grown wine grapes in Virginia to investigate the impact Z. indianus larvae may have on the mortality and developmental parameters of D. suzukii larvae. Zaprionus indianus did not affect D. suzukii mortality or development parameters even at high interspecific densities when reared in commercial medium, but it did cause higher D. suzukii mortality within grapes. Mortality was also influenced by the variety of grape in which the larvae were reared, with smaller grapes having the highest D. suzukii mortality. Presence of Z. indianus also increased development time to pupariation and adult emergence for most interspecific competition levels compared with the intraspecific D. suzukii controls. Pupal volume was marginally affected at the highest interspecific larval densities. This laboratory study suggests that competition from Z. indianus and grape variety can limit D. suzukii numbers, and the implications on D. suzukii pest management be further verified in the field.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Shrader, Meredith and Burrack, Hannah J. and Pfeiffer, Doug}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={230–238} }
 @article{kokotovich_delborne_elsensohn_burrack_2020, title={Emerging Technologies for Invasive Insects: The Role of Engagement}, volume={113}, ISSN={0013-8746 1938-2901}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz064}, DOI={10.1093/aesa/saz064}, abstractNote={Abstract Emerging technologies have the potential to offer new applications for managing invasive insects. While scientific and technological advancements are vital to realizing this potential, the successful development and use of these applications will also largely depend on community and stakeholder engagement. To contribute to a relevant and rigorous envisioning of engagement for emerging technologies for invasive insects (ETII), we begin by reviewing key insights on engagement from three scholarly fields: invasive species management, responsible research and innovation, and ecological risk assessment. Across these fields we glean best practices for engagement for ETII: 1) pursue engagement across decision phases and sectors; 2) select context-appropriate participants and methods; and 3) recognize and navigate engagement-related tensions. We illustrate these best practices by describing an ongoing project that uses engagement to inform risk assessment and broader decision making on biotechnologies being developed to address the Spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) invasive fruit fly. We describe completed and planned engagement activities designed to identify and prioritize potential adverse effects, benefits, management actions, and research actions of the proposed genetically engineered sterile male, gene drive, and RNAi biotechnologies. In the face of broadening calls for engagement on emerging technologies, this article provides theoretical and empirical insights that can guide future engagement for ETII.}, number={4}, journal={Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kokotovich, Adam E and Delborne, Jason A and Elsensohn, Johanna and Burrack, Hannah}, editor={Morisette, JeffreyEditor}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={266–279} }
 @article{vitanovic_aldrich_boundy-mills_cagalj_ebeler_burrack_zalom_2020, title={Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae), Attraction to Volatile Compounds Produced by Host and Insect-Associated Yeast Strains}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz341}, abstractNote={Abstract The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is one of the most damaging insect pests of olives worldwide, requiring the use of insecticides for fruit protection in many orchards. Olive fruit flies are attracted to volatile composunds, including a female-produced pheromone, and host-plant and bacterial volatiles. Preliminary laboratory bioassays were conducted for olive fruit fly attraction to over 130 yeast strains from among 400 that were isolated from B. oleae adults and larvae or other insects, infested olives, and potential feeding sites. Kuraishia capsulata, Scheffersomyces ergatensis, Peterozyma xylosa, Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus, and Lachancea thermotolerans appeared to attract B. oleae as well or better than did torula yeast pellets (Cyberlindnera jadinii; syn. Candida utilis). Volatile compounds emitted by these yeast strains were chemically identified, and included isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, 2-phenethyl alcohol, isobutyl acetate, and 2-phenethyl acetate. The behavioral response of B. oleae adults to these volatile compounds at three concentrations was tested in a laboratory Y-tube olfactometer. The same volatile compounds were also tested in the field. Isoamyl alcohol was more attractive than the other compounds tested in both laboratory and field bioassays. Isobutanol was not attractive to B. oleae in either laboratory bioassay or field bioassay. Identifying yeast volatiles attractive to the olive fruit fly may lead to development of a more effective lure for detection, monitoring, and possibly control of B. oleae.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Vitanovic, Elda and Aldrich, Jeffrey R. and Boundy-Mills, Kyria and Cagalj, Marin and Ebeler, Susan E. and Burrack, Hannah and Zalom, Frank G.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={752–759} }
 @article{schoneberg_arsenault-benoit_taylor_butler_dalton_walton_petran_rogers_diepenbrock_burrack_et al._2020, title={Pruning of small fruit crops can affect habitat suitability for Drosophila suzukii}, volume={294}, ISSN={["1873-2305"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2020.106860}, abstractNote={Insect activity, survival, and development are affected by climatic conditions that elicit effects at multiple scales. Pruning small fruit crop canopies alters the microclimate, which in turn may influence insect pest activity. We investigated the effect of three canopy density treatments (high, medium, low) on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) fruit infestation in blueberries and caneberries using a two-year, multi-state experiment. We quantified the effect of canopy density on canopy microclimate, fruit quality (total soluble solids, fruit firmness), and yield. To better understand heterogeneity in canopy microclimate, parameters were further separated by canopy location (exterior vs. interior) in Maryland. In both crops, meta-analyses reveal small magnitude effects of the plant canopy on microclimate, whereas analysis of variance did not separate these effects, with mean canopy differences of 0.1–0.7 °C and 0.5–1.3 % relative humidity (RH) between caneberry canopy densities and locations. In caneberry multi-state trials, 0.14 fewer D. suzukii larvae (g fruit)−1 occurred on average in the low canopy density treatment, and 0.2 fewer D. suzukii larvae (g fruit)−1 occurred in exterior raspberries in Maryland compared with the canopy interior. Artificially infested blueberry fruit indicated immature D. suzukii survival within fruit can vary across canopy densities and locations. Although lower total yield was produced in low density canopies, canopy density did not influence berry quality or marketable yield. Microhabitats provide important shelter from extreme environmental conditions; the availability of shelter and ability to locate it affects insect pest populations and distributions. Understanding how crop canopy microclimate affects D. suzukii infestation can inform efforts to develop habitat manipulation tactics and improve the efficiency of fruit production.}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Schoneberg, Torsten and Arsenault-Benoit, Arielle and Taylor, Christopher M. and Butler, Bryan R. and Dalton, Daniel T. and Walton, Vaughn M. and Petran, Andrew and Rogers, Mary A. and Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Burrack, Hannah J. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{stockton_wallingford_brind'amore_diepenbrock_burrack_leach_isaacs_iglesias_liburd_drummond_et al._2020, title={Seasonal polyphenism of spotted-wing Drosophila is affected by variation in local abiotic conditions within its invaded range, likely influencing survival and regional population dynamics}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2045-7758"]}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.6491}, abstractNote={Abstract Overwintering Drosophila often display adaptive phenotypic differences beneficial for survival at low temperatures. However, it is unclear which morphological traits are the best estimators of abiotic conditions, how those traits are correlated with functional outcomes in cold tolerance, and whether there are regional differences in trait expression. We used a combination of controlled laboratory assays, and collaborative field collections of invasive Drosophila suzukii in different areas of the United States, to study the factors affecting phenotype variability of this temperate fruit pest now found globally. Laboratory studies demonstrated that winter morph (WM) trait expression is continuous within the developmental temperature niche of this species (10–25°C) and that wing length and abdominal melanization are the best predictors of the larval abiotic environment. However, the duration and timing of cold exposure also produced significant variation in development time, morphology, and survival at cold temperatures. During a stress test assay conducted at −5°C, although cold tolerance was greater among WM flies, long‐term exposure to cold temperatures as adults significantly improved summer morph (SM) survival, indicating that these traits are not controlled by a single mechanism. Among wild D. suzukii populations, we found that regional variation in abiotic conditions differentially affects the expression of morphological traits, although further research is needed to determine whether these differences are genetic or environmental in origin and whether thermal susceptibility thresholds differ among populations within its invaded range.}, number={14}, journal={ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Stockton, Dara G. and Wallingford, Anna K. and Brind'amore, Gabrielle and Diepenbrock, Lauren and Burrack, Hannah and Leach, Heather and Isaacs, Rufus and Iglesias, Lindsy E. and Liburd, Oscar and Drummond, Francis and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={7669–7685} }
 @article{nelson_burrack_sorenson_2019, title={Arthropod entrapment increases specialist predators on a sticky crop and reduces damage}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104021}, abstractNote={Abstract Maximizing plant defensive strategies is integral to effective integrated pest management. Direct defenses, in the form of chemical and morphological components that inhibit pest damage, underlie host plant resistance, while indirect defenses including food provisioning and semiochemical production, improve biological control. Interactions between the two defensive strategies may be disruptive, complementary, or synergistic and are an important consideration for effective pest management programs. Glandular trichomes are plant structures that inhibit or entrap arthropods, protecting plants against herbivores, potentially at the cost of reducing natural enemy efficacy. Glandular trichomes may also contribute to indirect defense, as predatory arthropods adapted to “sticky” surfaces scavenge on entrapped arthropods. Scavenging increases predator abundance and reduces plant damage; this protective mutualism has been demonstrated with multiple sticky wild flowers but has not been assessed in an economically important plant, such as tobacco. We augmented dead arthropods (carrion) on tobacco plants grown under conditions similar to commercial production and assessed tri-trophic interactions. Carrion augmentation increased predator abundance, reduced damage to reproductive structures, and increased leaf yield, but did not reduce pest densities. We determined that systemic insecticide use did not affect carrion entrapment on tobacco plants. Review of the literature revealed that a variety of economically important plants entrap arthropods on their surfaces, indicating this mutualism has potential for development into a conservation biological control tactic.}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Nelson, Peter N. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Sorenson, Clyde E.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{shrader_burrack_pfeiffer_2019, title={Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Oviposition and Adult Emergence in Six Wine Grape Varieties Grown in Virginia}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy305}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a pest of small fruits and grapes in the United States and in its home range of Japan. Physiological and morphological laboratory testing was performed on six commonly grown wine grape varieties in Virginia. Skin thickness, penetration force, and ºBrix were analyzed to determine ovipositional preferences. Experiments were performed for three consecutive years from grapes collected at one Virginia vineyard. More eggs were laid in intact Viognier grapes than any other variety. Oviposition into intact grapes was not affected by skin thickness or ºBrix; however, oviposition increased when penetration force decreased. An ovipositional choice test determined no varietal preferences. Survivorship from egg to adulthood using uninjured and injured grapes was also assessed to determine varietal suitability as D. suzukii hosts, with more flies emerging from injured grapes than uninjured. However, D. suzukii adults did emerge from intact grapes and at higher percentages than previously recorded in other wine grape studies. All varieties had eggs oviposited into them when injured. Determining the time at which each grape variety became susceptible to oviposition was determined using a D. suzukii bioassay spanning 12 wk using grapes from the green pea stage until ripe. Susceptibility to D. suzukii oviposition was based upon ripening period and penetration force. Early ripening varieties may be more susceptible to D. suzukii oviposition in the field with later maturing, harder fleshed-varieties which may escape D. suzukii oviposition.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Shrader, Meredith Edana and Burrack, Hannah J. and Pfeiffer, Douglas G.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={139–148} }
 @article{nelson_burrack_sorenson_2019, title={Imidacloprid is compatible with control provided by the predator Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee (Hemiptera: Berytidae) in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)}, volume={118}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2018.12.002}, abstractNote={Abstract Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee is the most abundant predator in North Carolina flue-cured tobacco production but information on the effect of contemporary pest management practices and interactions with other arthropods is lacking. We measured the effect of systemic imidacloprid on J. wickhami in field experiments during 2015 and 2016 by surveying its abundance, the abundance of its prey; the pests Heliothis virescens (Fabricus), Manduca sexta L., and Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth, 1803); and other predatory arthropods in the agro-ecosystem. Systemic imidacloprid applications did not reduce J. wickhami abundance nor increase the abundance of H. virescens, M. sexta, and M. quinquemaculata, indicating natural control was not affected. J. wickhami abundance was positively correlated with the abundance of prey and predators from another feeding guild, suggesting species interactions have significant implications for the predators.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Nelson, Peter N. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Sorenson, Clyde E.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={15–20} }
 @article{stockton_wallingford_rendon_fanning_green_diepenbrock_ballman_walton_isaacs_leach_et al._2019, title={Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in Overwintering Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvy192}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is an invasive species affecting berry crops and cherries throughout North America, South America, and Europe. Previous research suggests that in temperate climates, the overwintering success of D. suzukii is likely dependent on access to food, shelter, and adequate cold hardening. We performed a multi-state study under field conditions for two winters to determine whether D. suzukii sex, phenotype (summer-morphotype, winter-morphotype), and life stage (adults, pupae) affected survival over time while recording naturally-occurring spatial and temporal variation in temperature. Access to food was provided and the flies were buried under leaf litter. Baited traps were deployed to determine whether local populations of D. suzukii were active throughout the winter season. The duration of exposure, mean daily temperature, and cumulative time below freezing significantly affected survival. Below freezing, D. suzukii survival was significantly reduced, particularly in northern locations. In contrast, we observed sustained survival up to 10 wk in southern locations among adults and pupae. Biotic factors also significantly affected survival outcomes: female survival was greater than male survival, winter-morphotype survival was greater than summer-morphotype survival, and adult survival was greater than pupal survival. In the north, wild D. suzukii were captured only in early winter, while in the south they were found throughout the winter. These data suggest that although adult D. suzukii may overwinter in sheltered microclimates, this ability may be limited in regions where the ground temperature, or site of overwintering, falls below freezing for extended durations.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Stockton, Dara and Wallingford, Anna and Rendon, Dalila and Fanning, Philip and Green, Clarence K. and Diepenbrock, Lauren and Ballman, Elissa and Walton, Vaughn M. and Isaacs, Rufus and Leach, Heather and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={454–464} }
 @article{cloonan_hernandez-cumplido_de sousa_ramalho_burrack_della rosa_diepenbrock_ballman_drummond_gut_et al._2019, title={Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Host-Related Foraging Odor-Cue Combinations to Attract Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toz224}, abstractNote={Abstract The invasive spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is a major pest of soft-skinned fruits. Since its introduction into North America and Europe, significant progress has been made in understanding the volatile cues used by this fly during food, oviposition site, and mate finding. Despite this progress, commercially available lures are non-selective. Here, we tested two Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus) yeast compounds (isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate) and a leaf compound β-cyclocitral alone and in combination with a blend of four fermentation compounds (‘Fermentation lure’: acetic acid, ethanol, methionol, and acetoin) to improve D. suzukii attraction and selectivity. In laboratory assays, males and females were attracted to all seven individual compounds, although in electrophysiological assays, their antennae exhibited a dose-dependent response to only four of these compounds. In two-choice cage studies, the Fermentation lure was more attractive to D. suzukii than water controls, whereas β-cyclocitral and the mixture of isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate were not attractive in this larger-cage study. Moreover, adding the two-component H. uvarum compound blend to the Fermentation lure reduced D. suzukii attraction to the Fermentation blend. When these experiments were repeated in blueberry, raspberry, blackberry, and cherry orchards across several states in the United States over 2 yr, similar outcomes were observed: β-cyclocitral or the mixture of the H. uvarum blend did not improve the attractiveness of the Fermentation lure or its selectivity. This study demonstrates that cues from different sources may interfere with each other and reduce D. suzukii attraction to otherwise attractive odor combinations.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Cloonan, Kevin R. and Hernandez-Cumplido, Johnattan and De Sousa, Ana Luiza Viana and Ramalho, Dagmara Gomes and Burrack, Hannah J. and Della Rosa, Linda and Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Ballman, Elissa and Drummond, Francis A. and Gut, Larry J. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={2850–2860} }
 @article{aurora toennisson_klein_burrack_2019, title={Measuring the effect of non-crop flowering plants on natural enemies in organic tobacco}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1090-2112"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104023}, abstractNote={Abstract The use of “insectary strips” of sunflowers and buckwheat is widely promoted by organic certifiers to promote control of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and other pests in organic tobacco. However, no published research supports this recommendation in tobacco, and results from other crops are mixed. We performed a series of experiments to test the effects of non-crop plantings of sunflowers and buckwheat on key pest and beneficial insects adjacent to organic tobacco fields in North Carolina. Although some reduction in M. persicae infestations and increases in numbers of beneficial insects were observed on tobacco plants near field-edge insectary treatments, these effects were small and were observed only over a short distance into the crop. Planting additional insectary strips in the field interior did not reduce aphid numbers in comparison to control treatments and led to increases in some pest insects. These conservation biological control techniques are unlikely to be a reliable method of controlling M. persicae and other pest insects in organic tobacco.}, journal={BIOLOGICAL CONTROL}, author={Aurora Toennisson, T. and Klein, Johanna Tartan and Burrack, Hannah}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{diepenbrock_lundgren_sit_burrack_2018, title={Detecting Specific Resource Use by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Using Gut Content Analysis}, volume={111}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85052551988&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/jee/toy077}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive, highly polyphagous pest of soft-skinned fruits throughout much of the world. A better understanding of the ecology of adult flies, including their nutritional resources, is needed to advance ecologically based management approaches. In this study, we evaluate the capability of polymerase chain reaction-based gut content analysis to detect a known food resource from DNA extracted from laboratory-reared flies. Using strawberry as a focal host and available DNA primers, we validated that DNA from this host could be detected for up to 7 d post-consumption. With the development of specific primers for additional hosts, we expect that this technique will enable researchers to better understand how D. suzukii adults use, and move between, nutritional resources.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Lundgren, Jonathan G. and Sit, Tim L. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={1496–1500} }
 @article{van timmeren_diepenbrock_bertone_burrack_isaacs_2017, title={A Filter Method for Improved Monitoring of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Larvae in Fruit}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2155-7470"]}, DOI={10.1093/jipm/pmx019}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) has become a major economic pest of soft-skinned fruits since it was detected in North America in 2008. Control of this fly is achieved through insecticide sprays applied when ripening or ripe fruit are present. Monitoring to aid informed management decisions is challenging since trapping for adults is not a reliable indicator of potential or existing infestation in the fruit. Moreover, current larval monitoring techniques using brown sugar or salt solutions allow for visual detection of late-instar larvae, but they are time consuming and tend to miss smaller larvae. Here, we describe a method combining a salt solution, coffee filter, and microscope that can reliably and efficiently detect small and large larvae of D. suzukii in fruit samples. By sifting the sample liquid through an inexpensive coffee filter, larvae of all instars can be counted quickly and accurately. This method is 1.7 times faster than using a visual tray-based method and can detect more larvae because first instar larvae can be detected. Growers can use this information to target insecticide sprays for curative control of small larvae, identify fields where the presence of larger larvae may indicate an unmarketable crop, or verify that no infestation exists and control programs are working. We provide images to support larval identification of this pest, and we expect this method will become an important component of rebuilding IPM programs in fruit crops affected by D. suzukii.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Van Timmeren, Steven and Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Bertone, Matthew A. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Isaacs, Rufus}, year={2017}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reisig_suits_burrack_bacheler_dunphy_2017, title={Does florivory by Helicoverpa zea cause yield loss in soybeans?}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow312}, abstractNote={Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), corn earworm, is a damaging insect pest of many crops, including soybeans. An economic threshold for soybeans during the pod-filling stages exists to prevent economic damage to seeds. However, the impact of florivory (flower feeding) by H. zea larvae on seed yield is poorly understood and there is no economic threshold for flowering-stage soybeans. Four small plot experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2011 and 2012 to assess the impact of H. zea feeding during the flowering stages of determinate soybeans on various yield components. Helicoverpa zea densities were manipulated with insecticides and various planting dates of soybeans and monitored weekly. Helicoverpa zea naturally infested the plots after flowering began and were allowed to feed until R3; they were eliminated from all plots from R3 to maturity. In some sites, H. zea densities exceeded the podding economic threshold during the flowering stages, but yield did not differ among treatments. During 2012, florivory from H. zea was measured directly by counting injured flowers. There was a negative yield relationship between both injured flower number and cumulative flower number. Moreover, H. zea densities were related to both a decrease in cumulative flowers and an increase in injured flowers, even though a direct linkage between H. zea density and yield loss was not observed. Without knowing the preferred tissue types and performance of early-instar larvae on soybeans, it is possible that H. zea density may not be the best measurement for developing an economic threshold in flowering soybeans.}, number={2}, journal={J. Econ. Entomol}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Reisig, D. and Suits, R. and Burrack, H. and Bacheler, J. and Dunphy, J.E.}, year={2017}, pages={464–470} }
 @article{mcphie_burrack_2017, title={Effect of Simulated Anthonomus signatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury on Strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa) Grown in Southeastern Plasticulture Production}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow266}, abstractNote={Female strawberry bud weevils (Anthonomus signatus Say) oviposit in developing flower buds of strawberries (Fragaria spp.), caneberries (Rubus spp.), and red bud (Cercis canadensis). After laying a single egg, weevils will girdle or "clip" the buds at the pedicel, killing the bud and preventing fruit development. This injury is of concern to commercial strawberry growers, who typically assume the loss of one clipped bud is the loss of one average sized fruit, causing the economic threshold to be set extremely low. There is evidence of compensation in some cultivars of strawberries, but research has previously only been conducted in perennial strawberry production. The majority of strawberries in the southeastern United States are grown in annual plasticulture systems. We assessed the ability of five strawberry cultivars commonly grown in annual plasticulture to compensate for A. signatus injury by removing buds at different growth stages. There was no effect of bud removal on total yield in any of the cultivars tested. Harvest timing was affected by simulated A. signatus damage in some cultivars, which may be an important consideration for direct market strawberry growers.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={McPhie, Douglas and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={208–212} }
 @article{aly_kraus_burrack_2017, title={Effects of Postharvest Cold Storage on the Development and Survival of Immature Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Artificial Diet and Fruit}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow289}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) attacks a wide range of host plants, including crops such as blueberries, cherries, caneberries, and strawberries. We evaluated the influence of three temperatures (1.1, 3.9, and 5.0 °C) and four exposure durations (6, 12, 24, and 72 h) that were selected to represent typical grower practices on survival and development time of immature D. suzukii in artificial diet and one temperature and duration (1.67 °C for 72 h) in fruit (blueberries and raspberries). Cold storage at 1.1 °C for 24 h decreased larval survival, but shorter durations generally did not affect larval survival. No eggs or young larvae survived when held for 72 h at 1.1 °C, and fewer older larvae survived after 72 h at 1.1, 3.9, and 5.0 °C than at 20 °C (control). Development time in diet was longer for all life stages following at least 12 h at any of the storage temperatures. In blueberries, no eggs survived to pupation when stored at 1.67 °C for 72 h, and survival of third instars was reduced by 41%. In raspberries, egg, second instar, and third instar survival was significantly reduced following storage at 1.67 °C for 72 h. Drosophila suzukii larval development time was shorter in raspberry than in blueberry, but it was significantly longer in both fruits when stored at 1.67 °C for 72 h. Our results indicate that cold storage can reduce survival and increase development time of immature D. suzukii, and it could be a useful part of an integrated program to manage D. suzukii infestation.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Aly, Marwa F. K. and Kraus, Dylan A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={87–93} }
 @article{suits_reisig_burrack_2017, title={Feeding preference and performance of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on different soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) tissue types}, volume={100}, DOI={10.1653/024.100.0123}, abstractNote={Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding preference and performance on soybean tissue types is poorly understood. We assessed preference by looking at feeding behavior and resulting performance of 2nd and 4th instar H. zea larvae on leaves, flowers, and pods in no-choice and choice assays. Consumption indices were calculated and observed feeding behaviors were used to indicate preference; survival, growth rate, and larval body mass were recorded as measures of performance. Second instars performed better when fed leaf tissue than when fed other tissue types. In no-choice assays, 32% of 2nd instars that fed exclusively on newly emerging trifoliates reached the pupal stage, and 50% of those that fed exclusively on fully emerged leaf trifoliates survived to pupation. Early instar survival was poor (ranging from 0 to 3%) on all other tissue types, including flowers, stems, and pods. However, when given a choice of tissue types throughout their larval lifetime, 2nd instars preferred to feed on newly emerging trifoliates and early developing pods, consuming on average 51 and 38%, respectively, of each tissue type. In no-choice assays, 4th instars performed best on pods with fully developed seeds; however, when presented with a choice throughout their lifetime, late instars did not feed at a higher rate on any single tissue type. If H. zea exhibits similar behavior under field conditions, information on preference can be used to inform management practices and may aid in the development of conventionally bred and transgenic varieties.}, number={1}, journal={Fla. Entomol}, publisher={Florida Entomological Society}, author={Suits, R. and Reisig, D.D. and Burrack, H.}, year={2017}, pages={162–167} }
 @article{thekke-veetil_khadgi_johnson_burrack_sabanadzovic_tzanetakis_2017, title={First Report of Raspberry leaf mottle virus in Blackberry in the United States.}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, DOI={10.1094/pdis-07-16-1014-pdn}, number={1}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Thekke-Veetil, T. and Khadgi, A. and Johnson, D. and Burrack, H. and Sabanadzovic, S. and Tzanetakis, I. E.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={265–265} }
 @article{howell_reisig_burrack_heiniger_2017, title={Impact of imidacloprid treated seed and foliar insecticide on Hessian fly abundances in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.007}, abstractNote={Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is a major crop of economic importance throughout the United States. The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a common economically important pest, feeding on wheat in the larval stage through the southeastern US. It is a multi-voltine species, with generation number dependent on temperature. Growers rely on various management approaches such as resistant wheat varieties, crop rotation, timely plantings, and insecticide treatments to control this destructive pest. The objectives for this research were to show the efficacy of a common insecticide seed treatment (imidacloprid) and a common foliar insecticide spray (lambda-cyhalothrin) on Hessian fly abundance in wheat. Four experiments were conducted over two years in North Carolina, in order to manipulate Hessian fly abundance. Small plot studies were designed with whole plot treatments including non-treated and imidacloprid treated wheat seed, and subplots split with a semi-monthly foliar lambda-cyhalothrin application or no foliar insecticide. The number of Hessian fly eggs present on leaves, number of larvae, number of pupae, and tiller density were counted for the fall generation(s) and all plots were sprayed with foliar insecticide during the spring. Wheat seed treated with imidacloprid had fewer eggs, larvae, and pupae compared to other non-treated seed. With one exception during 2014, foliar spray applications did not reduce egg, larvae, and pupae abundance. Warmer temperatures during 2015 experiments provided conditions that extended Hessian fly presence, allowing multiple fall generations to infest wheat. Unlike 2014 experiments, foliar sprays in 2015 experiments provided some protection from Hessian fly.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Howell, F. C. and Reisig, D. D. and Burrack, H. J. and Heiniger, R.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={46–55} }
 @article{vann_bennett_fisher_reberg-horton_burrack_2017, title={Poultry Feather Meal Application in Organic Flue-Cured Tobacco Production}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, url={https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/articles/109/6/2800?highlight=&search-result=1}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.05.0287}, abstractNote={Core Ideas Poultry feather meal is acceptable in organic flue-cured tobacco production. Application rates of organic N should reflect those in conventional production. Soil moisture is critical for N mineralization and assimilation. Information on N management in organic flue-cured tobacco production is limited. Research was conducted from 2012–2013 to determine the effects of two certified organic N sources applied at three rates on the yield, quality, and chemical constituents of flue-cured tobacco. These organic N sources included Nature Safe 13–0–0 (NS) and Nutrimax 12–1–0 (NM), both of which consisted of hydrolyzed poultry feather meal. Application rates for both fertilizer sources were 17 kg N ha−1 above recommendation (B+), at recommendation (B), and 17 kg N ha−1 below recommendation (B–). A conventional control containing urea-ammonium-nitrate (UAN) was applied at the B application rate. Tobacco yield and quality were similar among conventional and organic N programs. Leaf N concentration, SPAD measurements at flowering, and total alkaloid concentration of cured leaves responded positively to increased N application rates, regardless of organic fertilizer source. The largest increases in nitrogenous-based leaf constituents were observed in this study where B+ treatments were applied; however, those increases did not translate into increased leaf yield or quality and could delay the initiation of leaf senescence in growing seasons with low soil moisture. Results from this study demonstrate the acceptability of poultry feather meal sources for organic tobacco production, and confirm that application rates of organic N sources should follow conventional recommendations.}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, publisher={American Society of Agronomy}, author={Vann, Matthew and Bennett, Nathan and Fisher, Loren and Reberg-Horton, S. C. and Burrack, Hannah}, year={2017}, pages={2800–2807} }
 @article{swoboda-bhattarai_mcphie_burrack_2017, title={Reproductive Status of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Females Influences Attraction to Fermentation-Based Baits and Ripe Fruits}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tox150}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species that is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruit crops. Although much effort has been directed toward developing traps and attractants to monitor for D. suzukii, current monitoring tools do not reliably predict fruit infestation. The objective of this study was to determine if D. suzukii females at different developmental stages are differentially attracted to monitoring traps with fermentation-based baits and ripe fruits. Females were collected on the surface of traps, within traps, and on ripe fruits during three experiments at field locations in North Carolina, USA, and were dissected to determine their reproductive status. In general, females collected on ripe fruits were more likely to have mature eggs present in their ovaries and had higher numbers of mature eggs than females collected on the surface of or within monitoring traps. The results of this study have implications for D. suzukii monitoring and the development of effective baits for use in integrated pest management programs.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. and McPhie, Douglas R. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={1648–1652} }
 @article{diepenbrock_hardin_burrack_2017, title={Season-long programs for control of Drosophila suzukii in southeastern US blackberries}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.022}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii is an invasive insect pest which impacts small fruit production throughout much of the world. Current management programs use regular applications of broad-spectrum insecticides which must be rotated for resistance management. This study examined the efficacy of rotational treatment programs designed to meet the needs of commercial growers in the southeastern United States, a region which experiences frequent rainfall during the growing season. In bioassays, all insecticides in our programs killed at least 50% of all female flies. Despite this good efficacy and weekly applications, infestation still occurred within fields. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of a comprehensive management strategy for blackberries, requiring additional efforts to current chemical-intensive management regimes, including cultural management practices such as pruning, harvest frequency, and post-harvest cooling.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Hardin, Jesse A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={149–156} }
 @article{merchan_burrack_2017, title={Using bioassays with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to determine residual activity of two systemically soil-applied neonicotinoid insecticides in field-grown tobacco}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1366-5863"]}, DOI={10.1080/09670874.2016.1261202}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTDuration of systemic pesticide activity under field conditions has wide implications for pest management. Our aim was to determine the duration of activity of systemic insecticides commonly used in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by measuring the levels of insect infestations on field plots and effects on reproduction and survival of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) in controlled bioassays using field grown leaves. Plants were treated with different concentrations of two systemic neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and grown in small field plots. Our results show that these materials are effective under field conditions against aphids for at least 13 weeks after transplant. Pesticides also affected aphid reproduction and nymph survival in bioassays, although some aphids survived on pesticide-treated leaves. We also observed that leaf age affected aphid survival. We showed that neonicotinoids were very effective against M. persicae, aphids are a useful organism to ...}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Merchan, H. Alejandro and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2017}, pages={322–330} }
 @article{diepenbrock_burrack_2017, title={Variation of within-crop microhabitat use by Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in blackberry}, volume={141}, ISSN={["1439-0418"]}, DOI={10.1111/jen.12335}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii Matsumara (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive vinegar fly that infests ripe and ripening soft skinned fruits. In the south-eastern United States, blackberry (Rubus spp.) crops are heavily impacted by D. suzukii, and current management tactics rely on the use of broad-spectrum insecticides targeted to adult populations. An improved understanding of D. suzukii biology and ecology are necessary to create sustainable management options. Knowledge of how D. suzukii interacts with resources will enable targeted management actions in the future. In this present study, we monitored larval infestation throughout the blackberry canopy and found that infestation was highest in the inner portion of the canopy and lower in more exposed locations. We also documented higher humidity within the cane canopy relative to the edge of the field. A difference in abiotic conditions may create within-crop microhabitats that D. suzukii is able to exploit. Future research will explore how to take advantage of these microhabitats in pest management programs.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Diepenbrock, L. M. and Burrack, H. J.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{lee_dalton_swoboda-bhattarai_bruck_burrack_strik_woltz_walton_2016, title={Characterization and manipulation of fruit susceptibility to Drosophila suzukii}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1612-4766"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10340-015-0692-9}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an economic pest of small fruits and cherries that attacks intact ripening fruits. Host susceptibility may be influenced by characteristics such as flesh firmness, penetration force of the skin, total soluble solids (TSS, also known as °Brix), and pH. Improved knowledge of factors affecting fruit susceptibility is needed for developing thresholds and risk prediction models for IPM. A combination of laboratory and field studies was conducted to develop prediction and potential management tools. First, a direct bioassay was used to calculate the probability of oviposition in a given fruit based on various characteristics as determined across laboratory and field trials in Oregon and North Carolina, US. When multiple characteristics were evaluated simultaneously, oviposition probability consistently increased as penetration force decreased and pH increased. Oviposition probability sometimes increased as TSS increased. Second, raspberries and blueberries in unsprayed fields had substantially lower infestation in ripening fruit compared to ripe fruit. There was no or minimal infestation in green fruit. Third, given that skin penetration force influences oviposition, practices used to improve fruit quality were examined in laboratory no-choice cages for potential reduction of oviposition. Blueberry fruit sprayed with calcium silicate in the field had greater penetration force and firmness and reduced number of eggs laid by D. suzukii compared to untreated fruit. Other calcium-based treatments increased Ca content and firmness of fruit relative to untreated fruit. Timing of insecticide spray for D. suzukii might be delayed until fruit become susceptible.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE}, author={Lee, Jana C. and Dalton, Daniel T. and Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. and Bruck, Denny J. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Strik, Bernadine C. and Woltz, J. Megan and Walton, Vaughn M.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={771–780} }
 @article{lee_dalton_swoboda-bhattarai_bruck_burrack_strik_woltz_walton_2016, title={Characterization and manipulation of fruit susceptibility to Drosophila suzukii (vol 89, pg 771, 2016)}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1612-4766"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10340-015-0718-3}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE}, author={Lee, Jana C. and Dalton, Daniel T. and Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. and Bruck, Denny J. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Strik, Bernadine C. and Woltz, J. Megan and Walton, Vaughn M.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={781–782} }
 @article{swoboda-bhattarai_burrack_2016, title={Drosophila suzukii infestation in ripe and ripening caneberries}, volume={1133}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2016.1133.65}, journal={XI INTERNATIONAL RUBUS AND RIBES SYMPOSIUM}, author={Swoboda-Bhattarai, K. A. and Burrack, H. J.}, year={2016}, pages={419–430} }
 @article{mcphie_burrack_2016, title={Effects of microbial, organically acceptable, and reduced risk insecticides on Anthonomus signatus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa)}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2016.07.034}, abstractNote={Anthonomus signatus, the strawberry bud weevil, is active in early spring coinciding with the bloom period of host plants and when managed and unmanaged pollinators are active. Female A. signatus cause injury to the host plant during egg laying when they deposit a single egg inside an unopened flower bud and then girdle or “clip” the bud at the pedicel. Past efforts to control A. signatus populations have relied on the use of broad spectrum insecticides. Fields are either treated at the first signs of damage, or precautionary treatments may be applied prophylactically in fields with a history of damage. Because A. signatus damage occurs during bloom, there is concern about the potential harm to pollinators caused by these treatments. In order to identify materials more compatible for use during bloom, the efficacy of reduced risk pesticides against A. signatus was tested in semi-field bioassays over two years. Beauveria bassiana, cyantraniliprole, novaluron, and pyrethrins were assessed in the first year, and none caused significant A. signatus mortality. Acetamiprid, flonicamid, and spinosad were compared in the second year, acetamiprid and spinosad had higher A. signatus mortality than an untreated control, and exposure to spinosad resulted in similar mortality to bifenthrin, an industry standard material.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={McPhie, Douglas and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={255–258} }
 @article{slone_burrack_2016, title={Integrated Pest Management Practices Reduce Insecticide Applications, Preserve Beneficial Insects, and Decrease Pesticide Residues in Flue-Cured Tobacco Production}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1093/jee/tow191}, abstractNote={Integrated pest management (IPM) recommendations, including scouting and economic thresholds (ETs), are available for North Carolina flue-cured tobacco growers, although ETs for key pests have not been updated in several decades. Moreover, reported IPM adoption rates by flue-cured tobacco growers remain low, at < 40%, according to NC cooperative extension surveys conducted during the last four years. Previous research has suggested that timing insecticide treatments using currently available ETs can reduce the average number of applications to two or fewer per season. We conducted field-scale trials at nine commercial tobacco farms, three in 2104 and six in 2015, to quantify inputs associated with current scouting recommendations, to determine if current ETs were able to reduce insecticide applications as compared to grower standard practices, and to assess the impacts of reduced insecticide applications on end of season yield and pesticide residues. Two fields were identified at each farm and were scouted weekly for insects. One field was only treated with insecticides if pests reached ET (IPM), while the other field was managed per grower discretion (Grower Standard). IPM fields received an average of two fewer insecticide applications without compromising yield. More insecticide applications resulted in higher pesticide residues in cured leaf samples from Grower Standard fields than those from IPM fields. Reductions in insecticides and management intensity also resulted in larger beneficial insect populations in IPM fields.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Slone, Jeremy D. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={2397–2404} }
 @article{diepenbrock_swoboda-bhattarai_burrack_2016, title={Ovipositional preference, fidelity, and fitness of Drosophila suzukii in a co-occurring crop and non-crop host system}, volume={89}, ISSN={1612-4758 1612-4766}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10340-016-0764-5}, DOI={10.1007/S10340-016-0764-5}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a devastating pest of soft-skinned fruits including blackberries and raspberries. Management of this pest is focused on preventing infestation in crops, but non-crop hosts may play an important role in enabling D. suzukiito persist in the absence of cultivated hosts. Drosophila suzukii may also infest fruits of both crop and non-crop hosts concurrently. Our goals were to determine whether (1) D. suzukiiprefers to oviposit in cultivated blackberry, Rubus L. subgenus rubus Watson, or American pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, a non-crop host commonly found along field edges, (2) D. suzukii prefers to oviposit into the same host from which it emerged, and (3) performance differs between D. suzukii progeny that develop in blackberries or pokeweed berries. Although the pest was able to infest both hosts at the same rate, we found that D. suzukii females emerging from pokeweed preferred to oviposit into blackberries, while females emerging from blackberry had no preference. Progeny that developed in blackberries were more fit than progeny that developed in pokeweed berries based on several measures. In field locations, cultivated blackberries and pokeweed berries only overlapped in availability for a short period of time, and infestation rates were variable between blackberries and pokeweed berries collected during that period. Nonetheless, these results suggest that non-crop hosts may facilitate the invasion of D. suzukii and perpetuate infestation of cultivated hosts under certain circumstances.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Pest Science}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={761–769} }
 @article{walton_burrack_dalton_isaacs_wiman_ioriatti_2016, title={Past, present and future of Drosophila suzukii: distribution, impact and management in United States berry fruits}, volume={1117}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2016.1117.16}, journal={XXIX INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS ON HORTICULTURE: SUSTAINING LIVES, LIVELIHOODS AND LANDSCAPES (IHC2014): II INTERNATIONAL BERRY FRUIT SYMPOSIUM: INTERACTIONS! LOCAL AND GLOBAL BERRY RESEARCH AND INNOVATION}, author={Walton, V. M. and Burrack, H. J. and Dalton, D. T. and Isaacs, R. and Wiman, N. and Ioriatti, C.}, year={2016}, pages={87–93} }
 @article{diepenbrock_rosensteel_hardin_sial_burrack_2016, title={Season-long programs for control of Drosophila suzukii in southeastern US blueberries}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2015.12.012}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii is an invasive insect pest which has major impacts on small fruit production throughout North America. Current control programs use frequent applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. To prevent resistance, modes of action must be rotated. This study examines the acute and residual efficacy of rotational treatment programs designed to meet the needs of commercial growers in the southeastern United States, a region which experiences significant precipitation throughout the growing season. All insecticide applications had greater adult acute mortality than controls, and some had residual efficacy for three or more days after treatment. Programs had no residual effects at seven days after treatment. Within programs, organophosphates (phosmet and malathion) and pyrethroids (zeta-cypermethrin and fenpropathrin) were the most effective. Some programs also resulted in less offspring production by D. suzukii in bioassays and reduced field infestation compared to controls. Results show that effective, season-long rotational chemical treatment programs can be designed to minimize crop damage, meet exportation requirements and manage for resistance. Understanding the effect of regional climate on the performance of individual insecticide treatments and their efficacy will be critical for widespread implementation of effective control programs for D. suzukii.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Rosensteel, Danielle Olivieri and Hardin, Jesse A. and Sial, Ashfaq A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2016}, month={Mar}, pages={76–84} }
 @article{diepenbrock_rosensteel_hardin_sial_burrack_2016, title={Season-long programs for control of Drosophila suzukii in southeastern blueberries (vol 81, pg 76, 2016)}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2016.02.010}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Diepenbrock, Lauren M. and Rosensteel, Danielle Olivieri and Hardin, Jesse A. and Sial, Ashfaq A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={171–171} }
 @article{hardin_kraus_burrack_2015, title={Diet quality mitigates intraspecific larval competition in Drosophila suzukii}, volume={156}, ISSN={["1570-7458"]}, DOI={10.1111/eea.12311}, abstractNote={The invasive frugivore Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) utilizes a wide range of host plants and damages important fruit crops, including blueberries, cherries, blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries. Field infestations of D. suzukii often exceed one larva per berry, suggesting that intraspecific competition may frequently occur. Because dietary resources are also likely to vary across the host range of D. suzukii, we designed a laboratory assay to measure larval performance across diets of varying quality: a standard artificial diet, a fruit-based medium, a low-protein, and a low-carbohydrate diet. We manipulated egg density across these diets to provide increasing levels of competition and measured larval performance by observing survival to pupation and adulthood, and development times for both life stages. Although increasing density generally negatively impacted D. suzukii performance across diets, the magnitude of these impacts varied by diet type. Drosophila suzukii performance was generally similar in fruit and standard diets, although larval development was more rapid in fruit diets at lower densities. Even at low densities (5 or 10 eggs per arena), survival was reduced and development time increased in low-protein diets relative to standard and fruit diets. At the two highest larval densities (20 or 40 eggs per arena), survivorship was reduced in low-carbohydrate diets as compared to standard and fruit diets. There is evidence that larvae compensated in both low-quality diets by extending development time, which could have consequences for population dynamics. Population models for use in D. suzukii management may need to account for both host nutritional quality and relative competition to accurately predict turnover and geographic expansion.}, number={1}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Hardin, Jesse A. and Kraus, Dylan A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={59–65} }
 @article{burrack_asplen_bahder_collins_drummond_guedot_isaacs_johnson_blanton_lee_et al._2015, title={Multistate Comparison of Attractants for Monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Blueberries and Caneberries}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1093/ee/nvv022}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii Matsumara, also referred to as the spotted wing drosophila, has recently expanded its global range with significant consequences for its primary host crops: blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, and strawberries. D. suzukii populations can increase quickly, and their infestation is difficult to predict and prevent. The development of effective tools to detect D. suzukii presence in new areas, to time the beginning of activity within a crop, to track seasonal activity patterns, and to gauge the effectiveness of management efforts has been a key research goal. We compared the efficiency, selectivity, and relationship to fruit infestation of a range of commonly used homemade baits and a synthetic formulated lure across a wide range of environments in 10 locations throughout the United States. Several homemade baits were more efficient than apple cider vinegar, a commonly used standard, and a commercially formulated lure was, in some configurations and environments, comparable with the most effective homemade attractant as well as potentially more selective. All alternative attractants also captured flies between 1 and 2 wk earlier than apple cider vinegar, and detected the presence of D. suzukii prior to the development of fruit infestation. Over half the Drosophila spp. flies captured in traps baited with any of the attractants were not D. suzukii , which may complicate their adoption by nonexpert users. The alternative D. suzukii attractants tested are improvement on apple cider vinegar and may be useful in the development of future synthetic lures.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Burrack, Hannah J. and Asplen, Mark and Bahder, Luz and Collins, Judith and Drummond, Francis A. and Guedot, Christelle and Isaacs, Rufus and Johnson, Donn and Blanton, Anna and Lee, Jana C. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={704–712} }
 @article{taylor_burrack_roe_bacheler_sorenson_2015, title={Systemic Imidacloprid Affects Intraguild Parasitoids Differently}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0144598}, abstractNote={Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) are solitary endoparasitoids of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). They provide biological control of H. virescens populations in Southeastern US agricultural production systems. Field and greenhouse experiments conducted from 2011-2014 compared parasitism rates of parasitoids that developed inside H. virescens larvae fed on tobacco plants treated with and without imidacloprid. The parasitoids in our study did not have a similar response. Toxoneuron nigriceps had reduced parasitism rates, but parasitism rates of C. sonorensis were unaffected. Preliminary data indicate that adult female lifespans of T. nigriceps are also reduced. ELISA was used to measure concentrations of neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in H. virescens larvae that fed on imidacloprid-treated plants and in the parasitoids that fed on these larvae. Concentrations were detectable in the whole bodies of parasitized H. virescens larvae, T. nigriceps larvae and T. nigriceps adults, but not in C. sonorensis larvae and adults. These findings suggest that there are effects of imidacloprid on multiple trophic levels, and that insecticide use may differentially affect natural enemies with similar feeding niches.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Taylor, Sally V. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Roe, R. Michael and Bacheler, Jack S. and Sorenson, Clyde E.}, year={2015}, month={Dec} }
 @article{rogers_tarpy_burrack_2014, title={Bee Species Diversity Enhances Productivity and Stability in a Perennial Crop}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0097307}, abstractNote={Wild bees provide important pollination services to agroecoystems, but the mechanisms which underlie their contribution to ecosystem functioning—and, therefore, their importance in maintaining and enhancing these services—remain unclear. We evaluated several mechanisms through which wild bees contribute to crop productivity, the stability of pollinator visitation, and the efficiency of individual pollinators in a highly bee-pollination dependent plant, highbush blueberry. We surveyed the bee community (through transect sampling and pan trapping) and measured pollination of both open- and singly-visited flowers. We found that the abundance of managed honey bees, Apis mellifera, and wild-bee richness were equally important in describing resulting open pollination. Wild-bee richness was a better predictor of pollination than wild-bee abundance. We also found evidence suggesting pollinator visitation (and subsequent pollination) are stabilized through the differential response of bee taxa to weather (i.e., response diversity). Variation in the individual visit efficiency of A. mellifera and the southeastern blueberry bee, Habropoda laboriosa, a wild specialist, was not associated with changes in the pollinator community. Our findings add to a growing literature that diverse pollinator communities provide more stable and productive ecosystem services.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Rogers, Shelley R. and Tarpy, David R. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{adrion_kousathanas_pascual_burrack_haddad_bergland_machado_sackton_schlenke_watada_et al._2014, title={Drosophila suzukii: The Genetic Footprint of a Recent, Worldwide Invasion}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1537-1719"]}, DOI={10.1093/molbev/msu246}, abstractNote={Native to Asia, the soft-skinned fruit pest Drosophila suzukii has recently invaded the United States and Europe. The eastern United States represents the most recent expansion of their range, and presents an opportunity to test alternative models of colonization history. Here, we investigate the genetic population structure of this invasive fruit fly, with a focus on the eastern United States. We sequenced six X-linked gene fragments from 246 individuals collected from a total of 12 populations. We examine patterns of genetic diversity within and between populations and explore alternative colonization scenarios using approximate Bayesian computation. Our results indicate high levels of nucleotide diversity in this species and suggest that the recent invasions of Europe and the continental United States are independent demographic events. More broadly speaking, our results highlight the importance of integrating population structure into demographic models, particularly when attempting to reconstruct invasion histories. Finally, our simulation results illustrate the general challenge in reconstructing invasion histories using genetic data and suggest that genome-level data are often required to distinguish among alternative demographic scenarios.}, number={12}, journal={MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Adrion, Jeffrey R. and Kousathanas, Athanasios and Pascual, Marta and Burrack, Hannah J. and Haddad, Nick M. and Bergland, Alan O. and Machado, Heather and Sackton, Timothy B. and Schlenke, Todd A. and Watada, Masayoshi and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={3148–3163} }
 @article{swoboda-bhattarai_burrack_2014, title={Influence of edible fruit coatings on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) oviposition and development}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1366-5863"]}, DOI={10.1080/09670874.2014.971453}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manage D. suzukii infestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition by D. suzukii females or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immature D. suzukii in raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy for D. suzukii.}, number={4}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Swoboda-Bhattarai, Katharine A. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={279–286} }
 @article{wiman_walton_dalton_anfora_burrack_chiu_daane_grassi_miller_tochen_et al._2014, title={Integrating Temperature-Dependent Life Table Data into a Matrix Projection Model for Drosophila suzukii Population Estimation}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0106909}, abstractNote={Temperature-dependent fecundity and survival data was integrated into a matrix population model to describe relative Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) population increase and age structure based on environmental conditions. This novel modification of the classic Leslie matrix population model is presented as a way to examine how insect populations interact with the environment, and has application as a predictor of population density. For D. suzukii, we examined model implications for pest pressure on crops. As case studies, we examined model predictions in three small fruit production regions in the United States (US) and one in Italy. These production regions have distinctly different climates. In general, patterns of adult D. suzukii trap activity broadly mimicked seasonal population levels predicted by the model using only temperature data. Age structure of estimated populations suggest that trap and fruit infestation data are of limited value and are insufficient for model validation. Thus, we suggest alternative experiments for validation. The model is advantageous in that it provides stage-specific population estimation, which can potentially guide management strategies and provide unique opportunities to simulate stage-specific management effects such as insecticide applications or the effect of biological control on a specific life-stage. The two factors that drive initiation of the model are suitable temperatures (biofix) and availability of a suitable host medium (fruit). Although there are many factors affecting population dynamics of D. suzukii in the field, temperature-dependent survival and reproduction are believed to be the main drivers for D. suzukii populations.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Wiman, Nik G. and Walton, Vaughn M. and Dalton, Daniel T. and Anfora, Gianfranco and Burrack, Hannah J. and Chiu, Joanna C. and Daane, Kent M. and Grassi, Alberto and Miller, Betsey and Tochen, Samantha and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Sep} }
 @article{burrack_chapman_2013, title={Evaluation of biweekly pesticide applications of new insecticides for tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens (Fabricius)) management in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed production}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2012.12.004}, abstractNote={Field studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 in North Carolina tobacco grown to produce seed to assess the longevity and efficacy of the insecticide active ingredients chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide on Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), the most significant pest of tobacco grown for seed. Results suggest that incorporating these materials into an integrated pest management program for lepidopterous pests in seed tobacco could potentially decrease the number of insecticide applications with limited impact on natural enemies. Soil applications of chlorantraniliprole may potentially delay H. virescens infestations, further decreasing foliar insecticide applications, but activity of soil applications was not consistent between sites and years.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Burrack, Hannah J. and Chapman, Anna V.}, year={2013}, month={Mar}, pages={117–123} }
 @article{rogers_cajamarca_tarpy_burrack_2013, title={Honey bees and bumble bees respond differently to inter- and intra-specific encounters}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1297-9678"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13592-013-0210-0}, abstractNote={Multiple bee species may forage simultaneously at a common resource. Physical encounters among these bees may modify their subsequent foraging behavior and shape pollinator distribution and resource utilization in a plant community. We observed physical encounters between honey bees, Apis mellifera, and bumble bees, Bombus impatiens, visiting artificial plants in a controlled foraging arena. Both species were more likely to leave the plant following an encounter with another bee, but differed in their responses to intra- and inter-specific encounters. A. mellifera responded similarly to an encounter with either species. However, most B. impatiens that encountered A. mellifera discontinued foraging at the observed plant, but exhibited only a slight decrease in foraging following an intraspecific encounter. Interactions between bees that elicit changes in foraging behavior may have important implications for the pollination of wild and managed plants.}, number={6}, journal={APIDOLOGIE}, author={Rogers, Shelley R. and Cajamarca, Peter and Tarpy, David R. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={621–629} }
 @article{rogers_tarpy_burrack_2013, title={Multiple Criteria for Evaluating Pollinator Performance in Highbush Blueberry (Ericales: Ericaceae) Agroecosystems}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/en12303}, abstractNote={Numerous bee species provide pollination services in agricultural ecosystems. Evaluating a pollinator's performance with regard to a crop is an important step in attributing pollination services and predicting how changes in a bee community or foraging environment will affect those services. We used multiple criteria to evaluate pollinators of North Carolina highbush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., agroecosystems. For five groups of bees (Apis mellifera L., Bombus spp., Habropoda laboriosa F., small native bees, and Xylocopa virginica L.), we measured forager abundance through transect observations, quantified per-visit efficiency as viable seed set resulting from a single visit, and analyzed bee presence in different weather conditions. We also considered two other criteria affecting pollinator performance-visitation rate and interspecific influence. A. mellifera was the most abundant bee in the majority of our survey sites, yet had low per-visit efficiency and reduced foraging activity in inclement weather. Small native bees were highly efficient pollinators. Their visits resulted in nearly twice as many seeds as A. mellifera or H. laboriosa. Bombus spp., H. laboriosa, and small native bees were more resilient to fluctuations in temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation than A. mellifera. Although nectar-robbing X. virginica contributed to little pollination through direct flower visits, their presence within the crop impacts the behavior and performance of other individuals. Underscoring the importance of evaluating pollinator performance via multiple criteria, our results show that bee groups contribute to pollination in different ways. These differences may provide functional complementarity and stability of pollination services to agricultural systems.}, number={6}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Rogers, Shelley R. and Tarpy, David. R. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={1201–1209} }
 @article{lee_shearer_barrantes_beers_burrack_dalton_dreves_gut_hamby_haviland_et al._2013, title={Trap designs for monitoring Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)}, volume={42}, number={6}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Lee, J. C. and Shearer, P. W. and Barrantes, L. D. and Beers, E. H. and Burrack, H. J. and Dalton, D. T. and Dreves, A. J. and Gut, L. J. and Hamby, K. A. and Haviland, D. R. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={1348–1355} }
 @article{burrack_fernandez_spivey_kraus_2013, title={Variation in selection and utilization of host crops in the field and laboratory by Drosophila suzukii Matsumara (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an invasive frugivore}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1526-4998"]}, DOI={10.1002/ps.3489}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND Drosophila suzukii, a pest of soft-skinned berries and stone fruits, has recently rapidly expanded its global range. The impacts of D. suzukii infestation and subsequent fruit damage in North America and Europe have been profound. The aim of the present work was to assess host selection of D. suzukii in the field and laboratory, with an emphasis on hosts commonly grown in the southeastern United States, where D. suzukii has been established since 2010. RESULTS Raspberries were infested at a greater rate than blackberries in the field, and varieties within both species were infested at different rates. Primocane-fruiting blackberries were often the least heavily infested. Further, blackberries and raspberries grown under high tunnels were infested at lower rates than those grown outside. Fruit and artificial substrates with a lower surface penetration force were more heavily infested than firmer substrates in the laboratory; no eggs were laid in artificial substrates exceeding 52.00 cN surface penetration force. CONCLUSION Infestation rates differ between species and varieties within species of Rubus in the southeastern United States. Fruit penetration force is one potential measure of host susceptibility, but host attractiveness will likely depend upon additional factors, such as soluble sugar content. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry}, number={10}, journal={PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE}, author={Burrack, Hannah J. and Fernandez, Gina E. and Spivey, Taylor and Kraus, Dylan A.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={1173–1180} }
 @article{lee_burrack_barrantes_beers_dreves_hamby_haviland_isaacs_richardson_shearer_et al._2012, title={Evaluation of Monitoring Traps for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in North America}, volume={105}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/ec12132}, abstractNote={Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a recent invasive pest of small and stone fruits, has been detected in more than half of the U.S. states, and in Canada, Mexico, and Europe. Upon discovery, several different trap designs were recommended for monitoring. This study compared the trap designs across seven states/provinces in North America and nine crop types. Between May and November 2011, we compared a clear cup with 10 side holes (clear); a commercial trap with two side holes (commercial); a Rubbermaid container with mesh lid and rain tent (Haviland), and with 10 side holes and no tent (modified Haviland); a red cup with 10 side holes (red); and a white container with mesh lid and rain tent (Van Steenwyk). Although fly catches among traps varied per site, overall, the Haviland trap caught the most D. suzukii, followed by the red, Van Steenwyk, and clear trap. The modified Haviland and commercial trap had low captures. Among five crop types in Oregon, a clear cup with mesh sides (Dreves) also was tested and caught the most flies. Traps with greater entry areas, found in mesh traps, caught more flies than traps with smaller entry areas. In terms of sensitivity and selectivity, traps that caught more flies likewise caught flies earlier, and all traps caught 26–31% D. suzukii out of the total Drosophila captured. Future trap improvements should incorporate more entry points and focus on selective baits to improve efficiency and selectivity with regard to the seasonal behavior of D. suzukii.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Lee, Jana C. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Barrantes, Luz D. and Beers, Elizabeth H. and Dreves, Amy J. and Hamby, Kelly A. and Haviland, David R. and Isaacs, Rufus and Richardson, Tamara A. and Shearer, Peter W. and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={1350–1357} }
 @article{rivera_burrack_2012, title={Host utilization is mediated by movement of pre-feeding Phthorimaea operculella larvae in the Nicotiana tabacum agroecosystem}, volume={145}, ISSN={["0013-8703"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1570-7458.2012.01323.x}, abstractNote={The distribution of insect herbivores within their hosts can be influenced by insect preference, plant characteristics, and biotic interactions such as refuge from predation. We observed significantly more Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae in the lower portion of commercial tobacco plants, Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), an occasional host, and sought to explain this distribution pattern. Phthorimaea operculella are oligophagous leaf miners of solanaceous plants, including cultivated crops. Females lay their eggs in the soil beneath N. tabacum plants rather than on the foliage, forcing newly hatched larvae to search for host tissue. We hypothesized that P. operculella larvae were establishing in the lower portion of N. tabacum plants because either they gained a performance advantage, or it was the first suitable leaf material contacted. To measure within-plant larval performance, neonates were released in cages on leaves in the upper, middle, and lower stalk positions of the plant before and after the plant flowered. Phthorimaea operculella performed significantly better on younger plants and in the top leaves. To test larval ability to move within and between plants, we removed leaves at four heights to increase the distance newly hatched larvae must travel. Larval establishment was highest on plants with no leaves removed, but larvae were able to move an average distance of over 70 cm from release point to host leaves in plants directly above the release point and adjacent plants. Phthorimaea operculella larvae appear to utilize suboptimal N. tabacum host tissue to maximize their chances of survival.}, number={2}, journal={ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA}, author={Rivera, Monique J. and Burrack, Hannah J.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={153–161} }
 @article{estes_hearn_burrack_rempoulakis_pierson_2012, title={Prevalence of Candidatus Erwinia dacicola in Wild and Laboratory Olive Fruit Fly Populations and Across Developmental Stages}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0046-225X"]}, DOI={10.1603/en11245}, abstractNote={The microbiome of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), a worldwide pest of olives (Olea europaea L.), has been examined for >100 yr as part of efforts to identify bacteria that are plant pathogens vectored by the fly or are beneficial endosymbionts essential for the fly's survival and thus targets for possible biological control. Because tephritid fruit flies feed on free-living bacteria in their environment, distinguishing between the transient, acquired bacteria of their diet and persistent, resident bacteria that are vertically transmitted endosymbionts is difficult. Several culture-dependent and -independent studies have identified a diversity of species in the olive fruit fly microbiome, but they have not distinguished the roles of the microbes. Candidatus Erwinia dacicola, has been proposed to be a coevolved endosymbiont of the olive fruit fly; however, this was based on limited samples from two Italian populations. Our study shows that C. Erwinia dacicola was present in all New and Old World populations and in the majority of individuals of all life stages sampled in 2 yr. Olive fruit flies reared on olives in the laboratory had frequencies of C. Erwinia dacicola similar to that of wild populations; however, flies reared on artificial diets containing antibiotics in the laboratory rarely had the endosymbiont. The relative abundance of C. Erwinia dacicola varied across development stages, being most abundant in ovipositing females and larvae. This uniform presence of C. Erwini dacicola suggests that it is a persistent, resident endosymbiont of the olive fruit fly.}, number={2}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Estes, Anne M. and Hearn, David J. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Rempoulakis, Polychronis and Pierson, Elizabeth A.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={265–274} }
 @article{burrack_littlejohn_2012, title={Rethinking Blueberry Maggot (Rhagoletis mendax(Curan)) Distribution and Abundance in North Carolina: When Area Wide Management Is Unintentional}, volume={12}, ISSN={1553-8362 1553-8621}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2011.619352}, DOI={10.1080/15538362.2011.619352}, abstractNote={The blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax) is one of the most significant pests of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) in North America because of its potential fruit damage and its export quarantine status. ...}, number={1-3}, journal={International Journal of Fruit Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Burrack, Hannah J. and Littlejohn, Kevin}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={106–113} }
 @article{cobourn_burrack_goodhue_williams_zalom_2011, title={Implications of simultaneity in a physical damage function}, volume={62}, ISSN={["0095-0696"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jeem.2011.02.002}, abstractNote={Abstract A modeler must often rely on highly simplified representations of complex physical systems when analyzing associated economic issues. Herein, we consider a management problem in which a bioeconomic system exhibits simultaneity in processes governing productivity and damage. In this case, it may benefit the producer to sacrifice productivity to reduce the costs associated with increased damage. We specify empirically a structural damage relationship that explains the biological process by which an invasive species damages a host and estimate the structural model and its reduced form with an exceptional dataset on infestation of olives by the olive fruit fly. We contrast the results of these models with the approach typically taken in the economic literature, which expresses damage as a function of pest density. The population-based approach introduces significantly greater bias into the individual grower's choice of damage-control inputs than estimates based on the structural model.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Cobourn, Kelly M. and Burrack, Hannah J. and Goodhue, Rachael E. and Williams, Jeffrey C. and Zalom, Frank G.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={278–289} }
 @article{cabrera_van kretschmar_bacheler_burrack_sorenson_roe_2011, title={Resistance monitoring of Heliothis virescens to pyramided cotton varieties with a hydrateable, artificial cotton leaf bioassay}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0261-2194"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2011.05.005}, abstractNote={Abstract Proof of concept was demonstrated for a practical, off-the-shelf bioassay to monitor for tobacco budworm resistance to pyramided Bt cotton using plant filtrates. The bioassay was based on a previously described feeding disruption test using hydrateable artificial diet containing a blue indicator dye, a diagnostic dose of insecticide and novel assay architecture. Using neonate larvae from a Bt-susceptible, laboratory reared tobacco budworm strain, a diagnostic dose for Bollgard II and WideStrike cotton was obtained that limited neonate blue fecal production to 0–2 pellets in 24 h (Bt-resistant larvae produced >2 fecal pellets). The bioassay was tested with three different field populations of tobacco budworm collected from tobacco in central North Carolina (USA) and shown to accurately diagnose susceptibility to Bt. The diagnostic doses were also successfully evaluated with two Bt-resistant, laboratory reared tobacco budworm strains. Shelf life studies showed the assay could be stored for at least 6 months at room temperature (longer storage times were not studied). The application of the bioassay as an easy to use monitoring tool is discussed.}, number={9}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Cabrera, Ana R. and Van Kretschmar, Jaap and Bacheler, Jack S. and Burrack, Hannah and Sorenson, Clyde E. and Roe, R. Michael}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={1196–1201} }
 @misc{burrack_bingham_price_connell_phillips_wunderlich_vossen_neil v. o'connell_ferguson_zalom_2011, title={Understanding the seasonal and reproductive biology of olive fruit fly is critical to its management}, volume={65}, ISSN={["2160-8091"]}, DOI={10.3733/ca.v065n01p14}, abstractNote={The olive fruit fly was first detected in Los Angeles in 1998 and in all the olive-growing regions of California soon after. Following its initial detection, UC researchers and Cooperative Extension farm advisors, county agricultural commissioners and the California Department of Food and Agriculture Pest Detection and Emergency Project established a statewide monitoring program to determine the extent of the olive fruit fly's occurrence, track its seasonal biology and evaluate monitoring tools. Fly populations and infestations can reach high levels throughout California but tend to be lower in the San Joaquin Valley. Trap captures typically exhibit a bimodal distribution with peaks in the spring and fall. Olive infestation is related to fly densities, climate and fruit size. Gravid, mated females vary in density throughout the year but are present at some level year-round. The data is being used to develop models that will better predict when the adults are active and olives are at risk.}, number={1}, journal={CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE}, author={Burrack, Hannah J. and Bingham, Ray and Price, Richard and Connell, Joseph H. and Phillips, Phil A. and Wunderlich, Lynn and Vossen, Paul M. and Neil V. O'Connell and Ferguson, Louise and Zalom, Frank G.}, year={2011}, pages={14–20} }
 @article{burrack_fornell_connell_neil v. o'connell_phillips_vossen_zalom_2009, title={Intraspecific Larval Competition in the Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1938-2936"]}, DOI={10.1603/022.038.0508}, abstractNote={Olive fruit flies [Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)] occur at densities in California that can result in intraspecific larval competition within infested fruit. Larval B. oleae densities tracked in the field at six location were found to be highly variable and related to the proportion of fruit infested and adult densities. Egg and larval distribution within the field was generally aggregated early in the season and trended toward random and uniform as the season progressed. To determine whether B. oleae experienced fitness consequences at a range of larval densities observed in the field, olive fruits were infested with one, two, four, and six eggs, and larval and pupal developmental time, pupal weight, and pupal yield were compared. At the highest egg density, all measures of performance were negatively impacted, resulting in fewer and lighter pupae that took longer to pupate and emerge as adults, and even when only two larvae was present per olive, resulting pupae were significantly smaller. Density did not impact the sex ratio of the resulting flies or survive to adults. As field surveys showed, larval densities ranged from 1 to 11 B. oleae per fruit at some sites, and our results suggest that, at high densities, B. oleae do experience competition for larval resources. The impact of intraspecific larval competition North American in field populations of B. oleae is unknown, but the potential for competition is present.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Burrack, Hannah Joy and Fornell, Angela M. and Connell, Joseph H. and Neil V. O'Connell and Phillips, Phil A. and Vossen, Paul M. and Zalom, Frank G.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={1400–1410} }
 @article{burrack_connell_zalom_2008, title={Comparison of olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) (Diptera : Tephritidae) captures in several commercial traps in California}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1366-5863"]}, DOI={10.1080/09670870801975174}, abstractNote={The trapping efficiency of three commercially available traps for monitoring the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin)) was tested in California. ChamP yellow sticky traps and IMPT plastic McPhail-type traps were tested in three locations during 2 years. The McPhail traps captured significantly more flies than other trap types. In the second year, three variants of AM yellow sticky traps were included in testing. The AM yellow sticky panel was more efficient than the ChamP panel. The ChamP and AM traps were baited with an ammonium bicarbonate food lure and Spiroketal pheromone lure, and the McPhail traps were baited with a torula yeast food lure. Under the conditions of this study, it appears that the aqueous food lure used in the McPhail traps was more attractive to olive fruit flies than ammonia lures. Traps were also deployed in irrigated and unirrigated olive blocks at one location for 1 year, and more olive fruit flies were caught in the irrigated trees than in the unirrigated. The ChamP traps were initially used for olive fruit fly monitoring at the onset of their invasion into California, but the use of McPhail traps is now recommended.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT}, author={Burrack, Hannah Joy and Connell, Joseph H. and Zalom, Frank G.}, year={2008}, pages={227–234} }
 @article{burrack_zalom_2008, title={Olive fruit fly (Diptera : tephritidae) ovipositional preference and larval performance in several commercially important olive varieties in california}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1938-291X"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[750:OFFDTO]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae),is an invasive pest of olives (Olea spp.) in the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine whether B. oleae exhibits ovipositional preference under California field conditions similar to that demonstrated in European populations and whether the resulting larvae fare better in preferred varieties. Female B. oleae exhibited strong ovipositional preference for certain varieties of the domesticated olive, Olea europaea L, and the resulting larvae performed better by some measures in preferred varieties than in lesser preferred varieties. Ovipositional preference was observed in the field from 2003 to 2005, and laboratory assays were conducted to evaluate larval performance in 2005 and 2006. Among the olive varieties tested, Sevillano, Manzanillo, and Mission olives were the most heavily infested during three consecutive years. The larval performance measurements used were pupal yield, pupal weight, larval developmental time, and pupal emergence time. Ovipositional preference and pupal yield do not seem associated. There were significant differences in pupal emergence time, but these also measures did not reflect ovipositional preference. Two measures on performance did seem related to ovipositional preference; there were significant effects of variety on pupal weight and larval developmental time. Pupae developing in Manzanillo and Sevillano olives were heavier than those developing in less preferred varieties, and larval developmental time was significantly shorter in Sevillano olives relative to the other varieties. Oviposition preference and enhanced larval performance has implications for the pest status of this invasive insect in California.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Burrack, Hannah Joy and Zalom, Frank G.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={750–758} }