@article{hubbe_savithri_2024, title={Cellulose Fibers as a Trendsetter for the Circular Economy that We Urgently Need}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.19.2.2007-2009}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Savithri, Dhanalekshmi}, year={2024}, month={May}, pages={2007–2009} }
 @misc{seidel_litavecz_putney_davis_hubbe_2024, title={Effects of carboxymethyl starch as a papermaking additive}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0734-1415"]}, DOI={10.32964/TJ23.2.78}, abstractNote={Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is a bio-based, anionic polymer that has potential as part of a dry-strength additive program for papermaking. Due to its negative charge, its effects can be expected to depend on its interactions with various cationic agents. In this work, the effects of CMS were observed following its sequential addition after one of three selected cationic strength agents at different dosage levels. In selected tests, the furnish was pretreated at the 1% level by a dispersant, sodium polyacrylate, which might represent a high level of anionic contaminants in a paper mill system. Laboratory tests were conducted to show the effects on dewatering, fine-particle retention, and flocculation. These tests were supplemented with measurements of charge demand, zeta potential, and handsheet properties. Sequential addition of cationic glyoxylated acrylamide copolymers (gPAM) and CMS were found to strongly promote dewatering. Two gPAM products and a poly(vinylamine) product in sequential addition with CMS were very effective for promoting fine-particle retention. These same sequential treatments of the stock contributed to moderate fiber flocculation, though severe flocculation was caused by further treatment of the furnish with colloidal silica. Handsheet strength results were mixed. In the default recycled copy paper furnish, the average breaking length for the sheets made with cationic additives followed by CMS was not greatly different from the blank condition. Superior strength resulted when the default furnish was treated with a dispersant alone. When the dispersant-contaminated furnish was treated with the same combinations of cationic additives and CMS, the strength returned to the baseline achieved in the absence of the dispersant. The results were discussed in terms of the charged character of the different additives and their interactions not only with the fiber surfaces but also with each other.}, number={2}, journal={TAPPI JOURNAL}, author={Seidel, Ian J. and Litavecz, Michael S. and Putney, Sarah and Davis, Morgan E. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={78–87} }
 @article{putney_seidel_litavecz_hubbe_2024, title={Effects of tissue additives on copy paper forming and properties}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0734-1415"]}, DOI={10.32964/TJ23.2.67}, abstractNote={Laboratory tests were conducted in an effort to determine the effects on paper machine process attributes and the properties of paper made from recycled copy paper furnish upon the addition of chemical agents that are commonly used in the production of hygiene tissue products. Due to continuing growth in tissue and towel grades of paper, such agents are experiencing greater usage. 
Charge titration test results revealed that certain dry strength agents associated with tissue manufacturing have the potential to shift the balance of charge in papermaking furnish to less negative or even positive values. Creping adhesive was found to contribute to fine particle retention, especially when present at relatively high levels. Release aid and a polyacrylate dispersant had the opposite effect. Low addition levels of both a creping adhesive and a debonding agent surprisingly increased a wide range of strength attributes of paper handsheets in comparison to sheets prepared from unaltered recycled copy paper furnish. The debonding agent decreased paper strength at higher levels of addition. Such effects appear to depend not only on the expected effects of agents themselves, but also on how they affect the charge balance of the wet-end system.}, number={2}, journal={TAPPI JOURNAL}, author={Putney, Sarah and Seidel, Ian J. and Litavecz, Michael S. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={67–77} }
 @misc{hubbe_2024, title={Size Press Practices and Formulations Affecting Paper Properties and Process Efficiency: A Review}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.19.1.Hubbe}, number={1}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={1925–2002} }
 @misc{gal_rahmaninia_hubbe_2023, title={A comprehensive review of chitosan applications in paper science and technologies}, volume={309}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120665}, abstractNote={Using environmentally friendly biomaterials in different aspects of human life has been considered extensively. In this respect, different biomaterials have been identified and different applications have been found for them. Currently, chitosan, the well-known derivative of the second most abundant polysaccharide in the nature (i.e., chitin), has been receiving a lot of attention. This unique biomaterial can be defined as a renewable, high cationic charge density, antibacterial, biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic biomaterial with high compatibility with cellulose structure, where it can be used in different applications. This review takes a deep and comprehensive look at chitosan and its derivative applications in different aspects of papermaking.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Gal, Mostafa Rohi and Rahmaninia, Mehdi and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{hubbe_maitland_nanjiba_horst_ahn_potthast_2023, title={Archival Performance of Paper as Affected by Chemical Components: A Review}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.3.Hubbe}, abstractNote={For about two millennia, paper has served as a main medium for preservation of people’s ideas, stories, contracts, and art. This article reviews what is known about the various components that make up paper from the perspective of their long-term stability under typical storage conditions. Literature evidence is considered relative to the susceptibility of different paper components to embrittlement, acid hydrolysis, microbiological attack, and discoloration, among others. The cellulose that makes up a majority of most paper items is demonstrably stable enough to persist for many hundreds of years on the shelves of archival collections, though it is susceptible to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, which can be accelerated by byproducts of decomposition. Though less attention has been paid to the archival performance of various minor components of modern paper products, evidence suggests that at least some of them are subject to likely breakdown, embrittlement, or decay in the course of prolonged storage. Based on these considerations, one can envision different categories of paper that can be expected to meet different levels of storage stability: ancient recipes for handmade papermaking, e.g. washi and hanji, archival-grade paper products, ordinary modern alkaline paper products, and paper manufactured without concerns for its longevity.}, number={3}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Maitland, Crystal and Nanjiba, Moumita and Horst, Tali and Ahn, Kyujin and Potthast, Antje}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={6430–6498} }
 @misc{li_liu_lv_sun_dai_liao_liu_mei_wu_hubbe_2023, title={Cellulose nanomaterials in oil and gas industry: Current status and future perspectives}, volume={139}, ISSN={["1873-2208"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101187}, abstractNote={With the increase in global fossil fuel consumption and growing demand for sustainability, the advancement of novel technologies and green materials in the oil and gas industry are becoming critically essential. Given the merits of abundance, cost-effectiveness, and renewability, together with high specific surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and exceptional mechanical, barrier, thermal and rheological properties, cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have received enormous interest in oil and gas industry, in an effort to make the oil and gas development more sustainable and environmentally-friendly. In particular, three families of CNMs, i.e., cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and bacterial cellulose (BC), can be produced via a series of top-down and bottom-up strategies. Lignocellulosic nanomaterials, i.e., lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNFs) and lignocellulosic nanocrystals (LCNCs), exhibit similar morphology with CNMs, but some tiny globular-shaped lignin nanoparticles can be retained in similarly production to CNMs. Due to the variation in production approaches and parameters, CNMs exhibit distinctive morphology, crystallinity, and surface chemistry, leading to different final product performance. Herein, the classification, production, and properties of CNMs are summarized, aiming to provide a better understanding of the production-structure–property relationships and thus make it possible to more efficiently use CNMs in the oil and gas industry. Then, we overview the recent advances of CNMs in three major sectors of oil and gas industry, i.e., i) upstream - exploration and production, ii) midstream - transportation and storage, and iii) downstream - refining and purifying. Finally, the opportunities, challenges, as well as future perspectives of CNMs and their application in oil and gas industry are outlined.}, journal={PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Li, Mei-Chun and Liu, Xinyue and Lv, Kaihe and Sun, Jinsheng and Dai, Caili and Liao, Bo and Liu, Chaozheng and Mei, Changtong and Wu, Qinglin and Hubbe, Martin}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{hubbe_2023, title={How to Make Cellulose Hate Water-"Change it, cover it, confuse it, or accept it as it is"}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.2.2531-2534}, abstractNote={In many of its current and potential applications, technologists treat the surface of cellulose to render it more hydrophobic. By use of a variety of hydrophobic sizing treatment strategies, the bulk cellulose phase becomes covered up with a layer having lower polarity and less inclination to interact with water. Often, the goal is to use a relatively low amount of additive to cover up or change just the surface of the cellulosic material, while still benefiting from the strength, recyclability, relatively low cost, and other favorable features of the bio-based material. But what often gets forgotten is that the hydrophilic nature of pure cellulose is not very high, and there are ways to manipulate such characteristics without reacting the material or covering it up. Sometimes reacting the cellulose with hydrophobic substituent groups appears to make it more water-loving. So, when thinking broadly of processing options for new applications, there are several contrasting approaches to consider.}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={2531–2534} }
 @article{barrios_marquez_mcdonald_hubbe_venditti_venditti_pal_2023, title={Innovation in lignocellulosics dewatering and drying for energy sustainability and enhanced utilization of forestry, agriculture, and marine resources - A review}, volume={318}, ISSN={0001-8686}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2023.102936}, DOI={10.1016/j.cis.2023.102936}, abstractNote={Efficient utilization of forestry, agriculture, and marine resources in various manufacturing sectors requires optimizing fiber transformation, dewatering, and drying energy consumption. These processes play a crucial role in reducing the carbon footprint and boosting sustainability within the circular bioeconomy framework. Despite efforts made in the paper industry to enhance productivity while conserving resources and energy through lower grammage and higher machine speeds, reducing thermal energy consumption during papermaking remains a significant challenge. A key approach to address this challenge lies in increasing dewatering of the fiber web before entering the dryer section of the paper machine. Similarly, the production of high-value-added products derived from alternative lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as nanocellulose and microalgae, requires advanced dewatering techniques for techno-economic viability. This critical and systematic review aims to comprehensively explore the intricate interactions between water and lignocellulosic surfaces, as well as the leading technologies used to enhance dewatering and drying. Recent developments in technologies to reduce water content during papermaking, and advanced dewatering techniques for nanocellulosic and microalgal feedstocks are addressed. Existing research highlights several fundamental and technical challenges spanning from the nano- to macroscopic scales that must be addressed to make lignocellulosics a suitable feedstock option for industry. By identifying alternative strategies to improve water removal, this review intends to accelerate the widespread adoption of lignocellulosics as feasible manufacturing feedstocks. Moreover, this review aims to provide a fundamental understanding of the interactions, associations, and bonding mechanisms between water and cellulose fibers, nanocellulosic materials, and microalgal feedstocks. The findings of this review shed light on critical research directions necessary for advancing the efficient utilization of lignocellulosic resources and accelerating the transition towards sustainable manufacturing practices.}, journal={Advances in Colloid and Interface Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barrios, Nelson and Marquez, Ronald and McDonald, J. David and Hubbe, Martin A. and Venditti, Richard A. and Venditti, A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={102936} }
 @article{barrios_garland_leib_hubbe_2023, title={Mechanistic aspects of nanocellulose–cationic starch–colloidal silica systems for papermaking}, volume={22}, ISSN={0734-1415}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj22.2.107}, DOI={10.32964/TJ22.2.107}, abstractNote={Optimization of a chemical additive program for a paper machine can require attention to both colloidal charges and kinetic effects. This work considered an additive program with two negatively charged substances (nanofibrillated cellulose [NFC] and colloidal silica) and two positively charged items (cationic starch and cationic acrylamide copolymer retention aid). Results were shown to depend on charge interactions; however, that clearly was not the whole story. Some findings related to cationic demand, dewatering, fine-particle retention, and flocculation among fibers were best explained in terms of at least partly irreversible complexation interactions between the charged entities. Adjustments in ratios between oppositely charged additives, their sequences of addition, and effects of hydrodynamic shear levels all affected the results. In general, the most promising results were obtained at a cationic starch level of 0.25% to 0.5% based on sheet solids in systems where the cationic starch was used as a pretreatment for NFC.}, number={2}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Barrios, Nelson and Garland, Larden and Leib, Brandon and Hubbe, Martin}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={107–115} }
 @misc{owens_hubbe_2023, title={Performance Factors for Filtration of Air Using Cellulosic Fiber-based Media: A Review}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.1.Owens}, abstractNote={The filtration of air has attracted increasing attention during recent waves of viral infection. This review considers published literature regarding the usage of cellulose-based materials in air filtration devices, including face masks. Theoretical aspects are reviewed, leading to models that can be used to predict the relationship between structural features of air filter media and the collection efficiency for different particle size classes of airborne particulates. Collection of particles can be understood in terms of an interception mechanism, which is especially important for particles smaller than about 300 nm, and a set of deterministic mechanisms, which become important for larger particles. The effective usage of cellulosic material in air filtration requires the application of technologies including pulp refining and chemical treatments with such additives as wet-strength agents and hydrophobic sizing agents. By utilization of high levels of refining, in combination with freeze drying and related approaches, there are opportunities to achieve high levels of interception of fine particles. A bulky layer incorporating nanofibrillated cellulose can be used in combination with a coarser ply to achieve needed strength in a filter medium. Results of recent research show a wide range of development opportunities for diverse air filter devices containing cellulose.}, number={1}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Owens, Lindsay P. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={2440–2519} }
 @misc{owens_hubbe_2023, title={Performance Factors for Filtration of Air Using Cellulosic Fiber-based Media: A Review}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsapm.0c00374}, abstractNote={Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely used as functional fillers in polymer composites. In the present study, polymer composite nanofibrous nonwoven air filters containing CNFs were prepared...}, number={1}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Owens, Lindsay P. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={2440–2519} }
 @article{hubbe_2023, title={Reuse, a Neglected "R" Word in "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle"}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.4.6737-6740}, abstractNote={This editorial considers hindrances that keep me from making sure that my used wooden furniture items don’t get thrown out at a point where their wooden content still has decades or hundreds of years of potential service left in them. I am a careless and lazy person, and I am not always appreciating the different ways in which other people might be ready to appreciate and utilize my cast-off items. Continued usage of a wooden item can be the ultimate in minimizing environmental impacts. I might envision that the only usage of an old, scuffed wooden dining room set is full restoration. But my niece might need it for her college apartment. A friend of a friend might need it for an informal basement art studio. Alternatively, if the set is really well beyond use in its original form, it could be converted into wood particles for particleboard or incinerated to generate renewable energy. Whether I use eBay, word of mouth, my church’s electronic bulletin board, or just put the item out by the curb on a sunny day, a wooden item of furniture has the potential to continue to provide valuable service for much longer than I might first imagine.}, number={4}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={Nov}, pages={6737–6740} }
 @misc{hubbe_trovagunta_zambrano_tiller_jardim_2023, title={Self-assembly Fundamentals in the Reconstruction of Lignocellulosic Materials: A Review}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.hubbe}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.2.Hubbe}, abstractNote={This review article considers processes by which the main components of wood have been reported to arrange themselves into various kinds of organized structures, at least to a partial extent. The biosynthesis of wood provides the clearest examples of such self-organization. For example, even before a cellulose macromolecule has been completely synthesized in a plant organism, the leading parts of the polymer chains already will have assembled themselves into organized crystals, i.e., nano-fibrils. This review then considers a challenge that faces industrial engineers: how to emulate the great success of natural systems when attempting to achieve favorable materials properties, process efficiency, and environmental friendliness when developing new engineered wood structures, barrier films, and other desired products composed of lignocellulosic materials. Based on the reviewed literature, it appears that the main chemical components of wood, even after they have been isolated from each other, still have a remnant of their initial tendencies to come back together in a somewhat non-random fashion, following mechanisms that can be favorable for the production of engineered materials having potentially useful functions.}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, publisher={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Trovagunta, Ramakrishna and Zambrano, Franklin and Tiller, Phoenix and Jardim, Juliana}, year={2023}, month={May}, pages={4262–4331} }
 @article{trovagunta_hubbe_2023, title={Suberin as a Bio-based Flame-Retardant?}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.3.4388-4391}, abstractNote={Fire hazard is a constant risk in everyday life with the use of combustibles such as polymeric materials, wood, and fabrics, to name a few. Halogenated compounds have been widely used as efficient flame-retardants, often being applied as coatings or impregnations. With growing environmental concerns and regional bans on the use of halogenated flame-retardant compounds, bio-based alternatives are garnering significant research interest. Naturally occurring materials such as eggshells, DNA, and certain proteins have developed a self-defense mechanism against fire over millions of years of evolution. Cork, a naturally occurring biological tissue in outer bark, is of interest as it is often used as a heat shield and moisture repellent, specifically in spacecraft. A deeper look into the chemical structure of cork indicates the presence of suberin, a bio-polyester group that makes up as much as 40% of its chemical composition. These bio-polyester groups play a key role as a protective barrier between the plant and the surrounding external environment. Thus, the role of suberin in plants could be mimicked for the design of biobased flame-retardant materials.}, number={3}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, publisher={BioResources}, author={Trovagunta, Ramakrishna and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={4388–4391} }
 @misc{hubbe_2023, title={Sustainable Composites: A Review with Critical Questions to Guide Future Initiatives}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, DOI={10.3390/su151411088}, abstractNote={Composites, which have become very common in mass-produced items, have the potential to outperform similar materials made from any one of their individual components. This tutorial review article considers published studies that shine a light on what is required for such structures to earn the name “sustainable”. The focus is on a series of questions that deal with such issues as the carbon footprint, other life-cycle impacts, durability, recyclability without major loss of value, reusability of major parts, and the practical likelihood of various end-of-life options. To achieve the needed broader impacts of limited research dollars, it is important that researchers choose their research topics carefully. Among a great many possible options for preparing truly eco-friendly composite materials, it will be important to focus attention on the much smaller subset of technologies that have a high probability of commercial success and large-scale implementation.}, number={14}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hubbe_milian_2023, title={Using Images to Enliven Scientific Articles}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.18.1.1-3}, abstractNote={This editorial considers the use of images as a way to enhance the readability and possibly the impact of scientific writing. Readers are asked to envision effective scientific writing as a form of storytelling. Some stories can be enhanced by adding a diagram or a step-by-step procedure. Inherently dull results might be enlivened (in a cautious manner) with a non-typical graphical portrayal. A potentially tedious theoretical point might be lightened with a touch of humor, which might seem out of place if it were expressed in text. Keep these options in mind as you are creating your next story, i.e., your next research article.}, number={1}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Milian, Adriana}, year={2023}, month={Feb}, pages={1–3} }
 @article{barzegar_monfared_hubbe_2022, title={Cellulose and lignin as propitious candidates for preparation of hydrogels for pharmaceutical applications}, volume={33}, ISSN={["2352-4928"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104617}, abstractNote={Cellulose and lignin are natural, abundant, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly polymers. In addition, the presence of reactive functional groups and the ability to chemically modify cellulose and lignin provide great potential for development of products for the medical sciences and pharmaceuticals. Hydrogels in drug delivery systems have potential to give better performance of drugs. The properties of hydrogels and their constituent polymers are among the most challenging issues in this field. Research has shown that biopolymers, mainly cellulose and lignin, are excellent components for drug delivery hydrogels. These two biopolymers and their derivatives can be used as matrix hydrogels and cross-linking agents, improving mechanical properties and designing an engineered function for hydrogels, including their usage as pharmaceutical agents.}, journal={MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Barzegar, Shayan and Monfared, Mohammad Hadi Aryaie and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{hubbe_szlek_vera_2022, title={Detergency Mechanisms and Cellulosic Surfaces: A Review}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.17.4.Hubbe}, abstractNote={The release of soils and impurities from cellulosic surfaces plays a critical role in such processes as the laundering of clothes and the deinking of wastepaper pulps. This article reviews publications that provide evidence about factors that affect such release and the mechanisms by which such factors operate. In general, cellulosic substrates provide advantages for the release of contaminants due to their hydrophilic nature and due to their permeability, allowing the transport of surfactants to contact interfaces with dirt. However, the same permeability of cellulosic material also provides opportunities for contaminants to work themselves into internal crevices and pores, from which they are difficult to remove. The article also reviews aspects of theory related to detergency and how those theories relate to the laundering, deinking, and purifying of substrates based on cellulose and related plant materials. Cellulose and some of its derivatives also can play a role in detergent formulation, especially as builders or as finishes placed on textile surfaces, which sometimes aid in the release of dirt.}, number={4}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Szlek, Dorota B. and Vera, Ramon E.}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={7167–7249} }
 @article{tyagi_gutierrez_lucia_hubbe_pal_2022, title={Evidence for antimicrobial activity in hemp hurds and lignin-containing nanofibrillated cellulose materials}, volume={29}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04583-w}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-022-04583-w}, number={9}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Gutierrez, Joseph N. and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={5151–5162} }
 @article{chen_li_zhang_qi_hubbe_2022, title={Holocellulosic fibers and nanofibrils using peracetic acid pulping and sulfamic acid esterification}, volume={295}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119902}, abstractNote={Cellulose provides promising alternatives to synthetic plastics to achieve a low carbon footprint and biodegradable materials, which have significant positive impacts on environmental protection and on human health. In this work, sulfated holocellulose fibers and sulfated holocellulose nanofibrils (SHCNFs) are prepared using a combination of delignification with derivatization to achieve high fiber yield, superior recycling performance, and less energy consumption of the final products by means of preserving hemicellulose. Derivatization of the surface with sulfate groups provides a further means to avoid excessive aggregation between adjacent cellulose surfaces. Interestingly, hemicellulose increases the accessibility of holocellulose fibers and reduces the embodied energy during sulfate esterification. The presence of hemicellulose imparts high optical transmittance, mechanical performance (ultimate strength, 390 MPa; Young's modulus, 33 GPa), and recyclability for SHCNFs. This combination of two treatments can unlock the greater potential of cellulose as a sustainable material over its entire life cycle.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Chen, Yian and Li, Yuehu and Zhang, Cunzhi and Qi, Haisong and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{szlek_reynolds_hubbe_2022, title={Hydrophobic Molecular Treatments of Cellulose-based or Other Polysaccharide Barrier Layers for Sustainable Food Packaging: A Review}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.17.2.Szlek}, abstractNote={Paper, nanocellulose, and other polysaccharide-based materials can be excellent candidates for food packaging barrier layers, except that they tend to be vulnerable to moisture. This article reviews published research describing various chemical treatments having the potential to render hydrophobic character to such layers. Emphasis is placed on systems in which hydrophobic monomers are used to treat either particles or sheets comprised largely of polysaccharides. A goal of this review is to identify combinations of materials and procedures having promise for scale-up to industrial production, while providing effective resistance to moisture. The idea is to protect the underlying polysaccharide-based barrier layers such that they can continue to impede the transfer of such permeants as oxygen, greases, flavor compounds, and water vapor. A further goal is to minimize any adverse environmental impacts associated with the treatments. Based on the research articles considered in this review, promising hydrophobic treatments can be achieved involving silanes, ester formation, other covalent interactions, plasma treatments, and to some extent by various treatments that do not require formation of covalent bonds. The article is designed such that readers can skip ahead to items of particular interest to them.}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Szlek, Dorota B. and Reynolds, Autumn M. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={3551–3673} }
 @misc{hubbe_2022, title={Insisting upon Meaningful Results from Adsorption Experiments}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1542-2127"]}, DOI={10.1080/15422119.2021.1888299}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT A rigorous approach to adsorption studies is advocated in this review article as a means to improving the experience of researchers and improving the practical value of published work in the field. Three broad areas of concern are considered in this article: mistakes related to the experimental conditions selected, mistakes related to modeling of results, and mistakes related to the mind-set of the investigators. Adsorption experiments can be perceived as an excellent training ground within which to hone the skills of researchers, including experimental methods, the use of statistics, and the ability to find suitable equations by referring to published literature. There is potential to increase the value to society of the results of such work by insisting upon the acquisition of truly meaningful results, in addition to accurately following research strategies laid out in published work. Examples related to adsorption onto cellulosic materials are emphasized in this article.}, number={2}, journal={SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={212–225} }
 @misc{debnath_sarder_pal_hubbe_2022, title={Molded Pulp Products for Sustainable Packaging: Production Rate Challenges and Product Opportunities}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.17.2.Debnath}, abstractNote={Molded cellulosic pulp products provide eco-friendly alternatives to various petroleum-based packaging systems. They have a long history of reliable usage for such applications as egg trays and the shipping of fruits. They have recently become increasingly used for the packaging of electronics, wine bottles, and specialty items. Molded pulp products are especially used in applications requiring cushioning ability, as well as when it is important to match the shapes of the packed items. Their main component, cellulosic fibers from virgin or recycled wood fibers, as well as various nonwood fibers, can reduce society’s dependence on plastics, including expanded polystyrene. However, the dewatering of molded pulp tends to be slow, and the subsequent evaporation of water is energy-intensive. The article reviews strategies to increase production rates and to lower energy consumption. In addition, by applying chemical treatments and processing approaches, there are opportunities to achieve desired end-use properties, such as grease resistance. New manufacturing strategies, including rapid prototyping and advances in tooling, provide opportunities for more efficient form factors and more effective packaging in the future.}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Debnath, Mrittika and Sarder, Roman and Pal, Lokendra and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2022}, month={May}, pages={3810–3870} }
 @article{garland_leib_barrios_hubbe_2022, title={Nanocellulose-cationic starch-colloidal silica systems for papermaking: Effects on process and paper properties}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0734-1415"]}, DOI={10.32964/TJ21.10.563}, abstractNote={Laboratory tests were conducted to better understand effects on the papermaking process and handsheets when recycled copy paper furnish was treated with combinations of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), cat-ionic starch, colloidal silica, and cationic retention aid (cPAM; cationic polyacrylamide). Dosage-response experiments helped to define conditions leading to favorable processing outcomes, including dewatering rates and the efficiency of fine-particle retention during papermaking. Effects were found to depend on the addition amounts of cationic starch and colloidal silica added to the system. It was shown that the presence of a polymer additive such as cationic starch was essential in order to achieve large strength gains with simultaneous usage of NFC.}, number={10}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Garland, L.J. and Leib, B.D. and Barrios, N.A. and Hubbe, M.A.}, year={2022}, pages={563–570} }
 @article{li_liu_hong_lian_mei_lee_wu_hubbe_li_2022, title={Recent advances in extraction and processing of chitin using deep eutectic solvents}, volume={446}, ISSN={["1873-3212"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cej.2022.136953}, abstractNote={• The extraction and processing of chitin using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are reviewed. • Processing of chitin include dissolution, surface modification, and nanomaterial production. • The mechanisms and influencing parameters are comprehensively discussed. • The critical challenges, limitations, and future directions are proposed. Chitin, as the most abundant non-wood biopolymer on earth, exists widely in the shells of crustaceans, the cell walls of fungi, and the cuticles of insects. It consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine units with various molar ratios linked by β-(1 → 4)-glycoside bonds. The inherently recalcitrant structure of chitin-rich raw materials and the high density of hydrogen bonding between chitin’s molecules result in difficulties in the extraction and further processing. Currently, the mineral acids and bases are dominant in the extraction and processing of chitin; however, they are harmful to our human health as well as the environment. In recent years, the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract and process chitin has attracted considerable interest due to its superior sustainability, low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, facile preparation, biodegradability and recyclability. The present review provides a critical overview of recent advances in the utilization of DESs for the extraction and processing of chitin, including isolation, dissolution, surface modification, and nanomaterial production. Particular emphases are placed on the mechanism, characterization method, and governing factors. We also outline the crucial challenges and limitations in this field, and then propose perspectives and future directions. It is anticipated that this review will provide some insights into the structure–function relationship of the extraction and processing of chitin using DESs.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author={Li, Ziyan and Liu, Chaozheng and Hong, Shu and Lian, Hailan and Mei, Changtong and Lee, Juhyeon and Wu, Qinglin and Hubbe, Martin A. and Li, Mei-Chun}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{lu_liu_mei_sun_lee_wu_hubbe_li_2022, title={Recent advances in metal organic framework and cellulose nanomaterial composites}, volume={461}, ISSN={["1873-3840"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214496}, abstractNote={Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used in various emerging fields due to their attractive characteristics, such as large specific surface area, highly porous structure, tunable porosity and pore size, versatile surface chemistry, diverse topological structure, and high chemical and thermal stability. However, nanoscale MOFs are prone to agglomeration, and their inherently crystalline structure leads to poor flexibility, processability and recyclability, which seriously limit the performance and application of MOFs. To address these deficiencies, MOFs have been composited with other materials through different strategies. One such attractive material is cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), the most abundant and sustainable biomass on the earth. Herein, recent advances in the MOF/CNM composites in terms of preparation approaches, general properties, and emerging applications are overviewed, aiming to provide some useful guidance to researchers on the rational design of high-performance MOF/CNM composites in different forms for advanced applications in the future. Particularly, MOFs and CNMs are usually compounded in aqueous solutions through two main strategies, i.e., in-situ synthesis and ex-situ blending. Further processing of as-prepared MOF/CNM aqueous mixtures can generate MOF/CNM composites in four forms, i.e., hydrogel, powder, membrane and aerogel. Benefitted from advantages of both MOFs and CNMs, MOF/CNM composites hold exceptional high specific surface area, hierarchically porous structure, as well as superior electrochemical, mechanical and antibacterial properties, which can be further modulated and enhanced through optimizing type and composition of MOFs and CNMs, preparation method, and addition of other functional components. These exceptional properties offer huge potential in a wide range of application fields.}, journal={COORDINATION CHEMISTRY REVIEWS}, author={Lu, Yang and Liu, Chaozheng and Mei, Changtong and Sun, Jinsheng and Lee, Juhyeon and Wu, Qinglin and Hubbe, Martin A. and Li, Mei-Chun}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{zubair_moawia_nasef_hubbe_zakeri_2021, title={A Critical Review on Natural Fibers Modifications by Graft Copolymerization for Wastewater Treatment}, ISSN={["1572-8919"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10924-021-02269-1}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT}, author={Zubair, Nur Afifah and Moawia, Rihab Musaad and Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud and Hubbe, Martin and Zakeri, Masoumeh}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{tyagi_salem_hubbe_pal_2021, title={Advances in barrier coatings and film technologies for achieving sustainable packaging of food products-A review}, volume={115}, ISSN={["1879-3053"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.036}, DOI={10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.036}, abstractNote={The technology of food packaging is responding to significant market dynamics such as the rapid growth in e-commerce and preservation of fresh food, a sector that accounts for over 40% of plastic waste. Further, mandates for sustainability and recent changes in national governmental policies and regulations that include banning single-use plastic products as observed in sweeping reforms in Europe, Asia, and several US States are forcing industries and consumers to find alternative solutions. This review highlights an ongoing shift of barrier coatings from traditional synthetic polymers to sustainable breakthrough materials for paper-based packaging and films. Advantages, challenges and adapting feasibility of these materials are described, highlighting the implications of selecting different materials and processing options. A brief description on progress in methods of coating technologies is also included. Finally, the end fate of the barrier materials is classified depending on the packaging type, coating materials used and sorting facility availability. Different types of coatings, such as water-based biopolymers, due to their greater environmental compatibility, are making inroads into more traditional petroleum-based wax and plastic laminate paperboard products for fresh food bakery, frozen food, and take-out containers applications. In addition, nano-biocomposites have been studied at an accelerating pace for developing active and smart packaging. Based on the momentum of recent developments, a strong pace of continuing developments in the field can be expected.}, journal={TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={461–485} }
 @article{tyagi_gutierrez_nathani_lucia_rojas_hubbe_pal_2021, title={Hydrothermal and mechanically generated hemp hurd nanofibers for sustainable barrier coatings/films}, volume={168}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113582}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113582}, abstractNote={Residual hemp (Cannabis sativa) hurd fibers obtained from hydrothermal, carbonate, and kraft treatments were the resources used to obtain lignocellulosic nanofibers (LCNF) by using an ultra-fine friction grinder. The morphological, crystallinity, and chemical characteristics of the nanocellulose films were carried out using SEM, XRD, EDX and ToF-SIMS. Water barrier properties of the same were measured in terms of water contact angle, water vapor permeability (WVP) and water absorption. The barrier properties were found to be dependent not only on the lignin content and lignin distribution, but also on the film density and porous structure. LCNF films and coatings showed much higher water contact angle (WCA) (80°-102°) than films produced from the bleached CNF. WVP was found to be more dependent on the density of films than lignin content. Overall, LCNF-based films and coatings derived from hemp hurd residual fibers can contribute to a circular economy and sustainability.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Gutierrez, Joseph N. and Nathani, Ved and Lucia, Lucian A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{ma_lu_wang_hubbe_liu_mu_wang_sun_rojas_2021, title={Recent developments in colorimetric and optical indicators stimulated by volatile base nitrogen to monitor seafood freshness}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2214-2894"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100634}, abstractNote={Seafood spoilage could cause food waste and also serious foodborne disease because of the specific organisms and their metabolites. Therefore, it is important to monitor their freshness in the supply chain. In most cases, their spoilage has been determined by the content of volatile base nitrogen, adenosine triphosphate or the total viable count. However, these destructive detection methods are tedious and time consuming. Hence, it is highly desirable to develop easily operated and non-destructive sensing technologies for real-time detection. A lot of freshness indicators have emerged up to now. Colorimetric indicators are particularly beneficial to accompany use-by dates in food packaging as real-time indicators because they produce visible color changes to the naked eye, which can be easily understood by consumers and non-specialists. Numerous studies have considered the colorimetric indicators to monitor seafood freshness in recent years. This paper mainly focused on colorimetric indicators stimulated by volatile base nitrogen. The most traditional materials used in these indicators are also discussed. The challenges and opportunities in the systems are introduced in this context as well based on the published literature.}, journal={FOOD PACKAGING AND SHELF LIFE}, author={Ma, Qianyun and Lu, Xiaomin and Wang, Wenxiu and Hubbe, Martin A. and Liu, Yaqiong and Mu, Jianlou and Wang, Jie and Sun, Jianfeng and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{li_wu_moon_hubbe_bortner_2021, title={Rheological Aspects of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Governing Factors and Emerging Applications}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-4095"]}, DOI={10.1002/adma.202006052}, abstractNote={Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), mainly including nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), have attained enormous interest due to their sustainability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nanoscale dimensions, large surface area, facile modification of surface chemistry, as well as unique optical, mechanical, and rheological performance. One of the most fascinating properties of CNMs is their aqueous suspension rheology, i.e., CNMs helping create viscous suspensions with the formation of percolation networks and chemical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction/repulsion, and hydrophobic attraction). Under continuous shearing, CNMs in an aqueous suspension can align along the flow direction, producing shear‐thinning behavior. At rest, CNM suspensions regain some of their initial structure immediately, allowing rapid recovery of rheological properties. These unique flow features enable CNMs to serve as rheological modifiers in a wide range of fluid‐based applications. Herein, the dependence of the rheology of CNM suspensions on test protocols, CNM inherent properties, suspension environments, and postprocessing is systematically described. A critical overview of the recent progress on fluid applications of CNMs as rheology modifiers in some emerging industrial sectors is presented as well. Future perspectives in the field are outlined to guide further research and development in using CNMs as the next generation rheological modifiers.}, number={21}, journal={ADVANCED MATERIALS}, author={Li, Mei-Chun and Wu, Qinglin and Moon, Robert J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Bortner, Michael J.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{koo_wu_lee_hubbe_2021, title={Rheological Properties of Lignocellulosic Nanomaterial Aqueous Suspensions as Influenced by Water-Soluble Biopolymer Additives}, ISSN={["2168-0485"]}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c05946}, abstractNote={Rheological properties including gel strength, steady-state viscosity, and oscillatory rheology of four types of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) under the influence of two different biopolymers were studied. The processed CNMs had distinct fiber morphology (individual fibril vs bundles with/without lignin particles), composition (lignin content varying from 52.88% to 6.86%), and surface chemical properties (zeta potential values from −28.62 mV to −13.4 mV). The presence of lignin in lignin-containing nanofibrillated cellulose (LNFC) decreased a suspension’s gel strength, viscosity, and dynamic modulus. The chosen bleached NFC contained large fibril bundles, and the processed material with more individualized fibril and enhanced fluid rheology was demonstrated after regrinding the original NFC. Biopolymer xanthan gum (XG) showed a much larger effect in modifying gel strength, viscosity, and dynamic moduli compared with polyanionic cellulose (PAC). Among the three chosen rheological models, the Nasiri–Ashrafizadeh model fitted the measured shear stress and shear rate data the best for each fluid system with correlation coefficients larger than 0.99. The use of biopolymers (e.g., XG and PAC) helped reduce negative effect of lignin on gel strength and other rheological properties for LNFC. The much-improved rheological performance for biopolymer-modified LNFC suspensions open new opportunities for CNMs to be used as more environmentally friendly fluids for the energy industry.}, journal={ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING}, author={Koo, Meng Sung and Wu, Qinglin and Lee, Sun-Young and Hubbe, Martin Allen}, year={2021}, month={Dec} }
 @article{koo_lee_lee_hubbe_wu_2021, title={Salt sensitivity of low solid content bentonite suspension as influenced by lignocellulosic nanomaterial and polyanionic cellulose}, ISSN={["2159-6867"]}, DOI={10.1557/s43579-021-00133-w}, abstractNote={Effectiveness of lignocellulose nanomaterials and polyanionic cellulose (PAC) on microstructure, rheology, filtration, and salt tolerance performance of bentonite (BT) water-based fluid under two saline conditions (NaCl and CaCl_2) was studied. The fluid with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) exhibited salt-dependent increase in rheological properties. However, the fluid with lignin-containing NFC (LNFC) showed only minor reduction in yield stress and gelation behavior with improved filter cake properties. All CNC-, NFC-, and LNFC-BT fluids showed an increase in filtration losses with added salt ions. Adding PAC enhanced salt tolerance for the fluids, mainly in the NaCl-added system. Graphical abstract}, journal={MRS COMMUNICATIONS}, author={Koo, Meen S. and Lee, Danbee and Lee, Sunyoung and Hubbe, Martin A. and Wu, Qinglin}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{debnath_salem_naithani_musten_hubbe_pal_2021, title={Soft mechanical treatments of recycled fibers using a high-shear homogenizer for tissue and hygiene products}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04024-0}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-021-04024-0}, journal={CELLULOSE}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Debnath, Mrittika and Salem, Khandoker Samaher and Naithani, Ved and Musten, Evan and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{price_hubbe_2021, title={Spraying starch on the Fourdrinier-An option between wet end starch and the size press}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0734-1415"]}, DOI={10.32964/TJ20.1.21}, abstractNote={Technology to apply suspensions of starch grains to the wet surface of paper, during the dewatering process, is reviewed. Though the technology is not new, it continues to attract the attention of papermakers as a means to increase bonding strength. Starch grains that are sprayed onto the wet-web of paper can be retained at levels exceeding what can be effectively added to the fiber suspension at the wet end. Unlike adding a starch solution at a size press, no additional drying capacity is required on the paper machine. To be effective, the starch needs to be able to swell and develop bonding during the paper drying process. Paperboard applications with recycled fibers appear to be a good fit. There is potential to increase bonding by processes that favor fuller gelatinization of the starch grains by the time the paper becomes dry.}, number={1}, journal={TAPPI JOURNAL}, author={Price, Cole and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{horst_smith_potthast_hubbe_2020, title={Accelerated Aging of Deacidified and Untreated Book Paper in 1967 Compared with 52 Years of Natural Aging}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1865-8431"]}, DOI={10.1515/res-2020-0006}, abstractNote={Abstract Three copies of a book that had been optionally deacidified using two different procedures in 1967, and then subjected to accelerated aging, were tested again after 52 years of natural aging. Matched copies of the book Cooking the Greek Way, which had been printed in Czechoslovakia on acidic paper, were evaluated. Nonaqueous treatment of two of the copies with magnesium methoxide dissolved in chlorofluorocarbon solvent had been found in 1967 to have decreased the susceptibility to embrittlement, as evidenced by the results of the accelerated aging, followed by folding endurance tests. Retesting of the same books in 2019, after 52 years of room temperature storage, showed that the deacidification treatments had achieved the following benefits in comparison to the untreated book: (a) higher brightness; (b) higher folding endurance; (c) tensile breaking length higher in the cross-direction of the paper; (d) substantial alkaline reserve content, (e) an alkaline surface pH in the range 7.1–7.4, and (f) higher molecular mass of the cellulose. Remarkably, some of the folding endurance results matched those of unaged samples evaluated in 1967. Scanning electron micrographs showed no differences between the treated and untreated books.}, number={3}, journal={RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL}, author={Horst, Tali H. and Smith, Richard D. and Potthast, Antje and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={131–152} }
 @article{dal_hubbe_pal_gule_2020, title={Crude Wood Rosin and Its Derivatives as Hydrophobic Surface Treatment Additives for Paper and Packaging}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2470-1343"]}, DOI={10.1021/acsomega.0c03610}, abstractNote={The aim of this work is to obtain better water resistance properties with additives to starch at the size press. A further goal is to replace petroleum-based additives with environmentally friendly hydrophobic agents obtained by derivatization of wood rosin. A crude wood rosin (CWR) sample was methylated and analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Methyl abietate, dehydroabietic acid, and abietic acid were the main constituents of the sample. The crude wood rosin samples were fortified with fumaric acid and then esterified with pentaerythritol. Fortified and esterified wood rosin samples were dissolved in ethanol and emulsified with cationic starch to make them suitable as hydrophobic additives for surface treatment formulations in mixtures with starch. These hydrophobic agents (2% on a dry weight basis in a cationic starch solution) were applied to paperboard, bleached kraft paper, and test liner paper using a rod coater with a target pickup of 3–5 gsm. The solution pickup was controlled by varying the rod number. The amounts of hydrophobic material applied in the preparation of the paper samples were 32.2, 48.6, and 35.1 lb/ton pickup compared to three types of base papers. Basic surface features of fortified and fortified and esterified rosin-treated paper were compared with base paper and paper treated with starch alone. Lower Cobb60 values were obtained for fortified and esterified samples than for linerboard samples that had been surface-sized just by starch. Thus, as novel hydrophobic additive agents, derivatives of CWR can be a green way to increase hydrophobicity while reducing starch consumption in papermaking.}, number={49}, journal={ACS OMEGA}, author={Dal, Ahsen Ezel Bildik and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra and Gule, M. Emin}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={31559–31566} }
 @article{lu_sundberg_strand_hubbe_2020, title={Effects of metal ions and wood pitch on retention and physical properties of TMP}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2000-0669"]}, DOI={10.1515/npprj-2020-0036}, abstractNote={Abstract The influence of metal ions, Ca2+{\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}} and Mg2+{\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}}, on wood pitch retention at pH 8 was studied by investigating the pitch content of TMP-papers using both short- and long-column gas chromatography (GC). The effects of two different drying methods, air-drying and freeze-drying, on pitch retention were also compared in this work. The pitch emulsion was prepared with fatty acids, resin acids, and triglycerides at a certain ratio to simulate the pitch composition in closed water system in paper mill. At increasing pH, some of the resin and fatty acids will dissolve into the water phase as metal soaps. In this work, the retention of colloidal pitch in TMP-papers by metal ions at pH 8 was determined. The amount of 5 mM metal ions was found to retain more pitch. The tensile index decreased by the addition of metal ions, and the decrease became more pronounced as the increase of the metal ions concentration. Besides, the hydrophobicity of handsheets was found being changed only a little, which might because the morphology and pitch retained on the surface both affected the hydrophobicity.}, number={4}, journal={NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Lu, Xiaomin and Sundberg, Anna and Strand, Anders and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={649–659} }
 @article{yin_lucia_pal_jiang_hubbe_2020, title={Lipase-catalyzed laurate esterification of cellulose nanocrystals and their use as reinforcement in PLA composites}, volume={27}, ISBN={1572-882X}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03225-3}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-020-03225-3}, number={11}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Yin, Yuanyuan and Lucia, Lucian A. and Pal, Lokendra and Jiang, Xue and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={6263–6273} }
 @article{tyagi_joyce_agate_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Citrus-based hydrocolloids: A water retention aid and rheology modifier for paper coatings}, volume={18}, ISSN={0734-1415}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj18.7.443}, DOI={10.32964/TJ18.7.443}, abstractNote={The rheological and dewatering behavior of an aqueous pigmented coating system not only affects the machine runnability but also affects the product quality. The current study describes the use of natural hydrocolloids derived from citrus peel fibers as a rheology modifier in paper coating applications. The results were compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a typical paper coating system. Water retention of the coating formulation was increased by 56% with citrus peel fibers compared to a default coating, and it also was higher than a CMCcontaining coating. The Brookfield viscosity of paper coatings was found to increase with citrus peel fibers. Compared to CMC, different citrus peel fibers containing coating recipes were able to achieve similar or higher water retention values, with no change or a slight increase in viscosity. Coatings were applied on linerboard using the Mayer rod-coating method, and all basic properties of paper were measured to assess the impact of citrus peel fiber on the functional value of the coatings. Paper properties were improved with coated paper containing citrus peel fibers, including brightness, porosity, smoothness, surface bonding strength, and ink absorption.}, number={7}, journal={July 2019}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Joyce, Michael and Agate, Sachin and Hubbe, Martin and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={443–450} }
 @article{zhang_sun_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Flexible and Pressure-Responsive Sensors from Cellulose Fibers Coated with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes}, volume={1}, ISSN={2637-6113 2637-6113}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00182}, DOI={10.1021/acsaelm.9b00182}, abstractNote={Composite cellulose-based materials have shown increasing potential in wearable and flexible hybrid electronics for large-scale deployment because of their flexible, cost-effective, abundant, and biodegradable features. A flexible cotton cellulose-incorporated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) based pressure sensor was fabricated. First, the cotton cellulose fibers were swelled in water solution containing sodium hydroxide and urea. Second, the MWCNTs were dispersed uniformly in the cellulosic matrix. Then, cellulosic pressure sensors were formed with a water bath process. The porous and interlaced conductive networks in the pressure sensors containing 10 wt % of MWCNTs exhibited a sensitivity about of −0.0197 kPa–1, a response time of about 20 ms, a recovery time of about 20 ms, and a wide workable pressure range from 0 to 20 kPa. Further, the practical piezoresistivity of sensor specimens was investigated. The proposed pressure sensors are prospective for various applications including smart clothing,...}, number={7}, journal={ACS Applied Electronic Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Zhang, Hao and Sun, Xiaohang and Hubbe, Martin and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={1179–1188} }
 @article{zhang_sun_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Highly conductive carbon nanotubes and flexible cellulose nanofibers composite membranes with semi-interpenetrating networks structure}, volume={222}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115013}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115013}, abstractNote={Highly conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and flexible cellulose nanofibers (CNF) membranes with semi-interpenetrating networks structure were fabricated using the typical paper-making method, which was simple and cost-effective. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to estimate the morphology, chemical structure, and thermal stability of the membranes. The mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of the membranes were characterized with a uniaxial tensile testing machine, ultraviolet visible spectroscope, and digital multimeter, respectively. The results indicated that the membranes containing 10 wt% of MWCNTs showed a high conductivity value of 37.6 S/m, and the sheet resistances of the membranes were stable at different bending states. Furthermore, we demonstrated the electrical features of membrane-based capacitive pressure sensors based on CNF/MWCNTs. The proposed method for fabricating CNF/MWCNTs membranes can simplify the production process and have great practical potential in various electronics applications such as touch screens.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zhang, Hao and Sun, Xiaohang and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={115013} }
 @article{park_yoo_lim_rojas_hubbe_park_2019, title={Impact of oxidative carbonization on structure development of loblolly pine-derived biochar investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1879-0062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.diamond.2019.05.001}, abstractNote={Biochar produced at an oxidative atmosphere shows distinct chemical properties compared to those of biochar produced at an inert atmosphere. However, there has been little investigation on the relationship between the oxidative atmosphere and the structure development of biochar, which can be useful information for the utilization of derived products. In this study, the effect of the oxygen atmosphere on the structure development of loblolly pine-derived biochar during thermal treatment was investigated. Quantitative analysis using solid-state direct polarization/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy presented the existence of large fractions of aromatic and non-protonated carbons in the biochars treated at an oxidative atmosphere, implying highly condensed aromatic structures with large cluster sizes. Simultaneous thermogravimetic analyzer-differential scanning calorimetry was employed to demonstrate the difference in heat flow during the thermal treatment at two different atmospheres. Relatively large exothermic heat flow was observed when woody biomass was treated at 350 °C under an oxidative atmosphere which might be responsible for the difference in structural alteration. The series of observations suggested that compared to inert atmospheric conditions, admitting a limited amount of oxygen during thermal treatment of woody biomass could promote the evolution of condensed aromatic carbon structures.}, journal={DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS}, author={Park, Junyeong and Yoo, Seunghyun and Lim, Kwang Hun and Rojas, Orlando J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Park, Sunkyu}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={140–147} }
 @article{tyagi_lucia_hubbe_pal_2019, title={Nanocellulose-based multilayer barrier coatings for gas, oil, and grease resistance}, volume={206}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.114}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.114}, abstractNote={Cellulose derivatives such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have enormous potential to reduce or replace petroleum and fluorochemicals for food and other packaging applications. CNFs have been studied for their excellent oxygen and gas barrier properties; however, their performance rapidly decreases in the presence of moisture and higher humidity. CNCs are less sensitive to moisture due to their highly crystalline nature; however, coatings and films made of CNCs are much more prone to fracture due to their high brittleness. Our work demonstrates a unique composite barrier coating system of CNF and CNC that synergistically enables oil and grease resistance (a kit rating of 11) comparable to fluorochemicals. It also demonstrates a significant increase in air resistance (∼by a factor of about 300), and a reduction in oxygen transmission rate (∼by a factor of about 260) compared to uncoated paper. The improvements in oil and gas barrier properties were evaluated with respect to the molecular, chemical, and structural properties of the developed coatings.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={281–288} }
 @misc{hubbe_pizzi_zhang_halis_2018, title={Critical Links Governing Performance of Self-binding and Natural Binders for Hot-pressed Reconstituted Lignocellulosic Board without Added Formaldehyde: A Review}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.13.1.hubbe}, abstractNote={The production of fiberboard, particleboard, and related hot-pressed biomass products can convert small, relatively low-valued pieces of wood into valuable products. There is strong interest in being able to manufacture such products without the addition of formaldehyde, which is a health hazard during both production and use. This article reviews literature describing various challenges that need to be faced in order to achieve satisfactory bonding properties in hot-pressed bio-based board products without the addition of formaldehyde. Bonding mechanisms are examined in the form of a hypothesis, in which the strength development is represented by a chain with four links. Failure of a board is expected to occur at the weakest of these mechanistic links, which include mechanical contact, molecular-scale wetting and contact, various chemical-based linkages, and structural integrity. The most promising technologies for environmentally friendly production of hot-pressed board with use of lignocellulosic materials tend to be those that favor success in the development of at least three of the mechanistic links in the hypothetical chain.}, number={1}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Pizzi, Antonio and Zhang, Haiyang and Halis, Rasmina}, year={2018}, pages={2049–2115} }
 @article{tyagi_hubbe_lucia_pal_2018, title={High performance nanocellulose-based composite coatings for oil and grease resistance}, volume={25}, ISSN={0969-0239 1572-882X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1810-7}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-018-1810-7}, number={6}, journal={Cellulose}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Hubbe, Martin A. and Lucia, Lucian and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={3377–3391} }
 @article{tyagi_mathew_opperman_jameel_gonzalez_lucia_hubbe_pal_2018, title={High-Strength Antibacterial Chitosan–Cellulose Nanocrystal Composite Tissue Paper}, volume={35}, ISSN={0743-7463 1520-5827}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02655}, DOI={10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02655}, abstractNote={A heightened need to control the spread of infectious diseases prompted the current work in which functionalized and innovative antimicrobial tissue paper was developed with a hydrophobic spray-coating of chitosan (Ch) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) composite. It was hypothesized that the hydrophobic nature of chitosan could be counterbalanced by the addition of CNC to maintain fiber formation and water absorbency. Light-weight tissue handsheets were prepared, spray-coated with Ch, CNC, and their composite coating (ChCNC), and tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and a microbial sample from a human hand after using the rest room. Water absorption and strength properties were also analyzed. To activate the surface of cationized tissue paper, an oxygen/helium gas atmospheric plasma treatment was employed on the best performing antimicrobial tissue papers. The highest bactericidal activity was observed with ChCNC-coated tissue paper, inhibiting up to 98% microbial growth. Plasma treatment further improved the antimicrobial activity of the coatings. Water absorption properties were reduced with Ch but increased with CNC. This "self-disinfecting" bactericidal tissue has the potential to be one of the most innovative products for the hygiene industry because it can dry, clean, and resist the infection of surfaces simultaneously, providing significant societal benefits.}, number={1}, journal={Langmuir}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Tyagi, Preeti and Mathew, Reny and Opperman, Charles and Jameel, Hasan and Gonzalez, Ronalds and Lucia, Lucian and Hubbe, Martin and Pal, Lokendra}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={104–112} }
 @article{rudi_ghorbannazhad_hubbe_2018, title={Optimizing the mechanical properties of papers reinforced with refining and layer-by-layer treated recycled fibers using response surface methodology}, volume={200}, ISSN={0144-8617}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2018.08.006}, DOI={10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2018.08.006}, abstractNote={Layer-by-layer (LbL) treated recycled fibers were investigated in mixtures with refined pulp relative to the mechanical properties of paper. The LbL treatments were conducted to assemble consecutive cationic and anionic starch layers on the fibers of old corrugated container (OCC) pulp. Fibers zeta potential was measured to examine the success of LbL treatment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to reveal the differences between treated and untreated fibers surface and network. Subsequently, the LbL-treated fibers were added to the refined OCC pulps. Optimization of paper (60 ± 3 g m-2 basis weight) strength properties including: tensile index, Scott bond (internal bonding), and ring crush test (RCT) was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). The meaningful change of zeta potential substantiated cationic/anionic starch layers construction. The AFM results showed that the surface of fibers were covered with starch, which was consistent with deposition of polyelectrolyte multi-layers (PEMs). The surfaces of the LbL-treated fibers were rough in comparison with untreated fibers. The optimization of mechanical parameters using RSM indicated that refining time significantly affected the paper's mechanical properties. The property values of 44.5 N.m/g tensile index, 149 J/m2 Scott bond, 32 mN RCT, and 245% strain at break were achieved at optimal conditions of 16 min refining time and the addition ratio of 17.6% LbL treated pulp respectively.}, journal={Carbohydrate Polymers}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rudi, Hamidreza and Ghorbannazhad, Payam and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={391–399} }
 @article{yin_lou_hubbe_tian_jiang_wang_gao_2018, title={Synergy of Silane and Polyacrylate Treatments to Prepare Thermally Stable and Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystals}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1348-0715"]}, DOI={10.1246/cl.180559}, abstractNote={Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were modified by surface grafting with silane and polyacrylate without disturbing the material morphologies. The modified CNCs exhibited improved hydrophobicity and th...}, number={10}, journal={CHEMISTRY LETTERS}, author={Yin, Yuanyuan and Lou, Chaoqian and Hubbe, Martin A. and Tian, Xiuzhi and Jiang, Xue and Wang, Hongbo and Gao, Weidong}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1272–1275} }
 @article{rahmaninia_rohi_hubbe_zabihzadeh_ramezani_2018, title={The performance of chitosan with bentonite microparticles as wet-end additive system for paper reinforcement}, volume={179}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.036}, abstractNote={In this research, the effect of bentonite micro-particles on the performance of chitosan as a new additive system for improving the dry strengths of acidic papermaking was studied. Chitosan, an abundant carbohydrate biopolymer, in 4 dosages (0, 0.75, 1.25 and 2% based on dry weight of pulp) was applied with bentonite in 4 dosages (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% based on oven-dry weight of pulp). Although the addition of chitosan up to 0.75% (without bentonite) improved tensile index and burst index, but the addition of more chitosan decreased all mechanical properties in comparison with the control sample. The application of bentonite in combination with chitosan had a significant impact on chitosan performance in mechanical properties. The best results were obtained with 0.3% bentonite consumption. Visual formation ranking had a proper correlation with this obtained results. The micro-kjeldahl indirectly confirmed chitosan retention in the treated paper with chitosan/bentonite.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Rahmaninia, Mehdi and Rohi, Mostafa and Hubbe, Martin A. and Zabihzadeh, Seyed Majid and Ramezani, Omid}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={328–332} }
 @misc{nelson_park_hubbe_2018, title={Thermal Depolymerization of Biomass with Emphasis on Gasifier Design and Best Method for Catalytic Hot Gas Conditioning}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1930-2126"]}, DOI={10.15376/biores.13.2.nelson}, abstractNote={This paper reviews ways that biomass can be converted by thermal depolymerization to make synthetic gas, i.e. syngas. Biomass, being carbon neutral, is considered as a form of solar energy stored during the growing season by photosynthesis. An effective biomass is one with low moisture and ash content, high lignin content, high calorific value, and small particle size. Woody biomass with low ash content (<1%), nut shells with high lignin content (30 to 40%), and municipal solid waste with synthetic polymers are effective at creating value-added synthetic gases. An allothermal downdraft gasifier produces a low tar syngas (99.9% tar conversion) at 850 oC and provides a simple and low-cost process. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) improves thermodynamic efficiency. To avoid thermal loss, a hot gas filtration system uses trona sorption material for sulfur and halogen compounds. Secondary systems can use multiple cyclones followed by reactors employing calcined dolomite, olivine, and others for adsorption or reaction with residual sulfur, ammonia, metals, and halogens. Reforming of residual tar to syngas can take place within chambers with ceramic tubes doped with nano-nickel particles. Syngas can then be used in boilers, gas turbines for production of electricity or production of chemicals by Fischer-Tropsch conversion.}, number={2}, journal={BIORESOURCES}, author={Nelson, Larry and Park, Sunkyu and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2018} }
 @article{farhat_venditti_hubbe_taha_becquart_ayoub_2017, title={A Review of Water-Resistant Hemicellulose-Based Materials: Processing and Applications}, volume={10}, ISSN={1864-5631}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201601047}, DOI={10.1002/cssc.201601047}, abstractNote={Hemicelluloses, due to their hydrophilic nature, may tend to be overlooked as a component in water-resistant product applications. However, their domains of use can be greatly expanded by chemical derivatization. Research in which hydrophobic derivatives of hemicelluloses or combinations of hemicelluloses with hydrophobic materials are used with to prepare films and composites is considered herein. Isolation methods that have been used to separate hemicellulose from biomass are also reviewed. Finally, the most useful pathways to change the hydrophilic character of hemicelluloses to hydrophobic are reviewed. In this way, the water resistance can be increased and applications of targeted water-resistant hemicellulose developed. Several applications of these materials are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={ChemSusChem}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Farhat, Wissam and Venditti, Richard A. and Hubbe, Martin and Taha, Mohamed and Becquart, Frederic and Ayoub, Ali}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={305–323} }
 @article{brockman_hubbe_2017, title={Charge reversal system with cationized cellulose nanocrystals to promote dewatering of a cellulosic fiber suspension}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-017-1477-5}, number={11}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Brockman, Allison C. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={4821–4830} }
 @article{hubbe_smith_zou_katuscak_potthast_ahn_2017, title={Deacidification of acidic books and paper by means of non-aqueous dispersions of alkaline particles: A review focusing on completeness of the reaction}, volume={12}, DOI={10.15376/biores.12.2.acidic_books_hubbe}, abstractNote={Deacidification refers to chemical treatments meant to slow down the acid hydrolysis and embrittlement of books and paper documents that had been printed on acidic paper. From the early 1800s up to about 1990, papermakers used aluminum sulfate, an acidic compound, in most printing papers. Certain deacidification methods use non-aqueous media to distribute alkaline mineral particles such as MgO within the pages of the treated books. Evidence is considered here as to whether or not the proximity of alkaline particles within such documents is sufficient to neutralize the acidic species present. Because much evidence suggests incomplete neutralization, a second focus concerns what to do next in cases where books already have been treated with a non-aqueous dispersion system. Based on the literature, the neutralization of acidic species within such paper can be completed by partial moistening, by high humidity and pressure, by water condensation, as well as by optional treatments to enhance paper strength and a final drying step.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Smith, R. D. and Zou, X. J. and Katuscak, S. and Potthast, A. and Ahn, K.}, year={2017}, pages={4410–4477} }
 @article{tayeb_hubbe_zhang_rojas_2017, title={Effect of Lipoxygenase Oxidation on Surface Deposition of Unsaturated Fatty Acids}, volume={33}, ISSN={["0743-7463"]}, DOI={10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00908}, abstractNote={We studied the interactions of lipid molecules (linoleic acid, glycerol trilinoleate and a complex mixture of wood extractives) with hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces (cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), respectively). The effect of lipoxygenase treatment to minimize the affinity of the lipids with the given surface was considered. Application of an electroacoustic sensing technique (QCM) allowed the monitoring of the kinetics of oxidation as well as dynamics of lipid deposition on CNF and PET. The effect of the lipoxygenase enzymes (LOX) was elucidated with regards to their ability to reduce the formation of soiling lipid layers. The results pointed to the fact that the rate of colloidal oxidation depended on the type of lipid substrate. The pretreatment of the lipids with LOX reduced substantially their affinity to the surfaces, especially PET. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensograms confirmed the effect of oxidation in decreasing the extent of deposition on the hydrophilic CNF. QCM energy dissipation analyses revealed the possible presence of a loosely adsorbed lipid layer on the PET surface. The morphology of the deposits accumulated on the solids was determined by atomic force microscopy and indicated important changes upon lipid treatment with LOX. The results highlighted the benefit of enzyme as a biobased treatment to reduce hydrophobic interactions, thus providing a viable solution to the control of lipid deposition from aqueous media.}, number={18}, journal={LANGMUIR}, author={Tayeb, Ali H. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Zhang, Yanxia and Rojas, Orlando J. u}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={4559–4566} }
 @article{tayeb_sadeghifar_hubbe_rojas_2017, title={Lipoxygenase-mediated peroxidation of model plant extractives}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.04.041}, abstractNote={Three unsaturated fatty acids, namely 9-cis,12-cis-linoleic acid, 1,2,3-tri-cis, cis-9,12-octadecadienoyl (glycerol trilinolein) and 1,2,3-tri-cis-9-octadecenoyl (triolein) were selected as models of components of plant extractives to monitor the hydroperoxygenation induced by soybean lipoxygenase (LOX), which was applied as an oxidative catalyst at room temperature. The fatty acids were monitored in colloidal dispersions in relation to their molecular changes using 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV spectroscopies. The detection of the hydroperoxy group was limited due to its unstable nature. However, the reduction of protons associated with the diene groups and the substitution of hydroperoxy groups at the allylic positon in conjugated lipids were detected by the induced chemical shift of HOO-bearing 13C and 1H resonances and the oxygen absorption owing to changes in the molecule. Moreover, compared to the two other substrates, no oxygen substitution was observed in triolein, in accordance with its lower level of saturation and the absence of bis-allylic carbon. Our results are of relevance to plant fiber processing, since fatty acids are major constituents of hydrophobic deposits that cause a range of manufacturing challenges.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Tayeb, Ali H. and Sadeghifar, Hasan and Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={253–262} }
 @article{ferrer_pal_hubbe_2017, title={Nanocellulose in packaging: Advances in barrier layer technologies}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1872-633X"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.012}, abstractNote={The review aims at reporting on recent developments in nanocellulose-based materials and their applications in packaging with special focus on oxygen and water vapor barrier characteristics. Nanocellulose materials, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), have unique properties with the potential to dramatically impact many commercial markets including packaging. In addition to being derived from a renewable resource that is both biodegradable and non-toxic, nanocellulose exhibits extremely high surface area and crystallinity and has tunable surface chemistry. These features give nanocellulose materials great potential to sustainably enhance oxygen and water vapor barrier properties when used as coating, fillers in composites and as self-standing thin films.}, journal={INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS}, author={Ferrer, Ana and Pal, Lokendra and Hubbe, Martin}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={574–582} }
 @misc{hubbe_ferrer_tyagi_yin_salas_pal_rojas_2017, title={Nanocellulose in thin films, coatings, and plies for packaging applications: a review}, volume={12}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Ferrer, A. and Tyagi, P. and Yin, Y. Y. and Salas, C. and Pal, L. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2017}, pages={2143–2233} }
 @article{tayeb_hubbe_tayeb_pal_rojas_2017, title={Soy Proteins As a Sustainable Solution to Strengthen Recycled Paper and Reduce Deposition of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Papermaking: A Bench and Pilot-Plant Study}, volume={5}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01425}, DOI={10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01425}, abstractNote={Hydrophobic contaminants (stickies) incorporated with recycled fibers cause severe papermaking processing and product quality problems, which lead to low runnability and increased production cost. Stickies negatively affect paper strength and many other properties. In this work, we propose a sustainable approach by the application of soy protein isolate (SPI), soy flour (SF), and soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) as agents to combat hydrophobic contaminants. Tests at the bench and pilot-plant scales and under conditions similar to industrial operations demonstrated the reduction of associated challenges and the improvement of a paper’s dry strength. The soy agents were applied to aqueous dispersions of lignin-free recycled fibers (dosage levels of 1–2% based on the fiber dry weight), which contained additives typically used in papermaking (fillers, sizing agent, and others). Talc, a common detackifier, was applied in similar systems that were used as reference. The proteins were added under both high and low she...}, number={8}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Tayeb, Ali H. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Tayeb, Pegah and Pal, Lokendra and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={7211–7219} }
 @article{hubbe_2017, title={Why I don't do academic social media... or do i?}, volume={12}, DOI={10.15376/biores.12.2.2252-2253}, abstractNote={A communications scholar at our university asked me recently whether I would take part in a debate about academic social media services such as ResearchGate. Yes, I responded, as long as I don’t have to argue the affirmative – that such online systems are necessarily a good thing. Personally I do not count myself as a user of academic social media, but I can easily understand why others could make an opposite decision. Academic social media can provide a way to get copies of full-length published articles, to pose questions to other researchers, to get various questions answered, and in general to foster relationships with well-networked and possibly influential people within one’s academic field. Or, like me, you might just enjoy having something mildly annoying that is fun to complain about.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2017}, pages={2252–2253} }
 @article{hubbe_lucia_2016, title={Bioresources: ten years of service for the progress of the science and technology of lignocellulosic products}, volume={11}, DOI={10.15376/biores.11.1.1-2}, abstractNote={The co-editors of BioResources note the completion of our first ten years. We think that the journal can be judged as a success based on having achieved an impact factor of about 1.4 each year since 2009 and having reached a publication rate of about 700 articles per year. We strive to be a “people’s journal” serving scientists, students, and society. We plan to continue emphasizing editorial pieces and review articles, which supplement our main service of publishing peer-reviewed articles dealing with the science of lignocellulosic materials, chemicals, and their uses. We also support undergraduate scholarship in our academic department, including tuition payment, opportunities for pre-editing work, and support for undergraduates to attend conferences, etc.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Lucia, Lucian}, year={2016}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{hubbe_sanchez_baosupee_nazhad_2016, title={Breakup of Agglomerated Clusters of Cellulosic Fines and CaCO3 Particles Exposed to Hydrodynamic Stress}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1532-2351"]}, DOI={10.1080/01932691.2015.1065504}, abstractNote={The capacity of fine particles to remain clustered together after being agglomerated by polyelectrolytes plays an important role in papermaking and in the treatment of wastewater. Tests were carried out with agglomerated suspensions of calcium carbonate and primary cellulosic fines in neutral buffer solution. Agglomeration was induced either by a high-charge cationic polyelectrolyte (a coagulant) or by sequential treatment with a coagulant and a very high-mass anionic acrylamide copolymer (a flocculant). Particle size analysis, based on diffraction of laser light, showed that the coagulated suspensions were susceptible to being redispersed by hydrodynamic shear. By contrast, flocculated suspensions were only partly broken up. In a flocculated mixture of CaCO3 and cellulosic fines, only the cellulosic fines could be separated from each other. The intensity of shear was more critical than its duration. Conventional shear stress was more effective for the breakup of the polyelectrolyte-induced agglomerates versus extensional flow or intense ultrasonic vibrations. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Sanchez, Miguel A. and Baosupee, Duangkamon and Nazhad, Mousa}, year={2016}, pages={836–845} }
 @article{hubbe_2016, title={Catalysts inspired by life}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2292-8782"]}, DOI={10.18331/brj2016.3.3.2}, number={3}, journal={BIOFUEL RESEARCH JOURNAL-BRJ}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2016}, pages={430–430} }
 @misc{hubbe_gill_2016, title={Fillers for papermaking: a review of their properties, usage practices, and their mechanistic role}, volume={11}, DOI={10.15376/biores.11.1.2886-2963}, abstractNote={Issues of cost and product quality have caused papermakers to place increased attention on the use of mineral additives, which are the subject of this review article. Technologists responsible for the production of paper can choose from a broad range of natural and synthetic mineral products, each of which has different characteristic shapes, size distributions, and surface chemical behavior. This article considers methods of characterization, and then discusses the distinguishing features of widely available filler products. The mechanisms by which fillers affect different paper properties is reviewed, as well as procedures for handling fillers in the paper mill and retaining them in the paper. Optical properties of paper and strategies to maintain paper strength at higher filler levels are considered. The goal of this review is to provide background both for engineers working to make their paper products more competitive and for researchers aiming to achieve effects beyond the current state of the art.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Gill, R. A.}, year={2016}, pages={2886–2963} }
 @article{lenze_peksa_sun_hoeger_salas_hubbe_2016, title={Intact and broken cellulose nanocrystals as model nanoparticles to promote dewatering and fine-particle retention during papermaking}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-016-1077-9}, number={6}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Lenze, Connor J. and Peksa, Caryn A. and Sun, Weimin and Hoeger, Ingrid C. and Salas, Carlos and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={3951–3962} }
 @article{hubbe_2016, title={My production facility, my laboratory of discovery}, volume={11}, DOI={10.15376/biores.11.4.8116-8118}, abstractNote={By exercising of one’s curiosity, in combination with a lot of persistence, it is possible to solve some seemingly intractable problems. Many readers of this journal will have spent much, if not all of their careers, in university laboratories. In such settings there is an understandable emphasis on understanding underlying reasons. In other words, one is expected to focus on “why things happen” rather than just getting results. But if such an approach works well at the university, how about applying it at the production facility? This editorial features the stories of a man who was brave enough to spend his career asking “why” questions while working to improve the operations of paper mills.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2016}, pages={8116–8118} }
 @article{hubbe_2016, title={Paper or plastic? Yes, but not as a mixture}, volume={11}, DOI={10.15376/biores.11.3.5656-5657}, abstractNote={As expressed by the chorus lyrics of a song by Dan Einbender, “it really isn’t garbage ‘til you mix it all together. It really isn’t garbage ‘til you throw it away. Separate your paper, plastic, compost, glass and metal. Then you get to use it all another day.” It’s worth paying attention to these lyrics once again in the face of yet another type of product that is starting to show up in stores. Extruded sheets of polyethylene (no. 2 plastic) with as much as 80% ground calcium carbonate content are being sold as “paper”. Calcium carbonate is widely used as a component of real paper. However, it rubs me the wrong way when the word “paper” is being used to refer to something that has no fibers in it and is not formed on a screen and dried. My more serious concern is that such materials, if they become widely used, have the potential to contaminate paper recycling operations.}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2016}, pages={5656–5657} }
 @misc{hubbe_metts_hermosilla_blanco_yerushalmi_haghighat_lindholm-lehto_khodaparast_kamali_elliott_2016, title={Wastewater treatment and reclamation: A review of pulp and paper industry practices and opportunities}, volume={11}, DOI={10.15376/biores.11.3.hubbe}, abstractNote={The pulp and paper (P&P) industry worldwide has achieved substantial progress in treating both process water and wastewater, thus limiting the discharge of pollutants to receiving waters. This review covers a variety of wastewater treatment methods, which provide P&P companies with cost-effective ways to limit the release of biological or chemical oxygen demand, toxicity, solids, color, and other indicators of pollutant load. Conventional wastewater treatment systems, often comprising primary clarification followed by activated sludge processes, have been widely implemented in the P&P industry. Higher levels of pollutant removal can be achieved by supplementary treatments, which can include anaerobic biological stages, advanced oxidation processes, bioreactors, and membrane filtration technologies. Improvements in the performance of wastewater treatment operations often can be achieved by effective measurement technologies and by strategic addition of agents including coagulants, flocculants, filter aids, and optimized fungal or bacterial cultures. In addition, P&P mills can implement upstream process changes, including dissolved-air-flotation (DAF) systems, filtration save-alls, and kidney-like operations to purify process waters, thus reducing the load of pollutants and the volume of effluent being discharged to end-of-pipe wastewater treatment plants.}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Metts, J. R. and Hermosilla, D. and Blanco, M. A. and Yerushalmi, L. and Haghighat, F. and Lindholm-Lehto, P. and Khodaparast, Z. and Kamali, M. and Elliott, A.}, year={2016}, pages={7953–8091} }
 @misc{hubbe_koukoulas_2016, title={Wet-laid nonwovens manufacture - chemical approaches using synthetic and cellulosic fibers}, volume={11}, DOI={10.15376/biores.11.2.hubbe}, abstractNote={Wet-laid forming, which can be regarded as being analogous to conventional papermaking processes but with use of chopped synthetic or staple fibers, continues to draw attention as an advantageous way to prepare advanced nonwoven textile products. This review of the literature considers scientific advances in the field, with emphasis placed on applications involving cellulosic fibers as a significant component of the product. Some primary challenges with respect to wet-laid processing concern the dispersion of the synthetic fibers in aqueous media and methods for avoiding their subsequent entanglement. Both mechanical and chemical strategies have been employed in order to achieve well-formed sheets of high uniformity and binding among the fibers to meet a variety of end-use specifications. The incorporation of cellulosic fibers has been shown to facilitate fiber dispersion and to impart certain beneficial characteristics and properties to wet-laid fabrics. The contrasting attributes of synthetic and cellulosic fibers contribute to some unique challenges during the processing of their mixtures during wet-laid forming.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Koukoulas, A. A.}, year={2016}, pages={5500–5552} }
 @article{li_whitlow_bitsura-meszaros_leung_barbieri_2015, title={A preliminary evaluation of World Heritage tourism promotion: comparing websites from Australia, China, and Mexico}, volume={13}, ISSN={2156-8316 2156-8324}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2015.1101393}, DOI={10.1080/21568316.2015.1101393}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT World Heritage Sites (WHS), recognized for their remarkable natural and cultural values, are prime destinations for domestic and international tourists. Despite such values, limited information is available on the efficacy of promotion strategies to reach their markets. This note reports an instrument developed to evaluate WHS websites and the results from its application on government websites of Australia, China, and Mexico. These countries were selected based on their geographic location, perceived activeness in WHS promotion, and strong international tourism receipts. The evaluation instrument captured 33 attributes representing 5 dimensions: Communication, Site Attractiveness, Marketing Effectiveness, Technical Setup, and World Heritage Specifics. Results reveal significant variability in website quality, with areas identified for improvement, especially promoting specific World Heritage information. Besides sharing a validated instrument to evaluate WHS websites, this note discusses issues that need to be addressed to strengthen the web-based promotion of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's World Heritage Program.}, number={3}, journal={Tourism Planning & Development}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Li, Jing and Whitlow, Matthew and Bitsura-Meszaros, Karly and Leung, Yu-Fai and Barbieri, Carla}, year={2015}, month={Nov}, pages={370–376} }
 @misc{hubbe_gardner_shen_2015, title={Contact angles and wettability of cellulosic surfaces: A review of proposed mechanisms and test strategies}, volume={10}, DOI={10.15376/biores.10.4.hubbe_gardner_shen}, abstractNote={Contact angle methods are widely used to evaluate the wettability of cellulose-based surfaces and to judge their suitability for different applications. Wettability affects ink receptivity, coating, absorbency, adhesion, and frictional properties. There has been a continuing quest on the part of researchers to quantify the thermodynamic work of adhesion between cellulosic surfaces and various probe liquids and to account for such components of force as the London/van der Waals dispersion force, hydrogen bonding, and acid and base interactions. However, due in part to the rough, porous, and water-swellable nature of cellulosic materials, poor fits between various theories and contact angle data have been observed. Such problems are compounded by inherent weaknesses and challenges of the theoretical approaches that have been employed up to this point. It appears that insufficient consideration has been given to the challenging nature of cellulosic materials from the perspective of attempting to gain accurate information about different contributions to surface free energy. Strong hysteresis effects, with large differences between advancing and receding contact angles, have been overlooked by many researchers in attempting to quantify the work of adhesion. Experimental and conceptual approaches are suggested as potential ways to achieve more reliable and useful results in future wettability studies of cellulosic surfaces.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Gardner, D. J. and Shen, W.}, year={2015}, pages={8657–8749} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_lucia_2015, title={Green modification of surface characteristics of cellulosic materials at the molecular or nano scale: A review}, volume={10}, DOI={10.15376/biores.10.3.hubbe}, abstractNote={Many current and potential uses of cellulosic materials depend critically on the character of their surfaces. This review of the scientific literature considers both well-established and emerging strategies to change the outermost surfaces of cellulosic fibers or films not only in terms of chemical composition, but also in terms of outcomes such as wettability, friction, and adhesion. A key goal of surface modification has been to improve the performance of cellulosic fibers in the manufacture of composites through chemistries such as esterification that are enabled by the high density of hydroxyl groups at typical cellulosic surfaces. A wide variety of grafting methods, some developed recently, can be used with plant-derived fibers. The costs and environmental consequences of such treatments must be carefully weighed against the potential to achieve similar performances by approaches that use more sustainable methods and materials and involve less energy and processing steps. There is potential to change the practical performances of many cellulosic materials by heating, by enzymatic treatments, by use of surface-active agents, or by adsorption of polyelectrolytes. The lignin, hemicelluloses, and extractives naturally present in plant-based materials also can be expected to play critical roles in emerging strategies to modify the surfaces characteristics of cellulosic fibers with a minimum of adverse environmental impacts.}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Lucia, Lucian}, year={2015}, pages={6095–6206} }
 @article{hubbe_2015, title={Lignin as a value-added byproduct to improve the economics of lignoethanol?}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2292-8782"]}, DOI={10.18331/brj2015.2.4.2}, number={4}, journal={BIOFUEL RESEARCH JOURNAL-BRJ}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2015}, pages={295–295} }
 @article{hubbe_2015, title={What next for wood construction/demolition debris?}, volume={10}, DOI={10.15376/biores.10.1.6-9}, abstractNote={Residents in localities throughout the world voluntarily participate in the routine recycling of household wastes, such as paper, metals, and plastics containers. But when a house in their neighborhood gets built or torn down, most of the debris – including wood waste – gets landfilled. Such a waste of material suggests that there are opportunities to add value to these under-utilized resources. The great variability, as well as contamination, pose major challenges. It is recommended that reclaimed wood be primarily used in the manufacture of durable goods, and then whatever is left over be used for energy (or heat) generation.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2015}, pages={6–9} }
 @article{tan_liu_yu_li_hubbe_gong_zhang_wang_li_2014, title={ASA-in-water emulsions stabilized by laponite nanoparticles modified with tetramethylammonium chloride}, volume={116}, ISSN={["1873-4405"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ces.2014.06.005}, abstractNote={Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) is a widely used paper sizing agent that is applied in the form of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions in order to impart a water-resistant character to the resulting paper. To obtain stable o/w emulsions of ASA, laponite, a highly hydrophilic synthetic clay, was selected as the stabilizer after it had been modified with tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC), a quaternary ammonium salt with the shortest possible hydrocarbon groups. It was found that the TMAC moderately neutralized the negative charges of laponite particles, lowered the apparent viscosity, but enhanced the turbidity of laponite aqueous dispersion by enhancing the hydrophobicity of the laponite particles, favoring adsorption of laponite particles on the ASA–water interface. Meanwhile, the TMAC significantly decreased the interfacial tension between ASA and water/aqueous laponite dispersion, promoting the formation of an emulsion with small droplets. When the added amount of TMAC reached 1 wt% based on laponite, the as-prepared ASA emulsion had small droplet size, low viscosity and uniform droplet size distribution, and exhibited good creaming/coalescence stability. By using TMAC to modify laponite nanoparticles, the hydrolysis stability and sizing performance of ASA emulsion were also improved.}, journal={CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE}, author={Tan, Hua and Liu, Wenxia and Yu, Dehai and Li, Haidong and Hubbe, Martin A. and Gong, Bei and Zhang, Wei and Wang, Huili and Li, Guodong}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={682–693} }
 @article{song_hubbe_2014, title={Enhancement of paper dry strength by carboxymethylated beta-D-glucan from oat as additive}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1437-434X"]}, DOI={10.1515/hf-2013-0108}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={HOLZFORSCHUNG}, author={Song, Xianliang and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={257–263} }
 @article{baosupee_massey_nazhad_hubbe_2014, title={Heteroagglomeration as a mechanism of retaining CaCO3 particles on the fibrils of cellulosic fines: A study by laser light diffraction and microscopy}, volume={441}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.10.020}, abstractNote={Mutual agglomeration involving contrasting types of particles can be expected to play a major role during the formation of paper. The present work employed laser diffraction particle size analysis, as well as microscopy, to characterize the state of agglomeration between cellulosic fines and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles. Primary fines from bleached hardwood kraft pulp were compared with fines collected from the same pulp after mechanical refining. Various ratios of cellulose to PCC were studied. Results were consistent with a process of heteroagglomeration occurring mainly between the PCC and slender cellulosic fibrils associated with the cellulosic fine particles. Adhesive attachments were formed between the PCC and cellulosic surfaces in spite of their having the same sign of zeta potential.}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Baosupee, Duangkamon and Massey, Ashley J. and Nazhad, Mousa and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={525–531} }
 @article{zhang_liu_li_hubbe_yu_li_wang_2014, title={Improving Stability and Sizing Performance of Alkenylsuccinic Anhydride (ASA) Emulsion by Using Melamine-Modified Laponite Particles as Emulsion Stabilizer}, volume={53}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie501381a}, abstractNote={Alkenylsuccinic anhydride (ASA) is commonly applied as oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions in the papermaking industry. Herein Laponite mineral nanoparticles were employed as a stabilizer of the ASA emulsions after being modified with melamine just before emulsion preparation. The emulsion was prepared by homogenizing the mixture of ASA and melamine-modified Laponite aqueous dispersion. The modification of melamine on the Laponite was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, whereas the impacts of the modification on the morphology, wettability and ζ-potential of the Laponite, as well as the interfacial tension between ASA and Laponite aqueous dispersion, were also analyzed. It is found that the adsorption of melamine on Laponite particles neither causes the aggregation nor significantly changes the charge properties of the Laponite particles. However, the adsorption of melamine can significantly increase the wettability of Laponite by the ASA liquid, and adequately lower the apparent interf...}, number={31}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Zhang, Wei and Liu, Wenxia and Li, Haidong and Hubbe, Martin A. and Yu, Dehai and Li, Guodong and Wang, Huili}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={12330–12338} }
 @misc{hubbe_2014, title={Prospects for maintaining strength of paper and paperboard products while using less forest resources: a review}, volume={9}, DOI={10.15376/biores.9.1.1634-1763}, abstractNote={Paper production requires large amounts of cellulosic fiber, whereas the world’s forested lands and croplands have a finite capacity to supply such resources. To deal with likely future pressure on forest resources, as well as to hold down costs of materials, publications examined in the preparation of this review suggest that the paper industry will need to implement several concurrent strategies. In particular, the industry can be expected to view recycling as a central part of its activities. Basis weights of various paper-based products can be expected to decrease over the coming decades, and more of the fiber content will be replaced with fillers such as calcium carbonate. Such trends will place intense demands upon chemical-based strategies to enhance the bonding within paper and paperboard. Based on the literature, further progress in reducing the amount of new forest resources used to meet a given set of paper product requirements will require a combined approach, taking into account various fiber attributes, nanostructures, novel concepts in bond formation, and advances in the unit operations of papermaking.}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2014}, pages={1634–1763} }
 @article{hubbe_2014, title={Puzzling aspects of the hydrophobic sizing of paper and its inter-fiber bonding ability}, volume={9}, DOI={10.15376/biores.9.4.5782-5783}, abstractNote={Internal sizing agents make it possible to prepare water-resistant paper from an aqueous suspension comprising water-loving fibers and an emulsified hydrophobic agent. Why doesn’t the hydrophobic treatment get in the way of inter-fiber bonding? The answer appears to involve the order in which nano-scale events happen during the manufacture of paper. It appears that the inter-fiber bonded areas develop first. Molecular distribution of the hydrophobic agents appears to happen later, especially during the later stages of evaporative drying. The topic seems to be crying out for someone to carry out appropriate experiments to shed more light on the mechanism.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2014}, pages={5782–5783} }
 @article{hubbe_2014, title={Recycling paper recycling}, volume={9}, DOI={10.15376/biores.9.2.1828-1829}, abstractNote={What do you do after a product has served its function and is no longer needed? Ideally, you recycle it. What do you do if people have neglected or forgotten so much of what has been learned in recent years about paper recycling? Well, one of the things that someone can do is to write a book. Very little of the contents of such a book may be new. But the book itself can be highly valuable, representing a lot of effort to select and organized material that will be helpful for the current and upcoming generations of papermaking technologists. This editorial describes a new book by Dr. Pratima Bajpai entitled Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper. Readers who deal with the recycling of paper will probably want to have a copy of it on a handy shelf.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2014}, pages={1828–1829} }
 @article{song_hubbe_2014, title={TEMPO-mediated oxidation of oat beta-D-glucan and its influences on paper properties}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1879-1344"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.070}, abstractNote={An enhanced bonding agent for papermaking was prepared by selective oxidation of a hemicellulose-rich byproduct of oat processing, which will be identified here by its primary component, β-d-glucan. The β-d-glucan was treated sequentially with (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) and sodium hypochlorite, or alternatively just with sodium hydroxide. When added to a slurry of unbleached softwood kraft fibers, in combination with an optimal dosage of aluminum sulfate, the oxidized β-d-glucan yielded greater increases in tensile strength and folding endurance in comparison to untreated β-d-glucan. NaOH treatment also improved dry-strength performance of the β-d-glucan, except for folding endurance. The improvements were attributed to increased charge density of the treated polyelectrolytes, leading to better distribution and retention on fibers prior to sheet formation. Modified β-d-glucan also enhanced the strength of recycled sheets when the treated paper was repulped and formed into recycled paper with no further chemical addition.}, journal={CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS}, author={Song, Xianliang and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={617–623} }
 @article{hubbe_2014, title={Zipping backwards the other way - yet another unique aspect of cellulose}, volume={9}, DOI={10.15376/biores.9.3.3759-3760}, abstractNote={Readers of this journal may be keenly aware of cellulose’s remarkable attributes, such as high stiffness, insolubility in just about everything, resistance to enzymatic attack, dimensional stability in the lengthwise direction, and toughness associated with the alternating crystalline zones and less organized regions. But if you dissolve cellulose and then allow it to recrystallize, the resulting crystals are at the same time radically different, and yet remarkably similar in most respects to the native form. Exactly half of the macromolecules in regenerated cellulose have been reversed 180 degrees in their direction. The behavior of dropped pencils can help explain why this happens.}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2014}, pages={3759–3760} }
 @misc{hubbe_rojas_fingas_gupta_2013, title={Cellulosic substrates for removal of pollutants from aqueous systems: A review. 3. spilled oil and emulsified organic liquids}, volume={8}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.2.3038-3097}, abstractNote={Water-insoluble oils, including crude petroleum and a wide variety of refined organic liquids, can cause major problems if spilled or leaked to aqueous environments. Potential environmental damage may be reduced if the spilled oil is promptly and efficiently removed from the water. This article reviews research that sheds light on the use of cellulose-based materials as sorbents to mitigate effects of oil spills. Encouraging results for oil sorption have been reported when using naturally hydrophobic cellulosic fibers such as unprocessed cotton, kapok, or milkweed seed hair. In addition, a wide assortment of cellulosic materials have been shown to be effective sorbents for hydrocarbon oils, especially in the absence of water, and their performance under water-wet conditions can be enhanced by various pretreatments that render them more hydrophobic. More research is needed on environmentally friendly systems to handle oil-contaminated sorbents after their use; promising approaches include their re-use after regeneration, anaerobic digestion, and incineration, among others. Research is also needed to further develop combined response systems in which biosorption is used along with other spill-response measures, including skimming, demulsification, biodegradation, and the use of booms to limit the spreading of oil slicks.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Fingas, M. and Gupta, B. S.}, year={2013}, pages={3038–1179} }
 @article{hubbe_ayoub_daystar_venditti_pawlak_2013, title={Enhanced absorbent products incorporating cellulose and its derivatives: A review}, volume={8}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84887162529&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.4.6556-6629}, abstractNote={Cellulose and some cellulose derivatives can play vital roles in the enhancement of the performance of absorbent products. Cellulose itself, in the form of cellulosic fibers or nano-fibers, can provide structure, bulk, water-holding capacity, and channeling of fluids over a wide dimensional range. Likewise, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) have been widely studied as components in superabsorbent polymer (SAP) formulations. The present review focuses on strategies and mechanisms in which inclusion of cellulose – in its various forms – can enhance either the capacity or the rate of aqueous fluid absorption in various potential applications.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Ayoub, A. and Daystar, J. S. and Venditti, R. A. and Pawlak, J. J.}, year={2013}, pages={6556–6629} }
 @article{hubbe_2013, title={Life in the forest canopy}, volume={8}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.2.1508-1509}, abstractNote={Scientists have been devoting increased time and attention to the tops of trees. As made clear by results of their studies, the environment of the forest canopy is teeming with life. Perhaps because the crowns of trees are difficult for people to reach, and due to the micro-climates within them, they hold a rich and diverse collection of life forms. Advances in the use of ropes, ladders, and suspended walkways is now making it possible for humans to be more frequent visitors to these realms.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2013}, pages={1508–1509} }
 @article{ayoub_venditti_pawlak_salam_hubbe_2013, title={Novel Hemicellulose–Chitosan Biosorbent for Water Desalination and Heavy Metal Removal}, volume={1}, ISSN={2168-0485 2168-0485}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sc300166m}, DOI={10.1021/sc300166m}, abstractNote={Hemicellulose material is an abundant and relatively under-utilized polymeric material present in lignocellulosic materials. In this research, an alkaline treatment was applied to pinewood (PW), switchgrass (SG), and coastal bermuda grass (CBG) in order to extract hemicelluloses to subsequently produce a novel biosorbent. Alkaline extraction at 75 °C recovered 23% of the biomass as a predominantly hemicellulose material with a number average degree of polymerization of ∼450. These hemicelluloses were grafted with penetic acid (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, DTPA) and were then cross-linked to chitosan. The effects of hemicellulose–DTPA concentration, reaction time, and temperature of reaction with chitosan on the resulting salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) uptake and weight loss in saline solutions were determined. A maximum salt uptake for the materials was ∼0.30 g/g of foam biosorbent. The foam biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectra, porosity, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Batch adsorption e...}, number={9}, journal={ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Ayoub, Ali and Venditti, Richard A. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Salam, Abdus and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1102–1109} }
 @article{hubbe_2013, title={On paper - a celebration of two millennia of the work and craft of papermakers}, volume={8}, DOI={10.15376/biores.8.4.4791-4792}, abstractNote={Those of us whose lives have been deeply touched by the technology of papermaking – and many others besides – are in for a real treat this coming fall when the book On Paper is scheduled to be published. The author, Nicholas Basbanes, employs an engaging, personalized approach as he brings to life the story of how paper has enabled the progress of civilization throughout two millennia. I first learned about Nick’s grand project, to capture the most intriguing aspects of paper’s story, during a re-broadcast of his hour-long interview that was presented on the CSPAN TV network. His enthusiasm is infectious, and it can be an uplifting experience to have him as a tour-guide to “all things paper”.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2013}, pages={4791–4792} }
 @article{salas_rojas_lucia_hubbe_genzer_2013, title={On the Surface Interactions of Proteins with Lignin}, volume={5}, ISSN={1944-8244 1944-8252}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am3024788}, DOI={10.1021/am3024788}, abstractNote={Lignins are used often in formulations involving proteins but little is known about the surface interactions between these important biomacromolecules. In this work, we investigate the interactions at the solid-liquid interface of lignin with the two main proteins in soy, glycinin (11S) and β-conglycinin (7S). The extent of adsorption of 11S and 7S onto lignin films and the degree of hydration of the interfacial layers is quantified via Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Solution ionic strength and protein denaturation (2-mercaptoethanol and urea) critically affect the adsorption process as protein molecules undergo conformational changes and their hydrophobic or hydrophilic amino acid residues interact with the surrounding medium. In general, the adsorption of the undenatured proteins onto lignin is more extensive compared to that of the denatured biomolecules and a large amount of water is coupled to the adsorbed molecules. The reduction in water contact angle after protein adsorption (by ~40° and 35° for undenatured 11S and 7S, respectively) is explained by strong nonspecific interactions between soy proteins and lignin.}, number={1}, journal={ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Salas, Carlos and Rojas, Orlando J. and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Genzer, Jan}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={199–206} }
 @article{salas_genzer_lucia_hubbe_rojas_2013, title={Water-Wettable Polypropylene Fibers by Facile Surface Treatment Based on Soy Proteins}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1944-8252"]}, DOI={10.1021/am401065t}, abstractNote={Modification of the wetting behavior of hydrophobic surfaces is essential in a variety of materials, including textiles and membranes that require control of fluid interactions, adhesion, transport processes, sensing, etc. This investigation examines the enhancement of wettability of an important class of textile materials, viz., polypropylene (PP) fibers, by surface adsorption of different proteins from soybeans, including soy flour, isolate,glycinin, and β-conglycinin. Detailed investigations of soy adsorption from aqueous solution (pH 7.4, 25 °C) on polypropylene thin films is carried out using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A significant amount of protein adsorbs onto the PP surfaces primarily due to hydrophobic interactions. We establish that adsorption of a cationic surfactant, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODA) onto PP surfaces prior to the protein deposition dramatically enhances its adsorption. The adsorption of proteins from native (PBS buffer, pH 7.4, 25 °C) and denatured conditions (PBS buffer, pH 7.4, 95 °C) onto DODA-treated PP leads to a high coverage of the proteins on the PP surface as confirmed by a significant improvement in water wettability. A shift in the contact angle from 128° to completely wettable surfaces (≈0°) is observed and confirmed by imaging experiments conducted with fluorescence tags. Furthermore, the results from wicking tests indicate that hydrophobic PP nonwovens absorb a significant amount of water after protein treatment, i.e., the PP-modified surfaces become completely hydrophilic.}, number={14}, journal={ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES}, author={Salas, Carlos and Genzer, Jan and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={6541–6548} }
 @article{salas_rojas_lucia_hubbe_genzer_2012, title={Adsorption of Glycinin and beta-Conglycinin on Silica and Cellulose: Surface Interactions as a Function of Denaturation, pH, and Electrolytes}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1526-4602"]}, DOI={10.1021/bm2014153}, abstractNote={Soybean proteins have found uses in different nonfood applications due to their interesting properties. We report on the kinetics and extent of adsorption on silica and cellulose surfaces of glycinin and β-conglycinin, the main proteins present in soy. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) experiments indicate that soy protein adsorption is strongly affected by changes in the physicochemical environment. The affinity of glycinin and the mass adsorbed on silica and cellulose increases (by ca. 13 and 89%, respectively) with solution ionic strength (as it increases from 0 to 100 mM NaCl) due to screening of electrostatic interactions. In contrast, β-conglycinin adsorbs on the same substrates to a lower extent and the addition of electrolyte reduces adsorption (by 25 and 57%, respectively). The addition of 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, a denaturing agent, reduces the adsorption of both proteins with a significant effect for glycinin. This observation is explained by the cleavage of disulfide bonds which allows unfolding of the molecules and promotes dissociation into subunits that favors more compact adsorbed layer structures. In addition, adsorption of glycinin onto cellulose decreases with lowering the pH from neutral to pH 3 due to dissociation of the macromolecules, resulting in flatter adsorbed layers. The respective adsorption isotherms fit a Langmuir model and QCM shifts in energy dissipation and frequency reveal multiple-step kinetic processes indicative of changes in adlayer structure.}, number={2}, journal={BIOMACROMOLECULES}, author={Salas, Carlos and Rojas, Orlando J. and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Genzer, Jan}, year={2012}, month={Feb}, pages={387–396} }
 @article{carrillo_saloni_lucia_hubbe_rojas_2012, title={Capillary flooding of wood with microemulsions from Winsor I systems}, volume={381}, ISSN={["0021-9797"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.032}, abstractNote={A new approach based on microemulsions formulated with at least 85% water and minority components consisting of oil (limonene) and surfactant (anionic and nonionic) is demonstrated for the first time to be effective for flooding wood’s complex capillary structure. The formulation of the microemulsion was based on phase behavior scans of Surfactant–Oil–Water systems (SOWs) and the construction of pseudo-ternary diagrams to localize thermodynamically stable one-phase emulsion systems with different composition, salinity and water-to-oil ratios. Wicking and fluid penetration isotherms followed different kinetic regimes and indicated enhanced performance relative to that of the base fluids (water, oil or surfactant solutions). The key properties of microemulsions to effectively penetrate the solid structure are discussed; microemulsion formulation and resultant viscosity are found to have a determining effect in the extent of fluid uptake. The solubilization of cell wall components is observed after microemulsion impregnation. Thus, the microemulsion can be tuned not only to effectively penetrate the void spaces but also to solubilize hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. The concept proposed in this research is expected to open opportunities in fluid sorption in fiber systems for biomass pretreatment, and delivery of hydrophilic or lipophilic moieties in porous, lignocellulosics.}, journal={JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE}, author={Carrillo, Carlos A. and Saloni, Daniel and Lucia, Lucian A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={171–179} }
 @misc{hubbe_beck_o'neal_sharma_2012, title={Cellulosic substrates for removal of pollutants from aqueous systems: A review. 2. dyes}, volume={7}, DOI={10.15376/biores.7.2.2592-2687}, abstractNote={Dyes used in the coloration of textiles, paper, and other products are highly visible, sometimes toxic, and sometimes resistant to biological breakdown; thus it is important to minimize their release into aqueous environments. This review article considers how biosorption of dyes onto cellulose-related materials has the potential to address such concerns. Numerous publications have described how a variety of biomass-derived substrates can be used to absorb different classes of dyestuff from dilute aqueous solutions. Progress also has been achieved in understanding the thermodynamics, kinetics, and chemical factors that control the uptake of dyes. Important questions remain to be more fully investigated, such as those involving the full life-cycle of cellulosic substrates that are used for the collection of dyes. Also, more work needs to be done in order to establish whether biosorption should be implemented as a separate unit operation, or whether it ought to be integrated with other water treatment technologies, including the enzymatic breakdown of chromophores.}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Beck, K. R. and O'Neal, W. G. and Sharma, Y. C.}, year={2012}, pages={2592-} }
 @article{payne_jackson_aizpurua_rojas_hubbe_2012, title={Oil Spills Abatement: Factors Affecting Oil Uptake by Cellulosic Fibers}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1520-5851"]}, DOI={10.1021/es3015524}, abstractNote={Wood-derived cellulosic fibers prepared in different ways were successfully employed to absorb simulated crude oil, demonstrating their possible use as absorbents in the case of oil spills. When dry fibers were used, the highest sorption capacity (six parts of oil per unit mass of fiber) was shown by bleached softwood kraft fibers, compared to hardwood bleached kraft and softwood chemithermomechanical pulp(CTMP) fibers. Increased refining of CTMP fibers decreased their oil uptake capacity. When the fibers were soaked in water before exposure to the oil, the ability of the unmodified kraft fibers to sorb oil was markedly reduced, whereas the wet CTMP fibers were generally more effective than the wet kraft fibers. Predeposition of lignin onto the surfaces of the bleached kraft fibers improved their ability to take up oil when wet. Superior ability to sorb oil in the wet state was achieved by pretreating the kraft fibers with a hydrophobic sizing agent, alkenylsuccinic anhydride (ASA). Contact angle tests on a model cellulose surface showed that some of the sorption results onto wetted fibers could be attributed to the more hydrophobic nature of the fibers after treatment with either lignin or ASA.}, number={14}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY}, author={Payne, Katharine C. and Jackson, Colby D. and Aizpurua, Carlos E. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={7725–7730} }
 @article{jin_lucia_rojas_hubbe_pawlak_2012, title={Survey of Soy Protein Flour as a Novel Dry Strength Agent for Papermaking Furnishes}, volume={60}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf303023j}, abstractNote={A series of experiments were conducted on recycled pulp samples for the novel purpose of determining the efficacy of employing soy protein flour to increase the strength of dry paper. Values of short span compression and tensile strength were the prime criteria for comparison based on industrial considerations. Various conditions were considered to uncover effective schemes for applying the soy proteins under industrial-like papermaking conditions including alkaline versus acidic as well as high or low ionic content papermaking conditions. A hybrid system of starch, a dry strength additive currently used in paper furnishes, and soy protein was considered to study the possible existence of any synergistic chemical effects. Results indicated that a 1 part (by mass) soy protein to 3 parts cationic starch hybrid system resulted in the highest strength increase in comparison to solely either the soy protein or the cationic starch as dry strength additives.}, number={39}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Jin, Haoyu and Lucia, Lucian A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Pawlak, Joel J.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={9828–9833} }
 @article{silva_rojas_hubbe_park_2011, title={Enzymatic Treatment as a Pre-Step to Remove Cellulose Films from Sensors}, volume={299-300}, ISSN={1022-1360}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200900081}, DOI={10.1002/masy.200900081}, abstractNote={In this work an enzymatic treatment is proposed as a preparative, cleaning protocol to remove cellulose films from resonators and sensors. Quartz crystal and surface plasmon gold sensors, coated with ultrathin films of cellulose are used in studies of molecular (for example, polymer and surfactant) adsorption. The sensors are usually recycled after removal of the film, with limited success, after one of two treatments, either hot acid or ammoniac solutions. In the proposed, improved protocol a mixture of cellulases from Aspergillus species, are used as a pre-treatment to facilitate the release of the cellulose film from the surfaces of the sensors. Two concentrations of NaCl solutions were considered in the enzymatic treatment, 1 and 10 mM, at given enzyme solution concentration, temperature and pH. It was found that after 80 min, the water contact angle after treatment with both salt concentration conditions reached a plateau. The average water contact angle after integration of the enzymatic and ammoniac treatments was found to be low enough, between 6.4 and 7.1 deg to allow reuse the sensors. It is concluded that the use of the ammoniac cleaning solution after the enzymatic treatment is a very convenient, safe and less time consuming way to remove the cellulose films from the sensors to be recycled.}, number={1}, journal={Macromolecular Symposia}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Silva, Deusanilde J. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Park, Song W.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={107–112} }
 @article{hubbe_wu_rojas_park_2011, title={Permeation of a cationic polyelectrolyte into mesoporous silica}, volume={381}, ISSN={0927-7757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.12.052}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.12.052}, abstractNote={Parts 1 and 2 of this series showed that the streaming potential of silica gel particles in aqueous media can be profoundly affected by their exposure to solutions of a cationic polyelectrolyte. The extent of the change in streaming potential depended on such variables as pH, salt concentration, polyelectrolyte molecular mass and concentration, pore size, and time. However, questions arose concerning the relationship between the observed changes in streaming potential and the net amount of adsorbed polyelectrolyte. Some preliminary experiments suggested that, compared to adsorption tests, the streaming potential method may be much more sensitive to the permeation of minor amounts of oligomeric impurities into the network of mesopores in the substrate. The present article follows up on these findings, evaluating adsorption isotherms for the same systems that earlier had been examined by the streaming potential method. In contrast to the earlier work, it was possible to interpret the isotherms based on a model in which adsorbate interacts with a set of equivalent, non-interacting adsorption sites. The kinetics of adsorption were time-dependent and diffusion limited. The polymer adsorbed amount was controlled by both the pore size and the surface area. The highest adsorption amount, based on mass of the substrate, was achieved when using silica gel having an intermediate pore size (15 nm) at a relatively high solution concentration of very-low-mass polyelectrolyte. The results could be fit well to a Langmuir model of the adsorption process.}, number={1-3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Wu, Ning and Rojas, Orlando J. and Park, Sunkyu}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{hubbe_wu_rojas_park_2011, title={Permeation of a cationic polyelectrolyte into mesoporous silica Part 3. Using adsorption isotherms to elucidate streaming potential results}, volume={381}, number={1-3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Wu, N. and Rojas, O. J. and Park, S.}, year={2011}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{spence_venditti_rojas_pawlak_hubbe_2011, title={Water vapor barrier properties of coated and filled microfibrillated cellulose composite films}, volume={6}, DOI={10.15376/biores.6.4.4370-4388}, abstractNote={Microfibrillated celluloses (MFCs) have mechanical properties sufficient for packaging applications, but lack in comparison to petroleum-based plastics in water vapor barrier properties. These properties can be modified by the use of mineral fillers, added within the film structure, or waxes, as surface coatings. In this investigation it was found that addition of fillers resulted in films with lower densities but also lower water vapor transmission rates. This was hypothesized to be due to decreased water vapor solubility in the films. Associated transport phenomena were described by the Knudsen model for diffusion but due to the limited incorporation of chemical factors in the model, accurate prediction of pore diameters for filled films was not possible. Modeling the filled-films with Fick’s equation, however, takes into account chemical differences, as observed by the calculated tortuosity values. Remarkably, coating with beeswax, paraffin, and cooked starch resulted in films with water vapor transmission rates lower than those for low density polyethylene. These coatings were modeled with a three-layer model which determined that coatings were more effective in reducing WVTR.}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Spence, K. L. and Venditti, R. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Pawlak, J. J. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2011}, pages={4370–4388} }
 @article{lucia_hubbe_2010, title={Can lignocellulose biosynthesis be the key to its economical deconstruction?}, volume={5}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Lucia, L. A. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2010}, pages={507–509} }
 @article{song_yamagushi_silva_hubbe_rojas_2010, title={Effect of Charge Asymmetry on Adsorption and Phase Separation of Polyampholytes on Silica and Cellulose Surfaces}, volume={114}, ISSN={["1520-6106"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp909047t}, abstractNote={The relation between the properties of polyampholytes in aqueous solution and their adsorption behaviors on silica and cellulose surfaces was investigated. Four polyampholytes carrying different charge densities but with the same nominal ratio of positive to negative segments and two structurally similar polyelectrolytes (a polyacid and a polybase) were investigated by using quartz crystal microgravimetry using silica-coated and cellulose-coated quartz resonators. Time-resolved mass and rigidity (or viscoelasticity) of the adsorbed layer was determined from the shifts in frequency (Deltaf) and energy dissipation (DeltaD) of the respective resonator. Therefore, elucidation of the dynamics and extent of adsorption, as well as the conformational changes of the adsorbed macromolecules, were possible. The charge properties of the solid surface played a crucial role in the adsorption of the studied polyampholytes, which was explained by the capability of the surface to polarize the polyampholyte at the interface. Under the same experimental conditions, the polyampholytes had a higher nominal charge density phase-separated near the interface, producing a soft, dissipative, and loosely bound layer. In the case of cellulose substrates, where adsorption was limited, electrostatic and polarization effects were concluded to be less significant.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B}, author={Song, Junlong and Yamagushi, Takashi and Silva, Deusanilde J. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={719–727} }
 @article{kim_hubbe_kim_2010, title={Engineering of a Wet-End Additives Program Relative to Process Parameters and to the Physical and Optical Properties of Filled Paper}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie100434u}, abstractNote={In the manufacture of a paper product, the application of wet-end additives and the adjustments of various conditions can have major effects on the physical and optical properties of the final paper. In this study, we prepared paper handsheets and investigated the effects of many process variables, including the type and amounts of cationic polyacrylamide and colloidal silica, in addition to temperature, duration of mixing, hydrodynamic shear, pH, and variations in electrical conductivity due to salt addition. The most important effects were attributable to variations in the amount, ionic charge, and molecular weight of cationic polyacrylamide, as well as the type and amount of colloidal silica. Many of the observed effects could be explained in terms of fiber flocculation, and the adverse effect of flocculation on the uniformity of the paper, a factor that significantly affected the physical properties. An understanding of the relationships between chemical variables, hydrodynamic shear, and other system...}, number={12}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Kim, Gyeong-Yun and Hubbe, Martin A. and Kim, Chul-Hwan}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={5644–5653} }
 @article{wu_hubbe_rojas_park_2010, title={Permeation of a cationic polyelectrolyte into meso-porous silica}, volume={364}, ISSN={0927-7757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.042}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.042}, abstractNote={A recently developed streaming potential (SP) strategy was used for the first time to investigate factors affecting permeation of the cationic polyelectrolyte poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) from aqueous solution into silica gel particles. Factors affecting cationic polyelectrolyte permeation were considered, including polyelectrolyte dosage, molecular mass, solution pH, and electrical conductivity. Samples were equilibrated for approximately 20 h before testing. The magnitude of change in streaming potential, which was taken as evidence of permeation, increased with increasing polyelectrolyte dosage, with decreasing molecular mass, and with decreasing pH in the range 11 to 3. The pH effect supports a mechanism in which excessively strong electrostatic attraction between the polyelectrolyte and the substrate immobilizes macromolecules at or near the entrances to the pore network, thus inhibiting permeation of like-charged macromolecules. The same mechanism is consistent with observations that permeation increased with increasing electrical conductivity, though the latter observation also could be explained in terms of conformational changes.}, number={1-3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wu, Ning and Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Park, Sunkyu}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{wu_hubbe_rojas_park_2010, title={Permeation of a cationic polyelectrolyte into meso-porous silica Part 1. Factors affecting changes in streaming potential}, volume={364}, number={1-3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, author={Wu, N. and Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Park, S.}, year={2010}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{hubbe_wu_rojas_park_2010, title={Permeation of a cationic polyelectrolyte into mesoporous silica. Part 2. Effects of time and pore size on streaming potential}, volume={364}, ISSN={0927-7757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.05.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.05.005}, abstractNote={Streaming potential tests were carried out to determine effects of time and pore size in the adsorption and desorption from aqueous suspensions of cationic polyelectrolytes on silica gel particles. Results in Part 1 of this series showed that the adsorption of cationic polyelectrolytes exposed to mesoporous silica gels can be highly dependent on pH, the polyelectrolyte's molecular mass, and the solution's electrical conductivity. Also, the observed changes in streaming potential indicated that the adsorption tended to be relatively slow and incomplete under the conditions of analysis. The present results indicate that the rate of change of streaming potential is proportional to the logarithm of exposure time. The related changes in adsorbed amounts of polyelectrolyte were below the detection limits of typical polyelectrolyte titration procedures. Contrasting charge behaviors were observed on the exterior vs. interior surfaces of silica gel particles as a function of pore size, electrical conductivity, and polyelectrolyte molecular mass. Increasing ionic strength tended to enhance the effect of adsorption of high-mass cationic polymers on the outer surfaces, but produced only a relatively small effect on streaming potential related to their permeation into silica gel (nominal pore sizes of 6 nm or 30 nm). Adsorption of very-low-mass cationic polymer onto the outer surfaces and inside the 6 nm pore size silica gel appeared to be maximized at an intermediate salt level. Finally, electrokinetic tests were used for the first time in a protocol designed to provide evidence of polyelectrolyte desorption from the interiors of mesoporous materials.}, number={1-3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Wu, Ning and Rojas, Orlando J. and Park, Sunkyu}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={7–15} }
 @inbook{silva_rojas_park_hubbe_2009, title={Evaluation of adsorbed polyampholyte layers by using quartz crystal microbalance}, booktitle={10th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering -- (Computer-aided chemical engineering, 7)}, publisher={Amsterdam: Elsevier}, author={Silva, D. J. and Rojas, O. J. and Park, S. W. and Hubbe, M. A.}, editor={R. M. De Brito Alves, C. A. Oller do Nascimento and Biscaia, E. C.Editors}, year={2009} }
 @article{chen_park_heitmann_hubbe_2009, title={Importance of Cellulosic Fines Relative to the Dewatering Rates of Fiber Suspensions}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie9006613}, abstractNote={When cellulosic fines are present in significant amounts, they can have a dominant influence on dewatering. Pulp suspensions drain rapidly if the fines have been removed. In this study, the dependency of gravity dewatering rates on the level and properties of cellulosic fine matter was quantified. Bleached hardwood kraft pulp was used as a source of primary fines (collected before refining) and secondary fines (collected after refining of fines-free fiber suspensions). Fractions of fine matter also were obtained from chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp. Size distributions of these fines were characterized using a laser diffraction method. Results were explainable by a mechanism in which unattached fines are able to move relative to adjacent fibers during the dewatering and consolidation of a mat of fibers. Due to such movement, fines end up in locations where they plug drainage channels in the mat. The contribution of the fines to dewatering increased in inverse proportion to particle size and with increasi...}, number={20}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Chen, Hao and Park, Andrew and Heitmann, John A. and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={9106–9112} }
 @inproceedings{yamaguchi_hubbe_rojas_2009, title={Investigation of adsorption behaviors of polyampholytes}, volume={76}, booktitle={Kami Parupu Kenkyu? Happyo?kai: Ko?en yo?shishu?}, author={Yamaguchi, T and Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2009}, pages={6–9} }
 @article{lee_hubbe_2009, title={Morphologies of synthetic mineral microparticles for papermaking as a function of synthetic conditions}, volume={339}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.006}, abstractNote={Abstract Morphological characteristics were determined for a system of synthetic mineral microparticles (SMM), which have been developed to promote drainage of water and retention of fine particles during papermaking. Prior research, as well as our own preliminary research showed that the SMM system can have advantages in both of drainage and retention, compared with montmorillonite (bentonite), which is one of the most popular materials presently used in this kind of application. A partially gelled form of a silica-type microparticle additive is known to perform better than the corresponding sol form, in terms of fine-particle retention during papermaking. For this reason it was of interest to investigate the morphological behavior of SMM as a function of the conditions of synthesis. BET nitrogen adsorption was used to measure the surface area of SMM. The distribution of SMM particle size was investigated in the aqueous state, using a light-scattering technique. The coagulation behavior and morphology of SMM were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the structural characteristics of SMM particles could be explained in terms of the effects of ionic charges on colloidal stability of primary particles during formation of the SMM.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Lee, Sa Yong and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={118–125} }
 @article{silva_rojas_hubbe_park_yamaguchi_song_2009, title={Polyampholytes: Their use in papermaking and their solution and adsorption behaviors}, volume={70}, number={9}, journal={O Papel}, author={Silva, D. J and Rojas, O. J. and Hubbe, M. A and Park, S. W. and Yamaguchi, T. and Song, J.}, year={2009}, pages={40–50} }
 @article{bastidas_pawlak_venditti_heitmann_hubbe_kadla_2008, title={A colloidal probe microscopy study of cellulose/gypsum interactions}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1044-5803"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.matchar.2006.12.007}, abstractNote={Drywall, which is made primarily of a calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) core with paper on both sides, is one of the most widely used construction materials. Because board failure often occurs at the gypsum core/paper interface, it has become important to know the exact nature of the gypsum/cellulose bond and how crystal morphology affects it. This study provides data about the nature of this interaction by means of AFM and Colloidal Probe Microscopy. These methods made it possible to distinguish among the different crystal faces and their respective interactions with cellulose. Measured in air, the adhesive forces between the AFM tip and the different faces varied according to f(010) < f(120) < f(111) at 50% relative humidity. The differences in adhesive force with the different gypsum crystals face can be attributed to the differences in surface chemistry. The information obtained in this study will help guide improvements in the gypsum wallboard production process to obtain better bonding between the crystal and the paper.}, number={2}, journal={MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION}, author={Bastidas, Juan C. and Pawlak, Joel J. and Venditti, Richard A. and Heitmann, John A. and Hubbe, Martin A. and Kadla, John F.}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={144–150} }
 @article{lucia_hubbe_2008, title={Book review: "Materials, chemicals & energy from forest biomass"}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Lucia, L. A. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2008}, pages={668–669} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_lucia_sain_2008, title={Cellulosic nanocomposites: A review}, volume={3}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Lucia, L. A. and Sain, M.}, year={2008}, pages={929–980} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_2008, title={Colloidal stability and aggregation of lignocellulosic materials in aqueous suspension: A review}, volume={3}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2008}, pages={1419–1491} }
 @article{hamzeh_ekhtera_hubbe_izadyar_pourtahmasi_2008, title={Effects of process variables on poly-aluminum chloride (PAC)-rosin sizing performance under neutral papermaking conditions}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie800107x}, abstractNote={The effects of process variables, including poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) and rosin levels and equilibration time on PAC−rosin sizing performance, were investigated for three alternative sizing processes, include conventional, reverse sizing, and premixing under neutral papermaking conditions. The individual and interaction effects of sizing variables were determined. It was found that, in contrast to conventional sizing, the sizing efficiency increased with increasing equilibration time when reverse and premixing processes were used for the sizing treatment. In both processes, increasing equilibration time can lead to potential savings in PAC or rosin. Finally, the optimum conditions for more cost-effective sizing were determined for the three sizing processes.}, number={13}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Hamzeh, Yahya and Ekhtera, Mohammad Hassan and Hubbe, Martin A. and Izadyar, Soheita and Pourtahmasi, Kambiz}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={4302–4307} }
 @inproceedings{wu_hubbe_rojas_yamaguchi_2008, title={Penetration of high-charge cationic polymers into silica gel particles and cellulosic fibers}, volume={Book B}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2nd IPEC Conference}, publisher={Tianjin, China: Tianjin University of Science & Technology}, author={Wu, N. and Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Yamaguchi, T.}, year={2008}, pages={626–649} }
 @article{lee_hubbe_2008, title={Polyelectrolyte titrations of synthetic mineral microparticle suspensions to evaluate charge characteristics}, volume={331}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.08.003}, abstractNote={Colloidal charge properties were determined for a system of synthetic mineral microparticles (SMM), which have been developed to promote drainage of water and retention of fine particles during papermaking. Prior research, as well as our own preliminary research showed that the SMM system can have advantages in both of drainage and retention, compared with montmorillonite (bentonite), which is one of the most popular materials presently used in this kind of application. Streaming current titrations employing highly charged polyelectrolytes and were used to evaluate the charge properties of SMM suspensions and to understand the interactions among SMM particles, fibers, fiber fines, and cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM). Polyelectrolyte titrations were carried out under different conditions of pH to predict the charge properties of SMM under conditions that reflect paper manufacturing practices. It was found that pH variation, caused by the change of Al/Si ratio and partial neutralization of aluminum's acidity, profoundly affected the charge properties of SMM, due to the variation of Al-ions and the influence ionizable groups on the Si-containing particle surface.}, number={3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Lee, Sa Yong and Hubbe, Martin A.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={175–182} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_argyropoulos_wang_song_sulic_sezaki_2007, title={Charge and the dry-strength performance of polyampholytes. Part 2. Colloidal effects}, volume={301}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.11.053}, abstractNote={Polyampholytes, which are macromolecules that contain both positive and negative ionizable groups, can provide superior strength improvements for paper manufacture, compared to the addition of simple polyelectrolytes. Colloidal effects, which were measured in solution and in fiber suspensions, were consistent with observed bonding effects. The same colloidal effects were found to correlate with the effects of pH and of the density of the ionizable groups on the polyampholytes. Tests were carried out with a series of polyampholytes having a constant ratio of cationic to anionic monomeric groups and molecular mass. Their charge density varied in the ratio 1:2:4:8. The greatest strength gains were obtained at intermediate charge density and under conditions of pH favoring instability of the aqueous polymer mixtures. Colloidal phenomena were elucidated by turbidimetric tests, sediment volumes of treated fiber suspensions, flocculation tendencies of treated fiber suspensions, and zeta potentials of probe particles.}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Argyropoulos, Dimitris and Wang, Y. and Song, J. and Sulic, N. and Sezaki, T.}, year={2007}, pages={23–32} }
 @article{wang_hubbe_rojas_argyropoulos_wang_sezaki_2007, title={Charge and the dry-strength performance of polyampholytes. Part 3: Streaming potential analysis}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.11.052}, abstractNote={Results reported in Part 1 of this series showed that paper strength improvements could be optimized by varying pH and the overall content of ionic groups in random terpolymers containing a fixed molar ratio of acidic and basic monomeric groups. Further treatment of kraft fiber slurries with polyaluminum chloride (PAC), after polyampholyte addition, yielded significant strength benefits. The present paper shows how these results can be explained in terms of the streaming potential (SP) of glass fibers, which were used as a model substrate. The data suggest that aluminum ions interact both with the anionic carboxyl groups of the polyampholytes and with anionic silanol groups at fiber surfaces. The streaming potential of the treated surfaces could be changed by varying the pH, the overall density of charged groups of the polyampholytes, the ratio of cationic to anionic groups on the polymer and by post-treatment with polyaluminum chloride.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Wang, Yun and Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. and Wang, Xingwu and Sezaki, Takao}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={33–40} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_lucia_jung_2007, title={Consequences of the nanoporosity of cellulosic fibers on their streaming potential and their interactions with cationic polyelectrolytes}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1572-882X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10570-006-9098-4}, abstractNote={Electrokinetic tests, based on the streaming potential method, were used to elucidate interactions between cationic polyelectrolytes and cellulosic fibers and to reveal aspects of fibers’ nanoporosity. The fibrillated and nanoporous nature of bleached kraft fibers gave rise to time-dependent changes in streaming potential, following treatment of the wetted fibers with poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride. Electrokinetic test results were consistent with an expected longer time required for higher-mass polyelectrolytes to diffuse into pore spaces, compared to lower-mass polyelectrolytes. Further evidence of the relative inability of polyelectrolyte molecules to diffuse into the pores of cellulose was obtained by switching back and forth between high and low ionic strength conditions during repeated measurement of streaming potential, after the fibers had been treated with a moderate amount of cationic polymer. By changing the concentration of sodium sulfate it was possible to switch the sign of streaming potential repeatedly from positive to negative and back again. Such results imply that a continuous path for liquid flow exists either in a fibrillar layer or within the cell walls. The same concepts also helped to explain the dosages of high-charge cationic polymer needed to achieve maximum dewatering rates, as well as the results of retention experiments using positively and negatively charged microcrystalline cellulose particles.}, number={6}, journal={CELLULOSE}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Lucia, Lucian A. and Jung, Tae Min}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={655–671} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_lee_park_wang_2007, title={Distinctive electrokinetic behavior of nanoporous silica particles treated with cationic polyelectrolyte}, volume={292}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.06.034}, abstractNote={In this study we show, for the first time, that the streaming potential of aqueous suspensions of nanoporous silica gel, after treatment with the cationic polyelectrolyte poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC), can depend very strongly on the concentration of background electrolyte. An increase in the electrical conductivity from 60 to 1000 μS/cm resulted in an approximately 1000-fold increase in the amount of poly-DADMAC that was required to reach an endpoint of zero streaming potential. Results were explained by two contributions to the overall electrokinetic behavior—one due to the outer surfaces and another due to the interior surfaces of nanopore spaces that were inaccessible to the polyelectrolytes. Experiments with cyclical changes in salt content revealed a high degree of reversibility; such observations help to rule out explanations based on salt-induced desorption or enhancement of pore penetration. Supplementary tests with non-porous glass fibers showed no evidence of the distinctive electrokinetic behavior observed in the case of nanoporous particles. Effects of polymer molecular mass and pH, evaluated under similar experimental conditions, agreed with well-established trends.}, number={2-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Hubbe, Martin A. and Rojas, Orlando J. and Lee, Sa Yong and Park, Sunkyu and Wang, Yun}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={271–278} }
 @article{hubbe_2007, title={Incinerate, recycle, or wash and reuse?}, volume={2}, DOI={10.1177/0048745031137908}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2007}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{hubbe_lucia_2007, title={The "love-hate" relationship present in lignocellulosic materials}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Lucia, L. A.}, year={2007}, pages={534–535} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_sulic_sezaki_2007, title={Unique behavior of polyampholytes as dry-strength agents}, volume={60}, number={2}, journal={Appita Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Sulic, N. and Sezaki, T.}, year={2007}, pages={106–111} }
 @article{hubbe_venditti_rojas_2007, title={What happens to cellulosic fibers during papermaking and recycling? A review}, volume={2}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2007}, pages={739–788} }
 @article{wang_hubbe_sezaki_wang_rojas_argyropoulos_2006, title={Aspects of retention and formation - The role of polyampholyte charge density on its interactions with cellulose}, volume={21}, number={5}, journal={Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal}, author={Wang, Y. and Hubbe, M. A. and Sezaki, T. and Wang, X. W. and Rojas, O. J. and Argyropoulos, D. S.}, year={2006}, pages={638–645} }
 @article{song_wang_hubbe_rojas_sulic_sezaki_2006, title={Charge and the dry-strength performance of polyampholytes. Part 1, Handsheet properties and polymer solution viscosity}, volume={32}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Pulp and Paper Science}, author={Song, J. and Wang, Y. and Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Sulic, N. and Sezaki, T.}, year={2006}, pages={156–162} }
 @article{sezaki_hubbe_heitmann_argyropoulos_wang_2006, title={Colloidal effects of acrylamide polyampholytes - Part 1. Electrokinetic behavior}, volume={281}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.02.019}, abstractNote={The colloidal and electrokinetic behavior of three amphoteric acrylamide-based water-soluble terpolymers of high molecular mass was elucidated in terms of their structure and composition, using potentiometric and colloidal titrations, as well as microelectrophoresis, viscometry, and turbidity measurements. Independent variables included polymer composition, pH, and the concentration of salt ions. The electrokinetic properties, titratable charge, and isoelectric pH values of the samples were compared to their monomeric composition, as confirmed by NMR and FTIR analysis. The electrophoretic mobilities of the polyampholytes changed relatively rapidly with pH in the neighborhood of the isoelectric pH values, consistent with an enrichment of excess charges toward the outer parts of the macromolecules. Interactions of the polyampholytes with highly-charged titrants appeared to be less pH-dependent, in the neighborhood of the isoelectric condition, relative to a linear prediction based on the numbers of acidic and basic macromolecular groups. Specific viscosity measurements, in the vicinity of the isoelectric point, were found to increase with increasing salt concentration, which is a typical anti-polyelectrolyte behavior. In a similar manner, salt addition suppressed the development of a turbidity maximum at the isoelectric point.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Sezaki, Takao and Hubbe, Martin A. and Heitmann, John A. and Argyropoulos, Dimitris S. and Wang, Xingwu}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={74–81} }
 @article{sezaki_hubbe_heitmann_argyropoulos_2006, title={Colloidal effects of acrylamide polyampholytes - Part 2: Adsorption onto cellulosic fibers}, volume={289}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.04.010}, abstractNote={Colloidal titrations of commercial acrylamide-based terpolymers having both weak-acidic and weak-basic groups were carried out at pH 3 and 11, using a streaming current technique. At these pH values it was found that the polyampholytes could be considered as simple polyelectrolytes, though it was necessary to use a modified titration procedure. The titration endpoint defined by zero streaming current (SC) output deviated from a 1:1 stoichiometry, depending on the salt concentration. The endpoint also depended at the speed of titration, consistent with a relatively slow rate of forming equilibrated poly-ion complexes between polyampholytes and titrants. The adsorption of the amphoteric polyacrylamide copolymers onto bleached hardwood fibers was maximized near to its iso-electric pH, such that the net charge of the polymer was relatively low, but opposite to that of the substrate. Neutral and negatively charged polyampholytes also adsorbed in significant amounts onto the negatively charged fibers, though the amounts were lower than when the net charges were opposite. Addition of salt generally increased adsorption up to a conductivity value of 1000 μS/cm. Adsorption increased slightly with increasing time, until reaching a plateau. The rate of fluid agitation during adsorption did not affect adsorption significantly under the conditions employed.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Sezaki, Takao and Hubbe, Martin A. and Heitmann, John A. and Argyropoulos, Dimitris S.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={89–95} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_venditti_2006, title={Control of tacky deposits on paper machines - A review}, volume={21}, number={2}, journal={Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Venditti, R. A.}, year={2006}, pages={154–171} }
 @article{hubbe_tripattharanan_heitmann_venditti_2006, title={The Positive Pulse Jar (PPJ): A flexible device for retention studies}, volume={88}, number={1}, journal={Paperi Ja Puu = Paper and Timber}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Tripattharanan, T. and Heitmann, J. A. and Venditti, R. A.}, year={2006}, pages={39–45} }
 @article{wang_hubbe_sezaki_wang_rojas_argyropoulos_2006, title={The role of polyampholyte charge density on its interactions with cellulose}, volume={21}, number={5}, journal={Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal}, author={Wang, Y. and Hubbe, M. A. and Sezaki, T. and Wang, X. and Rojas, O. J. and Argyropoulos, D. S.}, year={2006}, pages={158–165} }
 @article{lofton_moore_hubbe_lee_2005, title={Deposition of polyelectrolyte complexes as a mechanism for developing paper dry strength}, volume={4}, number={9}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Lofton, M. C. and Moore, S. M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Lee, S.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={3–7} }
 @article{hubbe_2005, title={Dry-strength development by polyelectrolyte complex deposition onto non-bonding glass fibres}, volume={31}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Pulp and Paper Science}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={159–166} }
 @article{hubbe_moore_lee_2005, title={Effects of charge ratios and cationic polymer nature on polyelectrolyte complex deposition onto cellulose}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0888-5885"]}, DOI={10.1021/ie048902m}, abstractNote={Sequential addition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), which is highly cationic, followed by anionic carboxymethylcellulose, has been found to promote inter-fiber bonding during the manufacture of paper, with potential benefits to the recycling of fibers. The present results help to confirm a hypothesis that observed strength gains, in cases where the amount of the first additive exceeded the adsorption capacity of the fibers, were due to the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes in the solution phase, followed by their deposition onto fiber surfaces. Complex formation and retention of complexes on fiber surfaces occurred efficiently over a wide range of polymer charge ratios, cationic polymer attributes, and other conditions, regardless of whether the fibers had been pretreated to reverse their net charge.}, number={9}, journal={INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH}, author={Hubbe, MA and Moore, SM and Lee, SY}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={3068–3074} }
 @inproceedings{rojas_dedinaite_byrd_hubbe_claesson_2005, title={On the origins of adhesion in papermaking systems}, booktitle={Advances in Paper Science and Technology: Transactions of the 13th Fundamental research symposium, vols 1-3}, author={Rojas, O. J. and Dedinaite, A. and Byrd, M. V. and Hubbe, M. A. and Claesson, P. M.}, year={2005}, pages={1351–1378} }
 @inbook{hubbe_2005, title={Paper}, ISBN={0471484946}, DOI={10.1002/0471238961.1601160512251405.a01.pub2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, booktitle={Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology (6th ed.)}, publisher={New York: Wiley}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2005} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe_zhang_2005, title={Recovered kraft fibers and wet-end dry-strength polymers}, booktitle={Proceedings, TAPPI Practical Papermakers Conference}, publisher={Atlanta: TAPPI Press}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Zhang, M.}, year={2005} }
 @article{hubbe_rojas_2005, title={The paradox of papermaking}, volume={39}, number={2}, journal={Chemical Engineering Education}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J.}, year={2005}, pages={146–155} }
 @article{chen_hubbe_heitmann_argyropoulos_rojas_2004, title={Dependency of polyelectrolyte complex stoichiometry on the order of addition - 2. Aluminum chloride and poly-vinylsulfate}, volume={246}, ISSN={["1873-4359"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.07.021}, abstractNote={In the first part of this series it was shown that the stoichiometry of complexation between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes became increasingly dependent on the order of addition as the concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions were increased. This study considers the effect of aluminum ions on titrations between solutions of a strong poly-acid and a strong poly-base. In addition, the titratable charge of aluminum ion itself was also investigated. It was found that aluminum ions can interfere with the results of charge titrations, in the sense that the titration results became unpredictable. Stoichiometric relationships between the amount of aluminum present and the amount of titrant required to achieve streaming current values of zero were obtained only at pH values associated with a maximum in the amount of titrant needed to neutralize a given concentration of dissolved aluminum. The results are consistent with complexation between the anionic titrant and polynuclear species of aluminum, where the relative proportion of such species depends strongly on the molar ratio of OH to Al.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Chen, JH and Hubbe, MA and Heitmann, JA and Argyropoulos, DS and Rojas, OJ}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={71–79} }
 @article{chen_hubbe_heitmann_argyropoulos_rojas_2004, title={Dependency of polyelectrolyte complex stoichiometry on the order of addition2. Aluminum chloride and poly-vinylsulfate}, volume={246}, ISSN={0927-7757}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(04)00458-3}, DOI={10.1016/S0927-7757(04)00458-3}, abstractNote={In the first part of this series it was shown that the stoichiometry of complexation between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes became increasingly dependent on the order of addition as the concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions were increased. This study considers the effect of aluminum ions on titrations between solutions of a strong poly-acid and a strong poly-base. In addition, the titratable charge of aluminum ion itself was also investigated. It was found that aluminum ions can interfere with the results of charge titrations, in the sense that the titration results became unpredictable. Stoichiometric relationships between the amount of aluminum present and the amount of titrant required to achieve streaming current values of zero were obtained only at pH values associated with a maximum in the amount of titrant needed to neutralize a given concentration of dissolved aluminum. The results are consistent with complexation between the anionic titrant and polynuclear species of aluminum, where the relative proportion of such species depends strongly on the molar ratio of OH to Al.}, number={1-3}, journal={Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chen, J and Hubbe, M and Heitmann, J and Argyropoulos, D and Rojas, O}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={71–79} }
 @article{tripattharanan_hubbe_venditti_heitmann_2004, title={Effect of idealised flow conditions on retention aid performance. Part 1, Cationic acrylamide copolymer}, volume={57}, number={5}, journal={Appita Journal}, author={Tripattharanan, T. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={404–410} }
 @article{tripattharanan_hubbe_heitmann_venditti_2004, title={Effect of idealised flow conditions on retention aid performance. Part 2, Polymer bridging, charged patches, and charge neutralisation}, volume={57}, number={6}, journal={Appita Journal}, author={Tripattharanan, T. and Hubbe, M. A. and Heitmann, J. A. and Venditti, R. A.}, year={2004}, pages={448–454} }
 @article{zhang_hubbe_venditti_heitmann_2004, title={Effects of sugar addition before drying on the wet flexibility of redispersed kraft fibres}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Pulp and Paper Science}, author={Zhang, M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, year={2004}, pages={29–34} }
 @article{zhang_hubbe_venditti_heitmann_2004, title={Refining to overcome effects of drying unbleached Kraft fibers in the presence or absence of sugar}, volume={13}, number={2}, journal={Progress in Paper Recycling}, author={Zhang, M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, year={2004}, pages={5–12} }
 @misc{rojas_hubbe_2004, title={The dispersion science of papermaking}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1532-2351"]}, DOI={10.1081/DIS-200035485}, abstractNote={Abstract Paper is one of the most important inventions in the history of civilization, and it is an essential commodity to all people in the world. The fact that we make ubiquitous use of a score of paper products makes it easy to underestimate its value and significance. This review is intended to put into perspective the dispersion science involved in papermaking and to describe how our understanding of key processes has evolve since its conception, approximately 2000 years ago, from art to science. Paper is formed from a slurry of fibers and much smaller particles that are often called “fines” and other chemical additives. Ahead of the paper forming process the slurry is subjected to a series of steps, including treatment with polyionic species and passage through unit operations that impose shear forces on the papermaking suspension. These steps alternately disperse the solids apart or re‐gather them back together. The overall process is optimized to achieve a highly uniform product, while at the same time achieving high efficiency in retaining fines in the sheet and allowing water to drain relatively quickly from the wet paper as it is being formed. As we approach the 1900‐year anniversary of the first detailed account of the papermaking process, it is the goal of this review to explore the scientific principles that underlie the art of papermaking, emphasizing the state of dispersion of the fibrous slurries during various stages of the manufacturing process. Some concepts that arise out of the experience of papermakers have potential applications in other fields.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Rojas, OJ and Hubbe, MA}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={713–732} }
 @article{chen_heitmann_chang_hubbe_venditti_2004, title={The effect of paper additives on toner agglomeration during the recycling process}, volume={13}, number={14}, journal={Progress in Paper Recycling}, author={Chen, J. and Heitmann, J. A. and Chang, H.-M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A.}, year={2004}, pages={16–23} }
 @article{hubbe_venditti_barbour_zhang_2003, title={Changes to unbleached kraft fibers due to drying and recycling}, volume={12}, number={3}, journal={Progress in Paper Recycling}, author={Hubbe, M.A. and Venditti, R.A. and Barbour, R.L. and Zhang, M.}, year={2003}, pages={11–20} }
 @article{chen_heitmann_hubbe_2003, title={Dependency of polyelectrolyte complex stoichiometry on the order of addition. 1. Effect of salt concentration during streaming current titrations with strong poly-acid and polybase}, volume={223}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00222-X}, abstractNote={Titrations were carried out between solutions of a strong poly-acid (polyvinylsulfate, potassium salt) and a strong poly-base (poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC)) over a range of salt concentrations. Streaming current (SC) analysis of the titration endpoints appeared to show increasing deviations from 1:1 stoichiometry of complexation with increased salt. The results depended on the direction of the titration, such that a stoichiometric excess of the titrant (second additive) was required to achieve a SC reading of zero. These symmetrical results, depending on the order of addition, were obtained despite the fact that the plastic surfaces of the SC device had a slight negative charge and differing adsorption tendencies for the two kinds of polymer. A qualitative model of molecular events, based on non-equilibrium entrapment of non-complexed polymer segments was found to be inconsistent with results of tests carried out over a range of initial polymer concentration. Results were better described by a qualitative model involving formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) in solution, in which near-stoichiometric core complexes are stabilized by an excess of the second additive on their surface. Implications of the latter model were compared with the results of turbidimetric tests, aqueous contact angles on polymer-treated plastic surfaces, and microelectrophoresis of PECs. Results of this study have consequences for interpretation of polyelectrolyte titrations, as well as for industrial operations that involve the mixing of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Chen, JH and Heitmann, JA and Hubbe, MA}, year={2003}, month={Aug}, pages={215–230} }
 @article{hubbe_jackson_zhang_2003, title={Fiber surface saturation as a strategy to optimize dual-polymer dry strength treatment}, volume={2}, number={11}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Jackson, T. L. and Zhang, M.}, year={2003}, pages={12-} }
 @article{zhang_hubbe_venditti_heitmann_2002, title={Can recycled kraft fibres benefit from chemical addition before they are first dried?}, volume={55}, number={2}, journal={Appita Journal}, author={Zhang, M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, year={2002}, pages={135–144} }
 @article{wang_hubbe_2002, title={Charge properties of fibres in the paper mill environment. Part I: Effect of electrical conductivity}, volume={28}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Pulp and Paper Science}, author={Wang, F. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={347–353} }
 @article{hubbe_wang_2002, title={Where to add retention aid: Issues of time and shear}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Wang, F.}, year={2002}, month={Mar}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{wang_hubbe_2001, title={Development and evaluation of an automated streaming potential measurement device}, volume={194}, ISSN={["0927-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00802-0}, abstractNote={The streaming potential and other colloidal properties of aqueous suspensions of bleached kraft fibers were evaluated by a new laboratory instrument, the Streaming Potential Jar (SPJ). This device provides precise streaming potential data under moderately high electrical conductivity levels of 0.5–10 mS cm−1. Features of the SPJ include automated operation, rapid acquisition and processing of data, continuous stirring, and applied pressures up to 276 kPa. The SPJ also provides data related to drainage rates and the turbidity of the filtrate. Test results showed a high degree of linearity of the streaming potential signals with applied pressure and little dependence of the results on the solids levels of the fiber slurries. These results, which are consistent with the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation, tend to justify the level of applied pressure used in this work. Changes in streaming potential with increasing pH were consistent with expected dissociation of surface-bound carboxyl groups on the fibers. The absolute magnitudes of the streaming potential values of bleached kraft pulps were strongly affected by increasing concentrations of Na2SO4. However, a high repeatability of measurements was obtained throughout the range of conductivities considered; relative standard deviations of streaming potentials were consistently below 3%. Titrations with poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) yielded curves that had shapes similar to those of parallel tests by microelectrophoresis; however, the amount of titrant needed to reach the endpoints was about three times higher in the case of the streaming potential tests. The disagreement between the endpoints determined by the two types of test is attributed to a diffusion process of the titrant into the porous fibers.}, number={1-3}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS}, author={Wang, F and Hubbe, MA}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={221–232} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_hubbe_venditti_heitmann_2001, title={Effect of chemical pretreatments of never-dried pulp on the strength of recycled linerboard}, booktitle={Proceedings, TAPPI Papermakers Conference}, publisher={TAPPI}, author={Zhang, M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, year={2001} }
 @misc{hubbe_2001, title={Method for determining electrokinetic properties of papermaking furnish}, volume={6,176,974}, number={2001 Jan. 3}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2001}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hubbe_2001, title={Reversibility of polymer-induced fiber flocculation by shear. 2. Multi-component chemical treatments}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0283-2631"]}, DOI={10.3183/npprj-2001-16-04-p369-375}, abstractNote={Optical and viscometric tests showed essentially complete dispersal of fiber flocs when polymer-treated chemithermomechanical (CTMP) fiber slurries were exposed to intense shear in a blender. Two types of chemical systems showed evidence that flocs formed again after the shear application were stronger or larger than those in an untreated slurry. An optical test showed that treatments that included poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) yielded a charge-dependent maximum in fiber flocculation that approximately corresponded to charge neutralization. By contrast, only a viscometric test showed a net increase in fiber flocs after treatments with cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM) following by nano-size anionic materials (microparticles) and intense shear. In certain cases the polyelectrolyte-induced bonds holding calcium carbonate filler particles to the fibers or to each other within the slurry appeared sufficient to withstand intense shear almost completely. Results support strategies in which hydrodynamic shear in a papermaking system helps to minimize fiber flocs, while leaving polymeric attachments to filler particles intact.}, number={4}, journal={NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hubbe, MA}, year={2001}, pages={369–375} }
 @article{wang_tanaka_kitaoka_hubbe_2000, title={Distribution characteristics of rosin size and their effect on the internal sizing of paper}, volume={15}, DOI={10.3183/npprj-2000-15-05-p416-421}, abstractNote={It was attempted to systematically elucidate three aspects of acidic and neutral rosin sizing. These were (a) the relationship between sizing efficiency and the retention behavior of rosin sizes at the wet end, (b) the effect of pulp beating and fiber fines on the size distribution and sizing properties of paper, and (c) the distribution characteristics of rosin size on pulp fiber surfaces in internal paper sizing. Pyrolysis-GC and the oxine extraction method were used to determine the retained amounts of rosin size and aluminum in the paper. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM-EDXA (energy dispersing X-ray analyzer) were employed to evaluate the distribution of rosin size on the pulp fiber surfaces. Under neutral to alkaline conditions neutral rosin and acid rosin sizes yielded distinctly differing sizing effects. The results depended to a great degree on the chemical stability of rosin particles and the retention efficiency of each type of sizing agent under the wet-end conditions of papermaking. Pulp beating and fiber fines influenced the size distribution and sizing properties of paper. Both pulp beating and the existence of fiber fines were considered as important contributing factors leading to the observed uneven rosin size distribution. Furthermore, the rosin size was unevenly distributed on the fiber surfaces not only for freeze-dried paper, but also for cured paper, and its distribution was similar for both types of papers and correlated to that of aluminum. A continuous rosin size film could not be formed even after drying by heating. It is proposed that an uneven aluminum distribution on fiber surfaces can be a root cause of non-uniform sizing with rosin.}, number={5}, journal={Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal}, author={Wang, F. and Tanaka, H. and Kitaoka, T. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2000}, pages={416–421} }
 @inproceedings{zhang_hubbe_venditti_heitmann_2000, title={Loss of bonding strength dye to drying and repulping of Kraft fibers: Effects of chemical additives}, ISBN={9570258969}, booktitle={Proceedings, International Symposium on Environmentally Friendly and Emerging Technologies for a Sustainable Pulp and Paper Industry, Taipei, Taiwan, April 25-27, 2000}, publisher={Taipei, Taiwan: Taiwan Forestry Research Institute; Taiwan Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry}, author={Zhang, M. and Hubbe, M. A. and Venditti, R. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, editor={Su, Y.-C. and E. I. C. WangEditors}, year={2000} }
 @misc{olsen_zhu_hubbe_2000, title={Method of improving pulp freeness using cellulase and pectinase enzymes}, volume={6,066,233}, number={2000 May 23}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Olsen, W. L. and Zhu, H. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={2000}, month={May} }
 @article{hubbe_2000, title={Reversibility of polymer-induced fiber flocculation by shear. 1. Experimental methods}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0283-2631"]}, DOI={10.3183/npprj-2000-15-05-p545-553}, abstractNote={Papermakers desire two seemingly incompatible outcomes. On the one hand, strong agglomeration of fibers and fines can help one to achieve rapid drainage and satisfactory fine-particle retention. On the other hand, papermakers also want uniform distribution of fibers in the sheet. Procedures have been developed in our lab to evaluate effect of different retention and drainage chemical programs under stressed conditions of salt content, fines content, or high levels of charged colloidal matter. In the work described here the same tests were used to compare the reversibility of agglomerative effects of some common classes of retention and drainage programs. Optical and viscometric tests showed increased flocculation following treatment with increased amounts of cationic polyacrylamide. Application of intense hydrodynamic shear caused essentially complete reversal of flocculation. By contrast, treatment with a highly charge density cationic polymer yielded a maximum in flocculation, according to the optical test, at a treatment level corresponding to the point of charge neutralization. Divergent results were obtained when comparing fine-particle retention tests to drainage tests. In general, retention results were consistent with a model in which polymer bridges, i.e. “hard flocs,” between fibers may be irreversibly broken by shear. Meanwhile, bonds formed between fibers and fine particles appeared to remain intact. In contrast, drainage results appeared to be more highly dependent on the electrokinetic properties of the furnish, i.e. factors related to “soft floc” formation.}, number={5}, journal={NORDIC PULP & PAPER RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hubbe, MA}, year={2000}, pages={545–553} }
 @misc{hubbe_1999, title={Method and apparatus for measuring an electrical property of papermaking furnish}, volume={5,936,151}, number={1999 Aug. 10}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={1999}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{hubbe_wagle_ruckel_1999, title={Method for increasing the strength of a paper of paperboard product}, volume={5,958,180}, number={1999 Sept. 28}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Wagle, D. G. and Ruckel, E. R.}, year={1999}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{lisnyanski_hubbe_1991, title={System for on-line measurement of color, opacity, and reflectance of a translucent moving web}, volume={5,047,652}, number={1991 Sept. 10}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Lisnyanski, K. and Hubbe, M. A.}, year={1991}, month={Sep} }
 @article{hubbe_1987, title={DETACHMENT OF COLLOIDAL HYDROUS OXIDE SPHERES FROM FLAT SOLIDS EXPOSED TO FLOW .3. FORCES OF ADHESION}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0166-6622"]}, DOI={10.1016/0166-6622(87)80311-6}, abstractNote={Colloidal hydrous titania, alumina, and chromium hydroxide spheres were detached from cellulose and glass surfaces by hydrodynamic shear. Independent variables included pH, ionic strength, and the addition of strongly adsorbing ions. The shear stress required for detachment was compared with theoretical models based on dispersion and electrostatic forces of adhesion. Values of the Hamaker constant and effective distance of separation were varied within reasonable limits in an attempt to obtain the best empirical fits. The goodness of the fit of the theory to the data depended on the boundary conditions assumed for the electrostatic forces. In some cases the assumption of constant surface potential was more consistent with the data. In other cases the constant charge assumption yielded a better fit.}, number={2-4}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1987}, month={Aug}, pages={311–324} }
 @article{hubbe_1987, title={DETACHMENT OF COLLOIDAL HYDROUS OXIDE SPHERES FROM FLAT SOLIDS EXPOSED TO FLOW .4. EFFECT OF POLYELECTROLYTES}, volume={25}, ISSN={["0166-6622"]}, DOI={10.1016/0166-6622(87)80312-8}, abstractNote={Pretreatment of cellulose and glass surfaces with cationic polyelectrolytes greatly increased the force needed to detach titanium hydrous oxide spheres. The force of adhesion was as much as 30 times greater than the highest values obtained in the absence of polymers. The hydrodynamic shear stress required for detachment increased with pretreatment level, molecular mass, and decreasing cationic charge of the polymer. The results are consistent with the presence of polymeric bridging between the solids.}, number={2-4}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1987}, month={Aug}, pages={325–339} }
 @article{hubbe_1986, title={Retention and hydrodynamic shear}, volume={69}, number={8}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, year={1986}, month={Aug}, pages={116–117} }
 @article{hubbe_1985, title={DETACHMENT OF COLLOIDAL HYDROUS OXIDE SPHERES FROM FLAT SOLIDS EXPOSED TO FLOW .1. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0166-6622"]}, DOI={10.1016/0166-6622(85)80256-0}, abstractNote={This article describes an improved technique for studying the detachment of very small particles from solid walls exposed to turbulent shear flow. The technique is useful as an assay of the strength of adhesion between solids immersed in solution. It is also useful in determining the mechanism by which detachment takes place. The experiment is designed so that the particles rest on a window in the outer annular wall of a system of coaxial cylinders. This arrangement permits more rapid counting of particles remaining on precisely the same area throughout the experiment. Results are presented for the detachment of uniform colloidal hydrous oxide spheres from cellulose and glass substrates. Independently controlled variables included the applied shear stress, the size of the particles, the composition of the aqueous solution, and the time of shearing.}, number={3-4}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1985}, month={Dec}, pages={227–248} }
 @article{hubbe_1985, title={DETACHMENT OF COLLOIDAL HYDROUS OXIDE SPHERES FROM FLAT SOLIDS EXPOSED TO FLOW .2. MECHANISM OF RELEASE}, volume={16}, ISSN={["0166-6622"]}, DOI={10.1016/0166-6622(85)80257-2}, abstractNote={Experiments show how small particles are detached from a flat window exposed to turbulent shear flow. The onset of detachment is governed by the component of hydrodynamic force which pulls the particles in a downstream sense. An adhesive torque opposes the applied hydrodynamic torque. In the rate-determining step, a released particle rolls from its initial site of attachment. Resistance to rolling is proportional to the product of the net adhesive force and a characteristic length of the region of contact. The kinetics of release indicate that the process is governed by random events. Continued shearing at the same average shear stress results in continued entrainment of particles. The data are consistent with an idealized model of fluctuations in the local hydrodynamic force within the viscous sublayer of turbulent shear flow. Brownian motion does not properly account for the effect of shear stress on the rate of detachment.}, number={3-4}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1985}, month={Dec}, pages={249–270} }
 @article{hubbe_1984, title={THEORY OF DETACHMENT OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES FROM FLAT SURFACES EXPOSED TO FLOW}, volume={12}, ISSN={["0166-6622"]}, DOI={10.1016/0166-6622(84)80096-7}, abstractNote={Theoretical models are presented for the detachment of colloidal particles from solid surfaces exposed to shear flow. The models are most relevant to cases of hard, spherical particles, which are small enough to display Brownian motion. It is concluded that the component of hydrodynamic force acting parallel to a sheared wall is usually much larger than the lifting force. Thus, in most cases, one can expect the downstream component of force to govern the critical or rate-determining step in the process of entrainment. Alternative limiting modes of incipient motion, e.g., rolling, sliding, and lifting, can be distinguished, based on the dependency of the shear stress required for detachment on the size of particles. Rate laws for detachment and the dependency of rates on the applied shear stress permit one to discriminate between processes limited by viscous flow, Brownian motion, and fluctuations in hydrodynamic forces. Finally, it is proposed that separate geometric models of sphere-wall interaction be employed in computing long-and short-range forces.}, number={1-2}, journal={COLLOIDS AND SURFACES}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1984}, pages={151–178} }
 @misc{hubbe_1981, title={ADHESION AND DETACHMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CELLS-INVITRO}, volume={11}, ISSN={["0079-6816"]}, DOI={10.1016/0079-6816(81)90009-5}, abstractNote={Adhesion between biological cells and various surfaces is explained in terms of various models, including coagulation at primary or secondary minima of free energy, macromolecular bridges or matrices, and specialized structures at the surfaces of some cells. These models are used to predict the magnitudes of force necessary to detach a cell in the limiting cases of peeling and simultaneous separation over finite areas of contact. Diverse experimental assays of cellular adhesiveness are reviewed and the forces applied to individual cells are estimated. A very wide range of the forces applied to cells in different assays suggests that different mechanisms of bonding are dominant for different types of cells and surfaces under various conditions of growth and chemical environment. The peeling mode of separation is most consistent with the magnitudes of applied force used experimentally in the detachment of cells.}, number={2}, journal={PROGRESS IN SURFACE SCIENCE}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1981}, pages={65–138} }
 @article{hubbe_1980, title={POLARIZATION RESISTANCE CORROSIVITY TEST WITH A CORRECTION FOR RESISTIVITY}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0007-0599"]}, DOI={10.1179/000705980798275391}, abstractNote={AbstractA polarisation resistance test which employs three identical sample probes and compensates for the inteiference of solution resistivity is described. The corrosion test vessel and probes. are treated as a conductivity cell for which the cell constant is found using a standard a-c bridge technique as a means of calculating the contribution of ohmic resistance (IR) to the polarisation resistance measurements. Data from two- and three-day exposures of mild steel and brass to salt and acid aqueous solutions yield an excellent linear correlation between corrosion rates predicted by the polarisation test and measurements of sample weight loss. The procedure offers a potential increase in precision over some other polarisation resistance tests, and the apparatus is fairly simple and can be made portable. The procedure is recommended for non-passive alloys and for industrial process waters where the corrosion rate is expected to be in the range 0·01–1·0 Am−2 and the solution resistivity is below 10,000 Ω cm}, number={4}, journal={BRITISH CORROSION JOURNAL}, author={HUBBE, MA}, year={1980}, pages={193–197} }
 @article{hubbe_bowers_1978, title={Survey of white water corrosivity in 30 North European paper mills}, volume={1978 Nov. 1}, journal={Paper Trade Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Bowers, D. F.}, year={1978}, month={Nov}, pages={53–56} }
 @article{hubbe, title={"Retro-," an emerging prefix for future technological development?}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{hubbe_buehlmann, title={A continuing reverence for wood}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Buehlmann, U.}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{hubbe, title={A modified reporting procedure for polyelectrolyte titrations}, volume={62}, number={8}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={120–121} }
 @article{hubbe, title={A review of ways to adjust papermaking wet-end chemistry: Manipulation of cellulosic colloidal behavior}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Lignocellulose}, author={Hubbe, Martin A.}, pages={69–107} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Accurate charge-related measurements of samples from the wet end: Testing at low electrical conductivity}, volume={49}, number={6}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={21–26} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Acidic and alkaline sizings for printing, writing, and drawing paper}, volume={23}, journal={Book & Paper Group Annual}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={139–151} }
 @article{bildik_hubbe_gurboy, title={Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing of paper under simplified treatment conditions}, volume={15}, number={8}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Bildik, A. E. and Hubbe, M. A. and Gurboy, K. B.}, pages={545–552} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe_payne_jackson_aizpurua_rojas, title={Application of cellulosic fiber materials for the remediation of petroleum spills in water}, booktitle={Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Pulping, Papermaking and Biotechnology (ICPPB '12), vols. I and II}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Payne, K. C. and Jackson, C. D. and Aizpurua, C. E. and Rojas, O. J.}, pages={854–859} }
 @article{lee_hubbe, title={Application of synthetic mineral microparticles with various metal species'}, volume={40}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry of Korea = Palpu, chongi kisul}, author={Lee, S. Y. and Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Appropriate technology in an age of renewables}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={1–2} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Are lignocellulosic resources too valuable to burn?}, volume={3}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={295–296} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Bonding between cellulosic fibers in the absence and presence of dry-strength agents}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={281–318} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Bonding of filler to cellulose: Effects of cationic retention aids}, booktitle={1984 Papermakers Conference: Sheraton-Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, April 2-4}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={23} }
 @article{song_hubbe, title={Cationization of oat beta-D glucan as a dry-strength additive for paper}, volume={13}, number={7}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Song, X. L. and Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={57–64} }
 @misc{hubbe_hasan_ducoste, title={Cellulosic substrates for removal of pollutants from aqueous systems: A review. 1. metals}, volume={6}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Hasan, S. H. and Ducoste, J. J.}, pages={2161–2914} }
 @misc{hubbe_park_park, title={Cellulosic substrates for removal of pollutants from aqueous systems: A review. Part 4. dissolved petrochemical compounds}, volume={9}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Park, J. and Park, S.}, pages={7782–7925} }
 @article{hubbe_chen, title={Charge-related measurements: A reappraisal. Part 1: Streaming current}, volume={45}, number={8}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Chen, J.}, pages={17–23} }
 @article{hubbe_wang, title={Charge-related measurements: A reappraisal. Part 2: Fiber-pad streaming potential}, volume={45}, number={9}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Wang, F.}, pages={27–34} }
 @misc{hubbe_nazhad_sanchez, title={Composting as a way to convert cellulosic biomass and organic waste into high-value soil amendments: A review}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Nazhad, M. and Sanchez, C.}, pages={2808–2854} }
 @book{hubbe_king, title={Cost-saving strategies in papermaking chemistry}, ISBN={9781595101839}, publisher={Norcross, Ga.: TAPPI Press}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and King, K.} }
 @misc{baty_maitland_minter_hubbe_jordan-mowery, title={Deacidification for the conservation and preservation of paper-based works: A review}, volume={5}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Baty, J. W. and Maitland, C. L. and Minter, W. and Hubbe, M. A. and Jordan-Mowery, S. K.}, pages={1955–2023} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Dewatering of refined, bleached hardwood kraft pulp by gravity, vacuum, and centrifugation with applied pressure. Part 1, Physical and ionic effects}, volume={68}, number={10}, journal={O Papel}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={74–87} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Dewatering of refined, bleached hardwood kraft pulp by gravity, vacuum, and centrifugation with applied pressure. Part 2, Effects of wet-end additives}, volume={68}, number={10}, journal={O Papel}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={88–100} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Difficult furnishes}, booktitle={Proceedings TAPPI}, publisher={Atlanta, Ga.: TAPPI}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }
 @article{heermann_welter_hubbe, title={Effects of high treatment levels in a dry-strength additive program based on deposition of polyelectrolyte complexes: How much glue is too much?}, volume={5}, number={6}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Heermann, M. L. and Welter, S. R. and Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={9–14} }
 @book{hubbe, title={Emerging technologies in flocculation}, ISBN={1858029945}, publisher={Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Pira International}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }
 @book{hubbe, title={Emerging technologies in wet-end chemistry}, ISBN={1858029783}, publisher={Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Pira International}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }
 @article{bennett_crouse_hubbe_paukstra, title={Engineers and papermakers bond for better papermaking at TAPPI's first Superconference}, volume={81}, number={3}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Bennett, M. B. O. and Crouse, J. W. and Hubbe, M. A. and Paukstra, P. M.}, pages={239} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe_gill, title={Filler particle shape vs. paper properties: A review}, booktitle={Proceedings, TAPPI Spring Technical Conference}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Gill, R. A.} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Fines management for increased paper machine productivity}, booktitle={Proceedings, Scientific and Technical Advances in Wet End Chemistry}, publisher={Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Pira International}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }
 @misc{hubbe, title={Flocculation and redispersion of cellulosic fiber suspensions: A review of effects of hydrodynamic shear and polyelectrolytes}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={296–331} }
 @misc{hubbe_bowden, title={Handmade paper: A review of its history, craft, and science}, volume={4}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Bowden, C.}, pages={1736–1792} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={How do retention aids work}, booktitle={1988 Papermakers Conference, Palmer House, Chicago, IL}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={389–298} }
 @article{hubbe_chen_heitmann, title={Measurement and impact of charge: A practical guide}, volume={87}, number={11}, journal={Solutions! (Norcross, Ga.)}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Chen, J. and Heitmann, J. A.}, pages={47–49} }
 @inproceedings{chen_hubbe_heitmann, title={Measurement of colloidal charge in the paper mill by streaming current}, booktitle={Proceedings, TAPPI Papermakers Conference, 2001}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press}, author={Chen, J. and Hubbe, M. A. and Heitmann, J. A.} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Mechanistic aspects of microparticle systems}, volume={4}, number={11}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={23–28} }
 @inbook{hubbe, title={Microparticle programs for drainage and retention}, ISBN={1595100741}, booktitle={Micro and nanoparticles in papermaking}, publisher={Atlanta, GA: TAPPI Press}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Minimizing the environmental impact of the papermaking process}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2nd IPEC Conference}, publisher={Tianjin, China: Tianjin University of Science & Technology}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={37–40} }
 @article{hubbe_pawlak_koukoulas, title={Paper's appearance: A review}, volume={3}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Pawlak, J. J. and Koukoulas, A. A.}, pages={627–665} }
 @misc{hubbe, title={Paper's resistance to wetting - a review of internal sizing chemicals and their effects}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={106–145} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Paper's resistance to wetting: A review of internal sizing chemicals and their effects}, volume={2}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={106–145} }
 @article{monfared_resalati_ghasemian_hubbe, title={Passivation of pressure sensitive adhesive stickies by addition of acrylic fibers to OCC pulp before papermaking}, volume={15}, number={10}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Monfared, M. H. A. and Resalati, H. and Ghasemian, A. and Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={631–639} }
 @article{hubbe_chen_heitmann, title={Permeability reduction phenomena in packed beds, fiber mats, and wet webs of paper exposed to flow of liquids and suspensions: A review}, volume={4}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Chen, H. and Heitmann, J. A.}, pages={405–451} }
 @misc{wu_hubbe_rojas_park, title={Permeation of polyelectrolytes and other solutes into the pore spaces of water-swollen cellulose: A review}, volume={4}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Wu, N. and Hubbe, M. A. and Rojas, O. J. and Park, S.}, pages={1222–1262} }
 @article{baosupee_massey_nazhad_hubbe, title={Polyelectrolyte coagulant and flocculant effects on heteroagglomeration of cellulosic fines and CaCO3 particles}, volume={68}, number={3}, journal={Appita Journal}, author={Baosupee, D. and Massey, A. J. and Nazhad, M. and Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={237–245} }
 @article{lee_hubbe_saka, title={Prospects for diodiesel as a byproduct of wood pulping - A review}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Lee, S. Y. and Hubbe, M. A. and Saka, H.}, pages={150–171} }
 @misc{hubbe_nanko_mcneal, title={Retention aid polymer interactions with cellulosic surfaces and suspensions: A review}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Nanko, H. and McNeal, M. R.}, pages={850–906} }
 @article{hubbe_heitmann, title={Review of factors affecting the release of water from cellulosic fibers during paper manufacture}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, pages={500–533} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Selecting and interpreting colloidal charge measurements}, booktitle={Proceedings, Pira International Conference, Barcelona, Spain, June 2000: Scientific and technical advances in wet end chemistry}, publisher={Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Pira International}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Selecting lab tests to predict effectiveness of retention and drainage aid programs}, volume={44}, number={8}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={20–34} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Sensing the electrokinetic potential of cellulosic fiber surfaces}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={93–125} }
 @misc{hubbe, title={Surface analysis of paper [Book Review]}, volume={80}, number={5}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={239} }
 @article{hubbe, title={The implementation of findings published in scholarly articles}, volume={5}, number={4}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={2024–2025} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Using cellulosic materials to remove heavy metals from water}, booktitle={Research Progress in Paper Industry and Biorefinery (4th ISETPP), vols 1-3}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={1078–1082} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Water and papermaking. 1. Fresh water components}, volume={48}, number={1}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={18–24} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Water and papermaking. 2. White water components}, volume={48}, number={2}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={31–40} }
 @article{hubbe, title={Water and papermaking. 3. Measures to clean up process water}, volume={48}, number={3}, journal={Paper Technology (Leatherhead, England)}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={23–30} }
 @article{cole_hubbe_heitmann, title={Water release from fractionated stock suspensions. Part 1 - Effects of the amounts and types of fiber fines}, volume={7}, number={7}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Cole, C. A. and Hubbe, M. A. and Heitmann, J. A.}, pages={28–32} }
 @article{hubbe_heitmann_cole, title={Water release from fractionated stock suspensions. Part 2, Effects of consistency, flocculants, shear, and order of mixing}, volume={7}, number={8}, journal={TAPPI Journal}, author={Hubbe, M. A. and Heitmann, J. A. and Cole, C. A.}, pages={14–19} }
 @inbook{hubbe, title={Wetting and penetration of liquids into paper}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of materials technologies}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={5735–6739} }
 @article{hubbe, title={When is a tree not a resource?}, volume={2}, number={3}, journal={BioResources}, author={Hubbe, M. A.}, pages={332–333} }
 @inproceedings{hubbe, title={Why do different charge demand tests give different endpoints}, booktitle={Proceedings, Pira International, May 31-June 1, 2005: Scientific and Technical Advances in Wet End Chemistry}, publisher={Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Pira International}, author={Hubbe, M. A.} }