@article{elliot_enomoto_petritz_crespo_yeatts_fricke_singleton_thomson_baynes_2024, title={Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and trans-dermally administered fluralaner in healthy laying shaver hens: fluralaner in chickens}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.103362}, abstractNote={Ectoparasite infestations negatively affect both backyard and commercial chicken flocks in the US. Fluralaner is an isoxazoline shown to be efficacious in treating mite and bed bug infestations in poultry. Fluralaner is approved to treat fleas and ticks in dogs and cats in the US and to treat mite infestations of chickens in Europe and Australia; however, the use of fluralaner in poultry is not yet approved in the US. This study aimed to investigate the plasma fluralaner pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous and transdermal routes and apparent bioavailability of fluralaner administered trans-dermally in healthy shaver hens. A total of 12 individually housed healthy shaver hens received a single dose of either intravenous technical grade fluralaner at 0.5 mg/kg, or transdermal fluralaner (Bravecto® (fluralaner transdermal solution) for dogs, 280 mg/mL, Merck Animal Health) at mean 58.7 mg/kg. Plasma from each hen was collected from the jugular, ulnar or medial metatarsal vein at multiple intervals. Fluralaner concentrations in plasma were determined using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Non-compartmental analysis revealed that the geometric mean elimination half-life for intravenous and transdermal routes were 80.5 and 179.6 hours, respectively. The geometric mean apparent bioavailability of transdermal routes was estimated as 3.4 %. Prolonged fluralaner concentration in plasma above minimum inhibitory concentration of bed bugs following the single dose was observed in healthy shaver hens for both routes. It is important to understand the pharmacokinetic profile could be useful in determining the appropriate treatment strategy.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elliot, Baxter A. and Enomoto, Hiroko and Petritz, Olivia and Crespo, Rocio and Yeatts, James and Fricke, Isabel and Singleton, Abby and Thomson, Andrea and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{enomoto_elliot_petritz_crespo_yeatts_sheela_fricke_singleton_thomson_baynes_2024, title={Residue, distribution and depletion of fluralaner in egg following a single intravenous and transdermal administration in healthy shaver hens: fluralaner residue in egg}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103843}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2024.103843}, abstractNote={The demand for the use of fluralaner in an extra label manner is increasing due to lack of efficacious treatment to combat mites and bed bugs in the poultry industry in the United States. Fluralaner residue data in eggs is lacking and residues might cause risks to human health. The present study aimed to determine the depletion profiles of fluralaner in eggs and estimate the drug withdrawal interval in whole eggs by adopting the US Food and Drug administration tolerance limit method with single intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) or transdermal administration (average 58.7 mg/kg) in healthy shaver hens. Hens were treated intravenously or trans-dermally with fluralaner. The eggs were collected daily for 28 days for intravenous treated and for 40 days from the transdermal route group. Fluralaner concentrations in yolk and albumen were determined by mass spectrometry. The greater percentage of fluralaner was observed in yolk when compared to the albumen for both administration routes. Non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters in yolk, albumen and whole egg. The longest apparent half-life confirmed in yolk was 3.7 days for intravenous and 14.3 days for the transdermal route. The withdrawal intervals in whole egg for fluralaner following the intravenous and transdermal administration were 7 days and 81 days, respectively, with maximum residue limits (1.3 µg/g) at 13 days and 171 days, respectively, based on the limit of quantification (0.4 µg/g) from the analytical assay reported by EMA and APVMA.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Enomoto, Hiroko and Elliot, Baxter A. and Petritz, Olivia A. and Crespo, Rocio and Yeatts, James and Sheela, Farha Ferdous and Fricke, Isabel and Singleton, Abby and Thomson, Andrea and Baynes, Ronald E.}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }